The Global Market for Flexible and Printed Electronics 2023-2033

Published July 2023 | 1255 pages, 461 figures, 143 tables | Download Table of contents

The electronics industry is moving towards the development of electronic devices with flexible, thin, and large-area form factors. Electronic devices that are fabricated on flexible substrates for application in flexible displays, electronic paper, smart packages, skin-like sensors, wearable electronics, implantable medical implements etc. is a fast-developing market.

Flexible electronics encompasses lightweight, flexible and electronic sensing components and electronic devices built on stretchable substrates that are utilized in sensors, displays, wearables, E-textiles etc. They are manufactured on flexible plastic substrates, paper, textiles, or thin glass. Printed electronics is often considered a subset of the flexible electronics sector. It refers to the method used to create electronic devices by printing them on various (flexible) substrates.

The rapid boom in smart wearable and integrated electronic devices has stimulated demand for advanced intelligent systems with high performance, micro size, mechanical flexibility, and high-temperature stability for application as flexible and stretchable displays, personal health monitoring, human motion capturing, smart textiles, electronic skins and more. The key requirement for these applications is flexibility and stretchability, as these devices are subject to various mechanical deformations including twisting, bending, folding, and stretching during operation.

The development of printed, flexible and stretchable conductors over the last decade has resulted in commercialization of flexible and stretchable sensors, circuits, displays, and energy harvesters for next-generation wearables and soft robotics. These systems must be able to conform to the shape of and survive the environment in which they must operate. They are typically fabricated on flexible plastic substrates or are printed/woven into fabrics.

The electronics industry is moving at a fast pace from standard, inflexible form factors to stretchable and conformable devices. Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics products are increasing weekly from wearables for healthcare to smart packaging, sensors, automotive tail lights and displays, flexible displays, photovoltaics and more. Based on a new generation of advanced materials, printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and electronics will enable new possibilities in a diverse range of industries from healthcare to automotive to buildings. These technologies will drive innovation in smart medical technology, automotive, smart manufacturing, Internet of Things (IoT) and consumer electronics.

Recent advances in stimuli-responsive surfaces and interfaces, sensors and actuators, flexible electronics, coatings and conductive materials has led to the development of a new generation of smart and adaptive electronic fibers, yarns and fabrics for application in E-textiles. Wearable low-power silicon electronics, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated on fabrics, textiles with integrated Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and electronic devices such as smart glasses, watches and lenses have been widely investigated and commercialized. Smart textiles and garments can sense environmental stimuli and react or adapt in a predetermined way. This involves either embedding or integrating sensors/actuators ad electronic components into textiles for use in applications such as medical diagnostics and health monitoring, consumer electronics, safety instruments and automotive textiles.

In the flexible displays market, electronics giants such as Samsung and LG Electronics have brought flexible, foldable and rollable smartphone, display and tablet products to the market. Wearable and mobile health monitoring technologies have received enormous interest worldwide due to the rapidly aging global populations and the drastically increasing demand for in-home healthcare. Commercially available and near commercial wearable devices facilitate the transmission of biomedical informatics and personal health recording. Body worn sensors, which can provide real-time continuous measurement of pertinent physiological parameters noninvasively and comfortably for extended periods of time, are of crucial importance for emerging applications of mobile medicine. Wearable sensors that can wirelessly provide pertinent health information while remaining unobtrusive, comfortable, low cost, and easy to operate and interpret, play an essential role.

Battery and electronics producers require thin, flexible energy storage and conversion devices to power their wearable technology. The growth in flexible electronics has resulted in increased demand for flexible, stretchable, bendable, rollable and foldable batteries and supercapacitors as power sources for application in flexible and wearable devices.

Report contents include:

Current and developmental flexible and printed electronics based products.
Manufacturing and processes for flexible organic & printed electronics
Advanced materials utilized in flexible and printed electronics.
Market analysis including applications, products, companies and global revenues forecast to 2033. Markets covered include
- wearables (smartwatches, sports & fitness trackers, sleep trackers & wearable monitors, smart glasses, workplace monitoring).
- medical & healthcare sensors & wearables.
- electronic textiles and smart apparel.
- energy storage, generation & harvesting.
- lighting.
- flexible and printed displays.
- automotive.
- smart buildings.
- smart packaging.
Profiles of over 900 producers and product developers in flexible and printed electronics. Companies profiled include AGFA, BeFC, Brewer Science, C3 Nano, Canatu, CHASM, Dracula Technologies, DuPont, Electroninks, Elephantech, Epicore Biosystems, FlexEnable, GE Healthcare, Heraeus Epurio, Inkron Oy (Nagase), Inuru, LG Display, Liquid Wire, NovaCentrix, Optomec, Panasonic, PowerON, PragmatIC, PVNanoCell, SmartKem Ltd., Syenta, tacterion GmbH, Tactotek, Tracxon, Xymox Technologies, Inc. and Ynvisible.

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 68

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 69

2.1 The evolution of electronics 72
2.2 Markets for flexible and printed electronics 74
- 2.2.1 Healthcare and wellness 75
- 2.2.2 Automotive 75
- 2.2.3 Building and construction 75
- 2.2.4 Energy storage and harvesting 75
- 2.2.5 E- Textiles 76
- 2.2.6 Consumer electronics 76
- 2.2.7 Smart packaging and logistics 76
2.3 The wearables revolution 76
2.4 The wearable tech market in 2023 79
2.5 Market map for flexible and printed electronics 80
2.6 Wearable market leaders 81
2.7 What are flexible electronics? 82
- 2.7.1 From rigid to flexible and stretchable 82
  - 2.7.1.1 Stretchable electronics 84
  - 2.7.1.2 Stretchable electronics in wearables 84
2.8 Stretchable artificial skin 85
2.9 Organic and printed electronics 85
2.10 Role in the metaverse 86
2.11 Wearable electronics in the textiles industry 87
2.12 New conductive materials 88
2.13 Entertainment 91
2.14 Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market 91
- 2.14.1 Recent growth in Printed, flexible and stretchable products 91
- 2.14.2 Future growth 92
- 2.14.3 Advanced materials as a market driver 92
- 2.14.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics 92
2.15 Innovations at CES 2021-2023 94
2.16 Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2023 96
2.17 Global market revenues, 2018-2033, by market 99

3 FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED WEARABLE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 101

3.1 Market drivers and trends 101
3.2 Wearable sensors 103
3.3 Wearable actuators 104
3.4 Recent market developments 105
3.5 Wrist-worn wearables 106
- 3.5.1 Overview 106
- 3.5.2 Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers 106
- 3.5.3 Health monitoring 108
- 3.5.4 Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches 109
- 3.5.5 Main producers and products 110
3.6 Sports and fitness 111
- 3.6.1 Overview 111
- 3.6.2 Wearable devices and apparel 112
- 3.6.3 Skin patches 112
- 3.6.4 Products 113
3.7 Hearables 115
- 3.7.1 Overview 116
- 3.7.2 Assistive Hearables 117
- 3.7.3 Health & Fitness Hearables 119
- 3.7.4 Multimedia Hearables 120
- 3.7.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 121
- 3.7.6 Companies and products 121
3.8 Sleep trackers and wearable monitors 122
- 3.8.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers 124
- 3.8.2 Smart rings 125
- 3.8.3 Headbands 126
- 3.8.4 Sleep monitoring devices 127
  - 3.8.4.1 Companies and products 127
3.9 Pet and animal wearables 129
3.10 Military wearables 130
3.11 Industrial and workplace monitoring 131
- 3.11.1 Products 132
3.12 Global market revenues 133
3.13 Market challenges 135
3.14 Company profiles 136 (127 company profiles)

4 FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS ELECTRONICS 219

4.1 Market drivers 219
4.2 Current state of the art 221
- 4.2.1 Wearable medical device products 223
- 4.2.2 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring 225
4.3 Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation 225
- 4.3.1 Market overview 225
- 4.3.2 Companies and products 226
4.4 Electronic skin patches 231
- 4.4.1 Electronic skin sensors 231
- 4.4.2 Nanomaterials-based devices 232
  - 4.4.2.1 Graphene 233
- 4.4.3 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics 234
- 4.4.4 Materials 234
  - 4.4.4.1 Summary of advanced materials 234
- 4.4.5 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring 235
  - 4.4.5.1 Market overview 235
  - 4.4.5.2 Companies and products 237
- 4.4.6 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 238
  - 4.4.6.1 Market overview 238
- 4.4.7 Minimally-invasive CGM sensors 239
  - 4.4.7.1 Technologies 240
- 4.4.8 Non-invasive CGM sensors 242
  - 4.4.8.1 Commercial devices 242
  - 4.4.8.2 Companies and products 244
- 4.4.9 Cardiovascular monitoring 246
  - 4.4.9.1 Market overview 246
  - 4.4.9.2 ECG sensors 247
    - 4.4.9.2.1 Companies and products 248
  - 4.4.9.3 PPG sensors 249
    - 4.4.9.3.1 Companies and products 250
- 4.4.10 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring 250
  - 4.4.10.1 Market overview 250
  - 4.4.10.2 Companies and products 250
- 4.4.11 Hydration sensors 251
  - 4.4.11.1 Market overview 251
  - 4.4.11.2 Companies and products 252
- 4.4.12 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports) 253
  - 4.4.12.1 Market overview 253
  - 4.4.12.2 Companies and products 255
4.5 Wearable drug delivery 256
- 4.5.1 Companies and products 257
4.6 Cosmetics patches 258
- 4.6.1 Companies and products 259
4.7 Femtech devices 260
- 4.7.1 Companies and products 260
4.8 Smart footwear for health monitoring 262
- 4.8.1 Companies and products 262
4.9 Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired 263
- 4.9.1 Companies and products 263
4.10 Smart woundcare 264
- 4.10.1 Companies and products 265
4.11 Smart diapers 266
- 4.11.1 Companies and products 266
4.12 Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots 267
- 4.12.1 Companies and products 268
4.13 Global market revenues 286
- 4.13.1 Market share, by product type 288
4.14 Market challenges 289
4.15 Company profiles 290 (341 company profiles)

5 FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL 518

5.1 Market drivers 519
5.2 Performance requirements for E-textiles 521
5.3 Growth prospects for electronic textiles 522
5.4 Textiles in the Internet of Things 525
5.5 Types of E-Textile products 527
- 5.5.1 Embedded e-textiles 528
- 5.5.2 Laminated e-textiles 529
5.6 Materials and components 529
- 5.6.1 Integrating electronics for E-Textiles 529
  - 5.6.1.1 Textile-adapted 531
  - 5.6.1.2 Textile-integrated 531
  - 5.6.1.3 Textile-based 531
- 5.6.2 Manufacturing of E-textiles 531
  - 5.6.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks 532
  - 5.6.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers 534
  - 5.6.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets 534
- 5.6.3 Flexible and stretchable electronics 535
- 5.6.4 E-textiles materials and components 538
  - 5.6.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns 539
    - 5.6.4.1.1 Production 541
    - 5.6.4.1.2 Metals 542
    - 5.6.4.1.3 Carbon materials and nanofibers 543
      - 5.6.4.1.3.1 Graphene 545
      - 5.6.4.1.3.2 Carbon nanotubes 546
      - 5.6.4.1.3.3 Nanofibers 548
  - 5.6.4.2 Mxenes 549
  - 5.6.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 551
  - 5.6.4.4 Conductive polymers 553
    - 5.6.4.4.1 PDMS 555
    - 5.6.4.4.2 PEDOT: PSS 555
    - 5.6.4.4.3 Polypyrrole (PPy) 556
    - 5.6.4.4.4 Conductive polymer composites 556
    - 5.6.4.4.5 Ionic conductive polymers 556
  - 5.6.4.5 Conductive inks 557
    - 5.6.4.5.1 Aqueous-Based Ink 559
    - 5.6.4.5.2 Solvent-Based Ink 560
    - 5.6.4.5.3 Oil-Based Ink 560
    - 5.6.4.5.4 Hot-Melt Ink 560
    - 5.6.4.5.5 UV-Curable Ink 560
    - 5.6.4.5.6 Metal-based conductive inks 562
      - 5.6.4.5.6.1 Nanoparticle ink 562
      - 5.6.4.5.6.2 Silver inks 563
      - 5.6.4.5.6.3 Copper inks 567
      - 5.6.4.5.6.4 Gold (Au) ink 568
    - 5.6.4.5.7 Carbon-based conductive inks 569
      - 5.6.4.5.7.1 Carbon nanotubes 569
      - 5.6.4.5.7.2 Single-walled carbon nanotubes 571
      - 5.6.4.5.7.3 Graphene 572
    - 5.6.4.5.8 Liquid metals 576
      - 5.6.4.5.8.1 Properties 576
  - 5.6.4.6 Electronic filaments 577
  - 5.6.4.7 Phase change materials 577
    - 5.6.4.7.1 Temperature controlled fabrics 577
  - 5.6.4.8 Shape memory materials 578
  - 5.6.4.9 Metal halide perovskites 580
  - 5.6.4.10 Nanocoatings in smart textiles 580
  - 5.6.4.11 3D printing 583
    - 5.6.4.11.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 584
    - 5.6.4.11.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 584
    - 5.6.4.11.3 Products 584
- 5.6.5 E-textiles components 585
  - 5.6.5.1 Sensors and actuators 585
    - 5.6.5.1.1 Physiological sensors 587
    - 5.6.5.1.2 Environmental sensors 587
    - 5.6.5.1.3 Pressure sensors 588
      - 5.6.5.1.3.1 Flexible capacitive sensors 588
      - 5.6.5.1.3.2 Flexible piezoresistive sensors 588
      - 5.6.5.1.3.3 Flexible piezoelectric sensors 589
    - 5.6.5.1.4 Activity sensors 589
    - 5.6.5.1.5 Strain sensors 590
      - 5.6.5.1.5.1 Resistive sensors 590
      - 5.6.5.1.5.2 Capacitive strain sensors 590
    - 5.6.5.1.6 Temperature sensors 591
    - 5.6.5.1.7 Inertial measurement units (IMUs) 591
  - 5.6.5.2 Electrodes 591
  - 5.6.5.3 Connectors 592
5.7 Applications, markets and products 592
- 5.7.1 Current E-textiles and smart clothing products 593
- 5.7.2 Temperature monitoring and regulation 595
  - 5.7.2.1 Heated clothing 595
  - 5.7.2.2 Heated gloves 596
  - 5.7.2.3 Heated insoles 597
  - 5.7.2.4 Heated jacket and clothing products 597
  - 5.7.2.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications 598
- 5.7.3 Stretchable E-fabrics 599
- 5.7.4 Therapeutic products 599
- 5.7.5 Sport & fitness 600
  - 5.7.5.1 Products 602
- 5.7.6 Smart footwear 604
  - 5.7.6.1 Companies and products 605
- 5.7.7 Wearable displays 605
- 5.7.8 Military 606
- 5.7.9 Textile-based lighting 607
  - 5.7.9.1 OLEDs 607
- 5.7.10 Smart gloves 607
- 5.7.11 Powering E-textiles 608
  - 5.7.11.1 Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles 609
  - 5.7.11.2 Bio-batteries 610
  - 5.7.11.3 Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles 610
  - 5.7.11.4 Textile supercapacitors 611
  - 5.7.11.5 Energy harvesting 612
    - 5.7.11.5.1 Photovoltaic solar textiles 613
    - 5.7.11.5.2 Energy harvesting nanogenerators 615
      - 5.7.11.5.2.1 TENGs 616
      - 5.7.11.5.2.2 PENGs 616
    - 5.7.11.5.3 Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting 616
- 5.7.12 Motion capture for AR/VR 617
5.8 Global market revenues 618
5.9 Market challenges 621
5.10 Company profiles 623 (153 company profiles)

6 FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ENERGY STORAGE, GENERATION AND HARVESTING 733

6.1 Market drivers and trends 733
6.2 Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics 734
6.3 Battery market megatrends 735
6.4 Solid-state thin film batteries 738
- 6.4.1 Introduction 739
  - 6.4.1.1 Features and advantages 740
  - 6.4.1.2 Technical specifications 741
  - 6.4.1.3 Types 742
  - 6.4.1.4 Microbatteries 744
    - 6.4.1.4.1 Introduction 744
    - 6.4.1.4.2 Materials 744
      - 6.4.1.4.2.1 Applications 744
    - 6.4.1.4.3 3D designs 745
      - 6.4.1.4.3.1 3D printed batteries 745
  - 6.4.1.5 Bulk type solid-state batteries 746
  - 6.4.1.6 Shortcomings and market challenges for solid-state thin film batteries 746
6.5 Flexible batteries (including stretchable, rollable, bendable and foldable) 748
- 6.5.1 Technical specifications 750
  - 6.5.1.1 Approaches to flexibility 750
    - 6.5.1.1.1 Flexible electronics 753
    - 6.5.1.1.2 Flexible materials 754
- 6.5.2 Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries 755
- 6.5.3 Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries 755
- 6.5.4 Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries 756
  - 6.5.4.1 Electrode designs 759
  - 6.5.4.2 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries 762
  - 6.5.4.3 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries 763
  - 6.5.4.4 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries 764
- 6.5.5 Flexible Li/S batteries 765
  - 6.5.5.1 Components 766
  - 6.5.5.2 Carbon nanomaterials 766
- 6.5.6 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 767
- 6.5.7 Flexible zinc-based batteries 767
  - 6.5.7.1 Components 768
    - 6.5.7.1.1 Anodes 768
    - 6.5.7.1.2 Cathodes 768
  - 6.5.7.2 Challenges 768
  - 6.5.7.3 Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries 769
  - 6.5.7.4 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries 770
  - 6.5.7.5 Flexible Zn–Air batteries 771
  - 6.5.7.6 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries 772
- 6.5.8 Fiber-shaped batteries 772
  - 6.5.8.1 Carbon nanotubes 772
  - 6.5.8.2 Types 773
  - 6.5.8.3 Applications 774
  - 6.5.8.4 Challenges 774
- 6.5.9 Transparent batteries 775
  - 6.5.9.1 Components 776
- 6.5.10 Degradable batteries 777
  - 6.5.10.1 Components 777
- 6.5.11 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors 778
  - 6.5.11.1 Nanomaterials for electrodes 780
  - 6.5.11.2 Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices 782
6.6 Printed batteries 784
- 6.6.1 Technical specifications 785
  - 6.6.1.1 Components 785
    - 6.6.1.1.1 Design 787
  - 6.6.1.2 Key features 788
  - 6.6.1.3 Printable current collectors 788
  - 6.6.1.4 Printable electrodes 789
  - 6.6.1.5 Materials 789
  - 6.6.1.6 Applications 789
  - 6.6.1.7 Printing techniques 791
  - 6.6.1.8 Applications 793
- 6.6.2 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries 793
- 6.6.3 Zinc-based printed batteries 794
  - 6.6.4 3D Printed batteries 797
    - 6.6.4.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing 799
    - 6.6.4.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries 800
      - 6.6.4.2.1 Electrode materials 800
      - 6.6.4.2.2 Electrolyte Materials 800
- 6.6.5 Printed supercapacitors 801
  - 6.6.5.1 Electrode materials 802
  - 6.6.5.2 Electrolytes 803
6.7 Photovoltaics 807
- 6.7.1 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics 807
  - 6.7.1.1 Flexible CIGS Solar Cells 808
- 6.7.2 Photovoltaic solar textiles 808
- 6.7.3 Solar tape 809
- 6.7.4 Origami-like solar cells 810
- 6.7.5 Perovskite-based solar cells 812
  - 6.7.5.1 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics 812
  - 6.7.5.2 Photovoltaic solar textiles 813
6.8 Stretchable heaters 815
6.9 Spray-on thermoelectric energy harvesting 816
6.10 Paper based fuel cells 817
6.11 Global market revenues 817
6.12 Market challenges 820
6.13 Company profiles 820 (125 company profiles)

7 FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED DISPLAYS 939

7.1 Market drivers 939
7.2 Flexible and printed display prototypes and products 941
7.3 Organic LCDs (OLCDs) 947
7.4 Flexible AMOLEDs 948
7.5 Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED) 950
- 7.5.1 Printed OLEDs 951
  - 7.5.1.1 Performance 951
  - 7.5.1.2 Challenges 952
  - 7.5.1.3 Commercial inkjet-printed OLED displays 952
7.6 Flexible and foldable microLED 953
- 7.6.1 Foldable microLED displays 954
- 7.6.2 Product developers 955
7.7 Flexible QD displays 956
7.8 Smartphones 958
7.9 Laptops, tablets and other displays 959
7.10 Products and prototypes 961
7.11 Flexible lighting 967
- 7.11.1 OLED lighting 967
- 7.11.2 Automotive applications 968
  - 7.11.2.1 Commercial activity 969
7.12 Flexible electrophoretic displays 969
- 7.12.1 Commercial activity 970
7.13 Electrowetting displays 972
7.14 Electrochromic displays 972
7.15 Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) 973
- 7.15.1 Types 974
- 7.15.2 Challenges 974
- 7.15.3 White PeLEDs 975
- 7.15.4 Printable and flexible electronics 975
7.16 Metamaterials 975
- 7.16.1 Metasurfaces 975
  - 7.16.1.1 Meta-Lens 976
  - 7.16.1.2 Metasurface holograms 977
  - 7.16.1.3 Stretchable displays 977
  - 7.16.1.4 Soft materials 978
7.17 Global market revenues 980
7.18 Market challenges 982
7.19 Company profiles 983 (52 company profiles)

8 FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 1021

8.1.1 Market drivers 1021
8.1.2 Applications 1022
- 8.1.2.1 Electric vehicles 1023
- 8.1.2.2 Flexible and printed photovoltaics 1026
- 8.1.2.3 Automotive displays and lighting 1026
  - 8.1.2.3.1 Interior 1027
    - 8.1.2.3.1.1 OLED and flexible displays 1027
  - 8.1.2.3.2 Exterior 1028
- 8.1.2.4 In-Mold Electronics 1029
- 8.1.2.5 Flexible and printed sensors 1030
  - 8.1.2.5.1 Capacitive sensors 1030
  - 8.1.2.5.2 Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors 1031
  - 8.1.2.5.3 Piezoresistive sensors 1032
  - 8.1.2.5.4 Piezoelectric sensors 1032
  - 8.1.2.5.5 Image sensors 1033
- 8.1.2.6 Flexible and printed heaters 1034
8.1.3 Global market revenues 1037
8.1.4 Market challenges 1037
8.1.5 Company profiles 1040 (24 company profiles)

9 FLEXIBLE AND PRINTABLE SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ELECTRONICS 1058

9.1 Market drivers 1058
9.2 Types of smart building sensors 1059
9.3 Applications 1060
- 9.3.1 Temperature and humidity sensors 1061
- 9.3.2 Sensors for air quality 1063
- 9.3.3 Magnetostrictive sensors 1064
- 9.3.4 Magneto- and electrorheological fluids 1064
- 9.3.5 CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings 1064
9.4 Global market revenues 1066
9.5 Company profiles 1067 (10 company profiles)

10 FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS 1077

10.1 What is Smart Packaging? 1077
- 10.1.1 Active packaging 1077
- 10.1.2 Intelligent packaging 1079
10.2 Supply chain management 1081
10.3 Improving product freshness and extending shelf life 1082
10.4 Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting 1082
10.5 Flexible and printed electronics in packaging 1083
10.6 Product information 1084
- 10.6.1 Printed codes and markings 1085
  - 10.6.1.2 Barcodes (D) 1085
  - 10.6.1.3 D data matrix codes 1087
  - 10.6.1.4 Quick response (QR) codes 1088
10.6.2 Sensors and indicators 1092
- 10.6.2.1 Freshness Indicators 1092
- 10.6.2.2 Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs) 1095
- 10.6.2.3 Natural colour formulation indicator 1098
- 10.6.2.4 Thermochromic inks 1099
- 10.6.2.5 Gas indicators 1100
- 10.6.2.6 Chemical Sensors 1102
- 10.6.2.7 Electrochemical-Based Sensors 1102
- 10.6.2.8 Optical-Based Sensors 1103
- 10.6.2.9 Biosensors 1105
  - 10.6.2.9.1 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors 1106
  - 10.6.2.9.2 Optical-Based Biosensors 1107
- 10.6.2.10 Edible Sensors 1109
10.6.3 Antennas 1110
- 10.6.3.1 Radio frequency identification (RFID) 1110
  - 10.6.3.1.1 RFID technologies 1114
  - 10.6.3.1.2 Passive RFID 1117
  - 10.6.3.1.3 Active RFID 1118
  - 10.6.3.1.4 Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags 1121
  - 10.6.3.1.5 RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging 1123
- 10.6.3.2 Near-field communications (NFC) 1125
10.6.4 Smart blister packs 1130
10.7 Global market revenues 1131
10.8 Company profiles 1132 (52 company profiles)

11 REFERENCES 1211

List of Tables

Table 1. Types of wearable devices and applications. 76
Table 2. Types of wearable devices and the data collected. 78
Table 3. Main Wearable Device Companies by Shipment Volume, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, (million units). 79
Table 4. New wearable tech products 2022-2023. 79
Table 5. Wearable market leaders by market segment. 80
Table 6. Advanced materials for Printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages. 88
Table 7. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE). 89
Table 8. Wearable electronics at CES 2021-2023. 93
Table 9. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2022. 95
Table 10. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics. 100
Table 11. Types of wearable sensors. 102
Table 12. Wearable health monitors. 107
Table 13. Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers producers and products. 109
Table 14. Wearable sensors for sports performance. 112
Table 15. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance. 112
Table 16. Companies and products in hearables. 120
Table 17. Example wearable sleep tracker products and prices. 121
Table 18. Smart ring products. 125
Table 19. Sleep headband products. 125
Table 20. Sleep monitoring products. 126
Table 21. Pet wearable companies and products. 128
Table 22. Wearable electronics applications in the military. 129
Table 23. Wearable workplace products. 131
Table 24. Global market for flexible and wearable consumer electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 133
Table 25. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics. 135
Table 26. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables. 218
Table 27. Examples of wearable medical device products. 222
Table 28. Medical wearable companies applying products to COVID-19 monitoring and analysis. 224
Table 29. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 233
Table 30. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis. 237
Table 31. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages. 239
Table 32. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market. 241
Table 33. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products. 243
Table 34. Companies developing wearable swear sensors. 254
Table 35. Wearable drug delivery companies and products. 256
Table 36. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches. 258
Table 37. Companies developing femtech wearable technology. 259
Table 38. Companies and products in smart footwear. 261
Table 39. Companies and products in smart contact lenses. 262
Table 40. Companies and products in smart wound care. 264
Table 41. Companies developing smart diaper products. 265
Table 42. Companies developing wearable robotics. 267
Table 43. Global market for flexible and printed medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 286
Table 44. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables. 289
Table 45. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles. 518
Table 46. Examples of smart textile products. 520
Table 47. Performance requirements for E-textiles. 520
Table 48. Commercially available smart clothing products. 526
Table 49. Types of smart textiles. 529
Table 50. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods. 531
Table 51. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles. 531
Table 52. Methods for integrating conductive compounds. 532
Table 53. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber. 533
Table 54. 1D electronic fibers including the conductive materials, fabrication strategies, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and applications. 537
Table 55. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold. 541
Table 56. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms. 542
Table 57. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles. 543
Table 58. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel. 544
Table 59. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 545
Table 60. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 551
Table 61. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications. 552
Table 62. Typical conductive ink formulation. 556
Table 63. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 557
Table 64. Comparison of pros and cons of various types of conductive ink compositions. 559
Table 65: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 568
Table 66. Properties of graphene. 571
Table 67. Electrical conductivity of different types of graphene. 574
Table 68. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks. 575
Table 69. Nanocoatings applied in the smart textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications. 580
Table 70. 3D printed shoes. 583
Table 71. Sensors used in electronic textiles. 585
Table 72. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures. 589
Table 73. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors. 590
Table 74. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles. 592
Table 75. Commercially available E-textiles and smart clothing products. 592
Table 76. Example heated jacket products. 595
Table 77. Heated jacket and clothing products. 596
Table 78. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications. 597
Table 79. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications. 600
Table 80. Example earable sensor products for monitoring sport performance. 601
Table 81.Companies and products in smart footwear. 604
Table 82. Wearable electronics applications in the military. 606
Table 83. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles. 608
Table 84. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 610
Table 85. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles. 612
Table 86. Teslasuit. 617
Table 87. Global market for flexible and printed E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 617
Table 88. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing. 620
Table 89. Market drivers and trends for Flexible and printed electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting. 732
Table 90. Battery market megatrends. 734
Table 91. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries. 738
Table 92. Shortcoming of solid-state thin film batteries. 745
Table 93. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements. 748
Table 94. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes. 756
Table 95. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries. 758
Table 96. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries. 761
Table 97. Types of fiber-shaped batteries. 772
Table 98. Components of transparent batteries. 775
Table 99. Components of degradable batteries. 777
Table 100. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 780
Table 101. Main components and properties of different printed battery types. 785
Table 102. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements. 788
Table 103. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 791
Table 104. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries. 792
Table 105. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries. 792
Table 106. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types. 794
Table 107. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing. 798
Table 108. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries. 799
Table 109. Methods for printing supercapacitors. 800
Table 110. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors. 801
Table 111. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors. 802
Table 112. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors. 803
Table 113. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications. 814
Table 115. Global market for flexible and printed energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 816
Table 116. Market challenges in flexible and printed energy storage. 819
Table 117. 3DOM separator. 823
Table 118. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries. 885
Table 119. Market drivers for Flexible and printed displays and electronic components. 938
Table 120. Flexible and printed displays products. 941
Table 121. Flexible miniLED and MicroLED products. 954
Table 122. Comparison of performance metrics between microLEDs and other commercial display technologies. 954
Table 123. Foldable smartphones, laptops and tablets and other display products, on or near market. 960
Table 124. Companies developing OLED lighting products. 967
Table 125. Types of electrochromic materials and applications. 972
Table 126. Market challenges in flexible and printed displays and consumer electronics. 981
Table 127. Market drivers for flexible and printed electronics in automotive. 1020
Table 128. Flexible and printed electronics in the automotive market. 1021
Table 129. Global market for flexible and printed automotive electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 1036
Table 130. Market challenges for flexible and printed electronics in automotive. 1037
Table 131. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings. 1057
Table 132. Types of smart building sensors. 1058
Table 133. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings. 1059
Table 134. Types of flexible humidity sensors. 1061
Table 135. MOF sensor applications. 1064
Table 136. Global market for flexible and printed smart buildings electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 1065
Table 137. Commercially available freshness indicators. 1092
Table 138. Commercially available gas indicators. 1100
Table 139. Commercially available food sensors. 1101
Table 140. Examples of RFID in packaging. 1113
Table 141. Commercially available radio frequency identification systems (RFID) technology. 1114
Table 142. Examples of NFC in packaging. 1124
Table 143. Global market for flexible and printed smart packaging electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 1130

List of Figures

Figure 1. Examples of flexible electronics devices. 70
Figure 2. Evolution of electronics. 71
Figure 3. Wearable technology inventions. 73
Figure 4. Applications for flexible and printed electronics. 73
Figure 5. Market map for printed and flexible electronics. 80
Figure 6. Wove Band. 81
Figure 7. Wearable graphene medical sensor. 82
Figure 8. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition. 84
Figure 9. Applications timeline for organic and printed electronics. 85
Figure 10. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts. 86
Figure 11. Systemization of wearable electronic systems. 87
Figure 12. Baby Monitor. 92
Figure 13. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors. 92
Figure 14. Market revenues for flexible and printed electronics, 2018-2033, by end markets (millions USD). 99
Figure 15. FitBit Charge 5. 107
Figure 16. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration. 111
Figure 17. Nuheara IQbuds² Max. 115
Figure 18. Beddr SleepTuner. 124
Figure 19. Beddr SleepTuner. 126
Figure 20. Global market for flexible and printed consumer electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 133
Figure 21. The Apollo wearable device. 139
Figure 22. Cyclops HMD. 142
Figure 23. C2Sense sensors. 148
Figure 24. Coachwhisperer device. 150
Figure 25. Cogwear headgear. 151
Figure 26. CardioWatch 287. 152
Figure 27. FRENZ™ Brainband. 156
Figure 28. NightOwl Home Sleep Apnea Test Device. 157
Figure 29. eQ02+LIfeMontor. 159
Figure 30. Cove wearable device. 162
Figure 31. German bionic exoskeleton. 165
Figure 32. UnlimitedHand. 166
Figure 33. Apex Exosuit. 167
Figure 34. Humanox Shin Guard. 171
Figure 35. Airvida E1. 172
Figure 36. Footrax. 173
Figure 37. eMacula®. 174
Figure 38. G2 Pro. 175
Figure 39. REFLEX. 176
Figure 40. Ring ZERO. 179
Figure 41. Mawi Heart Patch. 181
Figure 42. Ayo wearable light therapy. 188
Figure 43. Nowatch. 189
Figure 44. ORII smart ring. 192
Figure 45. Proxxi Voltage. 195
Figure 46. RealWear HMT-1. 196
Figure 47. Moonwalkers from Shift Robotics Inc. 199
Figure 48. SnowCookie device. 200
Figure 49. Soter device. 201
Figure 50. Feelzing Energy Patch. 206
Figure 51. Wiliot tags. 213
Figure 52. Connected human body and product examples. 221
Figure 53. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products. 225
Figure 54. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs. 231
Figure 55. Graphene medical patch. 232
Figure 56. Graphene-based E-skin patch. 232
Figure 57. Enfucell wearable temperature tag. 236
Figure 58. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer. 236
Figure 59. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection. 238
Figure 60. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor. 242
Figure 61. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor. 242
Figure 62. VitalPatch. 246
Figure 63. Wearable ECG-textile. 246
Figure 64. Wearable ECG recorder. 248
Figure 65. Nexkin™. 248
Figure 66. Bloomlife. 250
Figure 67. Nanowire skin hydration patch. 251
Figure 68. NIX sensors. 251
Figure 69. Wearable sweat sensor. 252
Figure 70. Wearable graphene sweat sensor. 253
Figure 71. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch. 253
Figure 72. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask. 254
Figure 73. D-mine Pump. 255
Figure 74. Lab-on-Skin™. 256
Figure 75. My UV Patch. 257
Figure 76. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch. 258
Figure 77. Brilliantly Warm. 259
Figure 78. Ava Fertility tracker. 260
Figure 79. S9 Pro breast pump. 260
Figure 80. Tempdrop. 260
Figure 81. Digitsole Smartshoe. 261
Figure 82. Schematic of smart wound dressing. 264
Figure 83. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. 264
Figure 84. ABENA Nova smart diaper. 266
Figure 85. Honda Walking Assist. 267
Figure 86. ABLE Exoskeleton. 267
Figure 87. ANGEL-LEGS-M10. 267
Figure 88. AGADEXO Shoulder. 268
Figure 89. Enyware. 268
Figure 90. AWN-12 occupational powered hip exoskeleton. 268
Figure 91. CarrySuit passive upper-body exoskeleton. 268
Figure 92. Axosuit lower body medical exoskeleton. 269
Figure 93. FreeGait. 269
Figure 94. InMotion Arm. 269
Figure 95. Biomotum SPARK. 269
Figure 96. PowerWalk energy. 270
Figure 97. Keeogo™. 270
Figure 98. MATE-XT. 270
Figure 99. CDYS passive shoulder support exoskeleton. 271
Figure 100. ALDAK. 271
Figure 101. HAL® Lower Limb. 271
Figure 102. DARWING PA. 271
Figure 103. Dephy ExoBoot. 272
Figure 104. EksoNR. 272
Figure 105. Emovo Assist. 272
Figure 106. HAPO. 272
Figure 107. Atlas passive modular exoskeleton. 273
Figure 108. ExoAtlet II. 273
Figure 109. ExoHeaver. 273
Figure 110. Exy ONE. 274
Figure 111. ExoArm. 274
Figure 112. ExoMotus. 274
Figure 113. Gloreha Sinfonia. 275
Figure 114. BELK Knee Exoskeleton. 275
Figure 115. Apex exosuit. 275
Figure 116. Honda Walking Assist. 276
Figure 117. BionicBack. 276
Figure 118. Muscle Suit. 276
Figure 119.Japet.W powered exoskeleton. 277
Figure 120.Ski~Mojo. 277
Figure 121. AIRFRAME passive shoulder. 277
Figure 122.FORTIS passive tool holding exoskeleton. 278
Figure 123. Integrated Soldier Exoskeleton (UPRISE®). 278
Figure 124.UNILEXA passive exoskeleton. 278
Figure 125.HandTutor. 279
Figure 126.MyoPro®. 279
Figure 127.Myosuit. 279
Figure 128. archelis wearable chair. 279
Figure 129.Chairless Chair. 280
Figure 130.Indego. 280
Figure 131. Polyspine. 280
Figure 132. Hercule powered lower body exoskeleton. 281
Figure 133. ReStore Soft Exo-Suit. 281
Figure 134. Hand of Hope. 281
Figure 135. REX powered exoskeleton. 281
Figure 136. Elevate Ski Exoskeleton. 282
Figure 137. UGO210 exoskeleton. 282
Figure 138. EsoGLOVE Pro. 282
Figure 139. Roki. 282
Figure 140. Powered Clothing. 283
Figure 141. Againer shock absorbing exoskeleton. 283
Figure 142. EasyWalk Assistive Soft Exoskeleton Walker. 283
Figure 143. Skel-Ex. 283
Figure 144. EXO-H3 lower limbs robotic exoskeleton. 284
Figure 145. Ikan Tilta Max Armor-Man 2 284
Figure 146. AMADEO hand and finger robotic rehabilitation device. 284
Figure 147.Atalante autonomous lower-body exoskeleton. 285
Figure 148. Global market for flexible and printed medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 286
Figure 149. Global market for medical and healthcare sensors and wearables, 2021-2033, by market share of product type. 288
Figure 150. Libre 3. 291
Figure 151. Libre Sense Glucose Sport Biowearable. 291
Figure 152. AcuPebble SA100. 292
Figure 153. Vitalgram®. 295
Figure 154. Alertgy NICGM wristband. 297
Figure 155. ALLEVX. 298
Figure 156. Gastric Alimetry. 299
Figure 157. Alva Health stroke monitor. 300
Figure 158. amofit S. 302
Figure 159. MIT and Amorepacific's chip-free skin sensor. 303
Figure 160. Sigi™ Insulin Management System. 305
Figure 161. The Apollo wearable device. 307
Figure 162. Apos3. 308
Figure 163. Artemis is smart clothing system. 310
Figure 164. KneeStim. 311
Figure 165. PaciBreath. 313
Figure 166. Structure of Azalea Vision’s smart contact lens. 315
Figure 167. Belun® Ring. 316
Figure 168. Evo Patch. 321
Figure 169. Neuronaute wearable. 325
Figure 170. biped.ai device. 327
Figure 171. circul+ smart ring. 330
Figure 172. Cala Trio. 334
Figure 173. BioSleeve®. 342
Figure 174. Cognito's gamma stimulation device. 343
Figure 175. Cogwear Headband. 344
Figure 176. First Relief. 352
Figure 177. Jewel Patch Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator . 356
Figure 178. enFuse. 358
Figure 179. EOPatch. 360
Figure 180. Epilog. 362
Figure 181. FloPatch. 370
Figure 182. gSKIN®. 380
Figure 183. Hinge Health wearable therapy devices. 382
Figure 184. MYSA - 'Relax Shirt'. 384
Figure 185. Atusa system. 392
Figure 186. Kenzen ECHO Smart Patch. 396
Figure 187. The Kernel Flow headset. 397
Figure 188. KnowU™. 399
Figure 189. LifeSpan patch. 409
Figure 190. Mawi Heart Patch. 413
Figure 191. MetaSCOPE. 414
Figure 192. WalkAid. 419
Figure 193. Monarch™ Wireless Wearable Biosensor 420
Figure 194. Modoo device. 424
Figure 195. Munevo Drive. 429
Figure 196. Electroskin integration schematic. 432
Figure 197. Modius Sleep wearable device. 437
Figure 198. Neuphony Headband. 438
Figure 199. Nix Biosensors patch. 442
Figure 200. BODY-CASE. 444
Figure 201. Otolith wearable device. 446
Figure 202. Peerbridge Cor. 450
Figure 203. Point Fit Technology skin patch. 454
Figure 204. Sylvee 1.0. 460
Figure 205. RootiRx. 465
Figure 206. Sylvee 1.0. 467
Figure 207. Silvertree Reach. 479
Figure 208. Smardii smart diaper. 483
Figure 209. Subcuject. 490
Figure 210. Nerivio. 494
Figure 211. Feelzing Energy Patch. 495
Figure 212. Ultrahuman wearable glucose monitor. 498
Figure 213. Vaxxas patch. 501
Figure 214. S-Patch Ex. 512
Figure 215. Zeit Medical Wearable Headband. 515
Figure 216. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles. 522
Figure 217. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles. 522
Figure 218. Conductive yarns. 526
Figure 219. Electronics integration in textiles: (a) textile-adapted, (b) textile-integrated (c) textile-basd. 529
Figure 220. Stretchable polymer encapsulation microelectronics on textiles. 534
Figure 221. Wove Band. 535
Figure 222. Wearable graphene medical sensor. 536
Figure 223. Conductive yarns. 538
Figure 224. Classification of conductive materials and process technology. 540
Figure 225. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx. 549
Figure 226. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 550
Figure 227. BN nanosheet textiles application. 552
Figure 228. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating. 553
Figure 229. Schematic of inkjet-printed processes. 558
Figure 230: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components. 564
Figure 231. Schematic summary of the formulation of silver conductive inks. 565
Figure 232. Copper based inks on flexible substrate. 567
Figure 233: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube. 570
Figure 234. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics. 571
Figure 235. Graphene layer structure schematic. 573
Figure 236. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 574
Figure 237. PCM cooling vest. 577
Figure 238. SMPU-treated cotton fabrics. 578
Figure 239. Schematics of DIAPLEX membrane. 579
Figure 240. SMP energy storage textiles. 579
Figure 241. Nike x Acronym Blazer Sneakers. 583
Figure 242. Adidas 3D Runner Pump. 584
Figure 243. Under Armour Archi-TechFuturist. 584
Figure 244. Reebok Reebok Liquid Speed. 584
Figure 245. Radiate sports vest. 585
Figure 246. Adidas smart insole. 588
Figure 247. Applications of E-textiles. 592
Figure 248. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket. 594
Figure 249. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper. 596
Figure 250. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles. 596
Figure 251. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat. 598
Figure 252. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products. 599
Figure 253. iStimUweaR . 600
Figure 254. Digitsole Smartshoe. 604
Figure 255. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display. 605
Figure 256. A mechanical glove, Robo-Glove, with pressure sensors and other sensors jointly developed by General Motors and NASA. 607
Figure 257. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables. 608
Figure 258. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques. 611
Figure 259. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 613
Figure 260. 3D printed piezoelectric material. 615
Figure 261. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR. 616
Figure 262. Global market for flexible and printed E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 619
Figure 263. BioMan+. 624
Figure 264. EXO Glove. 625
Figure 265. LED hooded jacket. 629
Figure 266. Heated element module. 630
Figure 267. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest. 638
Figure 268. Cionic Neural Sleeve. 641
Figure 269. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing. 644
Figure 270. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket. 645
Figure 271. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey. 646
Figure 272. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor. 655
Figure 273. KiTT motion tracking knee sleeve. 658
Figure 274. Healables app-controlled electrotherapy device. 664
Figure 275. LumeoLoop device. 679
Figure 276. Electroskin integration schematic. 685
Figure 277. Nextiles’ compression garments. 686
Figure 278. Nextiles e-fabric. 687
Figure 279 .Nuada. 690
Figure 280. Palarum PUP smart socks. 696
Figure 281. Smardii smart diaper. 708
Figure 282. Softmatter compression garment. 710
Figure 283. Softmatter sports bra with a woven ECG sensor. 710
Figure 284. MoCap Pro Glove. 712
Figure 285. Teslasuit. 716
Figure 286. ZOZOFIT wearable at-home 3D body scanner. 730
Figure 287. YouCare smart shirt. 731
Figure 288. Flexible batteries on the market. 733
Figure 289. Costs of batteries to 2030. 737
Figure 290. ULTRALIFE thin film battery. 738
Figure 291. Examples of applications of thin film batteries. 740
Figure 292. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials. 741
Figure 293. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right). 742
Figure 294. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB. 745
Figure 295. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries. 748
Figure 296. Flexible, rechargeable battery. 749
Figure 297. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage. 750
Figure 298. Types of flexible batteries. 752
Figure 299. Flexible label and printed paper battery. 752
Figure 300. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries. 756
Figure 301. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures. 758
Figure 302. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs. 759
Figure 303. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs. 759
Figure 304. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs. 762
Figure 305. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f) 763
Figure 306. Origami disposable battery. 764
Figure 307. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt. 766
Figure 308. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries. 768
Figure 309. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark. 769
Figure 310. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy. 770
Figure 311. Transparent batteries. 774
Figure 312. Degradable batteries. 776
Figure 313. Schematic of supercapacitors in wearables. 778
Figure 314. (A) Schematic overview of a flexible supercapacitor as compared to conventional supercapacitor. 779
Figure 315. Stretchable graphene supercapacitor. 780
Figure 316. Wearable self-powered devices. 782
Figure 317. Various applications of printed paper batteries. 784
Figure 318.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery. 785
Figure 319. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together. 786
Figure 320. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III). 797
Figure 321. Main printing methods for supercapacitors. 800
Figure 322. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 808
Figure 323. Origami-like silicon solar cells. 810
Figure 324. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 813
Figure 325. Global market for flexible and printed energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 818
Figure 326. 24M battery. 820
Figure 327. 3DOM battery. 822
Figure 328. AC biode prototype. 824
Figure 329. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm). 829
Figure 330. Amprius battery products. 830
Figure 331. All-polymer battery schematic. 832
Figure 332. All Polymer Battery Module. 833
Figure 333. Resin current collector. 833
Figure 334. Ateios thin-film, printed battery. 834
Figure 335. 3D printed lithium-ion battery. 838
Figure 336. Blue Solution module. 840
Figure 337. TempTraq wearable patch. 841
Figure 338. Cymbet EnerChip™ 848
Figure 339. E-magy nano sponge structure. 850
Figure 340. SoftBattery®. 851
Figure 341. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate. 852
Figure 342. 40 Ah battery cell. 854
Figure 343. FDK Corp battery. 856
Figure 344. 2D paper batteries. 860
Figure 345. 3D Custom Format paper batteries. 861
Figure 346. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 862
Figure 347. Gelion Endure battery. 864
Figure 348. Portable desalination plant. 865
Figure 349. Grepow flexible battery. 870
Figure 350. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery. 875
Figure 351. Ilika solid-state batteries. 878
Figure 352. ZincPoly™ technology. 879
Figure 353. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials. 880
Figure 354. Ionic Materials battery cell. 882
Figure 355. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure. 883
Figure 356. ITEN micro batteries. 884
Figure 357. LiBEST flexible battery. 889
Figure 358. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology. 891
Figure 359. Lyten batteries. 892
Figure 360. Nanotech Energy battery. 899
Figure 361. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 900
Figure 362. NBD battery. 901
Figure 363. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 902
Figure 364. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 903
Figure 365. EnerCerachip. 906
Figure 366. Cambrian battery. 909
Figure 367. Printed battery. 912
Figure 368. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery. 913
Figure 369. Printed Energy flexible battery. 914
Figure 370. ProLogium solid-state battery. 915
Figure 371. QingTao solid-state batteries. 916
Figure 372. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery. 918
Figure 373. SES Apollo batteries. 922
Figure 374. Sionic Energy battery cell. 925
Figure 375. Solid Power battery pouch cell. 927
Figure 376.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery 932
Figure 377. LG Signature OLED TV R. 940
Figure 378. Flexible display. 940
Figure 379. LG display stretchable display. 941
Figure 380. Samsung FLEX Hybrid foldable display. 941
Figure 381. DELL Ori. 942
Figure 382. LG Media Chair. 943
Figure 383. LG Virtual Ride. 943
Figure 384. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius. 947
Figure 385. AMOLED schematic. 948
Figure 386. Mirage smart speaker with wraparound touch display. 949
Figure 387. LG rollable OLED TV. 949
Figure 388. OLED structure. 950
Figure 389. TCL printed OLED panel. 951
Figure 390. OLEDIO 32-inch printed display by JOLED. 952
Figure 391. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display. 952
Figure 392. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level microLED transferring. 953
Figure 393. Foldable 4K C SEED M1. 954
Figure 394. Stamp-based transfer-printing techniques. 955
Figure 395: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots. 956
Figure 396. Samsung S-foldable display. 957
Figure 397. Samsung slideable display. 957
Figure 398. Samsung foldable battery patent schematic. 958
Figure 399. Rollable 65RX OLED TV. 959
Figure 400. Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Fold. 959
Figure 401. LG Chem foldable display. 960
Figure 402. Samsung Display Flex G folding smartphones. 960
Figure 403. Asus Foldable Phone. 961
Figure 404. Asus Zenbook 17 Fold. 961
Figure 405. Dell Concept Ori. 961
Figure 406. Intel Foldable phone. 962
Figure 407. ThinkPad X1 Fold. 962
Figure 408. Motorola Razr. 963
Figure 409. Oppo Find N folding phone. 963
Figure 410. Royole FlexPai 2. 964
Figure 411. Galaxy Fold 3. 964
Figure 412. Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3 964
Figure 413. TCL Tri-Fold Foldable Phone 965
Figure 414. TCL rollable phone. 965
Figure 415. Xiaomi Mi MIX Flex. 966
Figure 416. LG OLED flexible lighting panel. 967
Figure 417. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight. 968
Figure 418. Audi 2022 A8 . 968
Figure 419. Electrophoretic display applications. 969
Figure 420. Passive reflective displays with flexibility. 970
Figure 421. Plastic Logic 5.4” Iridis™ display. 971
Figure 422. Argil electrochromic film integrated with polycarbonate lenses. 972
Figure 423. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of several metalens antenna forms. 976
Figure 424. Design concepts of soft mechanical metamaterials with large negative swelling ratios and tunable stress-strain curves. 978
Figure 425. Global market for flexible and printed displays, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 980
Figure 426. Global market for flexible and printed displays, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 981
Figure 427. 1.39-inch full-circle microLED display 984
Figure 428. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display. 984
Figure 429. Transparent 3D touch control with LED lights and LED matrix. 987
Figure 430. Flexible microLED. 998
Figure 431. Hyperfluorescence™ OLED display. 1001
Figure 432. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display. 1010
Figure 433. 7.56-inch transparent Micro LED display. 1010
Figure 434. Micro-LED stretchable display. 1012
Figure 435. TCL phone and tablet concepts. 1016
Figure 436. 7.56” Transparent Display. 1017
Figure 437. Mercedes-Benz’s Hyperscreen. 1026
Figure 438. Global market for flexible and printed automotive electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 1036
Figure 439. Global market for flexible and printed electronics in the automotive sector, revenues (millions USD) by applications. 1038
Figure 440. Use of sensors in smart buildings. 1058
Figure 441. Global market for flexible and printed smart buildings electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 1065
Figure 442. Sensor surface. 1070
Figure 443. Printed moisture sensors. 1071
Figure 444. Smart packaging for detecting bacteria growth in milk containers. 1076
Figure 445. Active packaging examples. 1077
Figure 446. Initelligent packaging examples. 1079
Figure 447. Active packaging film. 1081
Figure 448. Anti-counterfeiting smart label. 1081
Figure 449. Printed electronics packaging label. 1084
Figure 450. Security tag developed by Nanotech Security. 1085
Figure 451. Commerical examples of time-termperature indictors. 1095
Figure 452. Fundamental principle of a gas sensor for detecting CO2 (gas) after food spoilage 1100
Figure 453. A standard RFID system. 1113
Figure 454. RFID functions and applications of silver nanoparticle inks. 1115
Figure 455. OHMEGA Conductive Ink + Touchcode box. 1115
Figure 456. Wiliot RFID. 1116
Figure 457. Smart blister pack. 1130
Figure 458. Global market for flexible and printed smart packaging electronics, 2018-2033, millions of US dollars. 1131
Figure 459. Asahi Kasei Invisible Metal Mesh (IMA) for packaging. 1138
Figure 460. Avery Dennion smart labels. 1139
Figure 461. Varcode Smart Tag. 1199

The Global Market for Flexible and Printed Electronics 2023-2033

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