Published September 2023 | 130 pages, 46 tables, 27 figures | View full table of contents
The sodium-ion battery (SIB) market is rapidly gaining momentum as it promises to be a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries. The market is at an early-stage, but is growing fast, and is ramping up in 2023. Commercialization of SIB is moving much faster than was originally expected and they will be key components in Small Electric Vehicle (EV) and Long-duration Energy Storage applications. Among other advantages over incumbent Lithium-ion batteries (LIB), SIBs offer lower raw material costs and sustainability.
Key SIB Market Drivers include:
- Lower raw material costs - Sodium is abundant compared to constrained lithium supplies, reducing input costs.
- Improved sustainability - Avoidance of scarce lithium and cobalt resources.
- Increasing R&D - Major advances in anode, cathode and electrolyte materials.
- Government funding - Subsidies and investments aimed at advancing SIB tech.
- EV applications - Automakers developing SIBs for more affordable EVs.
BYD Na-ion battery division FinDreams has recently entered a joint venture agreement with Huaihai Holding Group to create the world's largest sodium-ion battery factory for small electric vehicles. Leading power battery manufacturer CATL will begin mass production of sodium-ion batteries for vehicles in Q4 2023 and other battery and automotive manufacturers are increasing commercial activity. SIBs are expected to gain share in:
- Small electric vehicles and short-range transportation.
- Large-scale stationary storage for renewable energy.
- Backup power supplies and off-grid energy storage.
Report contents include:
- Market drivers and challenges.
- Comparative analysis to other battery types.
- Analysis of materials and components in Na-ion batteries.
- Cost breakdown and analysis.
- Market developments, production, funding and investments 2020-2023.
- The market in China.
- Market value chain analysis.
- Analysis of main players and benchmarking.
- Capacities to 2034.
- Global patent landscape.
- Market analysis of markets for Na-ion batteries:
- Large-scale stationary grid storage.
- Stationary batteries.
- Electric vehicles.
- Electric boats.
- Consumer electronics.
- 50 company profiles. Company profiles include products, materials utilized in cathodes & anodes, cell densities, cycle life, target markets and production plans. Companies profiled include Altris AB, CATL, Faradion, HiNa Battery, Kite Rise Technologies GmbH, Natron Energy, Tiamat Energy and Weifang Energy.
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1 INTRODUCTION 11
- 1.1 Motivation for battery development beyond lithium 11
- 1.2 Value proposition for sodium-ion batteries 12
- 1.3 Technology description 12
- 1.4 Key performance metrics 14
- 1.5 The Li-ion battery market 15
2 SODIUM-ION BATTERY CHEMISTRIES AND CELL DESIGNS 16
- 2.1 Comparative analysis with other battery types 17
- 2.2 Cost comparison with Li-ion 18
- 2.3 Materials in sodium-ion battery cells 19
- 2.4 Cathode materials 21
- 2.4.1 Layered transition metal oxides 21
- 2.4.1.1 Types 21
- 2.4.1.2 Cycling performance 22
- 2.4.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages 23
- 2.4.1.4 Market prospects for LO SIB 23
- 2.4.2 Polyanionic materials 24
- 2.4.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages 25
- 2.4.2.2 Types 25
- 2.4.2.3 Market prospects for Poly SIB 25
- 2.4.3 Prussian blue analogues (PBA) 26
- 2.4.3.1 Types 26
- 2.4.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages 27
- 2.4.3.3 Market prospects for PBA-SIB 28
- 2.4.1 Layered transition metal oxides 21
- 2.5 Anode materials 29
- 2.5.1 Hard carbons 29
- 2.5.2 Carbon black 31
- 2.5.3 Graphite 32
- 2.5.4 Carbon nanotubes 36
- 2.5.5 Graphene 37
- 2.5.6 Alloying materials 39
- 2.5.7 Sodium Titanates 40
- 2.5.8 Sodium Metal 40
- 2.6 Electrolytes 40
- 2.6.1 Thermal stability 41
- 2.6.2 Carbonate-based liquid electrolytes (e.g. EC/PC with Na salts) 43
- 2.6.3 Ionic liquids 43
- 2.6.4 Solid state electrolytes (e.g. Na-beta-alumina) 43
- 2.7 Other components 44
- 2.8 Molten sodium batteries 46
- 2.9 Aqueous rechargeable sodium ion batteries 47
3 MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND COST ANALYSIS 48
- 3.1 Description of manufacturing process 48
- 3.2 Cost breakdown and analysis 49
4 THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR SODIUM-ION BATTERIES 53
- 4.1 Market drivers 53
- 4.2 Market challenges 54
- 4.3 Recent market developments 55
- 4.4 Main players and competitive landscape 56
- 4.4.1 Battery Manufacturers 57
- 4.4.2 Large Corporations 57
- 4.4.3 Automotive Companies 57
- 4.4.4 Chemicals and Materials Firms 58
- 4.5 SWOT analysis 59
- 4.6 Market value chain 60
- 4.7 The market in China 61
- 4.8 Global patent landscape 61
- 4.9 Planned capacities by cathode type 62
- 4.10 Grid storage 63
- 4.10.1 Market overview 63
- 4.10.2 Competing technologies 63
- 4.10.3 Market outlook 64
- 4.11 Electric vehicles (EV) 66
- 4.11.1 Market overview 66
- 4.11.2 Competing technologies 66
- 4.11.3 Market outlook 67
- 4.12 Consumer electronics 69
- 4.12.1 Market overview 69
- 4.12.2 Competing technologies 69
- 4.12.3 Market outlook 70
- 4.13 Stationary batteries 71
- 4.13.1 Market overview 71
- 4.13.2 Competing technologies 72
- 4.13.3 Market outlook 73
- 4.14 Electric boats 74
- 4.14.1 Market overview 74
- 4.14.2 Competing technologies 74
- 4.14.3 Market outlook 75
- 4.15 Global Market Size and Forecast 76
- 4.15.1 Capacities 76
- 4.15.2 Total market revenues 77
- 4.15.3 By region 78
- 4.16 Future outlook 80
5 COMPANY PROFILES 82 (50 company profiles)
6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 125
- 6.1 Report scope 125
- 6.2 Research methodology 125
7 REFERENCES 127
List of Tables
- Table 1. Value proposition for sodium-ion batteries 12
- Table 2. Key performance metrics for sodium-ion batteries. 14
- Table 3. Na-based battery types. 16
- Table 4. Component and materials in sodium-ion batteries. 17
- Table 5. Pros and cons compared to other battery types. 17
- Table 6. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries. 18
- Table 7. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells. 19
- Table 8. Comparison of cathode materials. 21
- Table 9. Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. 21
- Table 10. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials. 22
- Table 11. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes. 24
- Table 12. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials. 24
- Table 13. Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries. 27
- Table 14. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials. 29
- Table 15. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes. 30
- Table 16. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes. 31
- Table 17. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite. 33
- Table 18. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 37
- Table 19. Comparison of carbon based anodes. 39
- Table 20. Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries. 39
- Table 21. Na-ion electrolyte formulations. 41
- Table 22. Comparison of electrolyte salts and solvents. 42
- Table 23. Solid-state electrolyte materials for sodium-ion batteries. 44
- Table 24.Other components in Na-ion batteries. 44
- Table 25. Types of molten sodium batteries: 46
- Table 26. Production steps in Na-ion battery manufacturing process. 48
- Table 27. Na-ion costs compared to other battery types. 49
- Table 28. Na-ion cell material costs compared to Li-ion. 50
- Table 29. Na-ion price reported by companies. 51
- Table 30. Comparative price of sodium-ion batteries, USD/kwh Pack. 52
- Table 31. Market drivers for sodium-ion batteries. 53
- Table 32. Market challenges for sodium-ion batteries. 54
- Table 33. Recent market developments. 55
- Table 34. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in grid storage. 63
- Table 35. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. 67
- Table 36. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in consumer electronics 69
- Table 37. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in stationary batteries. 72
- Table 38. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in electric boats. 74
- Table 39. Global market for sodium-ion batteries 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 77
- Table 40. Regional demand, GWh by 2030. 78
- Table 41. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics. 90
- Table 42. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics. 93
- Table 43. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics. 97
- Table 44. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics. 101
- Table 45. LiNa Energy battery characteristics. 111
- Table 46. Natrium Energy battery characteristics. 113
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Schematic illustration of sodium-ion battery. 13
- Figure 2. CATL's first-generation sodium-ion battery. 14
- Figure 3. Li-ion battery cell pack. 15
- Figure 4. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery. 20
- Figure 5. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA). 26
- Figure 6. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG). 33
- Figure 7. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications. 35
- Figure 8. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). 36
- Figure 9. Battery pack costs by chemistry. 51
- Figure 10. SWOT analysis: Sodium-ion battery market. 59
- Figure 11. Market value chain for sodium-ion batteries. 60
- Figure 12. Sodium-ion grid storage units. 65
- Figure 13. E10X model with sodium-ion battery pack. 68
- Figure 14. Salt-E Dog mobile battery. 71
- Figure 15. I.Power Nest - Residential Energy Storage System Solution. 72
- Figure 16. Sodium-ion battery capacities, 2022-2034 (GWh). 76
- Figure 17. Global market for sodium-ion batteries 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 78
- Figure 18. Global market for sodium-ion batteries 2018-2034, by region (Millions USD).* 79
- Figure 19. Containerized NAS® batteries. 85
- Figure 20. BYD Seagull. 89
- Figure 21. HiNa Battery pack for EV. 102
- Figure 22. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery. 102
- Figure 23. Kite Rise’s A-sample sodium-ion battery module. 106
- Figure 24. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells. 109
- Figure 25. LiNa Energy battery. 111
- Figure 26. Stora Enso lignin battery materials. 120
- Figure 27. Zoolnasm batteries. 124
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