Published by Future Markets, Inc., October 2015. Edition 1.
186 pages | £900 (PDF download)
Developing clean and renewable energy is crucial for meeting increasingly world energy needs (it is estimated that the world will need to double its energy supply by 2050) that have arisen from population increases and economic expansion in countries such as China and Brazil.
The need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, global warming and pollution is also of vital importance. As a result, there is a drive for new technologies for energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors) and energy conversion (solar cells and fuel cells). As the performance of these technologies is dependent on the materials utilized, nanomaterials are providing the impetus for new product innovation.
Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of graphene and CNT–nanocomposite hybrids to improve the performance of energy storage/conversion devices (e.g., Li ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and solar cells).
Graphene has unique properties, including high specific surface area (2630 m2/g), good chemical stability and excellent electrical conductivity. These properties make graphene to be an excellent candidate as a catalyst support for energy conversion and storage applications. Graphene nanoplatelets can increase the effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries when used to formulate electrodes, yielding vastly shorter recharge times. The potential of graphene as hydrogen storage materials is also under investigation, as it has a large surface for hydrogen adsorption
A number of companies are developing energy storage applications for graphene, where it could potentially replace the graphite electrodes found in batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells. Most activity at present is utilizing graphene as an additive for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and supercapacitors. Companies are also developing graphene as an ITO replacement material in organic solar cells.
Lithium ion battery electrode designs employing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently demonstrated increased battery energy densities through use as a conductive additive and as a current collector replacement. CNTs as current collectors provide a flexible, lightweight, conductive structure to effectively support high capacity, nanostructured anode active materials like Si and Ge.
The Global Market for Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Energy examines opportunities, products, revenues and companies.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………… 5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………… 15
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………….. 16
CARBON NANOTUBES…………………………………………………………………………. 16
Exceptional properties…………………………………………………………………………… 17
Products and applications…………………………………………………………………… 19
Threat from the graphene market………………………………………………………… 21
Production………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
Multi-walled nanotube (MWNT) production………………………………………… 22
Single-walled nanotube (SWNT) production……………………………………….. 23
Global demand for carbon nanotubes…………………………………………………… 26
Current products…………………………………………………………………………….. 28
Future products……………………………………………………………………………… 29
Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………… 30
Electronics…………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
Market and production challenges……………………………………………………….. 32
Safety issues…………………………………………………………………………………. 32
Dispersion……………………………………………………………………………………… 33
Synthesis and supply quality…………………………………………………………….. 33
Cost……………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
Competition from other materials……………………………………………………… 34
GRAPHENE…………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
Remarkable properties……………………………………………………………………….. 37
Global funding…………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Products and applications…………………………………………………………………… 38
Production………………………………………………………………………………………… 41
Market drivers and trends…………………………………………………………………… 43
Production exceeds demand……………………………………………………………. 43
Market revenues remain small but are growing…………………………………… 44
Scalability and cost…………………………………………………………………………. 45
Applications hitting the market………………………………………………………….. 47
Wait and see?………………………………………………………………………………… 48
Asia and US lead the race……………………………………………………………….. 48
Competition from other materials……………………………………………………… 49
Market and technical challenges………………………………………………………….. 49
Supply quality………………………………………………………………………………… 50
Cost……………………………………………………………………………………………… 51
Product integration…………………………………………………………………………. 51
Regulation and standards………………………………………………………………… 51
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………. 52
Properties of nanomaterials……………………………………………………………………. 52
Categorization……………………………………………………………………………………… 53
CARBON NANOTUBES…………………………………………………………………………. 55
Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT)………………………………………………………….. 55
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT)…………………………………………………. 56
Single-chirality……………………………………………………………………………….. 58
Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)…………………………………………… 59
Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)……………………………………………….. 60
Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)…………………………………………………………………. 61
Fullerenes………………………………………………………………………………………… 62
Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)………………………………………………………… 63
Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………. 64
Applications of carbon nanotubes………………………………………………………… 65
High volume applications…………………………………………………………………. 65
Low volume applications………………………………………………………………….. 66
Novel applications…………………………………………………………………………… 66
GRAPHENE…………………………………………………………………………………………. 66
3D Graphene……………………………………………………………………………………. 70
Graphene Quantum Dots……………………………………………………………………. 70
Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………. 70
CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE………………………………………….. 72
Cost and production…………………………………………………………………………… 75
Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids…………………………………………………….. 77
PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 77
Carbon nanotubes………………………………………………………………………………… 77
Graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………. 78
Fabrication processes………………………………………………………………………… 79
Academia…………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
Regional leaders……………………………………………………………………………….. 80
TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL…………………………………………………. 84
END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS……………………………………. 86
Carbon nanotubes production volumes 2010-2025……………………………………. 87
Regional demand for carbon nanotubes……………………………………………….. 88
Japan……………………………………………………………………………………………. 91
China……………………………………………………………………………………………. 92
Main carbon nanotubes producers………………………………………………………. 93
SWNT production………………………………………………………………………………. 94
OCSiAl………………………………………………………………………………………….. 94
FGV Cambridge Nanosystems…………………………………………………………. 94
Zeon Corporation…………………………………………………………………………… 95
Price of carbon nanotubes-MWNTs, SWNTs and FWNTs……………………….. 95
Graphene production volumes 2010-2025……………………………………………….. 96
ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION…………………………. 99
BATTERIES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 100
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………….. 100
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 103
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………… 104
CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………… 109
SUPERCAPACITORS……………………………………………………………………….. 109
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………….. 109
Problems with activated carbon………………………………………………………. 110
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 110
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………… 112
Challenges…………………………………………………………………………………… 114
PHOTOVOLTAICS…………………………………………………………………………… 114
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………….. 114
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 115
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………… 116
FUEL CELLS…………………………………………………………………………………… 120
MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………….. 120
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 121
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………… 121
Challenges…………………………………………………………………………………… 123
LED LIGHTING AND UVC…………………………………………………………………. 124
Market drivers and trends………………………………………………………………. 124
Market size………………………………………………………………………………….. 125
Properties and applications……………………………………………………………. 125
OIL AND GAS………………………………………………………………………………….. 125
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………….. 125
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………….. 127
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………… 127
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………… 128
Carbon nanotubes………………………………………………………………………… 128
Graphene……………………………………………………………………………………. 131
CARBON NANOTUBES ENERGY COMPANY PROFILES…………….. 137-154
GRAPHENE ENERGY COMPANY PROFILES………………………………… 155-184
TABLES
Table 1: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials………………………………… 18
Table 2: Carbon nanotubes target markets-Applications, stage of commercialization and potential addressable market size…………………………………………………………………………………………. 20
Table 3: Annual production capacity of MWNT and SWNT producers……………… 22
Table 4: SWNT producers production capacities 2014………………………………….. 25
Table 5: Global production of carbon nanotubes, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 26
Table 6: Graphene target markets-Applications, stage of commercialization and potential addressable market size……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
Table 7: Graphene producers annual production capacities…………………………… 41
Table 8: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 43
Table 9: Graphene types and cost per kg……………………………………………………. 46
Table 10: Categorization of nanomaterials………………………………………………….. 53
Table 11: Comparison between single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
Table 12: Properties of carbon nanotubes…………………………………………………… 64
Table 13: Properties of graphene………………………………………………………………. 71
Table 14: Comparative properties of carbon materials………………………………….. 74
Table 15: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes. 76
Table 16: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014………………….. 80
Table 17: Leading graphene patentees………………………………………………………. 81
Table 18: Industrial graphene patents in 2014……………………………………………… 82
Table 19: Market penetration and volume estimates (tons) for carbon nanotubes and graphene in key applications………………………………………………………………………………………… 86
Table 20: Global production of carbon nanotubes, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
Table 34: Current carbon nanotubes prices…………………………………………………. 96
Table 22: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 97
Table 23: Carbon nanotubes in the energy market-Applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size…………………………………………………………………………………………. 99
Table 24: Graphene in the energy market-Applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 100
Table 25: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 113
Table 26: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the energy industry. 128
Table 27: Graphene product and application developers in the energy industry. 132
FIGURES
Figure 1: Molecular structures of SWNT and MWNT…………………………………….. 17
Figure 2: Production capacities for SWNTs in kilograms, 2005-2014………………. 26
Figure 3: Global production of carbon nanotubes, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 28
Figure 4: Global government funding for graphene………………………………………. 38
Figure 5: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year……………………….. 44
Figure 6: Conceptual diagram of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) (A) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) (B) showing typical dimensions of length, width, and separation distance between graphene layers in MWNTs………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56
Figure 7: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube………………………………….. 57
Figure 8: Figure 8: Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model. 60
Figure 9: Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns……………………………… 62
Figure 10: Fullerene schematic………………………………………………………………….. 63
Figure 11: Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
Figure 12: Graphene layer structure schematic……………………………………………. 67
Figure 13: Graphite and graphene……………………………………………………………… 68
Figure 14: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. . 69
Figure 15: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite……………………………………………………………………………………………… 73
Figure 16: CNT patents filed 2000-2014……………………………………………………… 77
Figure 17: Patent distribution of CNT application areas to 2014……………………… 78
Figure 18: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014…………………. 81
Figure 19: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Carbon Nanotubes……………. 84
Figure 20: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene…………………………. 85
Figure 21: Regional demand for CNTs utilized in transparent conductive films and displays. 89
Figure 22: Regional demand for CNTs utilized in batteries…………………………….. 90
Figure 23: Regional demand for CNTs utilized in Polymer reinforcement…………. 90
Figure 24: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 98
Figure 25: Nano Lithium X Battery……………………………………………………………. 107
Figure 26: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor………………………………………… 110
Figure 27: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger………………………………………… 112
Figure 28: Suntech/TCNT nanotube frame module…………………………………….. 116
Figure 74: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode……………………….. 119
