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20200526163737 825
20200526163737 825

The Global Market for Micro- and Nanocellulose 2024-2034

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  • Published: September 2023
  • Pages: 558
  • Tables: 133
  • Figures: 251
  • Series: Bioeconomy

 

Cellulose is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and the most important and naturally abundant organic biopolymer in the biosphere. It is the structural basis of plant cells produced from highly developed trees to primitive organisms such as seaweeds, flagellates and bacteria. In recent years, the conversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass and natural biopolymers into commercial products has gained considerable attention. In addition, the gradual depletion of petroleum resources, the lack of space for landfills, concerns over emissions during incineration, and environmental pollution caused due to accumulation of these non-destructible solid wastes has spurred efforts to develop high performance materials which are eco-friendly and sustainable.

The Global Market for Micro- and Nanocellulose 2024-2034 covers cellulose from the micro- (cellulose fiber) to nanoscale (nanocellulose), including all recent developments made in the area of advanced bio-nanomaterials, chemical functionalization of celluloses from the micro- to nanoscale, and their processing and successful utilization for commercial applications. 

Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) is a bio-based material composed of cellulose fibrils that have been separated from a source, typically wood pulp. MFC has a large surface area, thus allowing the formation of more hydrogen bonds within the web, giving natural strength to new materials.  When added to the manufacturing process they produce a wide range of enhancements.

Nanocellulose (NC) covers a range of materials that vary based on their source raw material, synthesis methods, and structural features. Three types of NC are commercially available: cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).  In addition to being produced in different ways, these three types also vary in their physico-chemical properties, from size to crystallinity. The global nanocellulose (NC) market has accelerated over the last few years as producers in Japan and to a lesser extent North America and Europe bring products to market. The development of these remarkable materials has compelled major paper and pulp producers to gravitate their traditional business towards advanced biorefineries, which have met with initial success and resulted in production capacity increases. Most commercially produced NC is CNF, which is produced on a large scale in Japan.  

The report provides in-depth analysis of production methods, key players, products, prices, end use markets including composites, packaging, medicine, automotive, aerospace, oil and gas, paints and coatings for micro- and nanocellulose. Also covered are commercialization challenges, SWOT analysis, applications, market outlook, and forecasts in both tonnage and revenues globally.

The report includes:

  • Comparative analysis of micro- and nanocellulose types - properties, production, pricing, applications.
  • Profiles of over 210 companies active across the micro- and nanocellulose value chain including products, production capacities, manufacturing methods, collaborations, licensing, customers and target markets.. Companies profiled include Anomera, Asahi Kasei, Borregaard Chemcell, Cellucomp, Celluforce, Chuetsu Pulp & Paper, Daicel Corporation, Daio Paper, DKS, Fiberlean, Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd., Innventia AB, KRI, Inc., Melodea, Nippon Paper, Norkse Skog, Oji, Sappi, Smart Reactors, Stora Enso, Suzano, and UPM. 
  • Granular 10+ year demand forecasts in tons and market value for micro- and nanocellulose globally and by key regional markets.
  • Evaluation of adoption for composites, automotive, construction, packaging, textiles, healthcare, filtration, rheology modifiers.
  • Assessment of technological readiness, regional supply chains, competitive environment, R&D priorities.
  • Insights into IP trends, start-ups, partnerships, opportunities and challenges in commercialization.

 

For producers, end users, investors and researchers, this is the most comprehensive global business analysis benchmarking the state of the emerging micro- and nanocellulose industry.

Categories: Advanced Materials, Bio-Economy, Polymers, Nanomaterials, Buildings

 

 

Download full table of contents (pdf)

1              INTRODUCTION 37

  • 1.1          Definitions          38
  • 1.2          Cellulose              38
  • 1.3          Feedstocks         40
    • 1.3.1      Wood    40
    • 1.3.2      Plant      41
    • 1.3.3      Tunicate               42
    • 1.3.4      Algae     42
    • 1.3.5      Bacteria                42
  • 1.4          Cellulose fibers 43
    • 1.4.1      Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 43
    • 1.4.2      Commercial production of cellulose fibers from plants     44
      • 1.4.2.1   Seed fibers         44
        • 1.4.2.1.1               Cotton  44
          • 1.4.2.1.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   46
        • 1.4.2.1.2               Kapok   46
          • 1.4.2.1.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   47
        • 1.4.2.1.3               Luffa      48
      • 1.4.2.2   Bast fibers           49
        • 1.4.2.2.1               Jute       49
          • 1.4.2.2.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   50
        • 1.4.2.2.2               Hemp    51
          • 1.4.2.2.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   52
        • 1.4.2.2.3               Flax        52
          • 1.4.2.2.3.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   54
        • 1.4.2.2.4               Ramie   54
          • 1.4.2.2.4.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   55
        • 1.4.2.2.5               Kenaf    56
          • 1.4.2.2.5.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   57
      • 1.4.2.3   Leaf fibers           58
        • 1.4.2.3.1               Sisal       58
          • 1.4.2.3.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   59
        • 1.4.2.3.2               Abaca    59
          • 1.4.2.3.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   61
      • 1.4.2.4   Fruit fibers          61
        • 1.4.2.4.1               Coir        61
          • 1.4.2.4.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   62
        • 1.4.2.4.2               Banana 63
          • 1.4.2.4.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   64
        • 1.4.2.4.3               Pineapple            65
      • 1.4.2.5   Stalk fibers from agricultural residues     66
        • 1.4.2.5.1               Rice fiber             66
        • 1.4.2.5.2               Corn      67
      • 1.4.2.6   Cane, grasses and reed  68
        • 1.4.2.6.1               Switch grass       68
        • 1.4.2.6.2               Sugarcane (agricultural residues)              68
        • 1.4.2.6.3               Bamboo               69
          • 1.4.2.6.3.1           Production volumes 2018-2034   70
        • 1.4.2.6.4               Fresh grass (green biorefinery)  70
    • 1.4.3      Regenerated cellulose fibers       71
    • 1.4.4      Ionic liquids        72
  • 1.5          “Nano” Cellulose (CNF, CNC, BNC)            72
  • 1.6          Cellulose filaments          73

 

2              MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE  74

  • 2.1          Production capacities     74
  • 2.2          Global market demand 2018-2034             75
    • 2.2.1      By market, tons 75
    • 2.2.2      By market, revenues      76
  • 2.3          Market supply chain        77
  • 2.4          SWOT analysis   78
  • 2.5          Products              79
  • 2.6          End use markets               80
    • 2.6.1      Paperboard and packaging           80
      • 2.6.1.1   Market overview             80
      • 2.6.1.2   Global market 2018-2024              81
        • 2.6.1.2.1               Tons      81
        • 2.6.1.2.2               Revenues            82
        • 2.6.1.2.3               By Region            84
    • 2.6.2      Textiles 86
      • 2.6.2.1   Market overview             86
      • 2.6.2.2   Global market 2018-2034              86
        • 2.6.2.2.1               Tons      86
        • 2.6.2.2.2               Revenues            88
        • 2.6.2.2.3               By Region            89
    • 2.6.3      Personal care     91
      • 2.6.3.1   Market overview             91
      • 2.6.3.2   Global market 2018-2034              92
        • 2.6.3.2.1               Tons      92
        • 2.6.3.2.2               Revenues            93
        • 2.6.3.2.3               By Region            95
    • 2.6.4      Paints and coatings         97
      • 2.6.4.1   Market overview             97
      • 2.6.4.2   Global market 2018-2034              98
        • 2.6.4.2.1               Tons      98
        • 2.6.4.2.2               Revenues            99
        • 2.6.4.2.3               By Region            101
    • 2.6.5      Other markets   103
  • 2.7          Company profiles             104 (58 company profiles)

 

3              CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS              159

  • 3.1          Advantages of cellulose nanofibers          159
  • 3.2          Pre-treatment and Synthesis methods   160
    • 3.2.1      Acid hydrolysis  164
    • 3.2.2      TEMPO oxidation             164
    • 3.2.3      Ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation   164
    • 3.2.4      Enzymatic Hydrolysis      165
    • 3.2.5      Ball milling           165
    • 3.2.6      Cryocrushing      165
    • 3.2.7      High-shear grinding         166
    • 3.2.8      Ultrasonication 166
    • 3.2.9      High-pressure homogenization  166
    • 3.2.10    Recent methods               167
      • 3.2.10.1                Microwave irradiation    167
      • 3.2.10.2                Enzymatic processing     167
      • 3.2.10.3                Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)     168
      • 3.2.10.4                Pulsed electric field         169
      • 3.2.10.5                Electron beam irradiation             169
  • 3.3          Applications of cellulose nanofibers         171
  • 3.4          SWOT analysis   172
  • 3.5          Commercial Production 173
    • 3.5.1      Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) production capacities 2022, in metric tons by producer             175
  • 3.6          Pricing   176
  • 3.7          Commercial CNF products            178
  • 3.8          End use markets for cellulose nanofibers               187
    • 3.8.1      Composites        187
      • 3.8.1.1   Market overview             187
      • 3.8.1.2   Applications       191
        • 3.8.1.2.1               Automotive composites 192
        • 3.8.1.2.2               Biocomposite films & packaging 192
        • 3.8.1.2.3               Barrier packaging             193
        • 3.8.1.2.4               Thermal insulation composites  193
        • 3.8.1.2.5               Construction composites              193
      • 3.8.1.3   Global market 2018-2034              194
        • 3.8.1.3.1               Tons      194
        • 3.8.1.3.2               Revenues            195
        • 3.8.1.3.3               By Region            197
      • 3.8.1.4   Product developers        199
    • 3.8.2      Automotive        201
      • 3.8.2.1   Market overview             201
      • 3.8.2.2   Applications       204
        • 3.8.2.2.1               Composites        204
        • 3.8.2.2.2               Air intake components  210
        • 3.8.2.2.3               Tires      210
      • 3.8.2.3   Global market 2018-2034              211
        • 3.8.2.3.1               Tons      211
        • 3.8.2.3.2               Revenues            212
        • 3.8.2.3.3               By Region            214
      • 3.8.2.4   Product developers        216
    • 3.8.3      Buildings and construction           219
      • 3.8.3.1   Market overview             219
      • 3.8.3.2   Applications       222
        • 3.8.3.2.1               Sandwich composites     222
        • 3.8.3.2.2               Cement additives             222
        • 3.8.3.2.3               Pump primers    223
        • 3.8.3.2.4               Thermal insulation and damping               223
      • 3.8.3.3   Global market 2018-2034              224
        • 3.8.3.3.1               Tons      224
        • 3.8.3.3.2               Revenues            225
        • 3.8.3.3.3               By region             227
      • 3.8.3.4   Product developers        229
    • 3.8.4      Paper and board packaging          230
      • 3.8.4.1   Market overview             230
      • 3.8.4.2   Applications       236
        • 3.8.4.2.1               Reinforcement and barrier           236
        • 3.8.4.2.2               Biodegradable food packaging foil and films         236
        • 3.8.4.2.3               Paperboard coatings       237
      • 3.8.4.3   Global market 2018-2034              237
        • 3.8.4.3.1               Tons      237
        • 3.8.4.3.2               Revenues            239
        • 3.8.4.3.3               By region             240
      • 3.8.4.4   Product developers        243
    • 3.8.5      Textiles and apparel        244
      • 3.8.5.1   Market overview             244
      • 3.8.5.2   Applications       247
        • 3.8.5.2.1               CNF deodorizer and odour reducer (antimicrobial) in adult and child diapers         248
        • 3.8.5.2.2               Footwear            248
      • 3.8.5.3   Global market 2018-2034              248
        • 3.8.5.3.1               Tons      248
        • 3.8.5.3.2               Revenues            250
        • 3.8.5.3.3               By region             251
      • 3.8.5.4   Product developer profiles          253
    • 3.8.6      Biomedicine and healthcare        254
      • 3.8.6.1   Market overview             254
      • 3.8.6.2   Applications       259
        • 3.8.6.2.1               Wound dressings             260
        • 3.8.6.2.2               Drug delivery stabilizers 260
        • 3.8.6.2.3               Tissue engineering scaffolds        260
      • 3.8.6.3   Global market 2018-2034              261
        • 3.8.6.3.1               Tons      261
        • 3.8.6.3.2               Revenues            262
        • 3.8.6.3.3               By region             264
      • 3.8.6.4   Product developers        266
    • 3.8.7      Hygiene and sanitary products   269
      • 3.8.7.1   Market overview             269
      • 3.8.7.2   Applications       269
      • 3.8.7.3   Global market 2018-2034              269
        • 3.8.7.3.1               Tons      269
        • 3.8.7.3.2               Revenues            270
        • 3.8.7.3.3               By region             272
      • 3.8.7.4   Product developers        274
    • 3.8.8      Paints and coatings         275
      • 3.8.8.1   Market overview             275
      • 3.8.8.2   Applications       278
      • 3.8.8.3   Global market 2018-2034              278
        • 3.8.8.3.1               Tons      278
        • 3.8.8.3.2               Revenues            280
        • 3.8.8.3.3               By region             281
      • 3.8.8.4   Product developers        283
    • 3.8.9      Aerogels              285
      • 3.8.9.1   Market overview             285
      • 3.8.9.2   Global market 2018-2034              287
        • 3.8.9.2.1               Tons      287
        • 3.8.9.2.2               Revenues            288
        • 3.8.9.2.3               By region             290
      • 3.8.9.3   Product developers        292
    • 3.8.10    Oil and gas          293
      • 3.8.10.1                Market overview             293
      • 3.8.10.2                Applications       295
        • 3.8.10.2.1             Oil recovery applications (fracturing fluid)             295
        • 3.8.10.2.2             CNF Membranes for separation 295
        • 3.8.10.2.3             Oil and gas fluids additives           296
      • 3.8.10.3                Global market 2018-2034              296
        • 3.8.10.3.1             Tons      296
        • 3.8.10.3.2             Revenues            297
        • 3.8.10.3.3             By region             299
      • 3.8.10.4                Product developers        301
    • 3.8.11    Filtration              302
      • 3.8.11.1                Market overview             302
      • 3.8.11.2                Applications       306
        • 3.8.11.2.1             Membranes for selective absorption       306
      • 3.8.11.3                Global market 2018-2034              307
        • 3.8.11.3.1             Tons      307
        • 3.8.11.3.2             Revenues            308
        • 3.8.11.3.3             By region             310
      • 3.8.11.4                Product developers        312
    • 3.8.12    Rheology modifiers         313
      • 3.8.12.1                Market overview             313
      • 3.8.12.2                Applications       315
        • 3.8.12.2.1             Food additives   315
        • 3.8.12.2.2             Pickering stabilizers         316
        • 3.8.12.2.3             Hydrogels            316
        • 3.8.12.2.4             Cosmetics and skincare 317
      • 3.8.12.3                Global market 2018-2034              317
        • 3.8.12.3.1             Tons      317
        • 3.8.12.3.2             Revenues            319
        • 3.8.12.3.3             By region             320
      • 3.8.12.4                Product developers        322
    • 3.8.13    Other markets   324
      • 3.8.13.1                Printed, stretchable and flexible electronics         324
        • 3.8.13.1.1             Market assessment        324
        • 3.8.13.1.2             Product developers        327
      • 3.8.13.2                3D printing          329
        • 3.8.13.2.1             Market assessment        329
        • 3.8.13.2.2             Product developers        331
      • 3.8.13.3                Aerospace          332
        • 3.8.13.3.1             Market assessment        332
        • 3.8.13.3.2             Product developers        333
      • 3.8.13.4                Batteries              334
        • 3.8.13.4.1             Market assessment        334
  • 3.9          Cellulose nanofiber company profiles      335 (114 company profiles)

 

4              CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS        478

  • 4.1          Introduction       478
  • 4.2          Synthesis             478
  • 4.3          Properties           481
  • 4.4          Production          482
  • 4.5          Pricing   482
  • 4.6          SWOT analysis   483
  • 4.7          Markets and applications              484
    • 4.7.1      Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) production capacities 2022 485
    • 4.7.2      Markets and applications              485
    • 4.7.3      Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market        486
  • 4.8          Cellulose nanocrystal company profiles  489 (21 company profiles)

 

5              BACTERIAL NANOCELLULOSE (BNC)         520

  • 5.1          Overview            520
  • 5.2          Production          520
  • 5.3          Pricing   523
  • 5.4          SWOT analysis   524
  • 5.5          Applications       525
  • 5.6          Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) company profiles 526 (20 company profiles)

 

6              RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 543

  • 6.1          Report scope     543
  • 6.2          Research methodology 543

 

7              REFERENCES       545

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Length and diameter of nanocellulose types and MFC.    38
  • Table 2. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae.     42
  • Table 3. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.   45
  • Table 4. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    46
  • Table 5. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.       48
  • Table 6. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        49
  • Table 7. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    51
  • Table 8. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.         53
  • Table 9. Overview of ramie fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    55
  • Table 10. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  56
  • Table 11. Overview of sisal fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     58
  • Table 12. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  59
  • Table 13. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      61
  • Table 14. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               63
  • Table 15. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.         65
  • Table 16. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      66
  • Table 17. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    67
  • Table 18. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.             68
  • Table 19. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.           68
  • Table 20. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             69
  • Table 21. Recycled cellulose fibers companies.    71
  • Table 22. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons.        74
  • Table 23. Commercially available Microfibrillated Cellulose products.       79
  • Table 24. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.    80
  • Table 25. Global demand for cellulose microfibers (Microfibrillated Cellulose) in paper and packaging, 2018-2034 (tons).  81
  • Table 26. Global revenues for cellulose microfibers (Microfibrillated Cellulose) in paper and packaging, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  82
  • Table 27. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (Microfibrillated Cellulose) in paper and packaging, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  84
  • Table 28. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.        86
  • Table 29. Global demand for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles, 2018-2034 (tons).             86
  • Table 30. Global revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                88
  • Table 31. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    89
  • Table 32. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in personal care-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.      91
  • Table 33. Global demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose in personal care, 2018-2034 (tons).             92
  • Table 34. Global revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose in personal care, 2018-2034 (millions USD).           93
  • Table 35. Revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose in personal care, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).   95
  • Table 36. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.      97
  • Table 37. Global demand for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, 2018-2034 (tons).                98
  • Table 38. Global revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  99
  • Table 39. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  101
  • Table 40. Other markets for Microfibrillated Cellulose.    103
  • Table 41. Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials. 159
  • Table 42. Extraction of nanocellulose (NC) from various lignocellulosic sources using different conventional technologies.     163
  • Table 43. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).        171
  • Table 44. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers by market in metric tons, 2018-2034.    173
  • Table 45. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons.          175
  • Table 46: Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanofiber producers.        176
  • Table 47. Cellulose nanofiber-based commercial products.*         178
  • Table 48. Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials.   187
  • Table 49. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in composites-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global composites OEMs.   188
  • Table 50. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2034 (metric tons).              194
  • Table 51. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2034 (millions USD).      195
  • Table 52. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 197
  • Table 53. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in composites.        199
  • Table 54. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in automotive-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global automotive OEMs.   201
  • Table 55. Components featured in the NCV.         205
  • Table 56. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2034 (metric tons).        211
  • Table 57. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    212
  • Table 58. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                214
  • Table 59. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in the automotive industry.            216
  • Table 60. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global construction OEMs             219
  • Table 61: Market demand for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, 2018-2034 (tons).             224
  • Table 62. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                225
  • Table 63. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                227
  • Table 64. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in building and construction.            229
  • Table 65. Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum-based materials and other polymers. 230
  • Table 66. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paper and board packaging OEMs.              230
  • Table 67. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paper & board packaging market, 2018-2034 (tons). 237
  • Table 68. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  239
  • Table 69. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  240
  • Table 70. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paper and board.           243
  • Table 71. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global textiles and apparel OEMs.          244
  • Table 72. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in textiles, 2018-2034 (tons). 248
  • Table 73. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                250
  • Table 74. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    251
  • Table 75. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in textiles and apparel.     253
  • Table 76. Market assessment for nanocellulose in medicine and healthcare-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global medicine and healthcare OEMs. 254
  • Table 77. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in biomedical and healthcare, 2018-2034 (tons).             261
  • Table 78. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  262
  • Table 79. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  264
  • Table 80. Nanocellulose product developers in medicine and healthcare. 266
  • Table 81. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and absorbents, 2018-2034 (tons).  269
  • Table 82. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene & sanitary market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                270
  • Table 83. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene & sanitary market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    272
  • Table 84. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in hygiene and sanitary products.         274
  • Table 85. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs.        275
  • Table 86. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2034 (tons).             278
  • Table 87. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                280
  • Table 88. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    281
  • Table 89. Companies developing nanocellulose products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization.          283
  • Table 90. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global aerogels OEMs.   285
  • Table 91. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels, 2018-2034 (tons). 287
  • Table 92. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).         288
  • Table 93. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 290
  • Table 94. Nanocellulose in product developers in aerogels.           292
  • Table 95. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global oil and gas OEMs.   293
  • Table 96. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2034 (tons).      296
  • Table 97. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the oil & gas market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).         297
  • Table 98. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the oil & gas market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 299
  • Table 99. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in oil and gas exploration.       301
  • Table 100. CNF membranes.       303
  • Table 101. Market assessment for Cellulose nanofibers in filtration-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global filtration OEMs.   303
  • Table 102. Global demand for Cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2034 (tons).      307
  • Table 103. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).      308
  • Table 104. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                310
  • Table 105. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in filtration.         312
  • Table 106. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global rheology modifier OEMs.              313
  • Table 107. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2034 (tons).   317
  • Table 108. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    319
  • Table 109. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    320
  • Table 110. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers.        322
  • Table 111. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper).              324
  • Table 112. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in printed, stretchable and flexible electronics-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global printed, flexible and stretchable electronics OEMs.  325
  • Table 113. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in printed, stretchable and flexible electronics.   327
  • Table 114. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in 3D priniting-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global 3D printing OEMs.   329
  • Table 115. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers 3D printing products.        331
  • Table 116. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerospace-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading.           332
  • Table 117: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in aircraft and aerospace.             333
  • Table 118. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in Batteries-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks.        334
  • Table 119: Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.      379
  • Table 120. Nippon Paper commercial CNF products.         420
  • Table 121. Oji Holdings CNF products.     430
  • Table 122. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).   479
  • Table 123. CNC sources, size and yield.   480
  • Table 124. CNC properties.          481
  • Table 125. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials.       481
  • Table 126. Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanocrystal producers.  482
  • Table 127: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons.                485
  • Table 128. Markets and applications of cellulose nanocrystals.     485
  • Table 129. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2034 (metric tons).               486
  • Table 130. Overview of CNC producers.  489
  • Table 131: Product/price/application matrix of bacterial nanocellulose producers.             523
  • Table 132. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).               525
  • Table 133. Fibnano properties.  535

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit.       39
  • Figure 2. Scale of cellulose materials.       40
  • Figure 3. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms.                40
  • Figure 4. Biosynthesis of (a) wood cellulose (b) tunicate cellulose and (c) BC.         41
  • Figure 5. Cellulose microfibrils and nanofibrils.    43
  • Figure 6. SEM image of microfibrillated cellulose.              44
  • Figure 7. Cotton production volume 2018-2034 (Million MT).       46
  • Figure 8. Kapok production volume 2018-2034 (MT).       47
  • Figure 9.  Luffa cylindrica fiber.  48
  • Figure 10. Jute production volume 2018-2034 (Million MT).          50
  • Figure 11. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT).           52
  • Figure 12. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT).               54
  • Figure 13. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT).          56
  • Figure 14. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT).           57
  • Figure 15. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT).              59
  • Figure 16. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT).          61
  • Figure 17. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2034 (million MT). 63
  • Figure 18. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT).        64
  • Figure 19. Pineapple fiber.           65
  • Figure 20. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019.         66
  • Figure 21. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MILLION MT).    70
  • Figure 22. Global market demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2034 (tons). 75
  • Figure 23. Global market revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2034 (millions USD).              76
  • Figure 24. Supply chain for the Microfibrillated Cellulose market.               77
  • Figure 25. SWOT analysis: Microfibrillated Cellulose market.         79
  • Figure 26. Global demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose in paper and packaging, 2018-2034 (tons).             82
  • Figure 27. Global demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose in paper and packaging, 2018-2034 (millions USD).             83
  • Figure 28. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (Microfibrillated Cellulose) in paper and packaging, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  85
  • Figure 29. Global demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose in textiles, 2018-2034 (tons).        87
  • Figure 30. Global revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose in textiles, 2018-2034 (millions USD).      89
  • Figure 31. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    90
  • Figure 32. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in personal care, 2018-2034 (tons).      93
  • Figure 33. Global revenues for cellulose nanofibers in personal care, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    94
  • Figure 34. Revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose in personal care, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 96
  • Figure 35. Global demand for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, 2018-2034 (tons).                99
  • Figure 36. Global revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  100
  • Figure 37. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  102
  • Figure 38. Pressurized Hot Water Extraction.       111
  • Figure 39. Celish.              115
  • Figure 40. BELLOCEA™   116
  • Figure 41. Photograph (a) and micrograph (b) of mineral/ MFC composite showing the high viscosity and fibrillar structure.            120
  • Figure 42. Water-repellent cellulose.      121
  • Figure 43. HeiQ AeoniQ .               123
  • Figure 44. BioFlex process.           133
  • Figure 45. A vacuum cleaner part made of cellulose fiber (left) and the assembled vacuum cleaner.            140
  • Figure 46: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant.         142
  • Figure 47. 3D printed cellulose shoe.       145
  • Figure 48. Lyocell process.           146
  • Figure 49. Thales packaging incorporating Fibrease.          149
  • Figure 50. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.       154
  • Figure 51. Worn Again products.               156
  • Figure 52. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials.   161
  • Figure 53. Production of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatic treatment (endoglucanases and xylanases) followed by mechanical treatment.    168
  • Figure 54. EBI pretreatment combined with HPH for CNC production.       170
  • Figure 55. SWOT analysis: Cellulose nanofibers market.  173
  • Figure 56. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers/MFC in metric tons by market, 2018-2034.        174
  • Figure 57. Aruba 23.        178
  • Figure 58. Dorayaki.        179
  • Figure 59. ENASAVE NEXT.           179
  • Figure 60. Flat4-KAEDE. 180
  • Figure 61. GEL-KAYANO™.           180
  • Figure 62. Hada care acty®.          181
  • Figure 63. Hiteeth All in One Mouth Gel. 181
  • Figure 64. HYPERNANO X series. 181
  • Figure 65. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 182
  • Figure 66. ONKYO® Scepter SC-3(B) 2-way Speaker System.          182
  • Figure 67. Pioneer® SE-MONITOR5 Headphones. 182
  • Figure 68. "Poise" series Super strong deodorant sheet. 183
  • Figure 69. RUBURI Precursor Lubris for raw concrete pumping.    183
  • Figure 70. SC-3 (B) speakers.       184
  • Figure 71. SE-MONITOR5 headphones.   184
  • Figure 72. "Skin Care Acty" series Adult diapers. 184
  • Figure 73. Spingle Company sneakers.    184
  • Figure 74. "SURISURI" Lotion.     185
  • Figure 75. X9400 series. 185
  • Figure 76. X Premium Sound Speaker Alps Alpine.             186
  • Figure 77. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in composites.      192
  • Figure 78. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2034 (metric tons).            195
  • Figure 79. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2034 (millions USD).     196
  • Figure 80. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 198
  • Figure 81. CNF mixed PLA (Poly Lactic Acid).         199
  • Figure 82. CNF resin products.    200
  • Figure 83. Interior of NCV concept car.    201
  • Figure 84. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in automotive.      204
  • Figure 85. Interior of the NCV prototype.              205
  • Figure 86. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2034 (metric tons).       212
  • Figure 87. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2034 (millions USD).   213
  • Figure 88. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                215
  • Figure 89: Daio Paper's cellulose nanofiber material in doors and hood of race car.             216
  • Figure 90: CNF composite.           217
  • Figure 91: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.           217
  • Figure 92. CNF car engine cover developed in Japan Ministry of the Environment’s (MOE) Nano Cellulose Vehicle (NCV) Project. 218
  • Figure 93. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete.       219
  • Figure 94. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in building and construction.          222
  • Figure 95. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in construction, 2018-2034 (tons).     225
  • Figure 96. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                226
  • Figure 97. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                228
  • Figure 98. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging.       236
  • Figure 99. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2034 (tons).       238
  • Figure 100. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  240
  • Figure 101. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  242
  • Figure 102. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel.   248
  • Figure 103. Asics GEL-KAYANO™ 25 running shoe.             248
  • Figure 104. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles sector, 2018-2034 (tons).        249
  • Figure 105. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    251
  • Figure 106. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    253
  • Figure 107. CNF deodorant products.      253
  • Figure 108. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in medicine and healthcare.         259
  • Figure 109. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in biomedical and healthcare, 2018-2034 (tons).         262
  • Figure 110. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  263
  • Figure 111. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  265
  • Figure 112. Fibnano.       267
  • Figure 113. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and absorbents, 2018-2034 (tons).              270
  • Figure 114. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene & sanitary market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    272
  • Figure 115. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene and sanitary products market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).       273
  • Figure 116. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.    278
  • Figure 117. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2034 (tons).         279
  • Figure 118. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    281
  • Figure 119. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    282
  • Figure 120. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.     284
  • Figure 121: Global demand for nanocellulose in in aerogels, 2018-2034 (tons).     288
  • Figure 122. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).     289
  • Figure 123. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogelsmarket, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                291
  • Figure 124. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2034 (tons).  297
  • Figure 125. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in oil & gas market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).            298
  • Figure 126. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the oil & gas market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                300
  • Figure 127. Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery.  301
  • Figure 128. Applications of Cellulose nanofibers in filtration.         306
  • Figure 129. Global demand for Cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2034 (tons).     308
  • Figure 130. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    309
  • Figure 131. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration packaging market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    311
  • Figure 132. Multi-layered cross section of CNF-nw.           312
  • Figure 133. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers.     315
  • Figure 134. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2034 (tons). 318
  • Figure 135. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    320
  • Figure 136. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    321
  • Figure 137. "SURISURI" products.             323
  • Figure 138. Foldable nanopaper antenna.             325
  • Figure 139: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF.               327
  • Figure 140. Oji CNF transparent sheets. 327
  • Figure 141. Electronic components using NFC as insulating materials.       328
  • Figure 142: Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.               336
  • Figure 143. MEDICELLU™.            336
  • Figure 144: Ashai Kasei CNF production process. 338
  • Figure 145: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.               339
  • Figure 146: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.            339
  • Figure 147. CNF nonwoven fabric.            340
  • Figure 148. Celfion membrane.  345
  • Figure 149. nanoforest products.              351
  • Figure 150. Chuetsu Pulp & Paper CNF production process.           352
  • Figure 151. nanoforest-S.             353
  • Figure 152. nanoforest-PDP.       353
  • Figure 153. nanoforest-MB.        354
  • Figure 154: Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 356
  • Figure 155. Daio Paper CNF production process. 358
  • Figure 156. ELLEX products.         360
  • Figure 157. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.          360
  • Figure 158. Kirekira! toilet wipes.              360
  • Figure 159. Color CNF.   362
  • Figure 160. DIC Products CNF production process.             364
  • Figure 161. DKS Co. Ltd. CNF production process.              366
  • Figure 162: Rheocrysta spray.     367
  • Figure 163. DKS CNF products.   368
  • Figure 164: CNF based on citrus peel.      369
  • Figure 165. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.    370
  • Figure 166. Filler Bank CNC products.      372
  • Figure 167: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 374
  • Figure 168: CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              375
  • Figure 169. Granbio CNF production process.      380
  • Figure 170: Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.            383
  • Figure 171. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).              386
  • Figure 172: CNF gel.        387
  • Figure 173: Block nanocellulose material.              388
  • Figure 174: CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.           389
  • Figure 175. Kami Shoji CNF products.      392
  • Figure 176. Dual Graft System.   394
  • Figure 177: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.        395
  • Figure 178. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).           395
  • Figure 179: 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).     397
  • Figure 180. CNF deodorant.         398
  • Figure 181. Chitin nanofiber product.      399
  • Figure 182. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.            401
  • Figure 183. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 403
  • Figure 184. Cellulomix production process.           404
  • Figure 185. Nanobase versus conventional products.       405
  • Figure 186. Uni-ball Signo UMN-307.       406
  • Figure 187: CNF slurries.               407
  • Figure 188. Range of CNF products.          408
  • Figure 189: Nanocell serum product.       411
  • Figure 190. Vatensel® product   412
  • Figure 191: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp.        414
  • Figure 192: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic.    414
  • Figure 193. Nippon Paper CNF production process.           417
  • Figure 194: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.          420
  • Figure 195. All-resin forceps incorporating CNF.  422
  • Figure 196. CNF paint product.   424
  • Figure 197. CNF wet powder.      425
  • Figure 198. CNF transparent film.              425
  • Figure 199. Transparent CNF sheets.       426
  • Figure 200. Oji Paper CNF production process.    427
  • Figure 201. CNF clear sheets.      429
  • Figure 202. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       432
  • Figure 203. Fluorene cellulose ® powder.              433
  • Figure 204. Performance Biofilaments CNF production process.  434
  • Figure 205. XCNF.            437
  • Figure 206. CNF insulation flat plates.     438
  • Figure 207. Seiko PMC CNF production process. 441
  • Figure 208. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 442
  • Figure 209. Rubber soles incorporating CNF.        444
  • Figure 210. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite.      446
  • Figure 211. Sugino Machine CNF production process.      447
  • Figure 212. High Pressure Water Jet Process.       447
  • Figure 213. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.       448
  • Figure 214. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 448
  • Figure 215. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.          449
  • Figure 216. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       449
  • Figure 217. SVILOSA AD CNC products.   451
  • Figure 218. Silver / CNF composite dispersions.  457
  • Figure 219. CNF/nanosilver powder.       457
  • Figure 220: Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.     459
  • Figure 221: CNF resin products. 462
  • Figure 222. University of Maine CNF production process.               463
  • Figure 223. UPM-Kymmene CNF production process.      465
  • Figure 224. FibDex® wound dressing.      466
  • Figure 225. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process.          468
  • Figure 226: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF.               469
  • Figure 227. S-CNF in powder form.           473
  • Figure 228. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.               478
  • Figure 229. CNC preparation.      479
  • Figure 230. Extracting CNC from trees.   480
  • Figure 231. SWOT analysis: Cellulose nanocrystals market.            484
  • Figure 232. CNC slurry.   484
  • Figure 233. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2034 (metric tons).             488
  • Figure 234. R3TM process technology.    493
  • Figure 235. Blue Goose CNC Production Process. 494
  • Figure 236: Celluforce production process.           499
  • Figure 237: NCCTM Process.        500
  • Figure 238: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:         500
  • Figure 239. Filler Bank CNC products.      501
  • Figure 240. Melodea CNC barrier coating packaging.         506
  • Figure 241. Plantrose process.    509
  • Figure 242. CNC solution.              513
  • Figure 243. University of Maine CNF production process.               515
  • Figure 244. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process.          517
  • Figure 245. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes           522
  • Figure 246. SWOT analysis: Bacterial Nanocellulose market.         524
  • Figure 247. Jelly-like seaweed-based nanocellulose hydrogel.      526
  • Figure 248. Cellugy materials.     533
  • Figure 249: Bacterial cellulose face mask sheet.  534
  • Figure 250. TransLeather.             537

 

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