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The Global Market for Advanced Li-ion and Beyond Lithium Batteries 2025-2035

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  • Published: November 2025
  • Pages: 665
  • Tables: 173
  • Figures: 182

 

The lithium-ion battery market has experienced remarkable growth in recent years, driven by the increasing demand for energy storage solutions across various sectors, particularly in electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy applications. As the world transitions towards increasing sustainability, the need for advanced battery technologies that offer higher energy density, faster charging, improved safety, and longer lifespans has become increasingly crucial.

The current lithium-ion battery market is dominated by well-established players, such as Tesla, Panasonic, LG Chem, CATL, and BYD, who have made significant strides in improving the performance and cost-effectiveness of these batteries. However, the industry is also witnessing the emergence of innovative technologies that go beyond traditional lithium-ion chemistries, promising even greater advancements in energy storage capabilities. One of the most promising developments in the advanced battery market is the rise of lithium-metal anodes. Lithium-metal batteries have the potential to offer significantly higher energy densities compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries, thanks to the use of metallic lithium as the anode material. Companies like QuantumScape, SolidEnergy Systems, and Sila Nanotechnologies are at the forefront of this technology, focusing on developing solid-state electrolytes and novel anode designs to overcome the challenges associated with lithium-metal, such as dendrite formation and safety concerns.

Another area of intense research and development is lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Lithium-sulfur chemistry offers the promise of even higher energy densities, as well as the potential for lower cost due to the abundance and relatively low price of sulfur. Beyond lithium-based systems, the advanced battery market is also witnessing the emergence of alternative chemistries, such as sodium-ion (Na-ion) and zinc-ion batteries. These technologies can provide cost-effective and potentially safer alternatives to lithium-ion, particularly in applications where high energy density is not the primary concern, such as stationary energy storage and grid-scale applications. 

The future outlook for the advanced lithium-ion and beyond lithium battery market is both promising and complex. While lithium-ion batteries are expected to maintain their dominance in the near to medium term, the next decade will likely see a diversification of battery technologies to meet the increasingly diverse and demanding needs of the energy storage market. One key driver of this market evolution will be the continued push for higher energy density and faster charging capabilities, particularly in the EV sector. As consumers demand longer driving ranges and quicker recharge times, the race to develop the next generation of high-performance battery technologies will intensify. This, in turn, will spur further investments in research and development, as well as advancements in manufacturing processes and supply chain optimization. Geopolitical considerations will also play a significant role in the future of the advanced battery market. The increasing global competition for critical raw materials, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, has highlighted the need for diversified and resilient supply chains. This, coupled with the push for energy independence and national security concerns, will likely accelerate the development of battery technologies that rely on more abundant and locally available resources, such as sodium and zinc.

The Global Market for Advanced Li-ion and Beyond Lithium Batteries 2025-2035 provides an in-depth analysis of the rapidly evolving sector, offering invaluable insights for industry stakeholders, technology developers, and investors. With a focus on the key application areas of electric vehicles, grid storage, consumer electronics, and stationary batteries, the study delves deep into the latest technological advancements, market trends, and competitive landscape.

Report contents include:

  • Detailed analysis of the global market for advanced Li-ion batteries, including forecasts for major application segments such as electric vehicles, grid storage, and consumer electronics.
  • Comprehensive coverage of emerging battery technologies beyond lithium-ion, including lithium-metal, lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, and solid-state batteries, with market sizing and growth projections.
  • Examination of the evolving battery material landscape, including advancements in anode (silicon, lithium titanate), cathode (high-nickel, lithium-rich), and electrolyte technologies.
  • Detailed profiles of over 375 companies active in the advanced battery ecosystem, covering their product offerings, technology roadmaps, and strategic partnerships. Companies profiled include 2D Fab AB, 24M Technologies, Inc., 3DOM Inc., 6K Energy, AC Biode, ACCURE, Addionics, Advano, Agora Energy Technologies, Aionics Inc., AirMembrane Corporation, Allegro Energy Pty. Ltd., Alsym Energy, Altairnano / Yinlong, Altris AB, Aluma Power, Altech Batteries Ltd., Ambri, Inc., AMO Greentech, Ampcera, Inc., Amprius, Inc., AMTE Power, Anaphite Limited, Anthro Energy, APB Corporation, Appear Inc., Ateios Systems, Atlas Materials, Australian Advanced Materials, Australian Vanadium Limited, Australia VRFB ESS Company (AVESS), Avanti Battery Company, AZUL Energy Co., Ltd, BAK Power Battery, BASF, BattGenie Inc., Basquevolt, Bedimensional S.p.A, Bemp Research Company, BenAn Energy Technology, BGT Materials Ltd., Big Pawer, Biwatt Power, Black Diamond Structures, LLC, Blackstone Resources, Blue Current, Inc., Blue Solutions, Blue Spark Technologies, Inc., Bodi, Inc., Brill Power, BrightVolt, Inc., Britishvolt, Broadbit Batteries Oy, BTR New Energy Materials, Inc., BYD Company Limited, Cabot Corporation, California Lithium Battery, CAPCHEM, CarbonScape Ltd., CBAK Energy Technology, Inc., CCL Design, CEC Science & Technology Co., Ltd, CENS Materials, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd (CATL), CellCube, CellsX, CENS Materials Ltd., Central Glass Co., Ltd., CERQ, Ceylon Graphene Technologies (Pvt) Ltd, Cham Battery Technology, Chasm Advanced Materials, Inc., Chemix, Chengdu Baisige Technology Co., Ltd., China Sodium-ion Times, Citrine Informatics, Clarios, Clim8, CMBlu Energy AG, Connexx Systems Corp, Customcells, Cymbet, Dalian Rongke Power, DFD, Doctors (Tianjin) Energy Technology, Dotz Nano, Dreamweaver International, Eatron Technologies, Ecellix, Echion Technologies, EcoPro BM, ElecJet, Elestor, EcoPro BM, Elegus Technologies, Elisa IndustrIQ, E-Magy, Energy Storage Industries, Enerpoly AB, Enfucell Oy, Enevate, EnPower Greentech, Enovix, Ensurge Micropower ASA, E-Zinc, Eos Energy, Enzinc, Eonix Energy, ESS Tech, EthonAI, EVE Energy Co., Ltd, Exencell New Energy, Factorial Energy, Faradion Limited, Farasis Energy, FDK Corporation, Feon Energy, Inc., FinDream, FlexEnergy LLC, Flow Aluminum, Inc., Flux XII, Forge Nano, Inc., Forsee Power, Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS), Front Edge Technology, Fuelium, Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd., Fujian Super Power New Energy, Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Ganfeng Lithium, Gelion Technologies Pty Ltd., Geyser Batteries Oy, GDI, General Motors (GM), Global Graphene Group, Gnanomat S.L., Gotion High Tech, GQenergy srl, Grafentek, Grafoid, Graphene Batteries AS, Graphene Manufacturing Group Pty Ltd, Great Power Energy, Green Energy Storage S.r.l. (GES), GRST, Guoke Tanmei New Materials, GUS Technology, Shenzhen Grepow Battery Co., Ltd. (Grepow), Group14 Technologies, Inc., Corporation Guangzhou Automobile New Energy (GAC), H2 Inc., Hansol Chemical, HE3DA Ltd., Hexalayer LLC, High Performance Battery Holding AG, HiNa Battery Technologies Limited, Hirose Paper Mfg Co., Ltd., Hitachi Zosen Corporation, Horizontal Na Energy, HPQ Nano Silicon Powders Inc., Hua Na New Materials, Hybrid Kinetic Group, HydraRedox Iberia S.L. and more.....
  • Exploration of innovative battery designs, such as flexible, transparent, and degradable batteries, and their potential applications.
  • In-depth analysis of the battery recycling industry, including the strengths and weaknesses of various recycling techniques.
  • Insights into the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in accelerating battery innovation, from material discovery to manufacturing optimization.

 

 

 

1             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              42

  • 1.1        Report scope 42
  • 1.2        Research methodology           42

 

2             INTRODUCTION          43

  • 2.1        The global market for advanced Li-ion batteries     43
    • 2.1.1    Electric vehicles           44
      • 2.1.1.1 Market overview           44
      • 2.1.1.2 Battery Electric Vehicles        45
      • 2.1.1.3 Electric buses, vans and trucks         46
        • 2.1.1.3.1           Electric medium and heavy duty trucks       46
        • 2.1.1.3.2           Electric light commercial vehicles (LCVs)  47
        • 2.1.1.3.3           Electric buses               47
        • 2.1.1.3.4           Micro EVs         48
      • 2.1.1.4 Electric off-road           49
        • 2.1.1.4.1           Construction vehicles              49
        • 2.1.1.4.2           Electric trains 51
        • 2.1.1.4.3           Electric boats 51
      • 2.1.1.5 Market demand and forecasts           53
    • 2.1.2    Grid storage    56
      • 2.1.2.1 Market overview           56
      • 2.1.2.2 Technologies  57
      • 2.1.2.3 Market demand and forecasts           58
    • 2.1.3    Consumer electronics             59
      • 2.1.3.1 Market overview           59
      • 2.1.3.2 Technologies  59
      • 2.1.3.3 Market demand and forecasts           60
    • 2.1.4    Stationary batteries   61
      • 2.1.4.1 Market overview           61
      • 2.1.4.2 Technologies  62
      • 2.1.4.3 Market demand and forecasts           63
    • 2.1.5    Market Forecasts        63
  • 2.2        Market drivers                65
  • 2.3        Battery market megatrends  67
  • 2.4        Advanced materials for batteries      70
  • 2.5        Motivation for battery development beyond lithium            70
  • 2.6        Battery chemistries   71

 

3             LI-ION BATTERIES       72

  • 3.1        Types of Lithium Batteries     75
  • 3.2        Anode materials          78
    • 3.2.1    Graphite            79
    • 3.2.2    Lithium Titanate           79
    • 3.2.3    Lithium Metal 80
    • 3.2.4    Silicon anodes              80
  • 3.3        SWOT analysis              80
  • 3.4        Trends in the Li-ion battery market  81
  • 3.5        Silicon anodes              82
    • 3.5.1    Benefits             83
    • 3.5.2    Silicon anode performance  84
    • 3.5.3    Development in li-ion batteries          86
      • 3.5.3.1 Manufacturing silicon              87
      • 3.5.3.2 Commercial production         88
      • 3.5.3.3 Costs  90
      • 3.5.3.4 Value chain     90
      • 3.5.3.5 Markets and applications      91
        • 3.5.3.5.1           EVs       92
        • 3.5.3.5.2           Consumer electronics             93
        • 3.5.3.5.3           Energy Storage              94
        • 3.5.3.5.4           Portable Power Tools 94
        • 3.5.3.5.5           Emergency Backup Power     95
      • 3.5.3.6 Future outlook              95
    • 3.5.4    Consumption 96
      • 3.5.4.1 By anode material type            96
      • 3.5.4.2 By end use market      97
    • 3.5.5    Alloy anode materials              98
    • 3.5.6    Silicon-carbon composites  98
    • 3.5.7    Silicon oxides and coatings  99
    • 3.5.8    Carbon nanotubes in Li-ion  99
    • 3.5.9    Graphene coatings for Li-ion               99
    • 3.5.10 Prices  100
    • 3.5.11 Companies     100
  • 3.6        Li-ion electrolytes        102
  • 3.7        Cathodes          103
    • 3.7.1    Materials           103
      • 3.7.1.1 High and Ultra-High nickel cathode materials         104
      • 3.7.1.2 Types   104
      • 3.7.1.3 Benefits             105
      • 3.7.1.4 Stability             105
      • 3.7.1.5 Single Crystal Cathodes         107
      • 3.7.1.6 Commercial activity  107
      • 3.7.1.7 Manufacturing              108
      • 3.7.1.8 High manganese content       108
      • 3.7.1.9 Li-Mn-rich cathodes  109
      • 3.7.1.10            LMR-NMC        109
      • 3.7.1.11            Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO          110
      • 3.7.1.12            Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP     110
      • 3.7.1.13            Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO          111
      • 3.7.1.14            Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC 112
      • 3.7.1.15            Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA       113
      • 3.7.1.16            Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnP)      114
      • 3.7.1.17            Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMnFePO4 or LMFP)             114
      • 3.7.1.18            Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO)    115
      • 3.7.1.19            Zero-Cobalt NMx         116
    • 3.7.2    Alternative Cathode Production        116
      • 3.7.2.1 Production/Synthesis               116
      • 3.7.2.2 Commercial development    117
      • 3.7.2.3 Recycling cathodes    119
    • 3.7.3    Comparison of key lithium-ion cathode materials 120
    • 3.7.4    Emerging cathode material synthesis methods      121
    • 3.7.5    Cathode coatings        121
  • 3.8        Binders and conductive additives    122
    • 3.8.1    Materials           122
  • 3.9        Separators       122
    • 3.9.1    Materials           122
  • 3.10     Platinum group metals            123
  • 3.11     Li-ion battery market players               123
  • 3.12     Li-ion recycling              124
    • 3.12.1 Comparison of recycling techniques              126
    • 3.12.2 Hydrometallurgy          127
      • 3.12.2.1            Method overview         127
        • 3.12.2.1.1        Solvent extraction       129
      • 3.12.2.2            SWOT analysis              129
    • 3.12.3 Pyrometallurgy              130
      • 3.12.3.1            Method overview         130
      • 3.12.3.2            SWOT analysis              131
    • 3.12.4 Direct recycling             132
      • 3.12.4.1            Method overview         132
        • 3.12.4.1.1        Electrolyte separation              133
        • 3.12.4.1.2        Separating cathode and anode materials   133
        • 3.12.4.1.3        Binder removal             134
        • 3.12.4.1.4        Relithiation      134
        • 3.12.4.1.5        Cathode recovery and rejuvenation                135
        • 3.12.4.1.6        Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling                135
      • 3.12.4.2            SWOT analysis              136
    • 3.12.5 Other methods             137
      • 3.12.5.1            Mechanochemical Pretreatment      137
      • 3.12.5.2            Electrochemical Method        137
      • 3.12.5.3            Ionic Liquids   137
    • 3.12.6 Recycling of Specific Components 138
      • 3.12.6.1            Anode (Graphite)         138
      • 3.12.6.2            Cathode            138
      • 3.12.6.3            Electrolyte        138
    • 3.12.7 Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries               139
      • 3.12.7.1            Conventional vs Emerging Processes            139
  • 3.13     Global revenues           140

 

4             LITHIUM-METAL BATTERIES 142

  • 4.1        Technology description           142
  • 4.2        Lithium-metal anodes             143
  • 4.3        Challenges      143
  • 4.4        Energy density               144
  • 4.5        Anode-less Cells         144
  • 4.6        Lithium-metal and solid-state batteries       145
  • 4.7        Applications   146
  • 4.8        SWOT analysis              146
  • 4.9        Product developers    147

 

5             LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES              149

  • 5.1        Technology description           149
    • 5.1.1    Advantages     149
    • 5.1.2    Challenges      150
    • 5.1.3    Commercialization    150
  • 5.2        SWOT analysis              151
  • 5.3        Global revenues           152
  • 5.4        Product developers    154

 

6             LITHIUM TITANATE OXIDE AND NIOBATE BATTERIES           155

  • 6.1        Technology description           155
    • 6.1.1    Lithium titanate oxide              155
    • 6.1.2    Niobium titanium oxide (NTO)            155
      • 6.1.2.1 Niobium tungsten oxide          156
      • 6.1.2.2 Vanadium oxide anodes         157
  • 6.2        Global revenues           157
  • 6.3        Product developers    158

 

7             SODIUM-ION (NA-ION) BATTERIES 160

  • 7.1        Technology description           160
    • 7.1.1    Cathode materials     160
      • 7.1.1.1 Layered transition metal oxides        160
        • 7.1.1.1.1           Types   160
        • 7.1.1.1.2           Cycling performance 161
        • 7.1.1.1.3           Advantages and disadvantages        161
        • 7.1.1.1.4           Market prospects for LO SIB 162
      • 7.1.1.2 Polyanionic materials               162
        • 7.1.1.2.1           Advantages and disadvantages        163
        • 7.1.1.2.2           Types   163
        • 7.1.1.2.3           Market prospects for Poly SIB             164
      • 7.1.1.3 Prussian blue analogues (PBA)          164
        • 7.1.1.3.1           Types   165
        • 7.1.1.3.2           Advantages and disadvantages        165
        • 7.1.1.3.3           Market prospects for PBA-SIB             166
    • 7.1.2    Anode materials          166
      • 7.1.2.1 Hard carbons 167
      • 7.1.2.2 Carbon black 168
      • 7.1.2.3 Graphite            169
      • 7.1.2.4 Carbon nanotubes     172
      • 7.1.2.5 Graphene         173
      • 7.1.2.6 Alloying materials       174
      • 7.1.2.7 Sodium Titanates        175
      • 7.1.2.8 Sodium Metal 175
    • 7.1.3    Electrolytes     175
  • 7.2        Comparative analysis with other battery types        176
  • 7.3        Cost comparison with Li-ion                177
  • 7.4        Materials in sodium-ion battery cells             177
  • 7.5        SWOT analysis              180
  • 7.6        Global revenues           181
  • 7.7        Product developers    182
    • 7.7.1    Battery Manufacturers            182
    • 7.7.2    Large Corporations    183
    • 7.7.3    Automotive Companies          183
    • 7.7.4    Chemicals and Materials Firms         183

 

8             SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES             184

  • 8.1        Technology description           184
  • 8.2        Applications   185
  • 8.3        SWOT analysis              186

 

9             ALUMINIUM-ION BATTERIES               188

  • 9.1        Technology description           188
  • 9.2        SWOT analysis              189
  • 9.3        Commercialization    190
  • 9.4        Global revenues           190
  • 9.5        Product developers    191

 

10          ALL-SOLID STATE BATTERIES (ASSBs)           192

  • 10.1     Technology description           192
    • 10.1.1 Solid-state electrolytes            194
  • 10.2     Features and advantages      195
  • 10.3     Technical specifications         196
  • 10.4     Types   198
  • 10.5     Microbatteries               200
    • 10.5.1 Introduction    200
    • 10.5.2 Materials           201
    • 10.5.3 Applications   201
    • 10.5.4 3D designs      202
      • 10.5.4.1            3D printed batteries   202
  • 10.6     Bulk type solid-state batteries            202
  • 10.7     SWOT analysis              203
  • 10.8     Limitations      204
  • 10.9     Global revenues           206
  • 10.10  Product developers    207

 

11          FLEXIBLE BATTERIES 209

  • 11.1     Technology description           209
  • 11.2     Technical specifications         210
    • 11.2.1 Approaches to flexibility         210
  • 11.3     Markets and applications      215
  • 11.4     Flexible electronics    215
    • 11.4.1 Flexible materials        216
  • 11.5     Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries            217
  • 11.6     Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries   218
  • 11.7     Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries             218
    • 11.7.1 Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs    221
      • 11.7.1.1            Flexible planar LiBs   222
      • 11.7.1.2            Flexible Fiber LiBs       222
      • 11.7.1.3            Flexible micro-LiBs    222
      • 11.7.1.4            Stretchable lithium-ion batteries      224
      • 11.7.1.5            Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries  225
  • 11.8     Flexible Li/S batteries                226
    • 11.8.1 Components  227
    • 11.8.2 Carbon nanomaterials            227
  • 11.9     Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 228
    • 11.9.1 Printed Batteries          228
      • 11.9.1.1            Technical specifications         228
      • 11.9.1.2            Components  229
      • 11.9.1.3            Design 230
      • 11.9.1.4            Key features    231
        • 11.9.1.4.1        Printable current collectors  232
        • 11.9.1.4.2        Printable electrodes  232
        • 11.9.1.4.3        Materials           233
        • 11.9.1.4.4        Applications   234
        • 11.9.1.4.5        Printing techniques    236
        • 11.9.1.4.6        Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries    238
        • 11.9.1.4.7        Zinc-based printed batteries                240
        • 11.9.1.4.8        3D Printed batteries   243
          • 11.9.1.4.8.1   Materials for 3D printed batteries     247
  • 11.10  Flexible zinc-based batteries               248
    • 11.10.1              Components  248
      • 11.10.1.1         Anodes              248
      • 11.10.1.2         Cathodes          249
    • 11.10.2              Challenges      249
    • 11.10.3              Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries             249
    • 11.10.4              Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries              250
    • 11.10.5              Flexible Zn–Air batteries          251
    • 11.10.6              Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries      252
  • 11.11  Fiber-shaped batteries             252
    • 11.11.1              Carbon nanotubes     253
    • 11.11.2              Types   253
    • 11.11.3              Applications   254
    • 11.11.4              Challenges      255
  • 11.12  Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices         255
  • 11.13  SWOT analysis              257
  • 11.14  Global revenues           258
  • 11.15  Product developers    259

 

12          TRANSPARENT BATTERIES    262

  • 12.1     Technology description           262
  • 12.2     Components  263
  • 12.3     SWOT analysis              264
  • 12.4     Market outlook             265

 

13          DEGRADABLE BATTERIES      266

  • 13.1     Technology description           266
  • 13.2     Components  267
  • 13.3     SWOT analysis              268
  • 13.4     Market outlook             269
  • 13.5     Product developers    269

 

14          PRINTED BATTERIES 270

  • 14.1     Technical specifications         270
  • 14.2     Components  271
  • 14.3     Design 272
  • 14.4     Key features    273
  • 14.5     Printable current collectors  274
  • 14.6     Printable electrodes  274
  • 14.7     Materials           274
  • 14.8     Applications   275
  • 14.9     Printing techniques    275
  • 14.10  Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries    277
  • 14.11  Zinc-based printed batteries                278
  • 14.12  3D Printed batteries   280
    • 14.12.1              3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing 282
    • 14.12.2              Materials for 3D printed batteries     283
      • 14.12.2.1         Electrode materials   283
      • 14.12.2.2         Electrolyte Materials 284
  • 14.13  SWOT analysis              284
  • 14.14  Global revenues           285
  • 14.15  Product developers    286

 

15          REDOX FLOW BATTERIES      289

  • 15.1     Technology description           289
  • 15.2     Types   291
    • 15.2.1 Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)          292
      • 15.2.1.1            Technology description           292
      • 15.2.1.2            SWOT analysis              294
      • 15.2.1.3            Market players               295
    • 15.2.2 Zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZnBr)  296
      • 15.2.2.1            Technology description           296
      • 15.2.2.2            SWOT analysis              298
      • 15.2.2.3            Market players               299
    • 15.2.3 Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)     300
      • 15.2.3.1            Technology description           300
      • 15.2.3.2            SWOT analysis              301
    • 15.2.4 Iron-chromium flow batteries (ICB) 302
      • 15.2.4.1            Technology description           302
      • 15.2.4.2            SWOT analysis              303
      • 15.2.4.3            Market players               304
    • 15.2.5 All-Iron flow batteries                304
      • 15.2.5.1            Technology description           304
      • 15.2.5.2            SWOT analysis              306
      • 15.2.5.3            Market players               307
    • 15.2.6 Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries          307
      • 15.2.6.1            Technology description           307
      • 15.2.6.2            SWOT analysis              309
      • 15.2.6.3            Market players               310
    • 15.2.7 Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries      310
      • 15.2.7.1            Technology description           310
      • 15.2.7.2            SWOT analysis              312
      • 15.2.7.3            Market players               313
    • 15.2.8 Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries             313
      • 15.2.8.1            Technology description           313
      • 15.2.8.2            SWOT analysis              314
      • 15.2.8.3            Market players               316
    • 15.2.9 Organic flow batteries              316
      • 15.2.9.1            Technology description           316
      • 15.2.9.2            SWOT analysis              318
      • 15.2.9.3            Market players               319
    • 15.2.10              Emerging Flow-Batteries         320
      • 15.2.10.1         Semi-Solid Redox Flow Batteries      320
      • 15.2.10.2         Solar Redox Flow Batteries   321
      • 15.2.10.3         Air-Breathing Sulfur Flow Batteries  321
      • 15.2.10.4         Metal–CO2 Batteries 322
    • 15.2.11              Hybrid Flow Batteries               322
      • 15.2.11.1         Zinc-Cerium Hybrid Flow Batteries  322
        • 15.2.11.1.1     Technology description           322
      • 15.2.11.2         Zinc-Polyiodide Flow Batteries           323
        • 15.2.11.2.1     Technology description           323
      • 15.2.11.3         Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow Batteries    325
        • 15.2.11.3.1     Technology description           325
      • 15.2.11.4         Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow Batteries               326
        • 15.2.11.4.1     Technology description           326
      • 15.2.11.5         Vanadium-Polyhalide Flow Batteries              327
        • 15.2.11.5.1     Technology description           327
  • 15.3     Markets for redox flow batteries         328
  • 15.4     Global revenues           331

 

16          ZN-BASED BATTERIES              333

  • 16.1     Technology description           333
    • 16.1.1 Zinc-Air batteries         333
    • 16.1.2 Zinc-ion batteries        334
    • 16.1.3 Zinc-bromide 335
  • 16.2     Market outlook             335
  • 16.3     Product developers    336

 

17          AI BATTERY TECHNOLOGY   337

  • 17.1     Overview           337
  • 17.2     Applications   337
    • 17.2.1 Machine Learning       337
      • 17.2.1.1            Overview           337
    • 17.2.2 Material Informatics  339
      • 17.2.2.1            Overview           339
      • 17.2.2.2            Companies     341
    • 17.2.3 Cell Testing      343
      • 17.2.3.1            Overview           343
      • 17.2.3.2            Companies     344
    • 17.2.4 Cell Assembly and Manufacturing  346
      • 17.2.4.1            Overview           346
      • 17.2.4.2            Companies     348
    • 17.2.5 Battery Analytics         349
      • 17.2.5.1            Overview           349
      • 17.2.5.2            Companies     351
    • 17.2.6 Second Life Assessment       352
      • 17.2.6.1            Overview           352
      • 17.2.6.2            Companies     353

 

18          PRINTED SUPERCAPACITORS            354

  • 18.1     Electrode materials   355
  • 18.2     Electrolytes     356

 

19          COMPANY PROFILES                360 (378 company profiles)

 

20          REFERENCES 638

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Battery chemistries used in electric buses.            48
  • Table 2. Micro EV types            48
  • Table 3. Battery Sizes for Different Vehicle Types.  50
  • Table 4. Competing technologies for batteries in electric boats. 52
  • Table 5. Electric bus, truck and van battery forecast (GWh), 2018-2035.              54
  • Table 6. Competing technologies for batteries in grid storage.     57
  • Table 7. Competing technologies for batteries in consumer electronics                59
  • Table 8. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in grid storage.          62
  • Table 9. Total Addressable Markets (GWh) for Advanced Li-ion and Beyond Li-ion Batteries.   63
  • Table 10. BEV Car Cathode Forecast (GWh).            63
  • Table 11. EV Cathode Forecast (GWh) (Including buses, trucks, vans).  63
  • Table 12. BEV Anode Forecast (GWh).           64
  • Table 13. EV Anode Forecast (GWh) (Including buses, trucks, vans).       64
  • Table 14.Consumer Devices Anode Forecast.         64
  • Table 15.Advanced Anode Forecast (GWh)                65
  • Table 16. Market drivers for use of advanced materials and technologies in batteries. 65
  • Table 17. Battery market megatrends.           67
  • Table 18. Advanced materials for batteries.               70
  • Table 19. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition.     72
  • Table 20.  Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain.            75
  • Table 21. Types of lithium battery.    76
  • Table 22. Comparison of Li-ion battery anode materials. 78
  • Table 23. Trends in the Li-ion battery market.           81
  • Table 24. Si-anode performance summary.              84
  • Table 25. Manufacturing methods for nano-silicon anodes.          87
  • Table 26. Market Players' Production Capacites.   88
  • Table 27. Strategic Partnerships and Agreements.                89
  • Table 28. Markets and applications for silicon anodes.     92
  • Table 29. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes). 96
  • Table 30. Anode material consumption by end use market (tonnes).       97
  • Table 31. Anode materials prices, current and forecasted.             100
  • Table 32. Silicon-anode companies.              100
  • Table 33. Li-ion battery cathode materials.                103
  • Table 34. Key technology trends shaping lithium-ion battery cathode development.    104
  • Table 35. Benefits of High and Ultra-High Nickel NMC.      105
  • Table 36. High-nickel Products Table.            107
  • Table 37. Properties of Lithium Cobalt Oxide) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.               110
  • Table 38. Properties of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.          111
  • Table 39. Properties of Lithium Manganese Oxide cathode material.       112
  • Table 40. Properties of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC).               113
  • Table 41. Properties of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide   114
  • Table 42. Alternative Cathode Production Routes.               116
  • Table 43. Alternative cathode synthesis routes.     117
  • Table 44. Alternative Cathode Production Companies.     118
  • Table 45. Recycled cathode materials facilities and capactites. 120
  • Table 46. Comparison table of key lithium-ion cathode materials              121
  • Table 47. Li-ion battery Binder and conductive additive materials.            122
  • Table 48. Li-ion battery Separator materials.            123
  • Table 49. Li-ion battery market players.        124
  • Table 50. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow.         125
  • Table 51. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries.            126
  • Table 52. Comparison of LIB recycling methods.   126
  • Table 53. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries.          139
  • Table 54. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).    140
  • Table 55. Applications for Li-metal batteries.           146
  • Table 56. Li-metal battery developers            148
  • Table 57. Comparison of the theoretical energy densities of lithium-sulfur batteries versus other common battery types.           149
  • Table 58. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).      152
  • Table 59. Lithium-sulphur battery product developers.     154
  • Table 60. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).  157
  • Table 61. Product developers in Lithium titanate and niobate batteries.                158
  • Table 62. Comparison of cathode materials.            160
  • Table 63.  Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. 160
  • Table 64. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials.     161
  • Table 65. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes.             162
  • Table 66. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials.           163
  • Table 67.  Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries.  165
  • Table 68. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials.              166
  • Table 69. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes.            167
  • Table 70. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes.          168
  • Table 71. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite.               170
  • Table 72. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.     173
  • Table 73. Comparison of carbon based anodes.    174
  • Table 74.  Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries.             174
  • Table 75. Na-ion electrolyte formulations. 175
  • Table 76. Pros and cons compared to other battery types.              176
  • Table 77. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries.   177
  • Table 78. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells.            177
  • Table 79. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).      181
  • Table 80. Product developers in aluminium-ion batteries.               191
  • Table 81. Types of solid-state electrolytes. 194
  • Table 82. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.         194
  • Table 83. Solid Electrolyte Material Comparison. 195
  • Table 84.  Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.          196
  • Table 85. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries. 200
  • Table 86. Limitations of solid-state thin film batteries.       204
  • Table 87. Global revenues for All-Solid State Batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD). 206
  • Table 88. Solid-state thin-film battery market players.       207
  • Table 89. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements.        210
  • Table 90. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries  211
  • Table 91. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components.       212
  • Table 92. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes.              219
  • Table 93. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries.     221
  • Table 94. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.               223
  • Table 95. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.  230
  • Table 96, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used.       232
  • Table 97. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.     234
  • Table 98. 2D and 3D printing techniques.   236
  • Table 99. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.              238
  • Table 100. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.          238
  • Table 101. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.       241
  • Table 102. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.         245
  • Table 103. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.   247
  • Table 104. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.                253
  • Table 105. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).             258
  • Table 106. Product developers in flexible batteries.             259
  • Table 107. Components of transparent batteries. 263
  • Table 108. Components of degradable batteries.  267
  • Table 109. Product developers in degradable batteries.    269
  • Table 110. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.               272
  • Table 111. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.  275
  • Table 112. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 276
  • Table 113. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.           276
  • Table 114. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.          277
  • Table 115. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.       279
  • Table 116. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.         282
  • Table 117. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.   283
  • Table 118. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).             285
  • Table 119. Product developers in printed batteries.             287
  • Table 120. Advantages and disadvantages of redox flow batteries.            290
  • Table 121. Comparison of different battery types. 291
  • Table 122. Summary of main flow battery types.    291
  • Table 123. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.          293
  • Table 124. Market players in Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB).        295
  • Table 125. Zinc-bromine (ZnBr) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.          297
  • Table 126. Market players in Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr).              299
  • Table 127. Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.          300
  • Table 128. Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.          302
  • Table 129. Market players in Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries.               304
  • Table 130. All-Iron flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.  305
  • Table 131. Market players in All-iron Flow Batteries.            307
  • Table 132. Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.          308
  • Table 133. Market players in Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) Flow Batteries.       310
  • Table 134. Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.          311
  • Table 135. Market players in Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries.    313
  • Table 136. Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.         314
  • Table 137. Market players in Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) Flow Batteries.         316
  • Table 138. Materials in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB).     316
  • Table 139. Key Active species for ORFBs     316
  • Table 140. Organic flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.  317
  • Table 141. Market players in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB).         319
  • Table 142. Zinc-Cerium Hybrid flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.          322
  • Table 143. Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.          324
  • Table 144. Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.          325
  • Table 145. Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.          326
  • Table 146. Vanadium-Polyhalide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.         327
  • Table 147. Redox flow battery value chain. 328
  • Table 148. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2035, by type (millions USD).           331
  • Table 149. ZN-based battery product developers. 336
  • Table 150. Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in battery technology.             337
  • Table 151. Machine learning approaches.  337
  • Table 152. Types of Neural Networks.            338
  • Table 153. Companies in materials informatics for batteries.        341
  • Table 154. Data Forms for Cell Modelling.  343
  • Table 155. Companies in AI for cell testing for batteries.   345
  • Table 156.Algorithmic Approaches in Manufacturing and Cell Assembly:            346
  • Table 157.AI-based battery manufacturing players :           349
  • Table 158. Companies in AI for battery diagnostics and management    351
  • Table 159. Algorithmic Approaches and Data Inputs/Outputs.    352
  • Table 160. Companies in AI for second-life battery assessment 353
  • Table 161. Methods for printing supercapacitors. 354
  • Table 162. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors.          355
  • Table 163. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors.           356
  • Table 164. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors.            357
  • Table 165. 3DOM separator. 363
  • Table 166. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics.          410
  • Table 167. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics.       415
  • Table 168. Chasm SWCNT products.             416
  • Table 169. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics.  447
  • Table 170. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics.         479
  • Table 171. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.  500
  • Table 172. LiNa Energy battery characteristics.      517
  • Table 173. Natrium Energy battery characteristics.              537

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Annual sales of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.              44
  • Figure 2. Electric car Li-ion demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2035.              53
  • Figure 3. EV Li-ion battery market (US$B), 2018-2035.      54
  • Figure 4. Electric bus, truck and van battery forecast (GWh), 2018-2035.            55
  • Figure 5. Micro EV Li-ion demand forecast (GWh).                56
  • Figure 6. Lithium-ion battery grid storage demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2035.              58
  • Figure 7. Sodium-ion grid storage units.      59
  • Figure 8. Salt-E Dog mobile battery.                61
  • Figure 9. I.Power Nest - Residential Energy Storage System Solution.     62
  • Figure 10. Costs of batteries to 2030.            69
  • Figure 11. Lithium Cell Design.          73
  • Figure 12. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery.       73
  • Figure 13. Li-ion battery cell pack.   74
  • Figure 14. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery.           77
  • Figure 15. SWOT analysis: Li-ion batteries. 81
  • Figure 16. Silicon anode value chain.            83
  • Figure 17. Market development timeline.    89
  • Figure 18. Silicon Anode Commercialization Timeline.      90
  • Figure 19. Silicon anode value chain.            91
  • Figure 20. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes).              96
  • Figure 21. Anode material consumption by end user market (tonnes).   97
  • Figure 22. Ultra-high Nickel Cathode Commercialization Timeline.          108
  • Figure 23. Li-cobalt structure.             110
  • Figure 24.  Li-manganese structure.               112
  • Figure 25. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials. 125
  • Figure 26. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).       127
  • Figure 27. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet.             128
  • Figure 28. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.                130
  • Figure 29. Umicore recycling flow diagram.              130
  • Figure 30. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.   131
  • Figure 31. Schematic of direct recyling process.    133
  • Figure 32. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling.        136
  • Figure 33. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).  141
  • Figure 34. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery.            142
  • Figure 35. SWOT analysis: Lithium-metal batteries.             147
  • Figure 36. Schematic diagram of Lithium–sulfur battery.  149
  • Figure 37. SWOT analysis: Lithium-sulfur batteries.             152
  • Figure 38. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).    153
  • Figure 39. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).  158
  • Figure 40. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA).  164
  • Figure 41. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG).       169
  • Figure 42. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications.          171
  • Figure 43. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT).   172
  • Figure 44. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery.               179
  • Figure 45. SWOT analysis: Sodium-ion batteries.  181
  • Figure 46. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).    182
  • Figure 47.  Schematic of a Na–S battery.      184
  • Figure 48. SWOT analysis: Sodium-sulfur batteries.            187
  • Figure 49. Saturnose battery chemistry.      188
  • Figure 50. SWOT analysis: Aluminium-ion batteries.           190
  • Figure 51. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).             191
  • Figure 52. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery.            193
  • Figure 53. ULTRALIFE thin film battery.          193
  • Figure 54. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.               197
  • Figure 55. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials. 198
  • Figure 56. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).             199
  • Figure 57. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB.          203
  • Figure 58. SWOT analysis: All-solid state batteries.              204
  • Figure 59. Global revenues for All-Solid State Batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).              207
  • Figure 60. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.          210
  • Figure 61. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.              213
  • Figure 62. Types of flexible batteries.             215
  • Figure 63. Flexible batteries on the market.               216
  • Figure 64. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.         219
  • Figure 65. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.       221
  • Figure 66. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.        224
  • Figure 67. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f)                225
  • Figure 68. Origami disposable battery.          226
  • Figure 69. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.       228
  • Figure 70. Various applications of printed paper batteries.             229
  • Figure 71.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.         229
  • Figure 72. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together. 231
  • Figure 73. Sakuú's Swift Print 3D-printed solid-state battery cells.            243
  • Figure 74. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III). 244
  • Figure 75. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries. 250
  • Figure 76. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark.    250
  • Figure 77. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy.    251
  • Figure 78.  Wearable self-powered devices.              256
  • Figure 79. SWOT analysis: Flexible  batteries.          258
  • Figure 80. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).              259
  • Figure 81. Transparent batteries.       262
  • Figure 82. SWOT analysis: Transparent batteries.  265
  • Figure 83. Degradable batteries.       266
  • Figure 84. SWOT analysis: Degradable batteries.   269
  • Figure 85. Various applications of printed paper batteries.             271
  • Figure 86.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.         271
  • Figure 87. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together. 273
  • Figure 88. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III). 281
  • Figure 89. SWOT analysis: Printed batteries.             285
  • Figure 90. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).              286
  • Figure 91. Scheme of a redox flow battery. 290
  • Figure 92. Vanadium Redox Flow Battery schematic.          293
  • Figure 93. SWOT analysis: Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)              295
  • Figure 94. Schematic of zinc bromine flow battery energy storage system.         297
  • Figure 95. SWOT analysis: Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr).   299
  • Figure 96. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries.   302
  • Figure 97. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries.   304
  • Figure 98.  Schematic of All-Iron Redox Flow Batteries.     305
  • Figure 99. SWOT analysis: All-iron Flow Batteries. 307
  • Figure 100. SWOT analysis: Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries.          310
  • Figure 101. Schematic of Hydrogen-bromine flow battery.              311
  • Figure 102. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries.      313
  • Figure 103. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries.            315
  • Figure 104. SWOT analysis: Organic redox flow batteries (ORFBs) batteries.      319
  • Figure 105. Schematic of zinc-polyiodide redox flow battery (ZIB).            324
  • Figure 106. Redox flow batteries applications roadmap.  331
  • Figure 107. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2035, by type (millions USD).         332
  • Figure 108. Main printing methods for supercapacitors.  354
  • Figure 109. 24M battery.         361
  • Figure 110. 3DOM battery.     363
  • Figure 111. AC biode prototype.        365
  • Figure 112. Schematic diagram of liquid metal battery operation.             376
  • Figure 113. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).         377
  • Figure 114. Amprius battery products.          378
  • Figure 115. All-polymer battery schematic.               382
  • Figure 116. All Polymer Battery Module.      382
  • Figure 117. Resin current collector. 382
  • Figure 118. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.             384
  • Figure 119. The structure of aluminum-sulfur battery from Avanti Battery.           387
  • Figure 120. Containerized NAS® batteries. 389
  • Figure 121. 3D printed lithium-ion battery. 396
  • Figure 122. Blue Solution module.   397
  • Figure 123. TempTraq wearable patch.          399
  • Figure 124. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process.              417
  • Figure 125. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.            421
  • Figure 126. Cymbet EnerChip™          424
  • Figure 127. Rongke Power 400 MWh VRFB. 425
  • Figure 128. E-magy nano sponge structure.              434
  • Figure 129. Enerpoly zinc-ion battery.            436
  • Figure 130. SoftBattery®.        437
  • Figure 131. ASSB All-Solid-State Battery by EGI 300 Wh/kg.           439
  • Figure 132. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.            441
  • Figure 133. 40 Ah battery cell.             446
  • Figure 134. FDK Corp battery.             450
  • Figure 135. 2D paper batteries.          457
  • Figure 136. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.     457
  • Figure 137. Fuji carbon nanotube products.             458
  • Figure 138. Gelion Endure battery.   461
  • Figure 139. Portable desalination plant.      461
  • Figure 140. Grepow flexible battery.                472
  • Figure 141. HPB solid-state battery.                478
  • Figure 142. HiNa Battery pack for EV.            479
  • Figure 143. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery.        480
  • Figure 144. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose.      481
  • Figure 145. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery.          482
  • Figure 146. Ilika solid-state batteries.            487
  • Figure 147. ZincPoly™ technology.    489
  • Figure 148. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.               492
  • Figure 149. Ionic Materials battery cell.        496
  • Figure 150. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure.     497
  • Figure 151. ITEN micro batteries.      499
  • Figure 152. Kite Rise’s A-sample sodium-ion battery module.      506
  • Figure 153. LiBEST flexible battery.  512
  • Figure 154. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells.            514
  • Figure 155. LiNa Energy battery.        517
  • Figure 156. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology.    519
  • Figure 157. Lyten batteries.   522
  • Figure 158. Cellulomix production process.              525
  • Figure 159. Nanobase versus conventional products.        525
  • Figure 160. Nanotech Energy battery.            536
  • Figure 161. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.           539
  • Figure 162. NBD battery.         540
  • Figure 163. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 541
  • Figure 164. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.       542
  • Figure 165. EnerCerachip.     546
  • Figure 166. Cambrian battery.            560
  • Figure 167. Printed battery.   565
  • Figure 168. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery.               566
  • Figure 169. Printed Energy flexible battery. 568
  • Figure 170. ProLogium solid-state battery. 571
  • Figure 171. QingTao solid-state batteries.   572
  • Figure 172. Schematic of the quinone flow battery.              575
  • Figure 173. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery.   581
  • Figure 174. Salgenx S3000 seawater flow battery. 582
  • Figure 175. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries.                584
  • Figure 176. SES Apollo batteries.      589
  • Figure 177. Sionic Energy battery cell.           596
  • Figure 178. Solid Power battery pouch cell.               599
  • Figure 179. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.      601
  • Figure 180.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery             612
  • Figure 181. Zeta Energy 20 Ah cell.  635
  • Figure 182. Zoolnasm batteries.        636

 

 

 

The Global Market for Advanced Li-ion and Beyond Lithium Batteries 2025-2035
The Global Market for Advanced Li-ion and Beyond Lithium Batteries 2025-2035
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The Global Market for Advanced Li-ion and Beyond Lithium Batteries 2025-2035
The Global Market for Advanced Li-ion and Beyond Lithium Batteries 2025-2035
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