The Global Market for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), PFAS Alternatives and PFAS Treatment 2025-2035

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            17

• 1.1        Introduction to PFAS 17
• 1.2        Definition and Overview of PFAS       18
  • 1.2.1    Chemical Structure and Properties 19
  • 1.2.2    Historical Development and Use      20
• 1.3        Types of PFAS 21
  • 1.3.1    Non-polymeric PFAS 22
    • 1.3.1.1 Long-Chain PFAS        22
    • 1.3.1.2 Short-Chain PFAS       23
    • 1.3.1.3 Other non-polymeric PFAS   24
  • 1.3.2    Polymeric PFAS            25
    • 1.3.2.1 Fluoropolymers (FPs)               25
    • 1.3.2.2 Side-chain fluorinated polymers:     26
    • 1.3.2.3 Perfluoropolyethers   26
• 1.4        Properties and Applications of PFAS              27
  • 1.4.1    Water and Oil Repellency       27
  • 1.4.2    Thermal and Chemical Stability        28
  • 1.4.3    Surfactant Properties               28
  • 1.4.4    Low Friction    29
  • 1.4.5    Electrical Insulation  29
  • 1.4.6    Film-Forming Abilities              30
  • 1.4.7    Atmospheric Stability               30
• 1.5        Environmental and Health Concerns             30
  • 1.5.1    Persistence in the Environment         31
  • 1.5.2    Bioaccumulation        32
  • 1.5.3    Toxicity and Health Effects    33
  • 1.5.4    Environmental Contamination           34
• 1.6        PFAS Alternatives        35
• 1.7        Analytical techniques              37
• 1.8        Manufacturing/handling/import/export       39
• 1.9        Storage/disposal/treatment/purification     40
• 1.10     Water quality management  42
• 1.11     Alternative technologies and supply chains              44

2             GLOBAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE               46

• 2.1        Impact of growing PFAS regulation  46
• 2.2        International Agreements      49
• 2.3        European Union Regulations               49
• 2.4        United States Regulations     50
  • 2.4.1    Federal regulations    50
  • 2.4.2    State-Level Regulations          52
• 2.5        Asian Regulations       54
  • 2.5.1    Japan  54
    • 2.5.1.1 Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL)               54
    • 2.5.1.2 Water Quality Standards        54
  • 2.5.2    China  55
    • 2.5.2.1 List of New Contaminants Under Priority Control  55
    • 2.5.2.2 Catalog of Toxic Chemicals Under Severe Restrictions     55
    • 2.5.2.3 New Pollutants Control Action Plan                56
  • 2.5.3    Taiwan 56
    • 2.5.3.1 Toxic and Chemical Substances of Concern Act    56
  • 2.5.4    Australia and New Zealand   56
  • 2.5.5    Canada             57
  • 2.5.6    South Korea    57
• 2.6        Global Regulatory Trends and Outlook         58

3             INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC PFAS USAGE  59

• 3.1        Semiconductors          59
  • 3.1.1    Importance of PFAS   59
  • 3.1.2    Front-end processes 61
    • 3.1.2.1 Lithography     61
    • 3.1.2.2 Wet etching solutions              62
    • 3.1.2.3 Chiller coolants for dry etchers          63
    • 3.1.2.4 Piping and valves         63
  • 3.1.3    Back-end processes 63
  • 3.1.3.1 Interconnects and Packaging Materials       63
  • 3.1.3.2 Molding materials       64
  • 3.1.3.3 Die attach materials  64
  • 3.1.3.4 Interlayer film for package substrates           64
  • 3.1.3.5 Thermal management             65
  • 3.1.4    Product life cycle and impact of PFAS           65
    • 3.1.4.1 Manufacturing Stage (Raw Materials)            65
    • 3.1.4.2 Usage Stage (Semiconductor Factory)         66
    • 3.1.4.3 Disposal Stage              66
  • 3.1.5    Environmental and Human Health Impacts              66
  • 3.1.6    Regulatory Trends Related to Semiconductors       67
  • 3.1.7    Exemptions     67
  • 3.1.8    Future Regulatory Trends       68
  • 3.1.9    Alternatives to PFAS  68
    • 3.1.9.1 Alkyl Polyglucoside and Polyoxyethylene Surfactants        69
    • 3.1.9.2 Non-PFAS Etching Solutions               69
    • 3.1.9.3 PTFE-Free Sliding Materials  69
    • 3.1.9.4 Metal oxide-based materials               69
    • 3.1.9.5 Fluoropolymer Alternatives   69
    • 3.1.9.6 Silicone-based Materials       70
    • 3.1.9.7 Hydrocarbon-based Surfactants      70
    • 3.1.9.8 Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene   71
    • 3.1.9.9 Engineered Polymers                71
    • 3.1.9.10            Supercritical CO2 Technology            72
    • 3.1.9.11            Plasma Technologies                72
    • 3.1.9.12            Sol-Gel Materials        73
    • 3.1.9.13            Biodegradable Polymers        73
• 3.2        Textiles and Clothing 74
  • 3.2.1    Overview           74
  • 3.2.2    PFAS in Water-Repellent Materials  75
  • 3.2.3    Stain-Resistant Treatments  75
  • 3.2.4    Regulatory Impact on Water-Repellent Clothing    76
  • 3.2.5    Industry Initiatives and Commitments         77
  • 3.2.6    Alternatives to PFAS  78
    • 3.2.6.1 Enhanced surface treatments            79
    • 3.2.6.2 Non-fluorinated treatments 79
    • 3.2.6.3 Biomimetic approaches         80
    • 3.2.6.4 Nano-structured surfaces    81
    • 3.2.6.5 Wax-based additives 81
    • 3.2.6.6 Plasma treatments     82
    • 3.2.6.7 Sol-gel coatings            82
    • 3.2.6.8 Superhydrophobic coatings 83
    • 3.2.6.9 Biodegradable Polymer Coatings     84
    • 3.2.6.10            Graphene-based Coatings    84
    • 3.2.6.11            Enzyme-based Treatments   84
    • 3.2.6.12            Companies     85
• 3.3        Food Packaging           87
  • 3.3.1    Sustainable packaging            87
    • 3.3.1.1 PFAS in Grease-Resistant Packaging             87
    • 3.3.1.2 Other applications     88
    • 3.3.1.3 Regulatory Trends in Food Contact Materials           88
  • 3.3.2    Alternatives to PFAS  90
    • 3.3.2.1 Biobased materials    90
      • 3.3.2.1.1           Polylactic Acid (PLA) 90
      • 3.3.2.1.2           Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)          91
      • 3.3.2.1.3           Cellulose-based materials   91
        • 3.3.2.1.3.1      Nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC)       92
        • 3.3.2.1.3.2      Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          93
      • 3.3.2.1.4           Silicon-based Alternatives     94
      • 3.3.2.1.5           Natural Waxes and Resins    95
      • 3.3.2.1.6           Engineered Paper and Board               96
      • 3.3.2.1.7           Nanocomposites        96
      • 3.3.2.1.8           Plasma Treatments    97
      • 3.3.2.1.9           Biodegradable Polymer Blends          98
      • 3.3.2.1.10        Chemically Modified Natural Polymers        99
      • 3.3.2.1.11        Molded Fiber  101
    • 3.3.2.2 PFAS-free coatings for food packaging         101
      • 3.3.2.2.1           Silicone-based Coatings:       101
      • 3.3.2.2.2           Bio-based Barrier Coatings   102
      • 3.3.2.2.3           Nanocellulose Coatings         103
      • 3.3.2.2.4           Superhydrophobic and Omniphobic Coatings         104
      • 3.3.2.2.5           Clay-based Nanocomposite Coatings          105
      • 3.3.2.2.6           Coated Papers              106
    • 3.3.2.3 Companies     106
• 3.4        Paints and Coatings  109
  • 3.4.1    Overview           109
  • 3.4.2    Applications   109
  • 3.4.3    Alternatives to PFAS  110
    • 3.4.3.1 Silicon-Based Alternatives:   110
    • 3.4.3.2 Hydrocarbon-Based Alternatives:    111
    • 3.4.3.3 Nanomaterials              111
    • 3.4.3.4 Plasma-Based Surface Treatments 112
    • 3.4.3.5 Inorganic Alternatives               113
    • 3.4.3.6 Bio-based Polymers: 113
    • 3.4.3.7 Dendritic Polymers    114
    • 3.4.3.8 Zwitterionic Polymers               114
    • 3.4.3.9 Graphene-based Coatings    115
    • 3.4.3.10            Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Coatings 115
    • 3.4.3.11            Companies     115
• 3.5        Ion Exchange membranes     119
  • 3.5.1    Overview           119
    • 3.5.1.1 PFAS in Ion Exchange Membranes   120
  • 3.5.2    Proton Exchange Membranes             120
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview           120
    • 3.5.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers (PEMELs)          123
    • 3.5.2.3 Membrane Degradation          124
    • 3.5.2.4 Nafion 125
    • 3.5.2.5 Membrane electrode assembly (MEA)          127
  • 3.5.3    Manufacturing PFSA Membranes     128
  • 3.5.4    Enhancing PFSA Membranes              130
  • 3.5.5    Commercial PFSA membranes         131
  • 3.5.6    Catalyst Coated Membranes              132
    • 3.5.6.1 Alternatives to PFAS  133
  • 3.5.7    Membranes in Redox Flow Batteries               135
    • 3.5.7.1 Alternative Materials for RFB Membranes   136
  • 3.5.8    Alternatives to PFAS  138
    • 3.5.8.1 Alternative Polymer Materials             138
    • 3.5.8.2 Anion Exchange Membrane Technology (AEM) fuel cells   139
    • 3.5.8.3 Nanocellulose               140
    • 3.5.8.4 Boron-containing membranes           141
    • 3.5.8.5 Hydrocarbon-based membranes     141
    • 3.5.8.6 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 142
      • 3.5.8.6.1           MOF Composite Membranes              143
    • 3.5.8.7 Graphene         144
    • 3.5.8.8 Companies     145
• 3.6        Energy (excluding fuel cells) 146
  • 3.6.1    Overview           146
  • 3.6.2    Solar Panels   147
  • 3.6.3    Wind Turbines               147
    • 3.6.3.1 Blade Coatings             147
    • 3.6.3.2 Lubricants and Greases         148
    • 3.6.3.3 Electrical and Electronic Components         148
    • 3.6.3.4 Seals and Gaskets      148
  • 3.6.4    Lithium-Ion Batteries                149
    • 3.6.4.1 Electrode Binders       149
    • 3.6.4.2 Electrolyte Additives 150
    • 3.6.4.3 Separator Coatings    150
    • 3.6.4.4 Current Collector Coatings   150
    • 3.6.4.5 Gaskets and Seals      150
    • 3.6.4.6 Fluorinated Solvents in Electrode Manufacturing 150
    • 3.6.4.7 Surface Treatments   151
  • 3.6.5    Alternatives to PFAS  151
    • 3.6.5.1 Solar    152
      • 3.6.5.1.1           Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Encapsulants               152
      • 3.6.5.1.2           Polyolefin Encapsulants        153
      • 3.6.5.1.3           Glass-Glass Module Design 153
      • 3.6.5.1.4           Bio-based Backsheets            154
    • 3.6.5.2 Wind Turbines               154
      • 3.6.5.2.1           Silicone-Based Coatings        154
      • 3.6.5.2.2           Nanocoatings 154
      • 3.6.5.2.3           Thermal De-icing Systems    155
      • 3.6.5.2.4           Polyurethane-Based Coatings            156
    • 3.6.5.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries                157
      • 3.6.5.3.1           Water-Soluble Binders             157
      • 3.6.5.3.2           Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) Based Binders            157
      • 3.6.5.3.3           Alginate-Based Binders          158
      • 3.6.5.3.4           Ionic Liquid Electrolytes          159
    • 3.6.5.4 Companies     160
• 3.7        Low-loss materials for 5G      161
  • 3.7.1    Overview           161
    • 3.7.1.1 Organic PCB materials for 5G             162
  • 3.7.2    PTFE in 5G        163
    • 3.7.2.1 Properties         163
    • 3.7.2.2 PTFE-Based Laminates           164
    • 3.7.2.3 Regulations     165
    • 3.7.2.4 Commercial low-loss               166
  • 3.7.3    Alternatives to PFAS  167
    • 3.7.3.1 Liquid crystal polymers (LCP)             167
    • 3.7.3.2 Poly(p-phenylene ether) (PPE)            168
    • 3.7.3.3 Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)           168
    • 3.7.3.4 Hydrocarbon-based laminates          169
    • 3.7.3.5 Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC)             170
    • 3.7.3.6 Glass Substrates         172
• 3.8        Cosmetics       174
  • 3.8.1    Overview           174
  • 3.8.2    Use in cosmetics         175
  • 3.8.3    Alternatives to PFAS  175
    • 3.8.3.1 Silicone-based Polymers       176
    • 3.8.3.2 Plant-based Waxes and Oils 176
    • 3.8.3.3 Naturally Derived Polymers  176
    • 3.8.3.4 Silica-based Materials             177
    • 3.8.3.5 Companies Developing PFAS Alternatives in Cosmetics  177
• 3.9        Firefighting Foam        179
  • 3.9.1    Overview           179
  • 3.9.2    Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)              179
  • 3.9.3    Environmental Contamination from AFFF Use        179
  • 3.9.4    Regulatory Pressures and Phase-Out Initiatives     180
  • 3.9.5    Alternatives to PFAS  181
    • 3.9.5.1 Fluorine-Free Foams (F3)      181
    • 3.9.5.2 Siloxane-Based Foams           182
    • 3.9.5.3 Protein-Based Foams              182
    • 3.9.5.4 Synthetic Detergent Foams (Syndet)              182
    • 3.9.5.5 Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)        182
• 3.10     Automotive      183
  • 3.10.1 Overview           183
  • 3.10.2 PFAS in Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids     184
  • 3.10.3 Use in Fuel Systems and Engine Components        185
  • 3.10.4 Electric Vehicle             186
    • 3.10.4.1            PFAS in Electric Vehicles        186
    • 3.10.4.2            High-Voltage Cables 187
    • 3.10.4.3            Refrigerants    188
      • 3.10.4.3.1        Coolant Fluids in EVs               188
        • 3.10.4.3.2        Refrigerants for EVs   189
        • 3.10.4.3.3        Regulations     190
        • 3.10.4.3.4        PFAS-free Refrigerants            190
    • 3.10.4.4            Immersion Cooling for Li-ion Batteries          191
      • 3.10.4.4.1        Overview           191
      • 3.10.4.4.2        Single-phase Cooling               193
      • 3.10.4.4.3        Two-phase Cooling    194
      • 3.10.4.4.4        Companies     196
      • 3.10.4.4.5        PFAS-based Coolants in Immersion Cooling for EVs           196
  • 3.10.5 Alternatives to PFAS  198
    • 3.10.5.1            Lubricants and Greases         199
    • 3.10.5.2            Fuel System Components     200
    • 3.10.5.3            Surface Treatments and Coatings    200
    • 3.10.5.4            Gaskets and Seals      201
    • 3.10.5.5            Hydraulic Fluids           202
    • 3.10.5.6            Electrical and Electronic Components         203
    • 3.10.5.7            Paint and Coatings     203
    • 3.10.5.8            Windshield and Glass Treatments   204
• 3.11     Electronics      205
  • 3.11.1 Overview           205
  • 3.11.2 PFAS in Printed Circuit Boards           206
  • 3.11.3 Cable and Wire Insulation     206
  • 3.11.4 Regulatory Challenges for Electronics Manufacturers       207
  • 3.11.5 Alternatives to PFAS  208
    • 3.11.5.1            Wires and Cables        208
    • 3.11.5.2            Coating              208
    • 3.11.5.3            Electronic Components         209
    • 3.11.5.4            Sealing and Lubricants           210
    • 3.11.5.5            Cleaning           210
    • 3.11.5.6            Companies     211
• 3.12     Medical Devices           215
  • 3.12.1 Overview           215
  • 3.12.2 PFAS in Implantable Devices               216
  • 3.12.3 Diagnostic Equipment Applications               216
  • 3.12.4 Balancing Safety and Performance in Regulations               217
  • 3.12.5 Alternatives to PFAS  219
• 3.13     Green hydrogen            220
  • 3.13.1 Electrolyzers   220
  • 3.13.2 Alternatives to PFAS  220
  • 3.13.3 Economic implications           221

4             PFAS ALTERNATIVES 222

• 4.1        PFAS-Free Release Agents    222
  • 4.1.1    Silicone-Based Alternatives  222
  • 4.1.2    Hydrocarbon-Based Solutions           223
  • 4.1.3    Performance Comparisons  224
• 4.2        Non-Fluorinated Surfactants and Dispersants       225
  • 4.2.1    Bio-Based Surfactants            226
  • 4.2.2    Silicon-Based Surfactants    227
  • 4.2.3    Hydrocarbon-Based Surfactants      228
• 4.3        PFAS-Free Water and Oil-Repellent Materials          229
  • 4.3.1    Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers                229
  • 4.3.2    PFA-Free Durable Water Repellent (DWR) Coatings             229
  • 4.3.3    Silicone-Based Repellents    230
  • 4.3.4    Nano-Structured Surfaces    231
• 4.4        Fluorine-Free Liquid-Repellent Surfaces     233
  • 4.4.1    Superhydrophobic Coatings 233
  • 4.4.2    Omniphobic Surfaces              234
  • 4.4.3    Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)   235
• 4.5        PFAS-Free Colorless Transparent Polyimide             236
  • 4.5.1    Novel Polymer Structures      236
  • 4.5.2    Applications in Flexible Electronics 237

5             PFAS DEGRADATION AND ELIMINATION     239

• 5.1        Current methods for PFAS degradation and elimination   239
• 5.2        Bio-friendly methods                240
  • 5.2.1    Phytoremediation       240
  • 5.2.2    Microbial Degradation             241
  • 5.2.3    Enzyme-Based Degradation 241
  • 5.2.4    Mycoremediation        242
  • 5.2.5    Biochar Adsorption    242
  • 5.2.6    Green Oxidation Methods     243
  • 5.2.7    Bio-based Adsorbents             245
  • 5.2.8    Algae-Based Systems              245
• 5.3        Companies     247

6             PFAS TREATMENT       249

• 6.1        Introduction    249
• 6.2        Pathways for PFAS environmental contamination 250
• 6.3        Regulations     251
• 6.4        PFAS water treatment               252
  • 6.4.1    Introduction    252
  • 6.4.2    Applications   253
    • 6.4.2.1 Drinking water                253
    • 6.4.2.2 Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)   254
    • 6.4.2.3 Landfill leachate          256
    • 6.4.2.4 Municipal wastewater treatment      257
    • 6.4.2.5 Industrial process and wastewater  258
    • 6.4.2.6 Sites with heavy PFAS contamination           259
    • 6.4.2.7 Point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) filters and systems                261
  • 6.4.3    Applications   263
  • 6.4.4    PFAS treatment approaches                264
  • 6.4.5    Traditional removal technologies     266
    • 6.4.5.1 Adsorption: granular activated carbon (GAC)           266
    • 6.4.5.2 Adsorption: ion exchange resins (IER)           270
    • 6.4.5.3 Membrane filtration-reverse osmosis and nanofiltration 272
  • 6.4.6    Emerging removal technologies        274
    • 6.4.6.1 Foam fractionation and ozofractionation    276
      • 6.4.6.1.1           Polymeric sorbents    277
      • 6.4.6.1.2           Mineral-based sorbents          279
      • 6.4.6.1.3           Flocculation/coagulation       280
      • 6.4.6.1.4           Electrostatic coagulation/concentration     281
    • 6.4.6.2 Destruction technologies      282
      • 6.4.6.2.1           Thermal treatment      283
      • 6.4.6.2.2           Liquid-phase PFAS destruction         284
      • 6.4.6.2.3           Electrochemical oxidation    285
      • 6.4.6.2.4           Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO            287
      • 6.4.6.2.5           Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT)     287
      • 6.4.6.2.6           Plasma treatment       289
      • 6.4.6.2.7           Photocatalysis              290
      • 6.4.6.2.8           Sonochemical oxidation        291
• 6.5        PFAS Solids Treatment             293
  • 6.5.1    PFAS migration             293
  • 6.5.2    Soil washing (or soil scrubbing)         294
  • 6.5.3    Soil flushing    295
  • 6.5.4    Thermal desorption   296
  • 6.5.5    Phytoremediation       297
  • 6.5.6    In-situ immobilization              299
  • 6.5.7    Pyrolysis and gasification      299
  • 6.5.8    Plasma              301
  • 6.5.9    Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)           302
• 6.6        Companies     303

7             MARKET ANALYSIS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK             305

• 7.1        Current Market Size and Segmentation        305
  • 7.1.1    Global PFAS Market Overview            305
  • 7.1.2    Regional Market Analysis      307
    • 7.1.2.1 North America              307
    • 7.1.2.2 Europe                307
    • 7.1.2.3 Asia-Pacific    308
    • 7.1.2.4 Latin America 308
    • 7.1.2.5 Middle East and Africa             308
  • 7.1.3    Market Segmentation by Industry    309
    • 7.1.3.1 Textiles and Apparel  309
    • 7.1.3.2 Food Packaging           310
    • 7.1.3.3 Firefighting Foams      310
    • 7.1.3.4 Electronics & semiconductors           310
    • 7.1.3.5 Automotive      310
    • 7.1.3.6 Aerospace        311
    • 7.1.3.7 Construction  311
    • 7.1.3.8 Others 311
• 7.2        Impact of Regulations on Market Dynamics             312
  • 7.2.1    Shift from Long-Chain to Short-Chain PFAS              312
  • 7.2.2    Growth in PFAS-Free Alternatives Market    313
  • 7.2.3    Regional Market Shifts Due to Regulatory Differences       315
• 7.3        Emerging Trends and Opportunities               316
  • 7.3.1    Green Chemistry Innovations             316
  • 7.3.2    Circular Economy Approaches          317
  • 7.3.3    Digital Technologies for PFAS Management              319
• 7.4        Challenges and Barriers to PFAS Substitution         320
  • 7.4.1    Technical Performance Gaps              320
  • 7.4.2    Cost Considerations 321
  • 7.4.3    Regulatory Uncertainty            323
• 7.5        Future Market Projections     324
  • 7.5.1    Short-Term Outlook (1-3 Years)          325
  • 7.5.2    Medium-Term Projections (3-5 Years)            326
  • 7.5.3    Long-Term Scenarios (5-10 Years)    327

8             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              331

9             REFERENCES 332

List of Tables

• Table 1. Established applications of PFAS. 17
• Table 2. PFAS chemicals segmented by non-polymers vs polymers.        18
• Table 3. Non-polymeric PFAS.            18
• Table 4. Chemical structure and physiochemical properties of various perfluorinated surfactants.  19
• Table 5. Examples of long-chain PFAS-Applications, Regulatory Status and Environmental and Health Effects.              22
• Table 6. Examples of short-chain PFAS.       23
• Table 7. Other non-polymeric PFAS.               24
• Table 8. Examples of fluoropolymers.           25
• Table 9. Examples of side-chain fluorinated polymers.     26
• Table 10. Applications of PFAs.          27
• Table 11. PFAS surfactant properties.            29
• Table 12. List of PFAS alternatives.  35
• Table 13. Common PFAS and their regulation.         46
• Table 14. International PFAS regulations.    49
• Table 15. European Union Regulations.       50
• Table 16. United States Regulations.             52
• Table 17. PFAS Regulations in Asia-Pacific Countries.       57
• Table 18. Identified uses of PFAS in semiconductors.        59
• Table 19. Alternatives to PFAS in Semiconductors.               68
• Table 20. Key properties of PFAS in water-repellent materials.     75
• Table 21. Initiatives by outdoor clothing companies to phase out PFCs.                77
• Table 22. Comparative analysis of Alternatives to PFAS for textiles.          78
• Table 23. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for textiles.  85
• Table 24. Applications of PFAS in Food Packaging.              87
• Table 25. Regulation related to PFAS in food contact materials.  89
• Table 26. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).        92
• Table 27. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for food packaging.               106
• Table 28. Applications and purpose of PFAS in paints and coatings.        109
• Table 29. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for paints and coatings.      115
• Table 30. Applications of Ion Exchange Membranes.          119
• Table 31. Key aspects of PEMELs.    123
• Table 32. Membrane Degradation Processes Overview.    124
• Table 33. PFSA Membranes & Key Players. 124
• Table 34. Competing Membrane Materials.               125
• Table 35. Comparative analysis of membrane properties.               126
• Table 36. Processes for manufacturing of  perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes.               129
• Table 37. PFSA Resin Suppliers.        132
• Table 38. CCM Production Technologies.    133
• Table 39. Comparison of Coating Processes.           133
• Table 40. Alternatives to PFAS in catalyst coated membranes.    133
• Table 41. Key Properties and Considerations for RFB Membranes.           135
• Table 42. PFSA Membrane Manufacturers for RFBs.            136
• Table 43. Alternative Materials for RFB Membranes             137
• Table 44. Alternative Polymer Materials for Ion Exchange Membranes.  138
• Table 45. Hydrocarbon Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells.    142
• Table 46. Companies developing PFA alternatives for fuel cell membranes.      145
• Table 47. Identified uses of PFASs in the energy sector.    146
• Table 48. Alternatives to PFAS in Energy by Market (Excluding Fuel Cells).           151
• Table 49: Anti-icing and de-icing nanocoatings product and application developers.   155
• Table 50. Companies developing alternatives to PFAS in energy (excluding fuel cells).                160
• Table 51. Commercial low-loss organic laminates-key properties at 10 GHz.    162
• Table 52. Key Properties of PTFE to Consider for 5G Applications.             163
• Table 53. Applications of PTFE in 5G in a table         163
• Table 54. Challenges in PTFE-based laminates in 5G.        164
• Table 55. Key regulations affecting PFAS use in low-loss materials.          165
• Table 56. Commercial low-loss materials suitable for 5G applications. 166
• Table 57. Key low-loss materials suppliers.               166
• Table 58. Alternatives to PFAS for low-loss applications in 5G      167
• Table 59. Benchmarking LTCC materials suitable for 5G applications.   171
• Table 60. Benchmarking of various glass substrates suitable for 5G applications.         172
• Table 61. Applications of PFAS in cosmetics.           175
• Table 62. Alternatives to PFAS for various functions in cosmetics.            175
• Table 63. Companies developing PFAS alternatives in cosmetics.             177
• Table 64. Applications of PFAS in Automotive Industry.     184
• Table 65. Application of PFAS in Electric Vehicles.                187
• Table 66.Suppliers of PFAS-free Coolants and Refrigerants for EVs.         191
• Table 67.Immersion Fluids for EVs   192
• Table 68. Immersion Cooling Fluids Requirements.             193
• Table 69. Single-phase vs two-phase cooling.         195
• Table 70. Companies producing Immersion Fluids for EVs.            196
• Table 71. Alternatives to PFAS in the automotive sector.   198
• Table 72. Use of PFAS in the electronics sector.     205
• Table 73. Companies developing alternatives to PFAS in electronics & semiconductors.          211
• Table 74. Applications of PFAS in Medical Devices.              215
• Table 75. Alternatives to PFAS in medical devices.               219
• Table 76. Readiness level of PFAS alternatives.       222
• Table 77. Comparing PFAS-free alternatives to traditional PFAS-containing release agents.   224
• Table 78. Novel PFAS-free CTPI structures.                237
• Table 79. Applications of PFAS-free CTPIs in flexible electronics.               237
• Table 80. Current methods for PFAS elimination . 239
• Table 81. Companies developing processes for PFA degradation and elimination.         247
• Table 82. PFAS drinking water treatment market forecast 2025-2035.    249
• Table 83. Pathways for PFAS environmental contamination.         250
• Table 84. Regulations on PFAS in water.       251
• Table 85. PFAS treatment approaches.        264
• Table 86. Removal technologies for PFAS in water.               266
• Table 87. Suppliers of GAC media for PFAS removal applications.             267
• Table 88. Emerging removal technologies for PFAS in water.          274
• Table 89. Companies developing processes for PFAS water and solid treatment .          303
• Table 90. Global PFAS Market Projection (2023-2035), Billions USD.       306
• Table 91. Regional PFAS Market Projection (2023-2035), Billions USD.  308
• Table 92. PFAS Market Segmentation by Industry (2023-2035), Billions USD.    311
• Table 93. Long-Chain PFAS andShort-Chain PFAS Market Share 313
• Table 94.PFAS-Free Alternatives Market Size from 2020 to 2035, (Billions USD).             314
• Table 95. Regional Market Data (2023) for PFAS and trends.          315
• Table 96. Market Opportunities for PFAS alternatives.        317
• Table 97. Circular Economy Initiatives and Potential Impact.        318
• Table 98. Digital Technology Applications and Market Potential. 319
• Table 99. Performance Comparison Table. 321
• Table 100. Cost Comparison Table-PFAS and PFAS alternatives.                322
• Table 101. Market Size 2023-2026 (USD Billions). 325
• Table 102. Market size 2026-2030 (USD Billions). 326
• Table 103. Long-Term Market Projections (2035).  328

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Types of PFAS.          21
• Figure 2. Structure of PFAS-based polymer finishes.          24
• Figure 3. Water and Oil Repellent Textile Coating. 28
• Figure 4. Main PFAS exposure route.              31
• Figure 5. Main sources of perfluorinated compounds (PFC) and general pathways that these compounds may take toward human exposure.    32
• Figure 6. Main sources of perfluorinated compounds (PFC) and general pathways that these compounds may take toward human exposure.    34
• Figure 7.  Photolithography process in semiconductor manufacturing. 60
• Figure 8. PFAS containing Chemicals by Technology Node.            61
• Figure 9. The photoresist application process in photolithography.          62
• Figure 10: Contact angle on superhydrophobic coated surface. 83
• Figure 11. PEMFC Working Principle.             121
• Figure 12. Schematic representation of a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA).          128
• Figure 13. Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS).          236
• Figure 14. Aclarity’s Octa system.    244
• Figure 15. PFAS drinking water treatment market forecast 2025-2035.  249
• Figure 16. Process for treatment of PFAS in water. 252
• Figure 17. Global PFAS Market Projection (2023-2035), Billions USD.     307
• Figure 18. Regional PFAS Market Projection (2023-2035), Billions USD. 309

The Global Market for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), PFAS Alternatives and PFAS Treatment 2025-2035

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The Global Market for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), PFAS Alternatives and PFAS Treatment 2025-2035

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