Nanotechnology Market Research
You are at:»»The Global Electric Vehicle Market 2025-2045: (Passenger Vehicles, Commercial Vehicles, Trucks, Buses, Two-Wheelers, Aircraft, Construction, Agriculture, Mining, Marine, Trains, Charging)
4 EVs the future of transportati

The Global Electric Vehicle Market 2025-2045: (Passenger Vehicles, Commercial Vehicles, Trucks, Buses, Two-Wheelers, Aircraft, Construction, Agriculture, Mining, Marine, Trains, Charging)

0

cover

cover

  • Published: October 2024
  • Pages: 725
  • Tables: 261
  • Figures: 89

 

The Global Electric Vehicle Market is experiencing rapid growth across multiple segments, driven by increasing environmental concerns, government regulations, and technological advancements. This diverse market encompasses a wide range of vehicle types, each with unique challenges and opportunities. Passenger vehicles represent the largest segment, with battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) gaining significant market share. Major automakers are investing heavily in electrification, with many committing to all-electric lineups in the coming decades. Commercial vehicles, including light-duty vans and trucks, are seeing increased adoption in urban delivery and service fleets. The total cost of ownership advantages is driving this shift, particularly in last-mile logistics.

In the heavy-duty truck segment, both battery electric and fuel cell electric vehicles are being developed for different use cases. While BEVs are suitable for short and regional haul, fuel cell technology is being explored for long-haul applications. The electric bus market is growing rapidly, particularly in China and Europe, as cities seek to reduce emissions and noise pollution. Both battery electric and fuel cell buses are being deployed, depending on route requirements and infrastructure availability.

Two-wheelers, especially e-scooters and e-bikes, represent a fast-growing segment, particularly in Asia and urban areas worldwide. These vehicles offer an affordable and efficient electric mobility solution for short trips. Emerging segments include electric aircraft (eVTOL for urban air mobility), construction equipment, agricultural vehicles, and marine vessels. These sectors are at earlier stages of electrification but show promising growth potential.

The expansion of charging infrastructure is critical to supporting this market growth. Fast-charging networks, wireless charging, and smart grid integration are key areas of development. As the market evolves, challenges such as battery technology improvements, raw material supply, and grid integration must be addressed. However, the global electric vehicle market is poised for continued strong growth across all segments in the coming decades.

This comprehensive market report provides a detailed analysis of the current state and future outlook of the EV market across various vehicle segments, technologies, and regions through 2045. Report contents include:

  • In-depth analysis and forecasts for the following EV segments including market size, growth trends, key players, technological developments, and regional variations:
    • Passenger Vehicles: BEVs, PHEVs, and FCEVs
    • Light Commercial Vehicles
    • Medium and Heavy-Duty Trucks
    • Buses
    • Two-Wheelers and Micromobility
    • Electric Aircraft (eVTOL and conventional)
    • Other vehicle types (construction, mining, agriculture)
  • Technology Trends
  • Battery Technology
  • Electric Motors
  • Power Electronics
  • Fuel Cells
  • Charging Technologies
  • Regional Analysis including EV adoption rates, sales volumes, policy landscapes, and infrastructure development are examined.
  • Competitive Landscape including Major automotive OEMs and their electrification strategies, EV startups and new market entrants, Battery manufacturers, Electric motor and powertrain suppliers, Charging infrastructure companies. Companies profiled include ABB, ADASTEC, Advanced Electric Machines, Audi, Aurora, Autoflight, Auve Tech, AVID Technology, Axalta Coating Systems, Ballard, BAM, BEEP, BelAZ, Bell Textron, BETA Technologies, Beyond Motors, BMW, Bobcat, Bosch, BorgWarner, Bostik, BYD, Cadenza Innovation, CaetanoBus, CALB, Calyos, Carrar, CASE Construction, Caterpillar, CATL, Changan, ChargePoint, Chevrolet, CNH Industrial, Continental, Cummins, Dana, DBT-CEV, DeepWay, DELO, Develon, Dieci, Doosan Bobcat, DuPont, Eaton, Efacec, EHang, Einride, Ekoenergetyka, Electrify America, Elemental Motors, Elaphe, ElDorado National, e-Mersiv, Embraer, Engineered Fluids, Epiroc, Equipmake, Erbslöh, Escorts, EVBox, EverSum, EVgo, EVR Motors, Faresin, Faurecia, FEV, Flo, Ford, Forsee Power, FUCHS, General Electric, General Motors, GKN Automotive, Golden Dragon, Groupe Renault, Grove, Hitachi, Honda, Honeywell, HOLON, Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies, Huawei, Huddig, Hyundai, HYDAC, HYVIA, HYZON Motors, Inceptio, Infinitum Electric, Innoviz, IONITY, Ionna, ITT Cannon, Iveco, Jaguar, Jaunt Air Mobility, JCB, John Deere, Junttan, Kato, Kempower, KEYOU, Kodiak Robotics, Koenigsegg, Komatsu, Kovatera, Kreisel Electric, KULR Technology, Kuhn Schweiz, L&L Products, Leoni, Liebherr, Lilium, LiuGong, Lohr, Lordstown Motors, Lucid, M&I Materials, MacLean Engineering, MAHLE, MAN, May Mobility, Mercedes-Benz, Miba, Mobileye, Monumo, Multione, NeoGraf, New Flyer, Nidec, Nikola, Nio, Nissan, Niron Magnetics, Normet, Northvolt, Ohmio, Ouster, Phoenix Contact, PIX Moving, Plus, Plug Power, Pod Point, Polestar, Pony.ai, Porsche, Protean Electric, Punch Powertrain, Qcraft, RDH Scharf, REFIRE, Renault, RETORQ Motors, Rimac, Rivian, Riversimple, Rokion, Rolls-Royce, SAFRA, SAIC, Saietta, Sandvik, SANY, Schaeffler, Scania, Senior Flexonics, Shantui, Siemens, Sinoboom, Sinosynergy, SkyDrive, Snorkel, Solvay, Solaris, Stanley, StarCharge, Stellantis, Supernal (Hyundai), TE Connectivity, TELD, Terraline, Tesla, Torc Robotics, Toyota, Traktionssysteme Austria (TSA), Traxial, Tritium, TrunkTech, TuSimple, Ultimate Transmissions, Urban Mobility Systems, Valeo, Van Hool, Velodyne LIDAR, Vertical Aerospace, Victrex, Vitesco, Volkswagen, Volocopter, Volvo, WACKER, Wallbox, Waymo, Webasto, WEVO Chemie, WHYLOT, Wisk Aero, Wright Electric, XCMG, Xerotech, XING Mobility, Yamaha, YASA, Yanmar, Yutong, ZF, Zhongtong, Zoomlion, ZQuip.
  • Market Forecasts from 2020 to 2045, including:
    • EV sales by vehicle type and powertrain
    • Battery demand (GWh)
    • Charging infrastructure growth
    • Raw material demand for EV production
  • Total Cost of Ownership Analysis
  • Environmental Impact
  • Regulatory Landscape
  • Future Outlook including:
    • Solid-state batteries
    • Advanced thermal management
    • Autonomous electric vehicles
    • New materials and manufacturing processes
    • Wireless charging advancements
    • AI and machine learning in EV development

 

Why Buy This Report?

This comprehensive electric vehicle market report offers:

  • Unbiased 25-year forecasts based on rigorous modeling and extensive primary research
  • Deep-dive analysis of all major EV segments and technologies
  • Regional breakdowns to inform global strategy
  • Competitive intelligence on key players and emerging challengers
  • Total cost of ownership and environmental impact assessments
  • Evaluation of policy effectiveness across markets
  • Insights on future technologies to maintain competitive edge

 

 

Download table of contents (PDF)

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            28

  • 1.1        Key Findings   28
  • 1.2        Market Overview          30
  • 1.3        Technology Trends      31
  • 1.4        Regulatory Landscape             33

 

2             INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES   34

  • 2.1        Definition and Types of Electric Vehicles     34
    • 2.1.1    Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)        35
    • 2.1.2    Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)     36
    • 2.1.3    Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)         37
    • 2.1.4    Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) 37
      • 2.1.4.1 Fuel Cell Passenger Cars       38
      • 2.1.4.2 FCEV Trucks   39
      • 2.1.4.3 FCEV Buses    39
  • 2.2        History and Evolution of Electric Vehicles  42
  • 2.3        Environmental Drivers for EV Adoption         45
  • 2.4        Economic Drivers for EV Adoption   46
    • 2.4.1    Total Cost of Ownership         47
    • 2.4.2    Energy Security             47
    • 2.4.3    Job Creation in New Industries           48
  • 2.5        Technological Advancements Enabling EV Growth              49
  • 2.6        Challenges Facing EV Adoption         51
    • 2.6.1    Range Anxiety                51
    • 2.6.2    Charging Infrastructure           51
    • 2.6.3    Battery Cost and Performance           52
    • 2.6.4    Raw Material Supply Concerns          53

 

3             ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES            54

  • 3.1        Battery Technologies 54
    • 3.1.1    Lithium-ion Battery Chemistries       56
      • 3.1.1.1 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)    57
      • 3.1.1.2 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)              58
      • 3.1.1.3 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)        59
      • 3.1.1.4 Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)     60
      • 3.1.1.5 Lithium Titanate (LTO)              60
    • 3.1.2    Battery Management Systems           61
    • 3.1.3    Thermal Management in Batteries   62
    • 3.1.4    Battery Pack Design and Integration               63
      • 3.1.4.1 Cell-to-pack    64
      • 3.1.4.2 Cell-to-chassis/body                64
    • 3.1.5    Solid-State Batteries 66
      • 3.1.5.1 Current State of Development            67
      • 3.1.5.2 Advantages and Challenges 68
      • 3.1.5.3 Market Players               69
    • 3.1.6    Other Battery Technologies  71
      • 3.1.6.1 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries          71
      • 3.1.6.2 Sodium-ion Batteries                72
      • 3.1.6.3 Metal-Air Batteries      74
  • 3.2        Electric Motors and Powertrains       76
    • 3.2.1    Types of Electric Motors         78
      • 3.2.1.1 Electric Traction Motors          78
      • 3.2.1.2 Brushless DC Motors (BLDC)              78
      • 3.2.1.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) 79
      • 3.2.1.4 Wound Rotor Synchronous Motor (WRSM) 80
      • 3.2.1.5 Induction Motors         81
      • 3.2.1.6 Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)               82
      • 3.2.1.7 Axial Flux Motors         83
    • 3.2.2    Motor Control and Power Electronics            86
      • 3.2.2.1 Inverters            86
      • 3.2.2.2 DC-DC Converters     88
      • 3.2.2.3 On-board Chargers    89
    • 3.2.3    Transmission Systems for EVs            90
    • 3.2.4    Regenerative Braking Systems           91
    • 3.2.5    In-Wheel Motors          93
      • 3.2.5.1 Technology Overview                93
      • 3.2.5.2 Advantages and Challenges 95
      • 3.2.5.3 Current Applications and Future Potential 96
      • 3.2.5.4 Companies     97
    • 3.2.6    Market players               100
    • 3.2.7    Global Market                105
  • 3.3        Fuel Cell Technologies             107
    • 3.3.1    Introduction    107
    • 3.3.2    Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC)   109
      • 3.3.2.1 Working Principle        109
      • 3.3.2.2 Key Components        109
      • 3.3.2.3 Performance Characteristics              111
    • 3.3.3    Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)            113
    • 3.3.4    Hydrogen Storage Technologies        114
      • 3.3.4.1 Compressed Hydrogen           116
      • 3.3.4.2 Liquid Hydrogen           116
      • 3.3.4.3 Metal Hydrides              117
    • 3.3.5    Hydrogen Production and Distribution         118
      • 3.3.5.1 Hydrogen Refueling for FCEVs            119
      • 3.3.5.2 Hydrogen Storage in FCEVs  120
    • 3.3.6    Fuel Cell System Integration in Vehicles      122
  • 3.4        Charging Technologies            123
    • 3.4.1    Conductive Charging               125
      • 3.4.1.1 AC Charging (Level 1 and Level 2)    125
      • 3.4.1.2 DC Fast Charging        126
      • 3.4.1.3 Ultra-Fast Charging Technologies    127
    • 3.4.2    Wireless Charging      131
      • 3.4.2.1 Static Wireless Charging        132
      • 3.4.2.2 Dynamic Wireless Charging 134
    • 3.4.3    Battery Swapping Systems   136
    • 3.4.4    Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology    137
  • 3.5        Thermal Management Systems         138
    • 3.5.1    Battery Thermal Management            141
      • 3.5.1.1 Air Cooling       142
      • 3.5.1.2 Liquid Cooling               143
      • 3.5.1.3 Phase Change Materials         144
    • 3.5.2    Motors                145
      • 3.5.2.1 Air Cooling       148
      • 3.5.2.2 Water-glycol Cooling 149
      • 3.5.2.3 Oil Cooling      150
      • 3.5.2.4 Alternate Cooling Structures               150
      • 3.5.2.5 Refrigerant Cooling    151
      • 3.5.2.6 Immersion Cooling    152
      • 3.5.2.7 Phase Change Materials         153
      • 3.5.2.8 Motor Insulation and Encapsulation              154
    • 3.5.3    Power Electronics       155
      • 3.5.3.1 Types of Cooling          156
      • 3.5.3.2 TIM1 and TIM2               156
      • 3.5.3.3 Wire Bonding 157
      • 3.5.3.4 Substrates       158
      • 3.5.3.5 Inverter Package Cooling       159
      • 3.5.3.6 Liquid Cooled Inverters           159
    • 3.5.4    Cabin Climate Control             160
      • 3.5.4.1 Heat Pumps   161
      • 3.5.4.2 Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) Heaters      162
    • 3.5.5    Companies     164
  • 3.6        Lightweight Materials and Construction      172
    • 3.6.1    Composite Materials in EVs 174
    • 3.6.2    Aluminum and High-Strength Steels              175
    • 3.6.3    Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP)    176
    • 3.6.4    Advances in EV Body Design and Manufacturing   177

 

4             ELECTRIC PASSENGER VEHICLES   179

  • 4.1        Market Overview and Forecasts        179
    • 4.1.1    Global Sales Trends   179
    • 4.1.2    Regional Market Analysis      181
      • 4.1.2.1 China  182
      • 4.1.2.2 Europe                183
      • 4.1.2.3 North America              184
      • 4.1.2.4 Japan and Korea          185
      • 4.1.2.5 Rest of World 186
    • 4.1.3    Market Share by Powertrain Type (BEV, PHEV, FCEV)           187
    • 4.1.4    Segmentation by Vehicle Class         188
      • 4.1.4.1 Small and Compact Cars      189
      • 4.1.4.2 Mid-size Cars 190
      • 4.1.4.3 Large Cars and Luxury Vehicles         190
      • 4.1.4.4 SUVs and Crossovers               191
  • 4.2        Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)        192
    • 4.2.1    Key Players and Models          192
    • 4.2.2    Battery Capacity and Range Trends 193
    • 4.2.3    Charging Infrastructure Development           194
    • 4.2.4    Performance Metrics and Benchmarking   195
  • 4.3        Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)     197
    • 4.3.1    Market Trends and Key Models           197
    • 4.3.2    PHEV Powertrain Configurations      198
    • 4.3.3    Electric Range and Fuel Economy   199
    • 4.3.4    Future of PHEVs in the EV Transition              200
  • 4.4        Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) 201
    • 4.4.1    Current Market Status              201
    • 4.4.2    Key Players      207
    • 4.4.3    FCEV Model Overview and Specifications  208
    • 4.4.4    Hydrogen Infrastructure Challenges              209
    • 4.4.5    Cost Reduction Roadmap for FCEVs             210
  • 4.5        Performance and Cost Comparisons            211
    • 4.5.1    Total Cost of Ownership Analysis     212
    • 4.5.2    Driving Range and Charging/Refueling Times           213
    • 4.5.3    Acceleration and Top Speed Comparisons 214
    • 4.5.4    Maintenance and Reliability Considerations            215
  • 4.6        Consumer Adoption Factors               217
    • 4.6.1    Purchase Incentives and Policy Support      217
    • 4.6.2    Charging Convenience and Infrastructure  218
    • 4.6.3    Brand and Model Availability               219
    • 4.6.4    Consumer Awareness and Education           220
  • 4.7        Future Trends in Electric Passenger Vehicles            221
    • 4.7.1    Autonomous Driving Technologies  222
      • 4.7.1.1 Autonomous Cars      223
      • 4.7.1.2 Roboshuttles 224
      • 4.7.1.3 Autonomous Buses   225
      • 4.7.1.4 Autonomous Trucks  227
  • 4.7.2    Connected Car Features        228
  • 4.7.3    Shared Mobility and Its Impact on EV Adoption      229

 

5             ELECTRIC LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (eLCVs)            231

  • 5.1        Market Overview and Forecasts        231
    • 5.1.1    Global eLCV Sales Trends     231
    • 5.1.2    Regional Market Analysis      234
    • 5.1.3    Segmentation by Vehicle Size and Type        235
  • 5.2        Key Players and Models          236
    • 5.2.1    Established OEMs      237
    • 5.2.2    New Entrants and Startups   238
    • 5.2.3    Urban Delivery and Last-Mile Logistics        239
    • 5.2.4    Service and Utility Vehicles  240
    • 5.2.5    Passenger Transport (e.g., Shuttle Vans)     241
    • 5.2.6    Battery Electric vs Fuel Cell LCVs    244
  • 5.3        Fuel Cell LCVs               244
    • 5.3.1    Performance Comparison    246
    • 5.3.2    Total Cost of Ownership Analysis     247
    • 5.3.3    Suitability for Different Applications              248
  • 5.4        Charging and Infrastructure for eLCVs          250
    • 5.4.1    Depot Charging Solutions     251
    • 5.4.2    Public Charging for eLCVs     252
    • 5.4.3    Fast Charging Technologies for Commercial Use  253
  • 5.5        Fleet Electrification Strategies            254
    • 5.5.1    TCO Considerations for Fleet Operators      256
    • 5.5.2    Charging Management and Smart Charging             257
    • 5.5.3    Maintenance and Servicing of Electric Fleets           258
  • 5.6        Regulatory Landscape for eLCVs      259
    • 5.6.1    Emissions Regulations            259
    • 5.6.2    Urban Access Restrictions and Low Emission Zones          260
    • 5.6.3    Government Incentives for eLCV Adoption 261

 

6             ELECTRIC TRUCKS     263

  • 6.1        Market Overview and Forecasts        263
    • 6.1.1    Global Electric Truck Sales Trends  264
    • 6.1.2    Regional Market Analysis      269
    • 6.1.3    Segmentation by Gross Vehicle Weight        271
  • 6.2        Medium-Duty Electric Trucks              273
    • 6.2.1    Key Players and Models          273
    • 6.2.2    Battery Capacities and Range            274
    • 6.2.3    Use Cases and Applications                275
    • 6.2.4    Total Cost of Ownership Analysis     276
  • 6.3        Heavy-Duty Electric Trucks  277
    • 6.3.1    Long-Haul BEV Trucks              278
      • 6.3.1.1 Technology Challenges and Solutions          278
      • 6.3.1.2 Battery Capacity and Range Considerations            279
      • 6.3.1.3 Charging Strategies for Long-Haul Operations        280
  • 6.4        Fuel Cell Electric Trucks         281
    • 6.4.1    FCEV Truck Technology Overview    281
    • 6.4.2    Hydrogen Storage and Refueling       284
    • 6.4.3    Key Players      284
  • 6.5        Hybrid and Range-Extended Electric Trucks             287
  • 6.6        Charging and Refueling Infrastructure for Electric Trucks 288
    • 6.6.1    Depot Charging Solutions     289
    • 6.6.2    En-Route Fast Charging for Long-Haul Trucks          290
    • 6.6.3    Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure for FCEV Trucks              291
  • 6.7        Total Cost of Ownership Analysis     291
    • 6.7.1    Comparison of BEV, FCEV, and Diesel Trucks           292
    • 6.7.2    Impact of Duty Cycles on TCO            293
    • 6.7.3    Sensitivity to Energy Prices and Incentives 295
  • 6.8        Comparison of BEV and FCEV Trucks            296
    • 6.8.1    Performance Characteristics              297
    • 6.8.2    Range and Refueling Considerations             298
    • 6.8.3    Payload Capacity Impact       300
    • 6.8.4    Environmental Impact and Emissions Analysis      301
  • 6.9        Electric Truck Powertrain Technologies        302
    • 6.9.1    High-Power Electric Motors for Trucks          302
    • 6.9.2    Battery Technologies for Electric Trucks      303
    • 6.9.3    Fuel Cell Systems for Heavy-Duty Applications      304
  • 6.10     Fleet Electrification Strategies for Trucking                306
    • 6.10.1 Route and Duty Cycle Analysis          306
    • 6.10.2 Charging Infrastructure Planning      307
    • 6.10.3 Fleet Management Systems for Electric Trucks       308
  • 6.11     Regulatory Landscape for Electric Trucks   309
    • 6.11.1 Emissions Regulations for Heavy-Duty Vehicles    310
    • 6.11.2 Government Incentives and Support Programs      311
    • 6.11.3 Low Emission Zones and Urban Access Restrictions          311

 

7             ELECTRIC BUSES        314

  • 7.1        Market Overview and Forecasts        314
    • 7.1.1    Global Electric Bus Sales Trends      317
    • 7.1.2    Regional Market Analysis      322
    • 7.1.3    Segmentation by Bus Type and Size                323
  • 7.2        City Transit Buses       325
    • 7.2.1    Battery Electric Buses             327
      • 7.2.1.1 Key Players and Models          327
      • 7.2.1.2 Battery Capacity and Range Trends 329
      • 7.2.1.3 Charging Strategies (Overnight, Opportunity, Flash Charging)      329
    • 7.2.2    Fuel Cell Electric Buses          330
      • 7.2.2.1 FCEV Bus Technology Overview        331
      • 7.2.2.2 Key Players and Models          336
      • 7.2.2.3 Hydrogen Infrastructure for Bus Fleets         337
    • 7.2.3    Trolleybuses and Dynamic Charging Systems         338
  • 7.3        Coach and Intercity Buses    339
    • 7.3.1    Challenges in Electrifying Long-Distance Buses    340
    • 7.3.2    Battery Electric Coach Models and Specifications               341
    • 7.3.3    Fuel Cell Solutions for Coach Buses              342
  • 7.4        School Buses 343
    • 7.4.1    Market Drivers for Electric School Buses    343
    • 7.4.2    Key Players and Models          345
    • 7.4.3    Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Applications 346
  • 7.5        Charging Strategies for Electric Buses          348
    • 7.5.1    Depot Charging            349
      • 7.5.1.1 Charging Equipment and Power Requirements       349
    • 7.5.2    Opportunity Charging              350
      • 7.5.2.1 Pantograph Systems 351
      • 7.5.2.2 Inductive Charging Solutions              351
    • 7.5.3    Battery Swapping for Buses 352
  • 7.6        Total Cost of Ownership Analysis     354
    • 7.6.1    Comparison of Electric, Diesel, and CNG Buses   355
    • 7.6.2    Impact of Duty Cycles and Route Characteristics 356
    • 7.6.3    Maintenance Cost Comparisons     357
  • 7.7        Electric Bus Powertrain Technologies            358
    • 7.7.1    Electric Motors and Drivetrains for Buses   358
    • 7.7.2    Battery Technologies 360
    • 7.7.3    Thermal Management             363
    • 7.7.4    Fuel Cell Systems for Bus Applications        364
  • 7.8        Fleet Electrification Strategies for Bus Operators  365
    • 7.8.1    Route Analysis and Vehicle Scheduling        365
    • 7.8.2    Charging Infrastructure Planning      366
    • 7.8.3    Driver Training and Operational Considerations     368
  • 7.9        Environmental and Social Impact of Electric Buses            369
    • 7.9.1    Emissions Reduction and Air Quality Improvement             370
    • 7.9.2    Noise Reduction in Urban Areas       371
    • 7.9.3    Accessibility and Passenger Comfort Improvements          372

 

8             ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS AND MICROMOBILITY             373

  • 8.1        Micro EVs         373
  • 8.2        Electric Motorcycles and Scooters  374
    • 8.2.1    Market Overview and Key Players     374
    • 8.2.2    Battery and Motor Technologies        376
    • 8.2.3    Charging Infrastructure for Electric Motorcycles    376
    • 8.2.4    Performance Comparisons with ICE Motorcycles 377
  • 8.3        Electric Bicycles (E-bikes)     377
    • 8.3.1    Market Trends and Forecasts              377
    • 8.3.2    E-bike Types and Technologies          379
      • 8.3.2.1 Pedelecs vs Throttle-Assisted E-bikes           379
      • 8.3.2.2 Hub Motors vs Mid-Drive Motors      380
    • 8.3.3    Battery Technologies for E-bikes       381
    • 8.3.4    E-bike Sharing Systems and Urban Mobility              382
  • 8.4        Three Wheelers             384
    • 8.4.1    Market Overview and Key Players     384
    • 8.4.2    Technology Trends in Three-Wheelers            385
    • 8.4.3    Shared Micromobility Services           387
    • 8.4.4    Safety and Regulatory Considerations          389
  • 8.5        Battery Swapping for Two-Wheelers                390
    • 8.5.1    Battery Swapping Business Models                390
    • 8.5.2    Key Players and Technologies             391
    • 8.5.3    Advantages and Challenges of Battery Swapping 392
  • 8.6        Regulatory Environment for Micromobility 394
    • 8.6.1    Classification of Electric Two-Wheelers       394
    • 8.6.2    Safety Standards and Requirements              396
    • 8.6.3    Urban Planning and Infrastructure for Micromobility          397

 

9             ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT 398

  • 9.1        eVTOL Aircraft and Urban Air Mobility            398
    • 9.1.1    Market Overview and Forecasts        399
    • 9.1.2    Key Players and Aircraft Designs       403
      • 9.1.2.1 Multicopter Designs  406
      • 9.1.2.2 Lift + Cruise Designs 407
      • 9.1.2.3 Vectored Thrust Designs        408
      • 9.1.2.4 Tiltwing              408
      • 9.1.2.5 Tiltrotor              409
    • 9.1.3    Air Taxi Services            409
    • 9.1.4    Fuel Cell eVTOL            410
    • 9.1.5    Battery and Propulsion Technologies             411
      • 9.1.5.1 Battery Requirements for eVTOL       415
      • 9.1.5.2 Electric Motor Technologies 416
      • 9.1.5.3 Power Electronics for Aviation            417
    • 9.1.6    Infrastructure and Regulatory Challenges  418
      • 9.1.6.1 Vertiport Development            419
      • 9.1.6.2 Air Traffic Management for UAM        421
      • 9.1.6.3 Certification Processes for eVTOL Aircraft  422
  • 9.2        Electric Conventional Takeoff and Landing Aircraft              423
    • 9.2.1    Small Electric Aircraft and Trainers 423
      • 9.2.1.1 Key Players and Aircraft Models        423
      • 9.2.1.2 Battery and Propulsion Systems       426
      • 9.2.1.3 Charging Infrastructure for Electric Aircraft               427
    • 9.2.2    Regional and Short-Haul Electric Aircraft    429
      • 9.2.2.1 Technology Challenges for Larger Electric Aircraft                429
      • 9.2.2.2 Development Programs and Timelines         429
  • 9.3        Hybrid-Electric Aircraft            431
    • 9.3.1    Technology Overview                432
      • 9.3.1.1 Series Hybrid Architectures  432
    • 9.3.2    Parallel Hybrid Architectures               433
      • 9.3.2.1 Key Development Programs 434
    • 9.3.3    Potential Benefits and Market Outlook         435
  • 9.4        Electric Aircraft Battery Technologies            437
    • 9.4.1    Current and Future Battery Chemistries for Aviation           437
    • 9.4.2    Battery Management and Safety Systems  438
    • 9.4.3    Thermal Management in Aircraft Batteries 440
  • 9.5        Electric Motors for Aviation   442
    • 9.5.1    High-Power Density Motor Designs 445
    • 9.5.2    Market players               446
  • 9.6        Cooling Systems for Aircraft Electric Motors            447
    • 9.6.1    Integration of Motors with Aircraft Propellers and Fans     447
  • 9.7        Challenges and Future Outlook for Electric Aviation           448
    • 9.7.1    Energy Density Improvements Required      448
    • 9.7.2    Regulatory Framework Development             449
    • 9.7.3    Integration with Existing Aviation Infrastructure      450
    • 9.7.4    Environmental Impact and Noise Reduction            452

 

10          OTHER ELECTRIC VEHICLES               454

  • 10.1     Electric Construction Equipment     454
    • 10.1.1 Market Overview and Key Players     454
    • 10.1.2 Types of Electric Construction Machines   459
      • 10.1.2.1            Electric Mini-Excavators         459
      • 10.1.2.2            Electric Excavators     460
      • 10.1.2.3            Electric Wheel Loaders           462
      • 10.1.2.4            Electric Compact Loaders, Skid Steer Loaders, and Compact Dumpers               463
      • 10.1.2.5            Electric Telehandlers 465
      • 10.1.2.6            Electric Cranes             466
      • 10.1.2.7            Other Electric Construction Vehicles            467
    • 10.1.3 Battery Technologies and Charging Solutions          468
    • 10.1.4 Electric Motors             470
    • 10.1.5 Hydrogen Powered Construction Vehicles 471
    • 10.1.6 Total Cost of Ownership Analysis     472
    • 10.1.7 Challenges and Opportunities in Construction Electrification      473
    • 10.1.8 Companies     475
  • 10.2     Electric Mining Vehicles          478
    • 10.2.1 Market overview           478
    • 10.2.2 Market Drivers and Challenges          480
    • 10.2.3 Key Electric Mining Vehicle Types     482
      • 10.2.3.1            Electric Haul Trucks  485
      • 10.2.3.2            Electric Load-Haul-Dump (LHD) Vehicles  487
      • 10.2.3.3            Electric Drill Rigs         488
      • 10.2.3.4            Electric Wheel Loaders           489
      • 10.2.3.5            Electric Underground Loaders           490
      • 10.2.3.6            Electric Underground Trucks               491
      • 10.2.3.7            Electric Mining Light Vehicles             493
      • 10.2.3.8            Other types     494
      • 10.2.3.9            Autonomous Mining Vehicles              495
    • 10.2.4 Battery Electric vs Hydrogen Fuel Cell Mining Vehicles      497
    • 10.2.5 Charging and Energy Management in Mines             499
    • 10.2.6 Safety Considerations for Electric Mining Vehicles               501
    • 10.2.7 Companies     502
  • 10.3     Electric Agricultural Vehicles              503
    • 10.3.1 Electric Tractors and Farm Equipment          504
    • 10.3.2 Autonomous Electric Agricultural Vehicles                504
    • 10.3.3 Challenges in Agricultural Vehicle Electrification   505
    • 10.3.4 Companies     507
  • 10.4     Electric Marine Vessels           510
    • 10.4.1 Overview           510
    • 10.4.2 Electric Ferries and Small Boats       511
    • 10.4.3 Hybrid and Electric Ship Propulsion Systems          511
    • 10.4.4 Battery and Fuel Cell Technologies for Marine Applications           512
    • 10.4.5 Charging Infrastructure for Electric Marine Vessels             513
    • 10.4.6 Regulatory Landscape for Maritime Electrification               513
    • 10.4.7 Companies     514
  • 10.5     Electric Trains               516
    • 10.5.1 Overview           516
    • 10.5.2 Market drivers                517
    • 10.5.3 Market barriers             518
    • 10.5.4 BEV Multiple Unit Trains         518
    • 10.5.5 Fuel Cell Trains             518
    • 10.5.6 Market size      519

 

11          EV CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE  522

  • 11.1     Overview of Charging Technologies 523
    • 11.1.1 AC Charging (Level 1 and Level 2)    530
    • 11.1.2 DC Fast Charging        532
    • 11.1.3 Ultra-Fast Charging Technologies    533
    • 11.1.4 Megawatt charging    535
    • 11.1.5 Mobile EV chargers    535
    • 11.1.6 Recent innovations    538
  • 11.2     Public Charging Networks     541
    • 11.2.1 Major Charging Network Operators 543
    • 11.2.2 Business Models in EV Charging       544
    • 11.2.3 Interoperability and Roaming             545
  • 11.3     Home and Workplace Charging        547
    • 11.3.1 Residential Charging Solutions         548
    • 11.3.2 Workplace Charging Programs          549
    • 11.3.3 Multi-Unit Dwelling Charging Challenges   550
  • 11.4     Wireless Charging Technologies and Trials 552
    • 11.4.1 Overview           552
    • 11.4.2 Static Wireless Charging        553
    • 11.4.3 Dynamic Wireless Charging 554
    • 11.4.4 Commercial Deployment and Standardization Efforts       555
    • 11.4.5 Wireless charging challenges             556
    • 11.4.6 Companies     557
  • 11.5     Battery Swapping Stations    558
    • 11.5.1 Overview           559
    • 11.5.2 Battery Swapping for Passenger Vehicles   559
    • 11.5.3 Two-Wheeler Battery Swapping Systems    560
    • 11.5.4 Commercial Vehicle Battery Swapping        561
  • 11.6     Thermal management             562
    • 11.6.1 Overview           562
    • 11.6.2 Commercial examples            563
  • 11.7     Charging Standards and Protocols  564
    • 11.7.1 CCS, CHAdeMO, and Tesla Standards         567
    • 11.7.2 Emerging Standards (e.g., ChaoJi)   568
    • 11.7.3 Communication Protocols (e.g., OCPP, ISO 15118)            569
  • 11.8     Grid Integration and Smart Charging             571
    • 11.8.1 Impact of EV Charging on Electricity Grids 571
    • 11.8.2 Smart Charging and Load Management      572
    • 11.8.3 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies                573
  • 11.9     Charging Infrastructure for Commercial Vehicles  575
    • 11.9.1 Depot Charging for Buses and Trucks            577
    • 11.9.2 En-Route Fast Charging for Long-Haul Trucks          579
    • 11.9.3 Pantograph and Overhead Charging Systems          580
    • 11.9.4 Electric Road Systems             581
  • 11.10  Companies     582

 

12          EV BATTERY SUPPLY CHAIN 584

  • 12.1     Raw Materials                585
    • 12.1.1 Lithium, Nickel, Cobalt, and Other Key Materials  585
    • 12.1.2 Supply and Demand Trends 589
    • 12.1.3 Ethical and Environmental Concerns            590
    • 12.1.4 Alternative Materials and Recycling Impact               591
  • 12.2     Battery Cell Manufacturing  593
    • 12.2.1 Major Cell Manufacturers      593
    • 12.2.2 Gigafactory Developments   595
    • 12.2.3 Manufacturing Process Innovations               597
    • 12.2.4 Regional Manufacturing Capacities               598
  • 12.3     Battery Pack Assembly            599
    • 12.3.1 Pack Design and Integration 599
    • 12.3.2 Thermal Management Systems         600
    • 12.3.3 Battery Management Systems (BMS)            601
  • 12.4     Recycling and Second Life Applications      603
    • 12.4.1 Battery Recycling Technologies         603
    • 12.4.2 Recycling Process Efficiency and Economics          605
    • 12.4.3 Second Life in Stationary Storage    606
    • 12.4.4 Regulatory Framework for Battery End-of-Life         607

 

13          GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND INCENTIVES              608

  • 13.1     Global Overview of EV Policies           608
  • 13.2     Emissions Regulations and ICE Phase-Out Targets              609
  • 13.3     Purchase Incentives and Tax Benefits           611
  • 13.4     Charging Infrastructure Support Programs 612
  • 13.5     Manufacturing Incentives and Industrial Policies  614
  • 13.6     Impact of Policies on EV Adoption Rates     615
  • 13.7     Comparative Analysis of Policy Effectiveness          616

 

14          TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP ANALYSIS      618

  • 14.1     Passenger Vehicles    618
    • 14.1.1 BEV vs PHEV vs ICE Comparison     618
    • 14.1.2 Impact of Driving Patterns and Energy Prices           620
    • 14.1.3 Residual Value Considerations          621
  • 14.2     Commercial Vehicles               623
    • 14.2.1 TCO for Electric Trucks and Buses   623
    • 14.2.2 Factors Affecting Commercial EV Economics         624
    • 14.2.3 Fleet Transition Strategies and TCO 625
  • 14.3     Sensitivity Analysis    626
    • 14.3.1 Impact of Incentives  627
    • 14.3.2 Effect of Battery Cost Reductions    628
    • 14.3.3 Influence of Energy Prices     629
    • 14.3.4 Maintenance Cost Comparisons     630

 

15          ENVIRONMENAL IMPACT AND LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS        631

  • 15.1     Well-to-Wheel Emissions Analysis 631
  • 15.2     Battery Production and End-of-Life 632
  • 15.3     Comparison to ICE Vehicles 633
  • 15.4     Impact of Electricity Grid Mix              635
  • 15.5     Resource Use and Sustainability      636
  • 15.6     Life Cycle Assessment Methodologies         637
  • 15.7     Environmental Impact of EV Manufacturing             640
  • 15.8     End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling and Disposal              642

 

16          MARKET FORECASTS 2020-2045     645

  • 16.1     Passenger Vehicles    651
    • 16.1.1 BEV Sales Forecast    651
    • 16.1.2 PHEV Sales Forecast 653
    • 16.1.3 FCEV Sales Forecast 654
  • 16.2     Light Commercial Vehicles   655
  • 16.3     Trucks 656
    • 16.3.1 Medium-Duty Truck Forecast              656
    • 16.3.2 Heavy-Duty Truck Forecast  657
  • 16.4     Buses  659
  • 16.5     Two-Wheelers and Micromobility     661
  • 16.6     Electric Aircraft             662
  • 16.7     Other Vehicle Types (Construction, Mining, etc.)   663
  • 16.8     Regional Market Forecasts   665
    • 16.8.1 North America              666
    • 16.8.2 Europe                667
    • 16.8.3 China  668
    • 16.8.4 Japan and Korea          669
    • 16.8.5 Rest of World 670
  • 16.9     Battery Demand Forecasts   671
  • 16.10  Charging Infrastructure Forecasts   673
  • 16.11  Raw Material Demand Forecasts      674

 

17          COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE  676

  • 17.1     Major Automotive OEMs        676
    • 17.1.1 Electrification Strategies        677
    • 17.1.2 Key EV Models and Platforms             679
    • 17.1.3 Partnerships and Collaborations      681
  • 17.2     EV Startups and New Entrants           683
  • 17.3     Battery Manufacturers            685
  • 17.4     Electric Motor and Powertrain Suppliers      689
  • 17.5     Fuel Cell System Providers   691
  • 17.6     Charging Infrastructure Companies               693

 

18          EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND FUTURE OUTLOOK      696

  • 18.1     Solid-State Batteries 696
  • 18.2     Next-Generation Electric Motors      698
  • 18.3     Advanced Thermal Management Systems 700
  • 18.4     Autonomous Electric Vehicles           702
  • 18.5     Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology    704
  • 18.6     New Materials and Manufacturing Processes          706
  • 18.7     Wireless Charging Advancements   707
  • 18.8     Alternative Battery Chemistries         709
  • 18.9     AI and Machine Learning in EV Development            711
  • 18.10  Future of Urban Mobility and Transportation            712

 

19          APPENDICES  714

  • 19.1     Glossary of Terms       714
  • 19.2     List of Abbreviations  716
  • 19.3     Research Methodology           718

 

20          REFERENCES 720

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Global EV Sales by Vehicle Type, 2019-2023.        28
  • Table 2. Top 10 Countries by EV Market Share, 2023.          29
  • Table 3. EV Charging Infrastructure Growth, 2015-2023. 29
  • Table 4. Market overview for the Global Electric Vehicle Market: Cars, Trucks, Buses, Aircraft etc.      30
  • Table 5. Global Electric Car Sales by Powertrain 2025-2045.        31
  • Table 6. Overview of Technology Trends for Electric Vehicles.       32
  • Table 7. Regulatory Landscape for Electric Vehicles.          33
  • Table 8. Definition and Types of Electric Vehicles. 34
  • Table 9. Transport Applications for Fuel Cells.         38
  • Table 10. Comparative analysis of BEV and FCEV Cars.    38
  • Table 11. Batteries vs Fuel Cells Driving Range.     39
  • Table 12. Global EV Sales by Vehicle Type, 2019-2023.     42
  • Table 13. Top 10 Countries by EV Market Share, 2023.       44
  • Table 14. Environmental Drivers for EV Adoption.  45
  • Table 15. Technological Advancements Enabling EV Growth.       49
  • Table 16. Comparison of Key EV Battery Chemistries.        54
  • Table 17. EV battery management systems.             62
  • Table 18. EV Battery Pack Costs ($/kWh), 2015-2023.       65
  • Table 19. Battery Cell-to-Pack Technology Adoption Trend.            65
  • Table 20. Lithium-ion vs Solid-State Battery Comparison.              66
  • Table 21. Comparison of Solid-state Electrolyte Systems.              66
  • Table 22. Market Players in Solid-State Battery Development.      69
  • Table 23. Next-generation EV Battery Chemistry Comparison.    74
  • Table 24. Comparison of Electric Motor Types for EVs.      76
  • Table 25. EV Motor Power Density Improvements, 2015-2023.    77
  • Table 26. Electric Traction Motor Types.       78
  • Table 27. Comparison of Electric Traction Motors.               78
  • Table 28. Comparison of Commercial Axial Flux Motors. 83
  • Table 29. Axial Flux Motor companies.         84
  • Table 30. EV Inverter Power Density Trend. 86
  • Table 31. 800V Platforms & SiC Inverters.    87
  • Table 32. Vehicles with In-wheel Motors.    94
  • Table 33. In-wheel Motors market players. 97
  • Table 34. Market players in EV motors.         100
  • Table 35. Automotive Electric Motor Forecast 2020-2045.             105
  • Table 36. Fuel Cell Stack Costs for Automotive Applications, 2020-2023.           108
  • Table 37. Fuel Cell Stack Costs for Automotive Applications, 2020-2023.           110
  • Table 38. Fuel Cell System Costs for Different Vehicle Types, 2023.         111
  • Table 39. Fuel Cell Stack Durability Improvements.             112
  • Table 40. FCEV Refueling Time vs BEV Charging Time.       113
  • Table 41. Fuel Cell System Integration Complexity.              113
  • Table 42. Comparison of Hydrogen Storage Methods for FCEVs. 114
  • Table 43. Hydrogen refueling infrastructure.             119
  • Table 44. EV Charging Standards by Region.             123
  • Table 45. Charging Connector Types by Region.     124
  • Table 46. Charging Time Comparison for Different EV Models and Charger Types.         124
  • Table 47. Wireless EV Charging Efficiency Comparison.   127
  • Table 48. EV Charging Speed Comparison Chart.  128
  • Table 49. Wireless Charging Efficiency vs Air Gap Distance.          129
  • Table 50. EV Charging Speed Evolution, 2015-2023.           130
  • Table 51. Wireless EV Charging Efficiency Comparison.   131
  • Table 52. Wireless EV Charging Market Size Forecast.        134
  • Table 53. EV Thermal Management Systems.           140
  • Table 54. Comparison of Different EV Thermal Management Systems.  142
  • Table 55. Battery Thermal Runaway Prevention Technologies.      142
  • Table 56. Motor Cooling Strategies. 147
  • Table 57. EV Battery Cooling System Comparison.              162
  • Table 58. Market players in EV thermal management systems.   164
  • Table 59. Electric Vehicle Lightweighting Strategies.           172
  • Table 60. Composite Materials in EVs.          174
  • Table 61. OEM Global Sales Share 2015-2023.       179
  • Table 62. Leading EV Models by Sales Volume, 2023.        180
  • Table 63. EV Market Share Forecasts by Region, 2025-2045.        181
  • Table 64. Global EV Sales Forecast by Vehicle Type, 2025-2045. 188
  • Table 65. Key Players and Models in BEVs. 192
  • Table 66. EV Performance Benchmarking (Acceleration, Top Speed, etc.).           195
  • Table 67. FCEV Market Forecast 2020-2045 (Units).           201
  • Table 68. FCEV Market Forecast 2020-2045 (Millions USD).          202
  • Table 69. Key players in FCEVs.         207
  • Table 70. Fuel Cell Car Models.         208
  • Table 71. Hydrogen Infrastructure Challenges.       209
  • Table 72. Electric Vehicle Total Cost of Ownership Breakdown.  212
  • Table 73. FCEVs Driving Range and Charging/Refueling Times.   213
  • Table 74. Acceleration and Top Speed Comparisons.        214
  • Table 75. Electric Vehicle Maintenance Cost Comparison.            215
  • Table 76. Autonomous Driving Technologies             222
  • Table 77. Electric LCVs Market Drivers and Barriers..          231
  • Table 78. Global Electric LCV Sales Forecast, 2024-2044.              231
  • Table 79. Electric LCV Battery Demand (GWh), 2025-2045.           232
  • Table 80. Electric LCV Adoption Rates by Industry.              235
  • Table 81. Key Specifications of Major Electric LCV Models.            236
  • Table 82. Established OEMs in eLCVs.          237
  • Table 83. Electric LCV Range vs Payload Capacity Chart. 245
  • Table 84. Fuel Cell LCV Specifications.        245
  • Table 85. EV LCV Last-Mile Delivery Efficiency Gains.        246
  • Table 86. Comparison of Electric vs ICE LCV Operating Costs.    247
  • Table 87. Electric LCV Total Cost of Ownership Sensitivity Analysis.        247
  • Table 88. Electric LCV Charging Infrastructure Requirements.     250
  • Table 89. Fleet Electrification Strategies.    254
  • Table 90. Government Incentives for eLCV Adoption.         261
  • Table 91. Truck Classifications.         263
  • Table 92. Electric Trucks Market Drivers and Barriers.        264
  • Table 93. Global Electric Truck Sales Forecast, 2025-2045.          265
  • Table 94. Electric Trucks Battery Demand (GWh), 2025-2045.     267
  • Table 95. Electric Truck Sales by Region, 2019-2023.         269
  • Table 96. Electric Trucks Battery Capacities and Range.  274
  • Table 97. Key Specifications of Major Electric Truck Models.         277
  • Table 98. Technology Challenges and Solutions for Long-Haul BEV Trucks.        278
  • Table 99. Charging Strategies for Long-Haul Operations. 280
  • Table 100. Key Players and Development Programs in Heavy-Duty Electric Trucks.       284
  • Table 101. Comparison of Electric Truck Charging Strategies.      288
  • Table 102. Depot Charging Solutions.           289
  • Table 103. Electric Truck Total Cost of Ownership Breakdown.    291
  • Table 104. Comparison of BEV and FCEV Trucks (Performance, TCO, etc.).        292
  • Table 105. Comparison of BEV and FCEV Trucks.  296
  • Table 106. Battery Technologies for Electric Trucks.            303
  • Table 107. Fuel Cell Systems for Heavy-Duty Applications.            304
  • Table 108. Emissions Regulations for Heavy-Duty Vehicles.          310
  • Table 109. Government Incentives and Support Programs.            311
  • Table 110. Global Electric Bus Sales Forecast, 2025-2045.           319
  • Table 111. Electric bus battery demand (GWh), 2020-2045.         320
  • Table 112. Electric Bus Adoption Rate by City, Top 20 Cities.         321
  • Table 113. Electric Bus Sales by Region, 2019-2023.         322
  • Table 114. Market Segmentation by Bus Type and Size, 2020-2045.         324
  • Table 115. Key Players and Models: Battery Electric Buses.           327
  • Table 116. Charging Strategies (Overnight, Opportunity, Flash Charging).            329
  • Table 117. Key Players and Models for Fuel Cell Electric Buses. 336
  • Table 118. Challenges in Electrifying Long-Distance Buses.          340
  • Table 119. Battery Electric Coach Models and Specifications.     341
  • Table 120. Fuel Cell Solutions for Coach Buses.    342
  • Table 121. Market Drivers for Electric School Buses.          343
  • Table 122. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Applications.       346
  • Table 123. Comparison of Electric Bus Charging Strategies.          348
  • Table 124. Electric Bus Total Cost of Ownership Breakdown.        354
  • Table 125. Maintenance Cost Comparisons.           357
  • Table 126. Fuel Cell Systems for Bus Applications.              364
  • Table 127. Micro EV types      373
  • Table 128.Micro EV characteristics 374
  • Table 129. Performance Comparisons with ICE Motorcycles.       377
  • Table 130. Global E-bike Sales by Region, 2019-2023.      378
  • Table 131. Comparison of E-bike Motor Technologies.       379
  • Table 132. Battery Technologies for E-bikes.             381
  • Table 133. Technology Trends in Three-Wheelers.  385
  • Table 134. Key Players and Technologies in Battery Swapping.    391
  • Table 135. Advantages and Challenges of Battery Swapping.       392
  • Table 136. eVTOL Applications.         400
  • Table 137. eVTOL Aircraft Market Size Projection, 2025-2045 (Billions USD).     400
  • Table 138. Electric Aviation Market Forecast by Segment.               403
  • Table 139. Market players in eVTOL.               403
  • Table 140. eVTOL Aircraft Energy Consumption Analysis. 412
  • Table 141. Comparison of Electric Aircraft Propulsion Systems. 413
  • Table 142. eVTOL Battery Requirements.    415
  • Table 143. eVTOL Motor Requirements.       416
  • Table 144. eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements.     419
  • Table 145. eVTOL Infrastructure (Vertiports) Development Plans.              419
  • Table 146. Key Players and Aircraft Models: Small Electric Aircraft and Trainers.             423
  • Table 147. Battery and Propulsion Systems for Small Electric Aircraft and Trainers.      426
  • Table 148. Charging Infrastructure for Electric Aircraft.     427
  • Table 149. Technology Challenges for Larger Electric Aircraft.      429
  • Table 150. Regional and Short-Haul Electric Aircraft Development Programs and Timelines. 429
  • Table 151. Current and Future Battery Chemistries for Aviation. 437
  • Table 152. Electric Aircraft Battery Management and Safety Systems.    438
  • Table 153.Companies developing Electric Aircraft Batteries.         442
  • Table 154. eVTOL Motor / Powertrain Requirements.           443
  • Table 155. Plane Types Energy and Power Requirements.                444
  • Table 156. Market players in Electric Motors for Aviation. 446
  • Table 157. Market players in Electric Construction Machines.     456
  • Table 158. Battery Technologies and Charging Solutions for Electric Construction Equipment.            468
  • Table 159. Electric Construction Vehicle Total Cost of Ownership Breakdown. 472
  • Table 160. Challenges and Opportunities in Construction Electrification.            473
  • Table 161. Companies producing Electric Construction Vehicles.             475
  • Table 162. Market Drivers and Challenges for Electric Mining Vehicles. 480
  • Table 163. Electric Mining Vehicle Deployment by Mine Type.       482
  • Table 164. Electric Mining Vehicle Operational Cost Comparison.            483
  • Table 165. Electric Mining Truck Payload vs Range Trade-off.        484
  • Table 166. Electric Mining Equipment Operational Hour Analysis.            499
  • Table 167. Companies producing Electric Mining Vehicles.            502
  • Table 168. Electric Agricultural Vehicle Market Forecast. 503
  • Table 169. Challenges in Agricultural Vehicle Electrification.         505
  • Table 170. Companies producing Electric Agricultural Vehicles. 507
  • Table 171. Electric Marine Vessel Market Size by Vessel Type.      510
  • Table 172. Comparison of Electric vs. Conventional Marine Propulsion Systems.          510
  • Table 173. Companies producing Electric Marine Vessels.             514
  • Table 174. Market drivers for Electric Trains.            517
  • Table 175. Market bariers for Electric Trains.            518
  • Table 176. Global Market for FCEV & BEV Trains 2020-2045 (Billions USD).        520
  • Table 177. Global Battery Demand for FCEV & BEV Trains 2020-2045 (GWh).    521
  • Table 178. Types of EV charging infrastructure.       523
  • Table 179. Key market trends in EV charging             524
  • Table 180. EV Charging Station Types and Power Outputs.             524
  • Table 181. EV Charging Infrastructure Cost Breakdown.   529
  • Table 182. AC Charging installations by power class.         530
  • Table 183. DC fast charging levels.  532
  • Table 184. DC charging installation by power class.            533
  • Table 185. EV Charging Station Types and Power Outputs.             541
  • Table 186. Major Charging Network Operators.       543
  • Table 187. Wireless charging pilot projects                553
  • Table 188. Wireless charging challenges.   556
  • Table 189. Market players in wireless charging.      557
  • Table 190. EV Charging Standards by Region.          566
  • Table 191. Smart Charging Impact on Grid Stability.            572
  • Table 192. Market players in EV charging infrastructure.   582
  • Table 193. Lithium-ion Battery Manufacturing Capacity by Company, 2023.      587
  • Table 194. Raw Material Demand for EV Batteries, 2020-2045.   587
  • Table 195. Supply and Demand Trends.       589
  • Table 196. Ethical and Environmental Concerns.  590
  • Table 197. Alternative Materials and Recycling Impact.    591
  • Table 198. Major Cell Manufacturers.           593
  • Table 199. Gigafactory Projects.       595
  • Table 200. Regional Manufacturing Capacities.     598
  • Table 201. Battery Recycling Technologies.               603
  • Table 202. EV Battery Second Life Applications Breakdown.         607
  • Table 203. Major EV-related Policy Initiatives by Country. 608
  • Table 204. Electric Vehicle Policy Timeline by Region.        609
  • Table 205. Global CO2 Emission Regulations for Vehicles.             610
  • Table 206. Comparison of EV Incentives Across Major Markets.  611
  • Table 207. Government Investment in EV Charging Infrastructure.            612
  • Table 208. EV Manufacturing Incentives by Country.           614
  • Table 209. Impact of Policies on EV Adoption Rates.           616
  • Table 210. Impact of EV Policies on Automotive Industry Jobs.    616
  • Table 211. Comparison of EV Policy Effectiveness Across Regions.          617
  • Table 212. TCO Comparison: BEV vs PHEV vs ICE (Multiple Segments). 618
  • Table 213. Long-term TCO Projections for EVs vs ICE Vehicles.    619
  • Table 214. TCO Sensitivity to Annual Mileage for EVs.        620
  • Table 215.EV Residual Value Projections.   622
  • Table 216. Commercial EV Fleet TCO Analysis.      624
  • Table 217. Sensitivity Analysis of EV TCO to Energy Prices.             627
  • Table 218. Impact of Government Incentives on EV TCO. 627
  • Table 219. EV Battery Replacement Cost Projections.       628
  • Table 220. EV Maintenance Cost Breakdown.          631
  • Table 221. Well-to-Wheel Emissions Comparison: BEV vs ICE vs FCEV. 631
  • Table 222. EV Battery Production Environmental Impact. 632
  • Table 223. Comparison of EV and ICE Vehicle Noise Pollution.    633
  • Table 224. EV Charging Emissions by Electricity Grid Mix.               635
  • Table 225. Water Usage in EV vs ICE Vehicle Production. 636
  • Table 226. Life Cycle CO2 Emissions: EV vs ICE Production and Use.     637
  • Table 227. Environmental Impact of EV Raw Material Extraction.               640
  • Table 228. Land Use Impact of EV Infrastructure vs. Oil Infrastructure.  640
  • Table 229. Projected Environmental Benefits of EV Adoption.       643
  • Table 230. Global EV Sales Forecast by Vehicle Type, 2020-2045.             645
  • Table 231. Electric Commercial Vehicle Sales Forecast.  647
  • Table 232. EV Component Market Size Projections.             648
  • Table 233. Autonomous EV Market Size Forecast. 649
  • Table 234. BEV Sales Forecast 2020-2045. 651
  • Table 235. PHEV Sales Forecast 2020-2045.            653
  • Table 236. FCEV Sales Forecast 2020-2045.            654
  • Table 237. Light Commercial Vehicles Sales Forecast 2020-2045.           655
  • Table 238. Medium-Duty Truck Forecast 2020-2045.         656
  • Table 239. Heavy-Duty Truck Forecast 2020-2045.              657
  • Table 240. Electric Buses Forecast 2020-2045.     659
  • Table 241. Two-Wheelers and Micromobility Forecast 2020-2045.           661
  • Table 242. Electric Aircraft Forecast 2020-2045.   662
  • Table 243. Other EV types Forecast 2020-2045.    663
  • Table 244. EV Market Share Forecast by Region, 2020-2045.        665
  • Table 245. EV Battery Demand Forecast (GWh), 2020-2045.        671
  • Table 246. Top 10 EV Manufacturers by Sales Volume.      676
  • Table 247. Electrification Strategies.              677
  • Table 248. Key EV Models and Platforms.   679
  • Table 249. EV Partnerships and Collaborations.    681
  • Table 250. EV Startups and New Entrants. 683
  • Table 251. Battery Manufacturers.  686
  • Table 252. Electric Motor and Powertrain Suppliers.           689
  • Table 253. Fuel Cell System Providers.         691
  • Table 254. Key Players in EV Charging Network Operations.           693
  • Table 255. Solid-State Battery Performance Comparison.              696
  • Table 256. Next-Generation EV Motor Technology Comparison. 698
  • Table 257. Advanced EV Materials Performance Comparison      707
  • Table 258. Emerging EV Battery Chemistry Comparison. 709
  • Table 259. Urban Air Mobility Market Projections. 712
  • Table 260. Glossary of Terms.             714
  • Table 261. List of Abbreviations.        716

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Global EV Sales Trend, 2015-2023.            29
  • Figure 2. Market Share of EV Powertrain Types, 2023.        30
  • Figure 3. Global EV Sales by Vehicle Type, 2019-2023.      43
  • Figure 4. EV Battery Price Trend, 2010-2023.           55
  • Figure 5. Lithium-ion Battery Cell Structure Diagram.        56
  • Figure 6. Solid-State Battery Technology Roadmap.            68
  • Figure 7. Tesla Model 3 Al Cable.      87
  • Figure 8. Automotive Electric Motor Forecast 2020-2045.              106
  • Figure 9. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Schematic.        108
  • Figure 10. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC).          109
  • Figure 11. BMW'S Cryo-compressed storage tank.              120
  • Figure 12. Wireless EV Charging Market Size Forecast.      135
  • Figure 13. EV Battery Thermal Management System Diagram.     141
  • Figure 14. EV Battery Pack Design for Crashworthiness.  173
  • Figure 15. EV Market Share Forecasts by Region, 2025-2045.      182
  • Figure 16. Market Share of EV Powertrain Types, 2023.     187
  • Figure 17. Global EV Sales Forecast by Vehicle Type, 2025-2045.              189
  • Figure 18. EV Charging Infrastructure Growth, 2015-2023.             195
  • Figure 19. PHEV Powertrain Configurations.             198
  • Figure 20. FCEV Market Forecast 2020-2045 (Units).         202
  • Figure 21. FCEV Market Forecast 2020-2045 (Millions USD).        202
  • Figure 22. Honda Clarity Fuel Cell.  204
  • Figure 23. Daimler Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL.   204
  • Figure 24. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Schematic.     208
  • Figure 25. Cost Reduction Roadmap for FCEVs.    210
  • Figure 26. Global Electric LCV Sales Forecast, 2024-2044.            232
  • Figure 27. Electric LCV Battery Demand (GWh), 2025-2045.         233
  • Figure 28. Stellantis Fuel Cell LCVs.               245
  • Figure 29. BorgWarner.            264
  • Figure 30. Dana TM4 265
  • Figure 31. Danfoss Editron.  265
  • Figure 32. Global Electric Truck Sales Forecast, 2025-2045.        266
  • Figure 33. Electric Trucks Battery Demand (GWh), 2025-2045.   268
  • Figure 34. Electric Truck Adoption Rates by Segment (Medium-duty, Heavy-duty).        268
  • Figure 35. Electric Truck Sales by Region, 2019-2023.       270
  • Figure 36. Segmentation by Gross Vehicle Weight.               272
  • Figure 37. Electric Truck Range vs Payload Capacity Chart.           279
  • Figure 38. Global CO2 Emissions from Transport Sector, 2000-2023.     301
  • Figure 39. Global Electric Bus Sales Forecast, 2025-2045.            320
  • Figure 40. Electric Bus Sales by Region, 2019-2023.          323
  • Figure 41. Market Segmentation by Bus Type and Size, 2020-2045.          325
  • Figure 42. Fuel Cell Bus Schematic.               333
  • Figure 43. Electric Bus Depot Charging Infrastructure Layout.      349
  • Figure 44. Electric Vehicle Drivetrain Architecture Diagram.          359
  • Figure 45. Global E-bike Sales by Region, 2019-2023.       379
  • Figure 46. Comparison of eVTOL Aircraft Designs.               400
  • Figure 47. eVTOL Aircraft Market Size Projection, 2025-2045 (Billions USD).      401
  • Figure 48. Electric Aircraft Range vs Passenger Capacity 402
  • Figure 49. Electric Aircraft Battery Technology Roadmap.               415
  • Figure 50. Honda eVTOL Hybrid-electric Propulsion System.        431
  • Figure 51. Electric Construction Equipment Market Size by Type, 2023. 457
  • Figure 52. Wacker Neuson Electric Compact Wheel Loaders.      464
  • Figure 53. JCB 525-60E Loadall.       465
  • Figure 54. Zoomlion Electric Cranes.             466
  • Figure 55. KEYOU Hydrogen ICE.      472
  • Figure 56. XEMC SF31904.   486
  • Figure 57. Tonly TLE Series.   487
  • Figure 58. Global Market for FCEV & BEV Trains 2020-2045 (Billions USD).         521
  • Figure 59. Global Battery Demand for FCEV & BEV Trains 2020-2045 (GWh).     521
  • Figure 60. EV Charging Infrastructure Density Map.             525
  • Figure 61. EV Fast Charging Network Coverage Map.          526
  • Figure 62. EV Charging Station Utilization Rates by Region.            528
  • Figure 63. Ultra-Fast Charging Technology Roadmap.        533
  • Figure 64. Tesla Megacharger.            533
  • Figure 65. EV Battery Supply Chain Map.    585
  • Figure 66. Global Lithium Production and Demand Forecast, 2020-2045.           586
  • Figure 67. Raw Material Demand for EV Batteries, 2020-2045.    588
  • Figure 68. Battery Recycling Process Flow Diagram.           604
  • Figure 69. EV Battery Recycling Rates by Region, 2023.    604
  • Figure 70. End-of-Life EV and Battery Recycling Process. 642
  • Figure 71. Global EV Sales Forecast by Vehicle Type, 2020-2045.              650
  • Figure 72. BEV Sales Forecast 2020-2045. 652
  • Figure 73.PHEV Sales Forecast 2020-2045.              654
  • Figure 74. FCEV Sales Forecast 2020-2045.             655
  • Figure 75. Light Commercial Vehicles Sales Forecast 2020-2045.            656
  • Figure 76. Medium-Duty Truck Forecast 2020-2045.          657
  • Figure 77. Heavy-Duty Truck Forecast 2020-2045.               658
  • Figure 78. Electric Buses Forecast 2020-2045.      660
  • Figure 79. Two-Wheelers and Micromobility Forecast 2020-2045.            662
  • Figure 80. Electric Aircraft Forecast 2020-2045.    663
  • Figure 81. Other EV types Forecast 2020-2045.     664
  • Figure 82. EV Market Share Forecast by Region, 2020-2045.         666
  • Figure 83. EV Battery Demand Forecast (GWh), 2020-2045.         672
  • Figure 84. EV Charging Infrastructure Growth Forecast 2020-2045.         673
  • Figure 85. Raw Material Demand Forecast for EV Production.      675
  • Figure 86. Market Share of Major EV Battery Suppliers.     685
  • Figure 87. Autonomous EV Technology Stack Diagram.    702
  • Figure 88. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology Schematic. 704
  • Figure 89. Wireless Charging Technology Adoption Forecast.       707

 

 

 

 

 

The Global Electric Vehicle Market 2025-2045
The Global Electric Vehicle Market 2025-2045
PDF Download/By Email.
Price: £1,650.00

The Global Electric Vehicle Market 2025-2045
The Global Electric Vehicle Market 2025-2045
PDF and Print Edition (Including Tracked Delivery, 5-7 Working Days)
Price: £1,725.00

Payment methods: Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Paypal, Bank Transfer. To order by Bank Transfer (Invoice) select this option from the payment methods menu after adding to cart, or contact info@futuremarketsinc.com

Related Posts