- Published: October 2024
- Pages: 840
- Tables: 287
- Figures: 342
The global printed and flexible electronics market is experiencing rapid growth driven by increasing demand for wearable devices, IoT applications, and flexible displays. This comprehensive report provides detailed analysis of the entire ecosystem from materials and manufacturing to applications and end markets. The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2025-2035 provides comprehensive analysis and forecasting of the rapidly evolving printed and flexible electronics industry. This extensive report covers emerging technologies, applications, materials, manufacturing processes, and market opportunities across multiple sectors including consumer electronics, healthcare, automotive, smart packaging, and e-textiles. Key Market Segments Covered include:
- Consumer electronics and wearables
- Medical devices and healthcare monitoring
- E-textiles and smart apparel
- Automotive electronics and displays
- Smart packaging and RFID
- Building and construction
- Energy storage and harvesting
- Flexible displays and lighting
- Printed and flexible sensors
The report provides detailed analysis of:
- Manufacturing Technologies:
- Printed electronics processes
- Roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing
- In-mold electronics (IME)
- 3D electronics
- Digital and analog printing methods
- Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)
- Materials and Components:
- Conductive inks (silver, copper, carbon)
- Flexible substrates
- Semiconducting materials
- Component attachment materials
- Flexible ICs and PCBs
- Printable sensing materials
- Energy storage materials
- Applications including:
- Flexible displays and OLED lighting
- Wearable devices and sensors
- Electronic skin patches
- Smart textiles and clothing
- Automotive displays and interfaces
- Smart packaging and labels
- Building-integrated electronics
- Flexible batteries and energy harvesting
- Market sizing and forecasts 2025-2035 (volume and value)
- Technology benchmarking and readiness levels
- Competitive landscape analysis
- Regional market analysis
- Extensive company profiles.
- Manufacturing innovations
- Application roadmaps
Key Topics covered include:
- Consumer Electronics & Wearables:
- Smart watches and fitness trackers
- Hearables and medical wearables
- Gaming and entertainment devices
- Flexible displays and touch interfaces
- Healthcare & Medical:
- Electronic skin patches
- Remote patient monitoring
- Smart bandages and wound care
- Drug delivery devices
- Continuous glucose monitoring
- Cardiovascular monitoring
- E-textiles & Smart Apparel:
- Smart clothing and accessories
- Performance sportswear
- Healthcare monitoring garments
- Military and protective wear
- Manufacturing processes
- Integration methods
- Automotive Applications:
- Flexible displays and lighting
- Touch controls and interfaces
- Seat occupancy sensors
- Heated surfaces
- Structural electronics
- Smart Packaging:
- RFID and NFC integration
- Time-temperature indicators
- Freshness monitoring
- Anti-counterfeiting
- Smart labels and tags
- Energy Applications:
- Flexible batteries
- Printed supercapacitors
- Solar cells
- Energy harvesting
- Wireless charging
- Display Technologies:
- OLED displays
- E-paper displays
- Micro-LED
- Quantum dot displays
- Automotive displays
- Transparent displays
- Company Profiles: Comprehensive profiles of 1,000+ companies including:
- Major electronics manufacturers
- Materials suppliers
- Equipment providers
- Technology developers
- Start-ups and innovators
Companies profiled include Profiles of over 1,000 companies including 3DOM Inc., AC Biode, Accensors, Advanced Nano Products (ANP), Agfa-Gevaert NV, American Semiconductor Inc., AMO Greentech, Ampcera Inc., Anthro Energy, Ateios Systems, Australian Advanced Materials, Bando Chemical, Bare Conductive/Laiier, BeFC, Blackstone Resources, Blue Current Inc., Blue Spark Technologies Inc., Brewer Science, C2Sense, C3 Nano, Cambridge Touch Technologies, Canatu Oy, CCL Design, CHASM Advanced Materials, ChemCubed, Copprint, Copprium, Dracula Technologies, DuPont, Dycotec, Dätwyler, e2ip Technologies, Elantas, ElastiSense Sensor Technology, Electroninks, Elephantech, Enfucell OY, Ensurge Micropower ASA, Epicore Biosystems, Evonik, Exeger, Ferroperm Piezoceramics, FlexEnable, Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), Fuelium, Fuji Corporation, GE Healthcare, GenesInk, Grepow (Shenzhen Grepow Battery Co. Ltd.), Henkel, Heraeus, Heraeus Epurio, Hitachi Zosen, Holst Centre, Hyprint GmbH, Ilika, Infi-Tex, Inkron (Nagase), InkTec Co. Ltd., InnovationLab/Henkel, Intecells Inc., Inuru, ISORG, Japan Display Inc. (JDI), Jenax Inc., KUNDISCH GmbH & Co. KG, Kureha, LayerOne AS, LG Display, LiBest Inc., LionVolt BV, Liquid Wire, Mateligent GmbH, Maxell, MCK Tech, MCVE Technologie, Mühlbauer, Myrias Optics, N-Ink, Nano Dimension, Nanopaint, Navaflex, NEC Corporation, NovaCentrix, Ohara, Optomec, Panasonic, Peratech, Photocentric, Piezotech Arkema, PolyIC, PolyPlus Battery Company, PowerON, PragmatIC, Pragmatic Semiconductor, prelonic technologies, Printoptix, Prologium Technology Co. Ltd., PVNanoCell, Quad Industries, Raynergy Tek, Sakuú Corporation, Samsung SDI, Saralon, Screentec, Sefar, Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co. Ltd., Sensel, Sensing Tex, Sensitronics, SigmaSense, Silveray, SmartKem Ltd., STMicroelectronics, StretchSense, Sun Chemical, Syenta, tacterion GmbH, Tactotek, TG0, Toppan, TotalEnergies, Toyobo, TracXon, UNIGRID Battery, Varta, Voltera, Wiliot, Xymox Technologies Inc., Ynvisible, Zinergy UK and more....
The report provides critical insights for:
- Electronics manufacturers
- Material suppliers
- Equipment makers
- Technology developers
- Investment firms
- R&D organizations
- Government agencies
Key Features:
- Market forecasts (volume and value)
- Technology assessment
- Competitive analysis
- Strategic recommendations
- Investment opportunities
- Patent landscape
- Company profiles
This report is essential for understanding:
- Market opportunities and challenges
- Technology trends and developments
- Competitive landscape
- Investment potential
- Manufacturing innovations
- Application roadmaps
With extensive primary research and analysis, the report offers valuable insights for companies looking to:
- Identify market opportunities
- Evaluate technologies
- Assess competition
- Plan strategic investments
- Develop new products
- Establish partnerships
- Enter new markets
The report includes detailed market forecasts, technology assessments, and strategic analysis essential for companies participating in or planning to enter the printed and flexible electronics market.
Download table of contents (PDF)
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 48
- 1.1 The evolution of electronics 50
- 1.2 Markets for printed and flexible electronics 53
- 1.2.1 Macro-trends 53
- 1.2.2 Healthcare and wellness 54
- 1.2.3 Automotive 55
- 1.2.4 Buildings and construction 56
- 1.2.5 Energy storage and harvesting 57
- 1.2.6 E-Textiles 58
- 1.2.7 Consumer electronics 59
- 1.2.8 Smart packaging and logistics 60
- 1.3 The wearables revolution 61
- 1.4 The wearable tech market in 2024 64
- 1.5 Continuous monitoring 65
- 1.6 Market map for printed and flexible electronics 65
- 1.7 Wearable market leaders 66
- 1.8 What is printed/flexible electronics? 67
- 1.8.1 Motivation for use 67
- 1.8.2 From rigid to flexible and stretchable 68
- 1.8.2.1 Stretchable electronics 69
- 1.8.2.2 Stretchable electronics in wearables 70
- 1.8.2.3 Stretchable electronics in Medical devices 71
- 1.8.2.4 Stretchable electronics in sensors 71
- 1.8.2.5 Stretchable electronics in energy harvesting 71
- 1.8.2.6 Stretchable artificial skin 72
- 1.9 Role in the metaverse 73
- 1.10 Wearable electronics in the textiles industry 74
- 1.11 New conductive materials 75
- 1.12 Entertainment 78
- 1.13 Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market 79
- 1.13.1 Recent growth in Printed, flexible and hyrbid products 79
- 1.13.2 Future growth 79
- 1.13.3 Advanced materials as a market driver 80
- 1.13.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics 80
- 1.14 Innovations at CES 2021-2024 82
- 1.15 Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024 85
- 1.16 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) 89
- 1.17 Sustainability in flexible electronics 93
- 1.18 Global market revenues, 2018-2035 94
- 1.18.1 Consumer electronics 94
- 1.18.2 Medical & healthcare 95
- 1.18.3 E-textiles and smart apparel 96
- 1.18.4 Displays 97
- 1.18.5 Automotive 98
- 1.18.6 Smart buildings 99
- 1.18.7 Smart packaging 100
2 MANUFACTURING METHODS 101
- 2.1 Comparative analysis 101
- 2.2 Printed electronics 102
- 2.2.1 Technology description 102
- 2.2.2 SWOT analysis 103
- 2.3 3D electronics 104
- 2.3.1 Technology description 104
- 2.3.2 SWOT analysis 107
- 2.4 Analogue printing 107
- 2.4.1 Technology description 108
- 2.4.2 SWOT analysis 110
- 2.5 Digital printing 110
- 2.5.1 Technology description 110
- 2.5.2 SWOT analysis 112
- 2.6 In-mold electronics (IME) 113
- 2.6.1 Technology description 113
- 2.6.2 SWOT analysis 116
- 2.7 Roll-to-roll (R2R) 116
- 2.7.1 Technology description 117
- 2.7.2 SWOT analysis 119
3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 120
- 3.1 Component attachment materials 121
- 3.1.1 Conductive adhesives 122
- 3.1.2 Biodegradable adhesives 122
- 3.1.3 Magnets 122
- 3.1.4 Bio-based solders 123
- 3.1.5 Bio-derived solders 123
- 3.1.6 Recycled plastics 123
- 3.1.7 Nano adhesives 123
- 3.1.8 Shape memory polymers 124
- 3.1.9 Photo-reversible polymers 125
- 3.1.10 Conductive biopolymers 126
- 3.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods 126
- 3.1.12 Low temperature solder 127
- 3.1.13 Reflow soldering 129
- 3.1.14 Induction soldering 130
- 3.1.15 UV curing 131
- 3.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing 131
- 3.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing 131
- 3.1.18 Hybrid integration 132
- 3.2 Conductive inks 132
- 3.2.1 Metal-based conductive inks 135
- 3.2.2 Nanoparticle inks 136
- 3.2.3 Silver inks 136
- 3.2.4 Particle-Free conductive ink 137
- 3.2.5 Copper inks 138
- 3.2.6 Gold (Au) ink 139
- 3.2.7 Conductive polymer inks 139
- 3.2.8 Liquid metals 140
- 3.2.9 Companies 141
- 3.3 Printable semiconductors 142
- 3.3.1 Technology overview 142
- 3.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages 142
- 3.3.3 SWOT analysis 143
- 3.4 Printable sensing materials 144
- 3.4.1 Overview 144
- 3.4.2 Types 145
- 3.4.3 SWOT analysis 147
- 3.5 Flexible Substrates 148
- 3.5.1 Flexible plastic substrates 150
- 3.5.1.1 Types of materials 151
- 3.5.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs 151
- 3.5.2 Paper substrates 152
- 3.5.2.1 Overview 152
- 3.5.3 Glass substrates 153
- 3.5.3.1 Overview 153
- 3.5.4 Textile substrates 154
- 3.5.1 Flexible plastic substrates 150
- 3.6 Flexible ICs 155
- 3.6.1 Description 155
- 3.6.2 Flexible metal oxide ICs 155
- 3.6.3 Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies 156
- 3.6.4 SWOT analysis 156
- 3.7 Printed PCBs 157
- 3.7.1 Description 157
- 3.7.2 High-Speed PCBs 160
- 3.7.3 Flexible PCBs 160
- 3.7.4 3D Printed PCBs 161
- 3.7.5 Sustainable PCBs 162
- 3.8 Thin film batteries 163
- 3.8.1 Technology description 163
- 3.8.2 SWOT analysis 164
- 3.9 Energy harvesting 164
- 3.9.1 Approaches 164
- 3.9.2 Perovskite photovoltaics 165
- 3.9.3 Applications 165
- 3.9.4 SWOT analysis 166
4 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 168
- 4.1 Macro-trends 168
- 4.2 Market drivers 168
- 4.3 SWOT analysis 171
- 4.4 Wearable sensors 172
- 4.5 Wearable actuators 173
- 4.6 Recent market developments 174
- 4.7 Wrist-worn wearables 175
- 4.7.1 Overview 175
- 4.7.2 Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers 175
- 4.7.2.1 Sensing 175
- 4.7.2.2 Actuating 176
- 4.7.3 SWOT analysis 179
- 4.7.4 Health monitoring 180
- 4.7.5 Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches 181
- 4.7.6 Main producers and products 182
- 4.8 Sports and fitness 183
- 4.8.1 Overview 183
- 4.8.2 Wearable devices and apparel 184
- 4.8.3 Skin patches 184
- 4.8.4 Products 185
- 4.9 Hearables 187
- 4.9.1 Technology overview 187
- 4.9.2 Assistive Hearables 190
- 4.9.2.1 Biometric Monitoring 190
- 4.9.3 SWOT analysis 191
- 4.9.4 Health & Fitness Hearables 192
- 4.9.5 Multimedia Hearables 192
- 4.9.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 192
- 4.9.7 Companies and products 193
- 4.10 Sleep trackers and wearable monitors 194
- 4.10.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers 195
- 4.10.2 Smart rings 195
- 4.10.3 Headbands 196
- 4.10.4 Sleep monitoring devices 197
- 4.10.4.1 Companies and products 197
- 4.11 Pet and animal wearables 199
- 4.12 Military wearables 200
- 4.13 Industrial and workplace monitoring 200
- 4.13.1 Products 201
- 4.14 Global market forecasts 202
- 4.14.1 Volume 203
- 4.14.2 Revenues 204
- 4.15 Market challenges 206
- 4.16 Companies 208
5 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS ELECTRONICS 213
- 5.1 Macro-trends 213
- 5.2 Market drivers 214
- 5.3 SWOT analysis 216
- 5.4 Current state of the art 217
- 5.4.1 Electrochemical biosensors 219
- 5.4.2 Skin patches for continuous monitoring 219
- 5.4.3 Printed pH sensors 220
- 5.4.4 Wearable medical device products 220
- 5.4.5 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring 222
- 5.5 Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation 223
- 5.5.1 Market overview 223
- 5.5.2 Companies and products 224
- 5.6 Electronic skin patches 228
- 5.6.1 Electronic skin sensors 229
- 5.6.2 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics 230
- 5.6.3 Nanomaterials-based devices 232
- 5.6.3.1 Graphene 232
- 5.6.4 Liquid metal alloys 233
- 5.6.5 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics 234
- 5.6.6 Printed batteries 234
- 5.6.7 Materials 235
- 5.6.7.1 Summary of advanced materials 235
- 5.6.8 SWOT analysis 236
- 5.6.9 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring 237
- 5.6.9.1 Market overview 237
- 5.6.9.2 Companies and products 238
- 5.6.10 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 239
- 5.6.10.1 Market overview 239
- 5.6.11 Minimally-invasive CGM sensors 240
- 5.6.11.1 Technologies 240
- 5.6.12 Non-invasive CGM sensors 243
- 5.6.12.1 Commercial devices 243
- 5.6.12.2 Companies and products 244
- 5.6.13 Cardiovascular monitoring 247
- 5.6.13.1 Market overview 247
- 5.6.13.2 ECG sensors 248
- 5.6.13.2.1 Companies and products 248
- 5.6.13.3 PPG sensors 250
- 5.6.13.3.1 Companies and products 250
- 5.6.14 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring 250
- 5.6.14.1 Market overview 250
- 5.6.14.2 Companies and products 251
- 5.6.15 Hydration sensors 252
- 5.6.15.1 Market overview 252
- 5.6.15.2 Companies and products 253
- 5.6.16 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports) 253
- 5.6.16.1 Market overview 253
- 5.6.16.2 Companies and products 256
- 5.7 Wearable drug delivery 256
- 5.7.1 Companies and products 258
- 5.8 Cosmetics patches 258
- 5.8.1 Companies and products 259
- 5.9 Femtech devices 260
- 5.9.1 Companies and products 260
- 5.10 Smart footwear for health monitoring 262
- 5.10.1 Companies and products 263
- 5.11 Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired 263
- 5.11.1 Companies and products 264
- 5.12 Smart woundcare 264
- 5.12.1 Companies and products 266
- 5.13 Smart diapers 266
- 5.13.1 Companies and products 267
- 5.14 Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots 268
- 5.14.1 Companies and products 268
- 5.15 Global market forecasts 287
- 5.15.1 Volume 287
- 5.15.2 Revenues 288
- 5.16 Market challenges 290
6 ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL 291
- 6.1 Macro-trends 292
- 6.2 Market drivers 293
- 6.3 SWOT analysis 295
- 6.4 Performance requirements for E-textiles 296
- 6.5 Growth prospects for electronic textiles 297
- 6.6 Textiles in the Internet of Things 300
- 6.7 Types of E-Textile products 302
- 6.7.1 Embedded e-textiles 303
- 6.7.2 Laminated e-textiles 304
- 6.8 Materials and components 304
- 6.8.1 Integrating electronics for E-Textiles 304
- 6.8.1.1 Textile-adapted 306
- 6.8.1.2 Textile-integrated 306
- 6.8.1.3 Textile-based 306
- 6.8.2 Manufacturing of E-textiles 307
- 6.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks 307
- 6.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers 309
- 6.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets 310
- 6.8.3 Flexible and stretchable electronics in E-textiles 310
- 6.8.4 E-textiles materials and components 312
- 6.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns 312
- 6.8.4.1.1 Production 314
- 6.8.4.1.2 Metals 315
- 6.8.4.1.3 Carbon materials and nanofibers 316
- 6.8.4.1.3.1 Graphene 318
- 6.8.4.1.3.2 Carbon nanotubes 319
- 6.8.4.1.3.3 Nanofibers 321
- 6.8.4.2 Mxenes 322
- 6.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 323
- 6.8.4.4 Conductive polymers 325
- 6.8.4.4.1 PDMS 328
- 6.8.4.4.2 PEDOT: PSS 328
- 6.8.4.4.3 Polypyrrole (PPy) 328
- 6.8.4.4.4 Conductive polymer composites 329
- 6.8.4.4.5 Ionic conductive polymers 329
- 6.8.4.5 Conductive inks 329
- 6.8.4.5.1 Aqueous-Based Ink 331
- 6.8.4.5.2 Solvent-Based Ink 332
- 6.8.4.5.3 Oil-Based Ink 332
- 6.8.4.5.4 Hot-Melt Ink 333
- 6.8.4.5.5 UV-Curable Ink 333
- 6.8.4.5.6 Metal-based conductive inks 334
- 6.8.4.5.6.1 Nanoparticle ink 335
- 6.8.4.5.6.2 Silver inks 335
- 6.8.4.5.6.3 Copper inks 339
- 6.8.4.5.6.4 Gold (Au) ink 341
- 6.8.4.5.7 Carbon-based conductive inks 341
- 6.8.4.5.7.1 Carbon nanotubes 341
- 6.8.4.5.7.2 Single-walled carbon nanotubes 343
- 6.8.4.5.7.3 Graphene 344
- 6.8.4.5.8 Liquid metals 348
- 6.8.4.5.8.1 Properties 348
- 6.8.4.6 Electronic filaments 348
- 6.8.4.7 Phase change materials 349
- 6.8.4.7.1 Temperature controlled fabrics 349
- 6.8.4.8 Shape memory materials 350
- 6.8.4.9 Metal halide perovskites 352
- 6.8.4.10 Nanocoatings in smart textiles 352
- 6.8.4.11 3D printing 355
- 6.8.4.11.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 355
- 6.8.4.11.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 355
- 6.8.4.11.3 Products 356
- 6.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns 312
- 6.8.5 E-textiles components 357
- 6.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators 357
- 6.8.5.1.1 Physiological sensors 358
- 6.8.5.1.2 Environmental sensors 359
- 6.8.5.1.3 Pressure sensors 359
- 6.8.5.1.3.1 Flexible capacitive sensors 359
- 6.8.5.1.3.2 Flexible piezoresistive sensors 360
- 6.8.5.1.3.3 Flexible piezoelectric sensors 360
- 6.8.5.1.4 Activity sensors 361
- 6.8.5.1.5 Strain sensors 361
- 6.8.5.1.5.1 Resistive sensors 361
- 6.8.5.1.5.2 Capacitive strain sensors 362
- 6.8.5.1.6 Temperature sensors 362
- 6.8.5.1.7 Inertial measurement units (IMUs) 362
- 6.8.5.2 Electrodes 363
- 6.8.5.3 Connectors 363
- 6.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators 357
- 6.8.1 Integrating electronics for E-Textiles 304
- 6.9 Applications, markets and products 363
- 6.9.1 Current E-textiles and smart clothing products 364
- 6.9.2 Temperature monitoring and regulation 365
- 6.9.2.1 Heated clothing 366
- 6.9.2.2 Heated gloves 367
- 6.9.2.3 Heated insoles 367
- 6.9.2.4 Heated jacket and clothing products 368
- 6.9.2.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications 369
- 6.9.3 Stretchable E-fabrics 370
- 6.9.4 Therapeutic products 370
- 6.9.5 Sport & fitness 371
- 6.9.5.1 Products 373
- 6.9.6 Smart footwear 375
- 6.9.6.1 Companies and products 376
- 6.9.7 Wearable displays 376
- 6.9.8 Military 377
- 6.9.9 Textile-based lighting 378
- 6.9.9.1 OLEDs 378
- 6.9.10 Smart gloves 378
- 6.9.11 Powering E-textiles 379
- 6.9.11.1 Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles 380
- 6.9.11.2 Bio-batteries 381
- 6.9.11.3 Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles 381
- 6.9.11.4 Textile supercapacitors 382
- 6.9.11.5 Energy harvesting 383
- 6.9.11.5.1 Photovoltaic solar textiles 385
- 6.9.11.5.2 Energy harvesting nanogenerators 386
- 6.9.11.5.2.1 TENGs 387
- 6.9.11.5.2.2 PENGs 387
- 6.9.11.5.3 Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting 387
- 6.9.12 Motion capture for AR/VR 388
- 6.10 Global market forecasts 389
- 6.10.1 Volume 389
- 6.10.2 Revenues 390
- 6.11 Market challenges 393
- 6.12 Companies 394
7 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING 397
- 7.1 Macro-trends 398
- 7.2 Market drivers 398
- 7.3 SWOT analysis 399
- 7.4 Applications of printed and flexible electronics 400
- 7.5 Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics 401
- 7.6 Approaches to flexibility 402
- 7.7 Flexible Battery Technologies 406
- 7.7.1 Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries 406
- 7.7.1.1 Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries 408
- 7.7.1.2 Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs 410
- 7.7.1.2.1 Flexible planar LiBs 411
- 7.7.1.2.2 Flexible Fiber LiBs 411
- 7.7.1.2.3 Flexible micro-LiBs 411
- 7.7.1.2.4 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries 414
- 7.7.1.2.5 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries 416
- 7.7.1.3 Flexible Li/S batteries 417
- 7.7.1.4 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 419
- 7.7.2 Printed Batteries 420
- 7.7.2.1 Technical specifications 421
- 7.7.2.2 Components 421
- 7.7.2.3 Design 423
- 7.7.2.4 Key features 424
- 7.7.2.4.1 Printable current collectors 425
- 7.7.2.4.2 Printable electrodes 426
- 7.7.2.4.3 Materials 427
- 7.7.2.4.4 Applications 427
- 7.7.2.4.5 Printing techniques 429
- 7.7.2.4.6 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries 432
- 7.7.2.4.7 Zinc-based printed batteries 433
- 7.7.2.4.8 3D Printed batteries 436
- 7.7.2.4.8.1 Materials for 3D printed batteries 439
- 7.7.3 Thin-Film Solid-state Batteries 441
- 7.7.3.1 Solid-state electrolytes 442
- 7.7.3.2 Features and advantages 444
- 7.7.3.3 Technical specifications 445
- 7.7.3.4 Microbatteries 450
- 7.7.3.4.1 Introduction 450
- 7.7.3.4.2 3D designs 451
- 7.7.4 Stretchable Batteries 453
- 7.7.5 Other Emerging Technologies 455
- 7.7.5.1 Metal-sulfur batteries 455
- 7.7.5.2 Flexible zinc-based batteries 457
- 7.7.5.3 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries 458
- 7.7.5.4 Flexible Zn–Air batteries 459
- 7.7.5.5 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries 459
- 7.7.5.6 Fiber-shaped batteries 460
- 7.7.1 Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries 406
- 7.8 Key Components of Flexible Batteries 471
- 7.8.1 Electrodes 471
- 7.8.2 Electrolytes 474
- 7.8.3 Separators 478
- 7.8.4 Current Collectors 480
- 7.8.5 Packaging 482
- 7.8.6 Encapsulation Materials 485
- 7.8.7 Other Manufacturing Techniques 487
- 7.9 Performance Metrics and Characteristics 489
- 7.9.1 Energy Density 489
- 7.9.2 Power Density 491
- 7.9.3 Cycle Life 492
- 7.9.4 Flexibility and Bendability 493
- 7.9.5 Printed supercapacitors 494
- 7.9.5.1 Electrode materials 495
- 7.9.5.2 Electrolytes 496
- 7.10 Photovoltaics 500
- 7.10.1 Conductive pastes 500
- 7.10.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV) 501
- 7.10.3 Perovskite PV 501
- 7.10.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics 501
- 7.10.4.1 Companies 502
- 7.10.5 Photovoltaic solar textiles 502
- 7.10.6 Solar tape 503
- 7.10.7 Origami-like solar cells 504
- 7.10.8 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics 505
- 7.10.9 Photovoltaic solar textiles 505
- 7.11 Transparent and flexible heaters 506
- 7.11.1 Technology overview 506
- 7.11.2 Applications 507
- 7.11.2.1 Automotive Industry 507
- 7.11.2.1.1 Defrosting and Defogging Systems 508
- 7.11.2.1.2 Heated Windshields and Mirrors 509
- 7.11.2.1.3 Touch Panels and Displays 512
- 7.11.2.2 Aerospace and Aviation 514
- 7.11.2.2.1 Aircraft Windows and Canopies 514
- 7.11.2.2.2 Sensor and Camera Housings 515
- 7.11.2.3 Consumer Electronics 519
- 7.11.2.3.1 Smartphones and Tablets 519
- 7.11.2.3.2 Wearable Devices 520
- 7.11.2.3.3 Smart Home Appliances 522
- 7.11.2.4 Building and Architecture 524
- 7.11.2.4.1 Smart Windows 524
- 7.11.2.4.2 Heated Glass Facades 526
- 7.11.2.4.3 Greenhouse and Skylight Applications 527
- 7.11.2.5 Medical and Healthcare 529
- 7.11.2.5.1 Incubators and Warming Beds 529
- 7.11.2.5.2 Surgical Microscopes and Endoscopes 530
- 7.11.2.5.3 Medical Imaging Equipment 531
- 7.11.2.6 Display Technologies 532
- 7.11.2.6.1 LCD Displays 532
- 7.11.2.6.2 OLED Displays 534
- 7.11.2.6.3 Flexible and Transparent Displays 535
- 7.11.2.7 Energy Systems 537
- 7.11.2.7.1 Solar Panels (De-icing and Efficiency Enhancement) 537
- 7.11.2.7.2 Fuel Cells 538
- 7.11.2.7.3 Battery Systems 539
- 7.11.2.1 Automotive Industry 507
- 7.12 Thermoelectric energy harvesting 542
- 7.13 Fuel cells 543
- 7.14 Market challenges 543
- 7.15 Global market forecasts 544
- 7.15.1 Volume 544
- 7.15.2 Revenues 545
- 7.16 Companies 547
8 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS 552
- 8.1 Macro-trends 552
- 8.2 Market drivers 552
- 8.3 SWOT analysis 555
- 8.4 Printed and flexible display prototypes and products 556
- 8.5 Organic LCDs (OLCDs) 563
- 8.6 Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) 564
- 8.7 Inorganic LEDs 565
- 8.8 Flexible AMOLEDs 566
- 8.9 Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED) 568
- 8.9.1 Printed OLEDs 569
- 8.9.1.1 Performance 569
- 8.9.1.2 Challenges 570
- 8.9.1 Printed OLEDs 569
- 8.10 Flexible and foldable microLED 570
- 8.10.1 Foldable microLED displays 572
- 8.10.2 Product developers 572
- 8.11 Flexible QD displays 573
- 8.12 Smartphones 575
- 8.13 Laptops, tablets and other displays 577
- 8.14 Products and prototypes 580
- 8.15 Flexible lighting 586
- 8.15.1 OLED lighting 586
- 8.15.2 Automotive applications 588
- 8.15.2.1 Commercial activity 588
- 8.16 FHE for large area lighting 589
- 8.17 Directly printed LED lighting 589
- 8.18 Flexible electrophoretic displays 590
- 8.18.1 Commercial activity 591
- 8.19 Electrowetting displays 593
- 8.20 Electrochromic displays 593
- 8.21 Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) 594
- 8.21.1 Types 594
- 8.21.2 Challenges 595
- 8.21.3 White PeLEDs 596
- 8.21.4 Printable and flexible electronics 596
- 8.22 Metamaterials 596
- 8.22.1 Metasurfaces 596
- 8.22.1.1 Flexible metasurfaces 597
- 8.22.1.2 Meta-Lens 598
- 8.22.1.3 Metasurface holograms 599
- 8.22.1.4 Stretchable displays 599
- 8.22.1.5 Soft materials 600
- 8.22.1 Metasurfaces 596
- 8.23 Transparent displays 602
- 8.23.1 Product developers 605
- 8.24 Global market forecasts 606
- 8.24.1 Volume 606
- 8.24.2 Revenues 607
- 8.25 Market challenges 608
- 8.26 Companies 609
9 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 612
- 9.1 Macro-trends 613
- 9.2 Market drivers 613
- 9.3 SWOT analysis 613
- 9.4 Applications 614
- 9.4.1 Electric vehicles 615
- 9.4.1.1 Applications 615
- 9.4.1.2 Battery monitoring and heating 615
- 9.4.1.3 Printed temperature sensors and heaters 615
- 9.4.2 HMI 616
- 9.4.3 Automotive displays and lighting 616
- 9.4.3.1 Interiors 617
- 9.4.3.1.1 OLED and flexible displays 619
- 9.4.3.1.2 Passive-matrix OLEDs 620
- 9.4.3.1.3 Active matrix OLED 620
- 9.4.3.1.4 Transparent OLED for heads-up displays 621
- 9.4.3.1.5 LCD displays 621
- 9.4.3.1.6 Curved displays 622
- 9.4.3.1.6.1 Overview 622
- 9.4.3.1.6.2 Automotive applications 623
- 9.4.3.1.6.3 Companies 623
- 9.4.3.1.7 Micro-LEDs in automotive displays 625
- 9.4.3.1.7.1 Head-up display (HUD) 629
- 9.4.3.1.7.2 Headlamps 630
- 9.4.3.1.7.3 Product developers 631
- 9.4.3.2 Exteriors 631
- 9.4.3.1 Interiors 617
- 9.4.4 In-Mold Electronics 632
- 9.4.5 Printed and flexible sensors 633
- 9.4.5.1 Capacitive sensors 633
- 9.4.5.2 Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors 634
- 9.4.5.3 Piezoresistive sensors 635
- 9.4.5.4 Piezoelectric sensors 636
- 9.4.5.5 Image sensors 637
- 9.4.5.5.1 Materials and technologies 638
- 9.4.6 Printed heaters 640
- 9.4.6.1 Printed car seat heaters 641
- 9.4.6.2 Printed/flexible interior heaters 641
- 9.4.6.3 Printed on-glass heater 641
- 9.4.6.4 Carbon nanotube transparent conductors 642
- 9.4.6.5 Metal mesh transparent conductors 642
- 9.4.6.6 3D shaped transparent heaters 642
- 9.4.6.7 Direct heating 643
- 9.4.6.8 Transparent heaters 644
- 9.4.7 Transparent antennas 645
- 9.4.1 Electric vehicles 615
- 9.5 Global market forecasts 647
- 9.5.1 Volume 648
- 9.5.2 Revenues 648
- 9.6 Market challenges 650
- 9.7 Companies 651
10 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SENSORS 659
- 10.1 Market overview 659
- 10.2 Printed piezoresistive sensors 660
- 10.2.1 Technology overview 661
- 10.2.2 Applications 662
- 10.3 Printed piezoelectric sensors 664
- 10.3.1 Technology overview 664
- 10.3.2 Applications 666
- 10.4 Printed photodetectors 667
- 10.4.1 Technology overview 667
- 10.4.2 Applications 669
- 10.5 Printed temperature sensors 671
- 10.5.1 Technology overview 671
- 10.5.2 Applications 673
- 10.6 Printed strain sensors 675
- 10.6.1 Technology overview 675
- 10.6.2 Applications 677
- 10.7 Printed Gas Sensors 679
- 10.7.1. Technology overview 679
- 10.7.2 Applications 681
- 10.8 Printed capacitive sensors 683
- 10.8.1 Technology overview 684
- 10.8.2 Transparent conductive materials 684
- 10.8.3 Applications 686
- 10.9 Printed wearable electrodes 688
- 10.9.1 Technology overview 688
- 10.9.2 Applications 691
- 10.10 Global market forecasts 692
- 10.10.1 Volume 692
- 10.10.2 Revenues 694
- 10.11 Companies 695
11 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ELECTRONICS 716
- 11.1 Macro-trends 716
- 11.2 Market drivers 717
- 11.3 SWOT analysis 718
- 11.4 Applications 719
- 11.4.1 Industrial asset tracking/monitoring with hybrid electronics 720
- 11.4.2 Customizable interiors 720
- 11.4.3 Sensors 721
- 11.4.3.1 Capacitive sensors 723
- 11.4.3.2 Temperature and humidity sensors 724
- 11.4.3.3 Sensors for air quality 726
- 11.4.3.4 Magnetostrictive sensors 726
- 11.4.3.5 Magneto- and electrorheological fluids 726
- 11.4.3.6 CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings 726
- 11.4.4 Building integrated transparent antennas 728
- 11.4.5 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) 729
- 11.4.6 Industrial monitoring 729
- 11.5 Global market forecasts 730
- 11.5.1 Revenues 732
- 11.6 Companies 735
12 SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS 737
- 12.1 What is Smart Packaging? 738
- 12.1.1 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) 739
- 12.1.2 Printed batteries and antennas 741
- 12.1.3 Flexible silicon integrated circuits 743
- 12.1.4 Natural materials in packaging 743
- 12.1.5 Extruded conductive pastes and inkjet printing 744
- 12.1.6 OLEDs for smart and interactive packaging 745
- 12.1.7 Active packaging 745
- 12.1.8 Intelligent packaging 747
- 12.1.8.1 Smart Cards 748
- 12.1.8.2 RFID tags 749
- 12.1.8.2.1 Low-frequency (LF) RFID tags: 30 KHz to 300 KHz 749
- 12.1.8.2.2 High-frequency (HF) RFID tags: 3 to 30 MHz 749
- 12.1.8.2.3 Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags: 300 MHz to 3GHz 750
- 12.1.8.2.4 Active, passive and semi-passive RFID tags 750
- 12.1.8.3 Temperature Indicators 750
- 12.1.8.4 Freshness Indicators 752
- 12.1.8.5 Gas Indicators 753
- 12.2 SWOT analysis 754
- 12.3 Supply chain management 755
- 12.4 Improving product freshness and extending shelf life 756
- 12.5 Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting 757
- 12.6 Printed and flexible electronics in packaging 758
- 12.6.1 FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging 759
- 12.6.2 Printed codes and markings 759
- 12.6.3 Barcodes (D) 760
- 12.6.4 D data matrix codes 762
- 12.6.5 Augmented reality (AR) codes 763
- 12.6.6 Sensors and indicators 764
- 12.6.6.1 Freshness Indicators 764
- 12.6.6.2 Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs) 764
- 12.6.6.3 Natural colour formulation indicator 765
- 12.6.6.4 Thermochromic inks 766
- 12.6.6.5 Gas indicators 767
- 12.6.6.6 Chemical Sensors 768
- 12.6.6.7 Electrochemical-Based Sensors 768
- 12.6.6.8 Optical-Based Sensors 769
- 12.6.6.9 Biosensors 769
- 12.6.6.9.1 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors 769
- 12.6.6.9.2 Optical-Based Biosensors 770
- 12.6.6.10 Edible Sensors 770
- 12.6.7 Antennas 771
- 12.6.7.1 Radio frequency identification (RFID) 771
- 12.6.7.1.1 RFID technologies 772
- 12.6.7.1.1.1 Biosensors on RFID tags 773
- 12.6.7.1.1.2 Powerless RFID sensor tags 773
- 12.6.7.1.1.3 RFID ICs with Large Area Printed Sensors 774
- 12.6.7.1.1.4 RFID for anti-counterfeiting 775
- 12.6.7.1.2 Passive RFID 776
- 12.6.7.1.3 Active RFID 777
- 12.6.7.1.3.1 Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS) 778
- 12.6.7.1.3.2 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) 778
- 12.6.7.1.4 Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags 778
- 12.6.7.1.5 RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging 779
- 12.6.7.1.1 RFID technologies 772
- 12.6.7.2 Near-field communications (NFC) 779
- 12.6.7.1 Radio frequency identification (RFID) 771
- 12.6.8 Smart blister packs 780
- 12.7 Global market forecasts 782
- 12.7.1 Volume 782
- 12.7.2 Revenues 783
- 12.8 Companies 785
13 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 789
14 REFERENCES 790
List of Tables
- Table 1. Macro-trends driving printed/flexible electronics. 53
- Table 2. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in healthcare & wellness. 54
- Table 3. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive. 55
- Table 4. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in buildings and construction. 56
- Table 5. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in energy storage and harvesting. 57
- Table 6. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in E-textiles. 58
- Table 7. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in consumer electronics. 59
- Table 8. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in smart packaging and logistics. 60
- Table 9. Types of wearable devices and applications. 62
- Table 10. Types of wearable devices and the data collected. 63
- Table 11. Main Wearable Device Companies by Shipment Volume, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, (million units). 64
- Table 12. New wearable tech products 2022-2024. 64
- Table 13. Wearable market leaders by market segment. 66
- Table 14. Applications of stretchable electronics in wearables. 70
- Table 15. Applications of stretchable electronics in sensors. 71
- Table 16. Applications of stretchable artificial skin electronics 72
- Table 17. Applications for printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the metaverse. 73
- Table 18. Advanced materials for Printed and Flexible and sensors and electronics-Advantages and disadvantages. 76
- Table 19. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE). 77
- Table 20. Applications of printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the entertainment industry. 78
- Table 21. Wearable, printed and flexible electronics at CES 2021-2024. 82
- Table 22. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024. 85
- Table 23. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics. 90
- Table 24. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE 91
- Table 25. Research and commercial activity in FHE. 92
- Table 26. Manufacturing methods for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics. 102
- Table 27. Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput. 103
- Table 28. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics. 104
- Table 29. Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications. 105
- Table 30. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps 106
- Table 31. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing. 108
- Table 32. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods. 109
- Table 33. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing 110
- Table 34. Innovations in high resolution printing. 111
- Table 35. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics. 114
- Table 36. IME manufacturing techniques. 115
- Table 37. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing. 118
- Table 38. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing. 119
- Table 39. Materials for printed and flexible electronics. 120
- Table 40. Comparison of component attachment materials. 121
- Table 41. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards 122
- Table 42. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs. 124
- Table 43. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication. 126
- Table 44. Low temperature solder alloys. 127
- Table 45. Thermally sensitive substrate materials. 127
- Table 46. Typical conductive ink formulation. 133
- Table 47. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 135
- Table 48. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks. 140
- Table 49. Conductive ink producers. 141
- Table 50. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors. 142
- Table 51. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages. 142
- Table 52. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors. 145
- Table 53. Overview of specific printed/flexible sensor types. 145
- Table 54. Properties of typical flexible substrates. 148
- Table 55. Comparison of stretchable substrates. 149
- Table 56. Main types of materials used as flexible plastic substrates in flexible electronics. 151
- Table 57. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs. 152
- Table 58. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages. 153
- Table 59. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies. 156
- Table 60. PCB manufacturing process. 159
- Table 61. Challenges in PCB manufacturing. 159
- Table 62. 3D PCB manufacturing. 162
- Table 63. Macro-trends in consumer electronics. 168
- Table 64. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics. 169
- Table 65. Types of wearable sensors. 172
- Table 66. Trends in wearable technology. 173
- Table 67. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device. 175
- Table 68. Overview of actuating at the wrist 176
- Table 69. Wearable health monitors. 180
- Table 70. Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers producers and products. 182
- Table 71. Wearable sensors for sports performance. 185
- Table 72. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance. 185
- Table 73. Product types in the hearing assistance technology market. 188
- Table 74. Sensing options in the ear. 190
- Table 75. Companies and products in hearables. 193
- Table 76. Example wearable sleep tracker products and prices. 194
- Table 77. Smart ring products. 196
- Table 78. Sleep headband products. 196
- Table 79. Sleep monitoring products. 197
- Table 80. Pet wearable companies and products. 199
- Table 81. Wearable electronics applications in the military. 200
- Table 82. Wearable workplace products. 201
- Table 83. Global market for printed and flexible consumer electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 203
- Table 84. Global market revenues for printed and flexible consumer electronics, 2020-2035, (millions USD). 205
- Table 85. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics. 206
- Table 86. Market players in printed and flexible consumer electronics. 208
- Table 87. Macro trends in medical & healthcare/ wellness. 213
- Table 88. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables. 214
- Table 89. Healthcare/wellness applications for printed/flexible electronics. 218
- Table 90. Examples of wearable medical device products. 220
- Table 91. Medical wearable companies applying products to remote monitoring and analysis. 222
- Table 92. Electronic skin patch manufacturing value chain. 229
- Table 93. Benefits of electronic skin patches as a form factor. 231
- Table 94. Current and emerging applications for electronic skin patches. 232
- Table 95. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 235
- Table 96. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis. 239
- Table 97. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages. 241
- Table 98. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market. 243
- Table 99. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products. 245
- Table 100. Companies developing wearable swear sensors. 256
- Table 101. Wearable drug delivery companies and products. 258
- Table 102. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches. 259
- Table 103. Companies developing femtech wearable technology. 260
- Table 104. Companies and products in smart footwear. 263
- Table 105. Companies and products in smart contact lenses. 264
- Table 106. Companies and products in smart wound care. 266
- Table 107. Companies developing smart diaper products. 267
- Table 108. Companies developing wearable robotics. 268
- Table 109. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 287
- Table 110. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 289
- Table 111. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables. 290
- Table 112. Macro-trends for electronic textiles. 292
- Table 113. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles. 293
- Table 114. Examples of smart textile products. 294
- Table 115. Performance requirements for E-textiles. 296
- Table 116. Commercially available smart clothing products. 302
- Table 117. Types of smart textiles. 305
- Table 118. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods. 307
- Table 119. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles. 307
- Table 120. Methods for integrating conductive compounds. 308
- Table 121. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber. 309
- Table 122. 1D electronic fibers including the conductive materials, fabrication strategies, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and applications. 312
- Table 123. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold. 315
- Table 124. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms. 316
- Table 125. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles. 317
- Table 126. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel. 318
- Table 127. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 319
- Table 128. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 325
- Table 129. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications. 326
- Table 130. Typical conductive ink formulation. 330
- Table 131. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 330
- Table 132. Comparison of pros and cons of various types of conductive ink compositions. 333
- Table 133. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 342
- Table 134. Properties of graphene. 344
- Table 135. Electrical conductivity of different types of graphene. 347
- Table 136. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks. 348
- Table 137. Nanocoatings applied in the smart textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications. 353
- Table 138. 3D printed shoes. 356
- Table 139. Sensors used in electronic textiles. 357
- Table 140. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures. 361
- Table 141. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors. 362
- Table 142. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles. 363
- Table 143. Commercially available E-textiles and smart clothing products. 364
- Table 144. Example heated jacket products. 366
- Table 145. Heated jacket and clothing products. 368
- Table 146. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications. 369
- Table 147. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications. 372
- Table 148. Example earable sensor products for monitoring sport performance. 373
- Table 149.Companies and products in smart footwear. 376
- Table 150. Wearable electronics applications in the military. 377
- Table 151. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles. 380
- Table 152. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 382
- Table 153. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles. 384
- Table 154. Teslasuit. 389
- Table 155. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 389
- Table 156. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 390
- Table 157. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing. 393
- Table 158. Market players in E-textiles. 394
- Table 159. Macro-trends in printed and flexible electronics in energy. 398
- Table 160. Market drivers for Printed and flexible electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting. 398
- Table 161. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics. 400
- Table 162. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes. 407
- Table 163. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries. 408
- Table 164. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries. 413
- Table 165. Main components and properties of different printed battery types. 422
- Table 166, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used. 425
- Table 167. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements. 427
- Table 168. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 430
- Table 169. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries. 431
- Table 170. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries. 432
- Table 171. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types. 434
- Table 172. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing. 438
- Table 173. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries. 440
- Table 174. Types of solid-state electrolytes. 442
- Table 175. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries. 443
- Table 176. Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries. 444
- Table 177. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries. 449
- Table 178. Types of fiber-shaped batteries. 460
- Table 179. Components of transparent batteries. 464
- Table 180. Components of degradable batteries. 467
- Table 181. Types of fiber-shaped batteries. 469
- Table 182. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries. 474
- Table 183. Methods for printing supercapacitors. 494
- Table 184. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors. 495
- Table 185. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors. 496
- Table 186. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors. 497
- Table 187. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics. 500
- Table 188. companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics 502
- Table 189. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications. 506
- Table 190. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows. 507
- Table 191. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications. 508
- Table 192. Smart Window Applications of Transparent Heaters. 524
- Table 193. Market challenges in printed and flexible electronics for energy. 543
- Table 194. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 544
- Table 195. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 545
- Table 196. Market players in printed and flexible energy storage and harvesting. 547
- Table 197. Macro-trends in displays. 552
- Table 198. Market drivers for Printed and flexible displays and electronic components. 552
- Table 199. Printed and flexible displays products. 556
- Table 200. Flexible miniLED and MicroLED products. 572
- Table 201. Comparison of performance metrics between microLEDs and other commercial display technologies. 572
- Table 202. Foldable smartphones, laptops and tablets and other display products, on or near market. 580
- Table 203. Companies developing OLED lighting products. 587
- Table 204. Types of electrochromic materials and applications. 594
- Table 205. Applications of Mini-LED and Micro-LED transparent displays. 602
- Table 206. Companies developing Micro-LED transparent displays. 605
- Table 207. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 606
- Table 208. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 607
- Table 209. Market challenges in printed and flexible displays. 608
- Table 210. Market players in printed and flexible displays. 609
- Table 211. Macro-trends in automotive. 613
- Table 212. Market drivers for printed and flexible electronics in automotive. 613
- Table 213. Printed and flexible electronics in the automotive market. 614
- Table 214. Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting. 617
- Table 215. Printed and flexible electronics are being integrated into vehicle interiors. 618
- Table 216. Applications of curved displays in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL). 623
- Table 217. Companies developing curved automotive displays. 623
- Table 218. Applications of Micro-LED in automotive. 627
- Table 219. HUD vs other display types. 629
- Table 220. Automotive display Mini-LED and Micro-LED products. 631
- Table 221. Conductive materials for transparent capacitive sensors. 634
- Table 222. Automotive applications for printed piezoresistive sensors. 635
- Table 223. Piezoelectric sensors for automotive applications. 636
- Table 224. Printed piezoelectric sensors in automotive applications. 636
- Table 225. SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS. 638
- Table 226. Types of printed photodetectors and image sensors developed for automotive applications 639
- Table 227. Comparison of SWIR image sensors technologies 639
- Table 228. Comparison of conventional and printed seat heaters for automotive applications. 640
- Table 229. Printed car seat heaters. 641
- Table 230. Types of Printed/flexible interior heaters. 641
- Table 231. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows. 644
- Table 232. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications. 644
- Table 233. Transparent electronics for automotive radar for ADAS. 645
- Table 234. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 648
- Table 235. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 648
- Table 236. Market challenges for printed and flexible electronics in automotive. 650
- Table 237. Market players in printed and flexible electronics in automotive. 651
- Table 238. Market opportunities in printed and flexible sensors. 659
- Table 239. Printed piezoresistive sensors Applications. 662
- Table 240.Printed piezoelectric sensors Applications. 666
- Table 241.Printed photodetectors Applications 669
- Table 242. Printed temperature sensors Applications. 673
- Table 243. Printed strain sensors Applications. 677
- Table 244.Printed Gas Sensor Applications. 681
- Table 245. Printed capacitive sensors Applications 686
- Table 246. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 692
- Table 247. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035by type (Billions USD). 694
- Table 248. Market players in printed and flexible sensors. 695
- Table 249. Macro-trends in smart buildings and construction. 716
- Table 250. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings. 717
- Table 251. Printed and flexible electronics being applied for building, infrastructure, and industrial applications. 719
- Table 252. Printed electronics in customizable smart building interiors. 720
- Table 253. Types of smart building sensors. 721
- Table 254. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings. 722
- Table 255. Capacitive sensors integrated into smart buildings. 723
- Table 256. Types of flexible humidity sensors. 724
- Table 257. MOF sensor applications. 727
- Table 258. Global market for printed and flexible smart buildings electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 732
- Table 259. Market players in printed and flexible smart buildings electronics. 735
- Table 260. Consumer goods applications for printed/flexible electronics. 743
- Table 261. Types of Active packaging. 746
- Table 262. Commercially available food active packaging. 746
- Table 263. Types of intelligent packaging. 747
- Table 264. Types of RFID tags. 749
- Table 265. Commercially available time-temperature indicators (TTI) indicators. 751
- Table 266. Commercially available freshness indicators. 753
- Table 267. Commercially available gas indicators. 753
- Table 268. Supply chain management considerations for smart electronic packaging targeted at consumers. 755
- Table 269. Types of printed/flexible electronics and materials that can be used to enhance packaging barcodes. 761
- Table 270. Commercially available freshness indicators. 764
- Table 271. Commercial examples of time-temperature indicators 765
- Table 272. Examples of Chemical Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs). 766
- Table 273. Types of ripeness indicators. 766
- Table 274. Commercially available gas indicators. 768
- Table 275. Chemical sensors in smart packaging. 768
- Table 276. Electrochemical-based sensors for smart food packaging. 768
- Table 277. Optical-based sensors for smart food packaging applications. 769
- Table 278. Electrochemical biosensors for smart food packaging: 769
- Table 279. Optical-Based Biosensors for smart food packaging. 770
- Table 280. Types of edible sensors for food packaging. 770
- Table 281. Commercially available radio frequency identification systems (RFID) technology. 776
- Table 282. Passive RFID: Technologies by Operating Frequency. 777
- Table 283. Examples of NFC in packaging. 780
- Table 284. Companies in smart blister packs. 781
- Table 285. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 782
- Table 286. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 783
- Table 287. Market players in smart packaging electronics. 785
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Examples of flexible electronics devices. 49
- Figure 2. Evolution of electronics. 51
- Figure 3. Applications for printed and flexible electronics. 52
- Figure 4. Wearable technology inventions. 53
- Figure 5. Market map for printed and flexible electronics. 66
- Figure 6. Wove Band. 68
- Figure 7. Wearable graphene medical sensor. 69
- Figure 8. 3D printed stretchable electronics. 70
- Figure 9. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition. 73
- Figure 10. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts. 74
- Figure 11. Systemization of wearable electronic systems. 75
- Figure 12. Baby Monitor. 81
- Figure 13. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors. 82
- Figure 14. LG 77” transparent 4K OLED TV. 83
- Figure 15. 137-inch N1 foldable TV. 84
- Figure 16. Flex Note Extendable™. 84
- Figure 17. Flex In & Out Flip. 85
- Figure 18. Traxcon printed lighting circuitry. 91
- Figure 19. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2018-2035, (millions USD). 95
- Figure 20. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars. 96
- Figure 21. Global market for Printed & Flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars. 97
- Figure 22. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars. 98
- Figure 23. Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars. 99
- Figure 24. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars. 100
- Figure 25. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars 101
- Figure 26. SWOT analysis for printed electronics. 104
- Figure 27. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics. 107
- Figure 28. SWOT analysis for analogue printing. 110
- Figure 29. SWOT analysis for digital printing. 113
- Figure 30. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products. 113
- Figure 31. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics. 116
- Figure 32. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing. 119
- Figure 33. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli. 125
- Figure 34. Supercooled Soldering™ Technology. 129
- Figure 35. Reflow soldering schematic. 130
- Figure 36. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow. 131
- Figure 37. Types of conductive inks and applications. 133
- Figure 38. Copper based inks on flexible substrate. 138
- Figure 39. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors. 144
- Figure 40. SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials. 148
- Figure 41. RFID Tag with Nano Copper Antenna on Paper. 150
- Figure 42. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits. 157
- Figure 43. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films. 158
- Figure 44. Flexible PCB. 161
- Figure 45. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries. 164
- Figure 46. SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting. 167
- Figure 47. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in consumer electronics. 172
- Figure 48. EmeTerm nausea relief wearable. 177
- Figure 49. Embr Wave for cooling and warming. 177
- Figure 50. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief. 178
- Figure 51. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables. 180
- Figure 52. FitBit Sense Watch. 180
- Figure 53. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration. 184
- Figure 54. Nuheara IQbuds² Max. 187
- Figure 55. HP Hearing PRO OTC Hearing Aid. 189
- Figure 56. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables). 192
- Figure 57. Beddr SleepTuner. 197
- Figure 58. Global market for printed and flexible consumer electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 203
- Figure 59. Global market revenues for printed and flexible consumer electronics, 2020-2035, (millions USD). 205
- Figure 60. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in medical and healthcare/wellness. 217
- Figure 61. Connected human body and product examples. 218
- Figure 62. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products. 224
- Figure 63. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs. 230
- Figure 64. Graphene medical patch. 233
- Figure 65. Graphene-based E-skin patch. 233
- Figure 66. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible electronics in skin patches. 237
- Figure 67. Enfucell wearable temperature tag. 238
- Figure 68. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer. 239
- Figure 69. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection. 240
- Figure 70. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor. 244
- Figure 71. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor. 244
- Figure 72. VitalPatch. 248
- Figure 73. Wearable ECG-textile. 248
- Figure 74. Wearable ECG recorder. 249
- Figure 75. Nexkin™. 250
- Figure 76. Bloomlife. 252
- Figure 77. Nanowire skin hydration patch. 253
- Figure 78. NIX sensors. 253
- Figure 79. Wearable sweat sensor. 254
- Figure 80. Wearable graphene sweat sensor. 255
- Figure 81. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch. 255
- Figure 82. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask. 256
- Figure 83. D-mine Pump. 257
- Figure 84. Lab-on-Skin™. 257
- Figure 85. My UV Patch. 259
- Figure 86. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch. 259
- Figure 87. Brilliantly Warm. 260
- Figure 88. Ava Fertility tracker. 261
- Figure 89. S9 Pro breast pump. 261
- Figure 90. Tempdrop. 262
- Figure 91. Digitsole Smartshoe. 263
- Figure 92. Schematic of smart wound dressing. 265
- Figure 93. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. 266
- Figure 94. ABENA Nova smart diaper. 267
- Figure 95. Honda Walking Assist. 268
- Figure 96. ABLE Exoskeleton. 269
- Figure 97. ANGEL-LEGS-M10. 269
- Figure 98. AGADEXO Shoulder. 269
- Figure 99. Enyware. 269
- Figure 100. AWN-12 occupational powered hip exoskeleton. 270
- Figure 101. CarrySuit passive upper-body exoskeleton. 270
- Figure 102. Axosuit lower body medical exoskeleton. 270
- Figure 103. FreeGait. 271
- Figure 104. InMotion Arm. 271
- Figure 105. Biomotum SPARK. 271
- Figure 106. PowerWalk energy. 271
- Figure 107. Keeogo™. 272
- Figure 108. MATE-XT. 272
- Figure 109. CDYS passive shoulder support exoskeleton. 272
- Figure 110. ALDAK. 273
- Figure 111. HAL® Lower Limb. 273
- Figure 112. DARWING PA. 273
- Figure 113. Dephy ExoBoot. 273
- Figure 114. EksoNR. 274
- Figure 115. Emovo Assist. 274
- Figure 116. HAPO. 274
- Figure 117. Atlas passive modular exoskeleton. 275
- Figure 118. ExoAtlet II. 275
- Figure 119. ExoHeaver. 275
- Figure 120. Exy ONE. 276
- Figure 121. ExoArm. 276
- Figure 122. ExoMotus. 276
- Figure 123. Gloreha Sinfonia. 276
- Figure 124. BELK Knee Exoskeleton. 277
- Figure 125. Apex exosuit. 277
- Figure 126. Honda Walking Assist. 277
- Figure 127. BionicBack. 278
- Figure 128. Muscle Suit. 278
- Figure 129.Japet.W powered exoskeleton. 278
- Figure 130.Ski~Mojo. 279
- Figure 131. AIRFRAME passive shoulder. 279
- Figure 132.FORTIS passive tool holding exoskeleton. 279
- Figure 133. Integrated Soldier Exoskeleton (UPRISE®). 280
- Figure 134.UNILEXA passive exoskeleton. 280
- Figure 135.HandTutor. 280
- Figure 136.MyoPro®. 281
- Figure 137.Myosuit. 281
- Figure 138. archelis wearable chair. 281
- Figure 139.Chairless Chair. 281
- Figure 140.Indego. 282
- Figure 141. Polyspine. 282
- Figure 142. Hercule powered lower body exoskeleton. 282
- Figure 143. ReStore Soft Exo-Suit. 283
- Figure 144. Hand of Hope. 283
- Figure 145. REX powered exoskeleton. 283
- Figure 146. Elevate Ski Exoskeleton. 284
- Figure 147. UGO210 exoskeleton. 284
- Figure 148. EsoGLOVE Pro. 284
- Figure 149. Roki. 284
- Figure 150. Powered Clothing. 285
- Figure 151. Againer shock absorbing exoskeleton. 285
- Figure 152. EasyWalk Assistive Soft Exoskeleton Walker. 285
- Figure 153. Skel-Ex. 285
- Figure 154. EXO-H3 lower limbs robotic exoskeleton. 286
- Figure 155. Ikan Tilta Max Armor-Man 2 286
- Figure 156. AMADEO hand and finger robotic rehabilitation device. 286
- Figure 157.Atalante autonomous lower-body exoskeleton. 287
- Figure 158. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 288
- Figure 159. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 289
- Figure 160. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles. 296
- Figure 161. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles. 297
- Figure 162. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles. 298
- Figure 163. Conductive yarns. 302
- Figure 164. H-Tee by H-Cube. 304
- Figure 165. Electronics integration in textiles: (a) textile-adapted, (b) textile-integrated (c) textile-basd. 305
- Figure 166. Stretchable polymer encapsulation microelectronics on textiles. 311
- Figure 167. Conductive yarns. 313
- Figure 168. Classification of conductive materials and process technology. 314
- Figure 169. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx. 323
- Figure 170. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 324
- Figure 171. BN nanosheet textiles application. 325
- Figure 172. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating. 327
- Figure 173. Schematic of inkjet-printed processes. 332
- Figure 174: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components. 337
- Figure 175. Schematic summary of the formulation of silver conductive inks. 338
- Figure 176. Copper based inks on flexible substrate. 340
- Figure 177: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube. 343
- Figure 178. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics. 344
- Figure 179. Graphene layer structure schematic. 345
- Figure 180. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 347
- Figure 181. PCM cooling vest. 350
- Figure 182. SMPU-treated cotton fabrics. 350
- Figure 183. Schematics of DIAPLEX membrane. 351
- Figure 184. SMP energy storage textiles. 352
- Figure 185. Nike x Acronym Blazer Sneakers. 356
- Figure 186. Adidas 3D Runner Pump. 356
- Figure 187. Under Armour Archi-TechFuturist. 356
- Figure 188. Reebok Reebok Liquid Speed. 356
- Figure 189. Radiate sports vest. 357
- Figure 190. Adidas smart insole. 360
- Figure 191. Applications of E-textiles. 364
- Figure 192. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket. 366
- Figure 193. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper. 367
- Figure 194. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles. 368
- Figure 195. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat. 370
- Figure 196. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products. 371
- Figure 197. iStimUweaR . 372
- Figure 198. Digitsole Smartshoe. 375
- Figure 199. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display. 377
- Figure 200. A mechanical glove, Robo-Glove, with pressure sensors and other sensors jointly developed by General Motors and NASA. 379
- Figure 201. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables. 380
- Figure 202. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques. 383
- Figure 203. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 385
- Figure 204. 3D printed piezoelectric material. 387
- Figure 205. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR. 388
- Figure 206. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 390
- Figure 207. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 392
- Figure 208. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy. 400
- Figure 209. Flexible batteries on the market. 401
- Figure 210. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage. 403
- Figure 211. Types of flexible batteries. 405
- Figure 212. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries. 406
- Figure 213. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures. 410
- Figure 214. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs. 413
- Figure 215. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f) 416
- Figure 216. Origami disposable battery. 417
- Figure 217. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt. 419
- Figure 218. Various applications of printed paper batteries. 421
- Figure 219.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery. 422
- Figure 220. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together. 424
- Figure 221. Sakuú's Swift Print 3D-printed solid-state battery cells. 436
- Figure 222. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III). 437
- Figure 223. Examples of applications of thin film batteries. 446
- Figure 224. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials. 447
- Figure 225. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right). 449
- Figure 226. Stretchable lithium-air battery for wearable electronics. 453
- Figure 227. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy. 459
- Figure 228. Transparent batteries. 464
- Figure 229. Degradable batteries. 466
- Figure 230 . Fraunhofer IFAM printed electrodes. 472
- Figure 231. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries. 473
- Figure 232. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs. 476
- Figure 233. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs. 476
- Figure 234. Main printing methods for supercapacitors. 494
- Figure 235. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 503
- Figure 236. Origami-like silicon solar cells. 504
- Figure 237. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 506
- Figure 238. Concept of microwave-transparent heaters for automotive radars. 509
- Figure 239. Defrosting and defogging transparent heater applications. 511
- Figure 240. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 545
- Figure 241. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 546
- Figure 242. LG Signature OLED TV R. 554
- Figure 243. Flexible display. 554
- Figure 244. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible displays. 556
- Figure 245. f-OLED N-shaped folding display. 556
- Figure 246. C SEED 37-inch N1 foldable TV. 557
- Figure 247. DELL Ori. 557
- Figure 248. Gloshine curved LED screen. 557
- Figure 249. Huawei Mate X3. 558
- Figure 250. LG Media Chair. 559
- Figure 251. LG Virtual Ride. 559
- Figure 252. Microsoft Surface Duo 2 . 559
- Figure 253. Motorola Razr. 559
- Figure 254. Mirage smart speaker with wraparound touch display. 560
- Figure 255. Samsung Galaxy Fold. 561
- Figure 256. Vivo X Flip. 562
- Figure 257. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius. 564
- Figure 258. Foldable organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panel. 565
- Figure 259. AMOLED schematic. 567
- Figure 260. LG rollable OLED TV. 568
- Figure 261. OLED structure. 570
- Figure 262. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display. 571
- Figure 263. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level microLED transferring. 571
- Figure 264. Foldable 4K C SEED M1. 572
- Figure 265. Stamp-based transfer-printing techniques. 573
- Figure 266: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots. 574
- Figure 267. Samsung S-foldable display. 575
- Figure 268. Samsung slideable display. 576
- Figure 269. Samsung foldable battery patent schematic. 577
- Figure 270. Rollable 65RX OLED TV. 578
- Figure 271. Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Fold. 578
- Figure 272. LG Chem foldable display. 579
- Figure 273. Samsung Display Flex G folding smartphones. 579
- Figure 274. Asus Foldable Phone. 580
- Figure 275. Asus Zenbook 17 Fold. 580
- Figure 276. Dell Concept Ori. 581
- Figure 277. Intel Foldable phone. 581
- Figure 278. ThinkPad X1 Fold. 582
- Figure 279. Motorola Razr. 582
- Figure 280. Oppo Find N folding phone. 583
- Figure 281. Oppo Find N2 Flip. 583
- Figure 282. Royole FlexPai 2. 583
- Figure 283. Royole FlexPai 3 from CES 2024. 584
- Figure 284. Galaxy Fold 3. 584
- Figure 285. Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3 584
- Figure 286. TCL Tri-Fold Foldable Phone 585
- Figure 287. TCL rollable phone. 585
- Figure 288. Xiaomi Mi MIX Flex. 586
- Figure 289. LG OLED flexible lighting panel. 587
- Figure 290. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight. 588
- Figure 291. Audi 2022 A8 . 589
- Figure 292. Electrophoretic display applications. 591
- Figure 293. Passive reflective displays with flexibility. 592
- Figure 294. Plastic Logic 5.4” Iridis™ display. 593
- Figure 295. Argil electrochromic film integrated with polycarbonate lenses. 594
- Figure 296. Transparent and flexible metamaterial film developed by Sekishi Chemical. 598
- Figure 297. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of several metalens antenna forms. 599
- Figure 298. Design concepts of soft mechanical metamaterials with large negative swelling ratios and tunable stress-strain curves. 601
- Figure 299. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations. 603
- Figure 300. 7.56" high transparency & frameless Micro-LED display. 604
- Figure 301. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display. 604
- Figure 302. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry. 605
- Figure 303. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 607
- Figure 304. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 608
- Figure 305. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in automotive. 614
- Figure 306. Automotive display concept. 618
- Figure 307. Mercedes MBUX Hyperscreen. 619
- Figure 308. AUO Smart Cockpit with 55-inch pillar-to-pillar curved display. 623
- Figure 309. Cadillac XT4 33-inch curved LED touchscreen display 624
- Figure 310. Continental Curved Ultrawide Display. 624
- Figure 311. Hyundai 2024 Sonata panoramic curved display. 624
- Figure 312. Peugeot 3008 fastback SUV curved wide-screen display. 625
- Figure 313. TCL CSOT single, continuous flexible curved automotive display panel. 625
- Figure 314. AUO automotive display. 626
- Figure 315. Micro-LED automotive display. 626
- Figure 316. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD. 629
- Figure 317. Rear lamp utilizing flexible Micro-LEDs. 631
- Figure 318. SWOT analysis for integrated antennas with printed electronics in automotive. 647
- Figure 319. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 648
- Figure 320. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 650
- Figure 321. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 693
- Figure 322. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035 by type (Billions USD). 694
- Figure 323. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart buildings and construction. Source: Future Markets. 719
- Figure 324. Use of sensors in smart buildings. 722
- Figure 325. Global market for printed and flexible smart buildings electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 733
- Figure 326. Active and Intelligent packaging classification. 738
- Figure 327. Smart packaging for detecting bacteria growth in milk containers. 739
- Figure 328. RFID tags with printed silver antennas on paper substrates. 741
- Figure 329. Smart card incorporating an ultra-thin battery. 748
- Figure 330. RFID ultra micro battery. 750
- Figure 331. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart packaging. 755
- Figure 332. Active packaging film. 757
- Figure 333. Anti-counterfeiting smart label. 758
- Figure 334. Security tag developed by Nanotech Security. 761
- Figure 335. Fundamental principle of a gas sensor for detecting CO2 (gas) after food spoilage 767
- Figure 336. A standard RFID system. 772
- Figure 337. RFID functions and applications of silver nanoparticle inks. 773
- Figure 338. OHMEGA Conductive Ink + Touchcode box. 774
- Figure 339. Wiliot RFID. 775
- Figure 340. Smart blister pack. 780
- Figure 341. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume). 783
- Figure 342. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 784
Payment methods: Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Paypal, Bank Transfer. To order by Bank Transfer (Invoice) select this option from the payment methods menu after adding to cart.