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1703934222604
1703934222604

The Global Market for Nanomaterials in Batteries and Supercapacitors 2024-2035

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  • Published: June 2024
  • Pages: 386
  • Tables: 92
  • Figures:  73

 

Nanomaterials play a crucial role in advancing the performance and efficiency of energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors. Their unique properties enable enhancements in energy density, power density, charge/discharge rates, and overall durability.

The Global Market for Nanomaterials in Batteries and Supercapacitors 2024-2035 provides an in-depth analysis of the key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities shaping the industry from 2024 to 2035. With the increasing demand for high-performance energy storage solutions, nanomaterials are set to play a crucial role in revolutionizing the battery and supercapacitor landscape.

Report contents include: 

  • Detailed market forecasts for nanomaterials in batteries and supercapacitors from 2024 to 2035
  • Insights into the latest technological advancements and their impact on the market
  • Analysis of the key application areas, including electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and grid storage
  • Key factors driving the adoption of nanomaterials in batteries and supercapacitors. These include the growing demand for electric vehicles, the need for longer-lasting and faster-charging portable electronics, and the increasing emphasis on renewable energy storage.
  • Market Segmentation based on nanomaterial type, application, and geography. The report provides a detailed analysis of the market share and growth prospects for each segment. Key nanomaterials covered include graphene, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, activated carbon, MXenes, MOFs, silicon nanowires, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and carbon aerogels.
  • More than 200 profiles of the leading players in the nanomaterials for batteries and supercapacitors market, including  product portfolios, research and development efforts, partnerships, and strategic initiatives.  Companies profiled include Amprius Technologies, Inc., CAP-XX Limited, COnovate, EnWires, Graphene Manufacturing Group Pty Ltd, Lyten, NanoXplore, Nanotech Energy, Salvation Battery, Sino Applied Technology (SiAT),  Sila Nanotechnologies, and Solidion Technology.
  • Comprehensive outlook on the future of nanomaterials in batteries and supercapacitors and the potential impact of emerging technologies, such as solid-state batteries and flexible supercapacitors, on the market. The report also
  • Challenges that need to be addressed, such as scalability, cost reduction, and safety concerns, to fully realize the potential of nanomaterials in energy storage applications.

 

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            20

  • 1.1        Market drivers and trends      21
  • 1.2        Market limitations and challenges   24
  • 1.3        Main global battery and supercapacitor players     25
  • 1.4        Global market (tonnes)           28
    • 1.4.1    Batteries            28
    • 1.4.2    Supercapacitors          30
  • 1.5        Battery market megatrends  32

 

2             NANOMATERIALS IN LI-ION BATTERIES       34

  • 2.1        Anode materials          39
    • 2.1.1    Costs  41
  • 2.1.2    Graphene         42
    • 2.1.2.1 Application in batteries           42
    • 2.1.2.2 Costs  44
    • 2.1.2.3 Companies     45
  • 2.1.3    Carbon nanotubes     48
    • 2.1.3.1 MWCNTs           49
    • 2.1.3.2 SWCNTs            51
    • 2.1.3.3 Costs  52
    • 2.1.3.4 Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) or onion-like carbon (OLC),               52
    • 2.1.3.5 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)    54
    • 2.1.3.6 Companies     55
  • 2.1.4    Silicon Nanoparticles               60
    • 2.1.4.1 Overview           60
    • 2.1.4.2 Advantages     60
    • 2.1.4.3 Challenges      61
    • 2.1.4.4 Applications   61
  • 2.1.5    Silicon Nanowires      62
    • 2.1.5.1 Overview           62
    • 2.1.5.2 Advantages     62
    • 2.1.5.3 Challenges      63
    • 2.1.5.4 Applications   63
    • 2.1.5.5 Costs  63
    • 2.1.5.6 Companies     63
  • 2.1.6    Metal Oxide Nanoparticles   64
    • 2.1.6.1 Overview           64
    • 2.1.6.2 Costs  65
  • 2.1.7    Metal Organic Frameworks   66
    • 2.1.7.1 Overview           66
    • 2.1.7.2 Applications   66
    • 2.1.7.3 Costs  67
  • 2.1.8    Quantum dots               67
    • 2.1.8.1 Overview           67
    • 2.1.8.2 Costs  68
  • 2.1.9    Carbon nanofibers (CNFs)    69
  • 2.1.10 Cellulose nanofibers 69
  • 2.1.11 Nanocoatings 71
    • 2.1.11.1            Electrode Coatings    71
    • 2.1.11.2            Separator Coatings    72
    • 2.1.11.3            Current Collector Coatings   72
  • 2.1.12 Cathode materials     73
  • 2.1.13 Binders and conductive additives    75

 

3             NANOMATERIALS IN LITHIUM-SULFUR (LI-S) BATTERIES 78

  • 3.1        Technology description           78
  • 3.2        Applications   79
  • 3.3        Nanomaterials in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 79
  • 3.4        Costs  80

 

4             NANOMATERIALS IN SODIUM-ION BATTERIES       81

  • 4.1        Cathode materials     81
    • 4.1.1    Layered transition metal oxides        81
      • 4.1.1.1 Types   81
      • 4.1.1.2 Cycling performance 82
      • 4.1.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages        83
      • 4.1.1.4 Market prospects for LO SIB 83
    • 4.1.2    Polyanionic materials               83
      • 4.1.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages        85
      • 4.1.2.2 Types   85
      • 4.1.2.3 Market prospects for Poly SIB             85
    • 4.1.3    Prussian blue analogues (PBA)          85
      • 4.1.3.1 Types   86
      • 4.1.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages        87
      • 4.1.3.3 Market prospects for PBA-SIB             88
  • 4.2        Anode materials          88
    • 4.2.1    Hard carbons 89
    • 4.2.2    Carbon black 91
    • 4.2.3    Graphite            91
    • 4.2.4    Carbon nanotubes     95
    • 4.2.5    Graphene         95
    • 4.2.6    Alloying materials       97
    • 4.2.7    Sodium Titanates        98
    • 4.2.8    Sodium Metal 98
  • 4.3        Electrolytes     98
  • 4.4        Comparative analysis with other battery types        100
  • 4.5        Cost comparison with Li-ion                101
  • 4.6        Materials in sodium-ion battery cells             101

 

5             NANOMATERIALS IN LITHIUM-AIR BATTERIES         104

  • 5.1        Technology overview 104
  • 5.2        Markets              104
  • 5.3        Applications of Nanomaterials          105
  • 5.4        Challenges      105

 

6             NANOMATERIALS IN MAGNESIUM BATTERIES        106

  • 6.1        Technology overview 106
  • 6.2        Markets              106
  • 6.3        Applications of Nanomaterials          107
  • 6.4        Challenges      107

 

7             NANOMATERIALS IN FLEXIBLE BATTERIES 108

  • 7.1        Technology description           108
  • 7.2        Technical specifications         110
  • 7.3        Approaches to flexibility         111
  • 7.4        Flexible electronics    113
  • 7.5        Flexible materials        114
  • 7.6        Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries            115
  • 7.7        Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries   116
  • 7.8        Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries             116
    • 7.8.1    Electrode designs       119
    • 7.8.2    Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries 122
    • 7.8.3    Stretchable lithium-ion batteries      123
    • 7.8.4    Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries  125
  • 7.9        Flexible Li/S batteries                126
    • 7.9.1    Components  126
    • 7.9.2    Carbon nanomaterials            127
  • 7.10     Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 127
  • 7.11     Flexible zinc-based batteries               128
    • 7.11.1 Components  129
      • 7.11.1.1            Anodes              129
      • 7.11.1.2            Cathodes          129
      • 7.11.2 Challenges      129
      • 7.11.3 Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries             130
      • 7.11.4 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries              131
      • 7.11.5 Flexible Zn–Air batteries          132
      • 7.11.6 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries      133
  • 7.12     Fiber-shaped batteries             133
    • 7.12.1 Carbon nanotubes     133
    • 7.12.2 Types   134
    • 7.12.3 Applications   135
    • 7.12.4 Challenges      136

 

8             NANOMATERIALS IN PRINTED BATTERIES 139

  • 8.1        Technical specifications         139
  • 8.2        Components  140
  • 8.3        Design 141
  • 8.4        Key features    142
  • 8.5        Printable current collectors  143
  • 8.6        Printable electrodes  143
  • 8.7        Materials           144
  • 8.8        Applications   144
  • 8.9        Printing techniques    145
  • 8.10     Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries    147
  • 8.11     Zinc-based printed batteries                148
  • 8.12     3D Printed batteries   151
    • 8.12.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing 153
    • 8.12.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries     154
      • 8.12.2.1            Electrode materials   154
      • 8.12.2.2            Electrolyte Materials 155
  • 8.13     Companies     156

 

9             NANOMATERIALS IN SOLID STATE BATTERIES         158

  • 9.1        Technology description           158
    • 9.1.1    Solid-state electrolytes            159
  • 9.2        Features and advantages      160
  • 9.3        Technical specifications         161
  • 9.4        Types   164
  • 9.5        Nanomaterials              166
  • 9.6        Costs  167
  • 9.7        Microbatteries               168
    • 9.7.1    Introduction    168
    • 9.7.2    Materials           169
    • 9.7.3    Applications   169
    • 9.7.4    3D designs      169
      • 9.7.4.1 3D printed batteries   170
  • 9.8        Bulk type solid-state batteries            170
  • 9.9        Limitations      171

 

10          NANOMATERIALS IN SUPERCAPACITORS  173

  • 10.1     Types of nanomaterials          173
  • 10.2     Properties         174
  • 10.3     Costs  175
  • 10.4     Graphene         175
    • 10.4.1 Advantages     175
    • 10.4.2 Applications   176
    • 10.4.3 Materials Limitations                177
    • 10.4.4 Costs  177
    • 10.4.5 Companies     178
  • 10.5     Carbon nanotubes     180
    • 10.5.1 Advantages     180
    • 10.5.2 Applications   181
    • 10.5.3 Materials Limitations                182
    • 10.5.4 Costs  182
    • 10.5.5 Product developers    183
  • 10.6     Nanodiamonds            185
    • 10.6.1 Advantages     185
    • 10.6.2 Applications   185
    • 10.6.3 Materials Limitations                186
      • 10.6.3.1            Costs  187
  • 10.7     Activated carbon         188
    • 10.7.1 Overview           188
    • 10.7.2 Types   188
    • 10.7.3 Advantages     189
    • 10.7.4 Applications   189
    • 10.7.5 Costs  190
    • 10.7.6 Material Limitations  191
  • 10.8     MXenes              191
    • 10.8.1 Advantages     191
    • 10.8.2 Applications   192
    • 10.8.3 Costs  193
    • 10.8.4 Materials Limitations                193
  • 10.9     Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 194
    • 10.9.1 Advantages     194
    • 10.9.2 Applications   194
    • 10.9.3 Material Limitations  196
  • 10.10  Silicon Nanowires      196
    • 10.10.1              Advantages     196
    • 10.10.2              Applications   197
    • 10.10.3              Costs  198
    • 10.10.4              Materials Limitations                198
  • 10.11  Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)  199
    • 10.11.1              Advantages     199
    • 10.11.2              Applications   200
    • 10.11.3              Costs  201
    • 10.11.4              Material Limitations  201
  • 10.12  Carbon Aerogels          202
    • 10.12.1              Advantages     202
    • 10.12.2              Applications   202
    • 10.12.3              Costs  203
    • 10.12.4              Material Limitations  204

 

11          COMPANY PROFILES                205 (206 company profiles)

 

12          REFERENCES 366

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries.            20
  • Table 2. Market drivers and trends for nanomaterials in batteries.             21
  • Table 3. Market limitations and challenges for nanomaterials in batteries and supercapacitors.         24
  • Table 4. Main global battery and supercapacitor players. 25
  • Table 5. Li-ion battery market players.           26
  • Table 6. Supercapacitors market players.   26
  • Table 7. Global demand for nanomaterials in batteries (tonnes), 2022-2035, by materials types.        28
  • Table 8. Global Demand for Nanomaterials in Supercapacitors (Tonnes), 2022-2035, by Material Type.                30
  • Table 9. Battery market megatrends.             32
  • Table 10.  Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain.            36
  • Table 11: Applications in Li-ion batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.               37
  • Table 12. Advantages of Nanomaterials in Lithium-Ion Batteries.               38
  • Table 13. Li-ion battery anode materials.    39
  • Table 14. Comparison of Nanomaterials with other Anode Materials in Li-Ion Batteries.            40
  • Table 15. Costs of various nanomaterials used in batteries.           41
  • Table 16. Applications of Graphene in Batteries.    42
  • Table 17. Comparison of graphene with other materials in Li-ion anodes.            43
  • Table 18: Graphene battery companies.      45
  • Table 19. Properties of carbon nanotubes. 49
  • Table 20. Application of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) in Batteries.         50
  • Table 21. Application of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) in Batteries.        52
  • Table 22: Product developers in carbon nanotubes for batteries.               55
  • Table 23. Applications of Silicon Nanoparticles in Batteries.         61
  • Table 24. Applications of Silicon Nanowires in Batteries. 63
  • Table 25. Silicon nanowire battery companies.      63
  • Table 26. Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in energy storage.             66
  • Table 27.Quantum dots product and application developers in batteries.            68
  • Table 28. Applications of Nanomaterials in Li-Ion Battery Cathode Materials by Type. 74
  • Table 29. Li-ion battery Binder and conductive additive materials.            75
  • Table 30. Applications of Nanomaterials in Binders and Conductive Additives for Li-Ion Batteries by Type.    76
  • Table 31. Applications of Graphene Coatings in Batteries.              76
  • Table 32. Nanomaterials in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.          79
  • Table 33. Comparison of cathode materials.            81
  • Table 34.  Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. 81
  • Table 35. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials.     82
  • Table 36. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes.             84
  • Table 37. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials.           84
  • Table 38.  Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries.  86
  • Table 39. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials.              88
  • Table 40. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes.            89
  • Table 41. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes.          90
  • Table 42. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite.               92
  • Table 43. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.     96
  • Table 44. Comparison of carbon based anodes.    97
  • Table 45.  Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries.             97
  • Table 46. Na-ion electrolyte formulations. 99
  • Table 47. Pros and cons compared to other battery types.              100
  • Table 48. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries.   101
  • Table 49. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells.            101
  • Table 50: Applications in sodium-ion batteries, by nanomaterials type. 103
  • Table 51. Applications of Nanomaterials in Lithium-Air Batteries.              105
  • Table 52. Applications of Nanomaterials in Magnesium Batteries.            107
  • Table 53. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements.        109
  • Table 54. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes.              117
  • Table 55. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.          119
  • Table 56. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.               122
  • Table 57. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.   134
  • Table 58. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.  140
  • Table 59. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.     145
  • Table 60. 2D and 3D printing techniques.   145
  • Table 61. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.              147
  • Table 62. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.                147
  • Table 63. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.       149
  • Table 64. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.            153
  • Table 65. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.      154
  • Table 66. Product developers in printed batteries.                156
  • Table 67. Types of solid-state electrolytes. 159
  • Table 68. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.         159
  • Table 69.  Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.          161
  • Table 70. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries. 165
  • Table 71. Key nanomaterials used in solid-state batteries and their applications.          166
  • Table 72. Costs of nanomaterials in solid-state batteries.               167
  • Table 73. Limitations of solid-state thin film batteries.       171
  • Table 74. Types of nanomaterials in supercapacitors.        173
  • Table 75. Comparison of properties of nanomaterials in supercapacitors.          174
  • Table 76. Comparison of costs of nanomaterials in supercapacitors.     175
  • Table 77. Comparative Analysis of Graphene against Other Materials in Supercapacitors.       176
  • Table 78: Product developers in graphene supercapacitors.         178
  • Table 79. Comparative Analysis with Other Materials in Supercapacitors.           181
  • Table 80: Product developers in carbon nanotubes for supercapacitors.              183
  • Table 81. Comparative Analysis of Nanodiamonds against Other Materials in Supercapacitors,          186
  • Table 82. Comparison of activated carbon with Other Materials in Supercapacitors.   190
  • Table 83. Comparative Analysis with Other Materials in Supercapacitors.           192
  • Table 84. Comparison of MOFs with activated carbon, graphene, and conducting polymers: 195
  • Table 85. Comparative Analysis with Other Materials in Supercapacitors.           197
  • Table 86. Comparison of TMDs with Other Materials in Supercapacitors.             200
  • Table 87. Comparison of carbon aerogels with Other Materials in Supercapacitors.     203
  • Table 88. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list.   209
  • Table 89. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list. 237
  • Table 90. Chasm SWCNT products.                239
  • Table 91. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list.           330
  • Table 92. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis.         330

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Global demand for nanomaterials in batteries (tonnes), 2022-2035, by materials types.      29
  • Figure 2. Global Demand for Nanomaterials in Supercapacitors (Tonnes), 2022-2035, by Material Type.                31
  • Figure 3. Lithium Cell Design.             34
  • Figure 4. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery.          35
  • Figure 5. Li-ion battery cell pack.      36
  • Figure 6. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank.      45
  • Figure 7. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries.    46
  • Figure 8. Real Graphene Powerbank.             47
  • Figure 9. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH.      48
  • Figure 10. Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube. 51
  • Figure 11: TEM image of carbon onion.         53
  • Figure 12: Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red.             54
  • Figure 13: Nano Lithium X Battery.   56
  • Figure 14. StoreDot battery charger.               68
  • Figure 15. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA).  86
  • Figure 16. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG).       92
  • Figure 17. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications.          94
  • Figure 18. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery.               103
  • Figure 19. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.          109
  • Figure 20. Flexible, rechargeable battery.    110
  • Figure 21. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.              111
  • Figure 22. Types of flexible batteries.             113
  • Figure 23. Flexible label and printed paper battery.              113
  • Figure 24. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.         117
  • Figure 25. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.       119
  • Figure 26. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.              120
  • Figure 27. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs.    120
  • Figure 28. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.        123
  • Figure 29. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f)                125
  • Figure 30. Origami disposable battery.          125
  • Figure 31. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.       128
  • Figure 32. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries. 130
  • Figure 33. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark.    131
  • Figure 34. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy.    132
  • Figure 35.  Wearable self-powered devices.              137
  • Figure 36. Various applications of printed paper batteries.             140
  • Figure 37.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.         140
  • Figure 38. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together. 142
  • Figure 39. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III). 152
  • Figure 40. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).              156
  • Figure 41. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery.            158
  • Figure 42. ULTRALIFE thin film battery.          159
  • Figure 43. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.               162
  • Figure 44. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials. 163
  • Figure 45. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).             165
  • Figure 46. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB.          171
  • Figure 47. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor. 179
  • Figure 48: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger.   180
  • Figure 49. Nawa's ultracapacitors.  184
  • Figure 50. Graphene flake products.              212
  • Figure 51. Amprius battery products.            217
  • Figure 52: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.          223
  • Figure 53. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process.           240
  • Figure 54. DKS CNF products.            251
  • Figure 55. Graphene battery schematic.      253
  • Figure 56. E-magy nano sponge structure. 258
  • Figure 57. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 264
  • Figure 58. Cup Stacked Type Carbon Nano Tubes schematic.      277
  • Figure 59. CSCNT composite dispersion.   277
  • Figure 60. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose.        282
  • Figure 61. Lyten batteries.     299
  • Figure 62. MEIJO eDIPS product.       299
  • Figure 63. Cellulomix production process. 303
  • Figure 64. Nanobase versus conventional products.          303
  • Figure 65. Nanotech Energy battery.               313
  • Figure 66. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.              315
  • Figure 67. NBD battery.           317
  • Figure 68. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.    318
  • Figure 69. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.          319
  • Figure 70. QingTao solid-state batteries.      328
  • Figure 71. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.         347
  • Figure 72. Zeta Energy 20 Ah cell.     364

 

 

The Global Market for Nanomaterials in Batteries and Supercapacitors 2024-2035
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