Global Market for Carbon Nanomaterials

Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, 2D Materials, Fullerenes, Carbon Quantum Dots and Nanodiamonds

Carbon based-nanomaterials include fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide, nanodiamonds, and carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs). Due to their unique structural dimensions and excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and chemical properties, carbon nanomaterials have gained great interest in a wide range of industrial market.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are the strongest, lightest and most conductive fibres known to man, with a performance-per-weight greater than any other material. In direct competition in a number of markets, they are complementary in others.

Once the most promising of all nanomaterials, MWCNTs face stiff competition in conductive applications from graphene and other 2D materials and in mechanically enhanced composites from nanocellulose. Several major producers have closed their MWCNT capacities, but applications continue to come to market and LG Chem has established a large-scale production facility. Super-aligned CNT arrays, films and yarns have found applications in consumer electronics, batteries, polymer composites, aerospace, sensors, heaters, filters and biomedicine.

Large-scale industrial production of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been initiated, promising new market opportunities in transparent conductive films, condcuctive materials, transistors, sensors and memory devices. Again, a number of producers have ceased production, but those left are finding increased demand for their materials. SCWNTs are regarded as one of the most promising candidates to utilized as building blocks in next generation electronics.

Two-dimensional(2D) materials are currently one of the most active areas of nanomaterials research, and offer a huge opportunity for both fundamental studies and practical applications, including superfast, low-power, flexible and wearable electronics, sensors, photonics and electrochemical energy storage devices that will have an immense impact on our society.

Graphene is a ground-breaking two-dimensional (2D) material that possesses extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties that promise a new generation of innovative devices. New methods of scalable synthesis of high-quality graphene, clean delamination transfer and device integration have resulted in the commercialization of state-of-the-art electronics such as graphene touchscreens in smartphones and flexible RF devices on plastics.

Beyond graphene, emerging elementary 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides, group V systems including phosphorene, and related isoelectronic structures will potentially allow for flexible electronics and field-effect transistors that exhibit ambipolar transport behaviour with either a direct band-gap or greater gate modulation.

Nanodiamonds (NDs), also called detonation diamonds (DND) or ultradispersed diamonds (UDD), are relatively easy and inexpensive to produce, and have moved towards large-scale commercialization due to their excellent mechanical, thermal properties and chemical stability.

Other carbon nanomaterials of interest include fullerenes and more recently, carbon quantum dots.

This report on the carbon nanotubes, graphene and 2D materials and nanodiamonds market is by far the most comprehensive and authoritative report produced.

Report contents include:

Production volumes, estimated to 2030
Commercialization timelines and technology trends
Current carbon nanotubes, fullerene, nanodiamond and graphene products,
Comparative analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene and competitive landscape
Assessment of carbon nanomaterials market including production volumes, competitive landscape, commercial prospects, applications, demand by market and region, commercialization timelines, prices and producer profiles.
Assessment of end user markets for carbon nanomaterials including market drivers and trends, applications, market opportunity, market challenges and application and product developer profiles.
Unique assessment tools for the carbon nanomaterials market, end user applications, economic impact, addressable markets and market challenges to provide the complete picture of where the real opportunities in carbon nanomaterials are.
Company profiles of carbon nanotubes, graphene, 2D materials, fullerenes, carbon quantum dots and nanodiamonds producers and product developers, including products, target markets and contact details

Published December 2018| 856 pages. 318 tables, 186 figures | Table of contents

The Global Market for Carbon Nanomaterials

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51

2.1 CARBON NANOTUBES………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 51
- 2.1.1 Exceptional properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 53
- 2.1.2 Products and applications……………………………………………………………………………………………… 54
  - 2.1.2.1 MWCNTs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54
  - 2.1.2.2 SWCNTs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56
- 2.1.3 Competition from graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………. 61
- 2.1.4 Production………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
  - 2.1.4.1 Multi-walled nanotube (MWCNT) production………………………………………………………………….. 62
  - 2.1.4.2 Single-walled nanotube (SWCNT) production………………………………………………………………… 63
- 2.1.5 Global demand for carbon nanotubes……………………………………………………………………………….. 65
  - 2.1.5.1 Current products……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67
  - 2.1.5.2 Future products……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
- 2.1.6 Market drivers and trends………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67
2.2 2D MATERIALS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71
2.3 GRAPHENE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
- 2.3.1 The market in 2016………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72
- 2.3.2 The market in 2017………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72
- 2.3.3 The market in 2018………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 73
- 2.3.4 Key players………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73
- 2.3.5 Production………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
- 2.3.6 Products……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
- 2.3.7 Graphene investments 2016-2018…………………………………………………………………………………… 78
- 2.3.8 Market outlook…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
- 2.3.9 Global funding and initiatives………………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
- 2.3.10 Products and applications……………………………………………………………………………………………… 85
- 2.3.11 Production………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
- 2.3.12 Market drivers and trends………………………………………………………………………………………………. 88
- 2.3.13 Market and technical challenges……………………………………………………………………………………… 91
- 2.3.14 Key players………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 92
2.4 FULLERENES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96
2.5 CARBON QUANTUM DOTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96

3 CARBON NANOMATERIALS OVERVIEW……………………………………………………………………………………. 98

3.1 Properties of nanomaterials……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 98
3.2 Categorization…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 98
3.3 CARBON NANOTUBES………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 99
- 3.3.1 Multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNT)………………………………………………………………………………….. 101
  - 3.3.1.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 101
  - 3.3.1.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 101
- 3.3.2 Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT)………………………………………………………………………….. 102
  - 3.3.2.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 103
  - 3.3.2.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 103
  - 3.3.2.3 Single-chirality………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
- 3.3.3 Comparison between MWCNTs and SWCNTs………………………………………………………………….. 106
- 3.3.4 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)……………………………………………………………………… 106
  - 3.3.4.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 106
  - 3.3.4.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 107
- 3.3.5 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)………………………………………………………………………….. 107
  - 3.3.5.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 107
  - 3.3.5.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 107
- 3.3.6 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)…………………………………………………………………………………………… 107
  - 3.3.6.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 107
  - 3.3.6.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 108
- 3.3.7 Carbon Onions………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 108
  - 3.3.7.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 108
  - 3.3.7.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109
- 3.3.8 Fullerenes………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
  - 3.3.8.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
  - 3.3.8.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
- 3.3.9 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)………………………………………………………………………………….. 111
  - 3.3.9.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 111
  - 3.3.9.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 112
- 3.3.10 Carbon quantum dots (CQds)……………………………………………………………………………………….. 112
  - 3.3.10.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 112
  - 3.3.10.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 112
3.4 GRAPHENE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 113
- 3.4.1 History……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 113
- 3.4.2 Forms of graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 114
- 3.4.3 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 115
- 3.4.4 3D Graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 116
- 3.4.5 Graphene Quantum Dots……………………………………………………………………………………………… 116
  - 3.4.5.1 Synthesis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 118
  - 3.4.5.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 118
- 3.4.5.3 Producers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 120
3.5 NANODIAMONDS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 121
- 3.5.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 121
3.6 Carbon quantum dots (CDs)…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 123
- 3.6.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124
- 3.6.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 125
3.7 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 126
- 3.7.1 Beyond moore’s law……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 126
- 3.7.2 Batteries…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 127
- 3.7.3 PHOSPHORENE……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 127
- 3.7.6 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4)……………………………………………………………………….. 132
- 3.7.10 GERMANENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 135
- 3.7.11 GRAPHDIYNE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 137
- 3.7.12 GRAPHANE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 139
- 3.7.13 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE……………………………………………………………………………………. 141
- 3.7.14 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS₂)………………………………………………………………………………. 144
- 3.7.15 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2)…………………………………………………. 148
- 3.7.16 SILICENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 149
- 3.7.17 STANENE/TINENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 152
- 3.7.18 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE……………………………………………………………………………………………. 154
- 3.7.19 ANTIMONENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 156
- 3.7.20 DIAMENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1577
- 3.7.21 INDIUM SELENIDE…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 157
- 3.7.22 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS…………………………… 158

4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS GRAPHENE AND CARBON NANOTUBES…………………………………………… 160

4.1 Comparative properties……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 160
4.2 Cost and production……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 161
4.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids………………………………………………………………………………………… 162

5 CARBON NANOTUBE SYNTHESIS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 163

6 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 169

7 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE FOR CARBON-BASED ADDITIVES…………………………………………………… 187

7.1 Carbon fibers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 187
7.2 Carbon black……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 188

8 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 193

9 CARBON NANOTUBES PATENTS……………………………………………………………………………………………. 199

10 GRAPHENE PATENTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 200

11 CARBON NANOTUBES TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL………………………………………………………… 203

12 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL………………………………………………………………………… 204

13 CARBON NANOTUBES MARKET STRUCTURE………………………………………………………………………….. 206

14 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE…………………………………………………………………………………………. 208

15 CARBON NANOTUBES PRODUCTION ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………… 211

15.1 Production volumes in metric tons, 2010-2030………………………………………………………………………. 211
15.2 Carbon nanotube producer production capacities………………………………………………………………….. 216
15.3 Regional demand for carbon nanotubes………………………………………………………………………………. 217
15.3.1 Japan………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 218
15.3.2 China………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 219
15.4 Main carbon nanotubes producers……………………………………………………………………………………… 219
15.4.1 SWCNT production…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 220
15.5 Price of carbon nanotubes-MWCNTs, SWCNTs and FWNTs…………………………………………………… 221
15.5.1 MWCNTs…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 221
15.5.2 SWCNTs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 221
15.6 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 222

16 GRAHENE PRODUCTION ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………………………….. 224

16.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2030……………………………………………………………………………. 225
16.2 Graphene pricing……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 226
- 16.2.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing……………………………………………………………………………………. 228
- 16.2.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing…………………………………………………………………………………………. 228
- 16.2.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing…………………………………………………………………………………….. 229
- 16.2.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing………………………………………………………………………………….. 229
- 16.2.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing……………………………………………………………………………………. 230
- 16.2.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing………………………………………………………………………………. 231
- 16.2.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing…………………………………………………………………………………. 231
- 16.2.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials…………………………………………………………… 232
- 16.2.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce………………………………………………………………….. 232
- 16.2.10 Bulk supply…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 232
- 16.2.11 Commoditisation……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 233
16.3 Graphene producers and production capacities…………………………………………………………………….. 233

17 NANODIAMONDS MARKET ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 235

17.1 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 235
17.2 Demand by market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 236
17.3 Market challenges………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 237
17.4 Technology readiness level (TRL)………………………………………………………………………………………. 237
17.5 Production volumes in tons, 2010-2030……………………………………………………………………………….. 238
17.6 Production volumes, by region…………………………………………………………………………………………… 239
17.7 Prices………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 240

18 FULLERENES MARKET ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………………………….. 241

18.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 241
18.2 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 242
18.3 Technology readiness level (TRL)………………………………………………………………………………………. 242
18.4 Demand by market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 243
18.5 Demand in tons, 2010-2030……………………………………………………………………………………………… 244
18.6 Demand by region………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
18.7 Prices………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 246

19 CARBON NANOTUBES/OTHER CARBON NANOMATERIALS INDUSTRY NEWS 2013-2018………………………………………………………………….. 247

20 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2013-2018-INVESTMENTS, PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION 259

21 END USER MARKET ANALYSIS FOR CARBON NANOMATERIALS………………………………………………. 300

21.1 3D PRINTING……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 300
- 21.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………………………… 300
- 21.1.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 300
- 21.1.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………………………………… 302
- 21.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 304
- 21.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 304
21.2 ADHESIVES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 306
- 21.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………………………… 306
- 21.2.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 307
- 21.2.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………………………………… 308
- 21.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 310
- 21.2.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 311
21.3 AEROSPACE AND AVIATION………………………………………………………………………………………….. 312
- 21.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………………………… 312
- 21.3.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 313
  - 21.3.2.1 Composites………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 315
  - 21.3.2.2 Coatings………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 317
- 21.3.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………………………………… 321
- 21.3.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 323
- 21.3.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 324
21.4 AUTOMOTIVE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 327
- 21.4.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………………………….. 327
- 21.4.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 329
  - 21.4.2.1 Composites………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 330
  - 21.4.2.2 Thermally conductive additives……………………………………………………………………………… 330
  - 21.4.2.3 Tires……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 331
  - 21.4.2.4 Heat dissipation in electric vehicles………………………………………………………………………… 331
- 21.4.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………………………………… 333
- 21.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 335
- 21.4.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 336
21.5 COATINGS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 339
- 21.5.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………………………… 340
- 21.5.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 342
  - 21.5.2.1 Anti-static coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 344
  - 21.5.2.2 Anti-corrosion coatings……………………………………………………………………………………….. 344
  - 21.5.2.3 Oil and gas……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 345
  - 21.5.2.4 Marine…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 345
  - 21.5.2.5 Anti-microbial……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 346
  - 21.5.2.6 Anti-icing………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 346
  - 21.5.2.7 Barrier coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 347
  - 21.5.2.8 Heat protection………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 348
  - 21.5.2.9 Anti-fouling……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 349
  - 21.5.2.10 Wear and abrasion resistance………………………………………………………………………………. 350
  - 21.5.2.11 Smart windows………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 350
- 21.5.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………………………………… 351
- 21.5.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 356
- 21.5.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 357
21.6 COMPOSITES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 359
- 21.6.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………………………… 360
- 21.6.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 362
  - 21.6.2.1 Polymer composites…………………………………………………………………………………………… 362
  - 21.6.2.2 Barrier packaging………………………………………………………………………………………………. 365
  - 21.6.2.3 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding………………. 365
  - 21.6.2.4 Wind turbines……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 365
  - 21.6.2.5 Ballistic protection………………………………………………………………………………………………. 366
- 21.6.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………………………………… 366
- 21.6.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 370
- 21.6.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 371
21.7 ELECTRONICS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 374
- 21.7.1 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS……………………………………… 375
  - 21.7.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………….. 375
  - 21.7.1.2 APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 376
  - 21.7.1.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………….. 393
  - 21.7.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 398
  - 21.7.1.5 Competing materials…………………………………………………………………………………………… 399
  - 21.7.1.6 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………….. 402
- 21.7.2 CONDUCTIVE INKS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 405
  - 21.7.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………….. 405
  - 21.7.2.2 APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 406
  - 21.7.2.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………….. 413
  - 21.7.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 416
  - 21.7.2.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………….. 417
- 21.7.3 TRANSISTORS, INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND OTHER COMPONENTS……………………………… 418
  - 21.7.3.1 APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 419
  - 21.7.3.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………….. 425
  - 21.7.3.3 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 428
  - 21.7.3.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………….. 431
- 21.7.4 MEMORY DEVICES…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 432
  - 21.7.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………….. 432
  - 21.7.4.2 APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 434
  - 21.7.4.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………….. 436
  - 21.7.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 437
  - 21.7.4.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………….. 438
- 21.7.5 PHOTONICS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 441
  - 21.7.5.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………. 441
  - 21.7.5.2 APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 442
  - 21.7.5.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………….. 446
  - 21.7.5.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 447
  - 21.7.6 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 447
21.8 ENERGY STORAGE AND CONVERSION…………………………………………………………………………… 448
- 21.8.1 BATTERIES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 449
  - 21.8.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………….. 449
  - 21.8.1.2 APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 451
  - 21.8.1.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………….. 455
  - 21.8.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 459
- 21.8.2 SUPERCAPACITORS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 461
  - 21.8.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………….. 461
  - 21.8.2.2 APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 461
  - 21.8.2.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………….. 467
  - 21.8.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 468
- 21.8.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 470
  - 21.8.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………….. 470
  - 21.8.3.2 APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 471
  - 21.8.3.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………….. 475
  - 21.8.3.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 478
- 21.8.4 FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN STORAGE…………………………………………………………………….. 479
  - 21.8.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………. 479
  - 21.8.4.2 APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 481
  - 21.8.4.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………….. 482
  - 21.8.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 483
- 21.8.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 484
21.9 LED LIGHTING AND UVC……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 489
- 21.9.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………………………… 490
- 21.9.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………… 490
  - 21.9.2.1 Flexible OLED lighting………………………………………………………………………………………… 490
- 21.9.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………………… 492
- 21.9.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 493
- 21.9.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 493
21.10 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION………………………………………………………………………………………. 494
- 21.10.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………. 494
- 21.10.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 495
  - 21.10.3 Water filtration……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 499
  - 21.10.4 Gas separation………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 499
  - 21.10.5 Photocatalytic absorbents………………………………………………………………………………………… 499
  - 21.10.6 Air filtration…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 500
- 21.10.7 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………………. 500
- 21.10.8 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 503
- 21.10.9 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………………. 504
21.11 LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICAL……………………………………………………………………………………….. 506
- 21.11.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………. 507
- 21.11.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 508
  - 21.11.2.1 Cancer therapy………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 511
  - 21.11.2.2 Medical implants and devices……………………………………………………………………………….. 512
  - 21.11.2.3 Wound dressings……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 513
  - 21.11.2.4 Biosensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 513
  - 21.11.2.5 Medical imaging………………………………………………………………………………………………… 514
  - 21.11.2.6 Tissue engineering…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 514
  - 21.11.2.7 Dental……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 515
  - 21.11.2.8 Electrophysiology………………………………………………………………………………………………. 515
  - 21.11.2.9 Wearable and mobile health monitoring………………………………………………………………….. 515
- 21.11.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………………. 524
  - 21.11.3.1 Wearable healthcare…………………………………………………………………………………………… 525
- 21.11.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 529
- 21.11.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………………. 531
21.12 LUBRICANTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 533
- 21.12.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………. 533
- 21.12.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 534
- 21.12.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………………. 535
- 21.12.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 537
- 21.12.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………………. 538
21.13 OIL AND GAS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 539
- 21.13.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………. 539
- 21.13.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 540
  - 21.13.2.1 Sensing and reservoir management……………………………………………………………………….. 540
  - 21.13.2.2 Coatings………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 541
  - 21.13.2.3 Drilling fluids……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 542
  - 21.13.2.4 Sorbent materials………………………………………………………………………………………………. 542
  - 21.13.2.5 Catalysts………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 543
  - 21.13.2.6 Separation……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 543
- 21.13.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………………. 544
- 21.13.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 546
- 21.13.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………………. 547
21.14 RUBBER AND TIRES……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 547
- 21.14.1 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 547
- 21.14.2 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………….. 548
- 21.14.3 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 549
- 21.14.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………………. 549
21.15 SENSORS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 550
- 21.15.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………. 550
- 21.15.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 551
  - 21.15.2.1 Infrared (IR) sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………… 554
  - 21.15.2.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors………………………………………………………………………….. 555
  - 21.15.2.3 Pressure sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………. 555
  - 21.15.2.4 Biosensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 556
  - 21.15.2.5 Optical sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 557
  - 21.15.2.6 Humidity sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 558
  - 21.15.2.7 Strain sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 558
  - 21.15.2.8 Acoustic sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 558
  - 21.15.2.9 Wireless sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 558
  - 21.15.2.10 Surface enhanced Raman scattering………………………………………………………………….. 558
- 21.15.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………………. 558
- 21.15.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 561
- 21.15.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………………. 563
21.16 SMART TEXTILES AND APPAREL……………………………………………………………………………………. 566
- 21.16.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………. 566
- 21.16.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 568
  - 21.16.3 Conductive coatings……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 571
  - 21.16.4 Conductive yarns…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 572
- 21.16.5 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………………………. 573
- 21.16.6 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 578
- 21.16.7 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………………. 579

22 CARBON NANOTUBES PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………… 581 (202 company profiles)

23 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 681 (119 company profiles)

24 GRAPHENE PRODUCT AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………. 749 (129 company profiles)

25 NANODIAMONDS PRODUCERS………………………………………………………………………………………………. 815 (14 company profiles)

26 FULLERENES PRODUCERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 821 (20 company profiles)

27 CARBON QUANTUM DOTS PRODUCERS…………………………………………………………………………………. 827 (6 company profiles)

28 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 830

TABLES

Table 1: Market summary for carbon nanotubes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications……………………………………………….. 52
Table 2: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials…………………………………………………………………………….. 54
Table 3. Key players in MWCNTs…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
Table 4: Applications of carbon nanotubes……………………………………………………………………………………………… 55
Table 5: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in order of opportunity from high to low………………………………… 57
Table 6: Annual production capacity of MWCNT producers 2018………………………………………………………………… 62
Table 7: SWCNT producers production capacities 2018……………………………………………………………………………. 64
Table 8: Production volumes of MWCNTs (tons), 2010-2030……………………………………………………………………… 65
Table 9: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2027. 70
Table 10. Key players in graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
Table 11: Demand for graphene (tons), 2010-2030………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
Table 12: Consumer products incorporating graphene………………………………………………………………………………. 77
Table 13: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2018………………………………………………………………… 78
Table 14: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications…………………………………………………… 80
Table 15: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size…………………………………… 85
Table 16: Main graphene producers by country and annual production capacities…………………………………………… 87
Table 17: Categorization of nanomaterials……………………………………………………………………………………………… 99
Table 18: Properties of carbon nanotubes…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 100
Table 19: Applications of multi-walled carbon nanotubes………………………………………………………………………….. 102
Table 20: Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes…………………………………………. 104
Table 21: Comparison between single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes…………………. 106
Table 22: Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes………………………………………………………………………… 110
Table 23: Applications of carbon quantum dots……………………………………………………………………………………… 112
Table 24: Properties of graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 115
Table 25: Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs……………………………………………………………… 117
Table 26: Graphene quantum dot producers…………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
Table 27: Market summary for nanodiamonds-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications……………………………………………… 123
Table 28: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4……………………………………………………………………….. 124
Table 29: Properties of carbon quantum dots………………………………………………………………………………………… 125
Table 30: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS₂……………………… 128
Table 31: Market opportunity assessment for phosphorene applications……………………………………………………… 132
Table 32: Market opportunity assessment for graphitic carbon nitride applications…………………………………………. 134
Table 33: Market opportunity assessment for germanene applications………………………………………………………… 136
Table 34: Market opportunity assessment for graphdiyne applications………………………………………………………… 138
Table 35: Market opportunity assessment for graphane applications…………………………………………………………… 140
Table 36: Market opportunity assessment for hexagonal boron nitride applications………………………………………… 143
Table 37: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications…………………………………………… 147
Table 38: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications……… 149
Table 39: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications……………………………………………………………… 151
Table 40: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications…………………………………………………….. 154
Table 41: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications……………………………………………… 155
Table 42: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials…………………………………………………… 158
Table 43: Comparative properties of carbon materials…………………………………………………………………………….. 161
Table 44: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes……………………………………. 162
Table 45: SWCNT synthesis methods………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 164
Table 46: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market……………………………………. 170
Table 47: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market…………. 170
Table 48: Main production methods for graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 171
Table 49: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market……………………………………. 176
Table 50: Graphene synthesis methods, by company……………………………………………………………………………… 186
Table 51. Key players in carbon fibers…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 187
Table 52. Main applications for carbon fibers, volumes, potential for GNT to gain market share………………………… 188
Table 53. Carbon black capacity by company………………………………………………………………………………………… 189
Table 54 Specialty carbon black market volume, 2015-2025…………………………………………………………………….. 190
Table 55: National nanomaterials registries in Europe……………………………………………………………………………… 194
Table 56: Nanomaterials regulatory bodies in Australia……………………………………………………………………………. 198
Table 57: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2017……………………………………………………………… 201
Table 58: Leading graphene patentees………………………………………………………………………………………………… 202
Table 59: Carbon nanotubes market structure……………………………………………………………………………………….. 207
Table 60: Graphene market structure…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 209
Table 61: Production volumes of carbon nanotubes (tons), 2010-2030………………………………………………………… 212
Table 62: Annual production capacity of MWCNT producers 2018……………………………………………………………… 216
Table 63: SWCNT producer’s production capacities 2018………………………………………………………………………… 217
Table 64: Example carbon nanotubes prices…………………………………………………………………………………………. 222
Table 65: Markets, benefits and applications of Carbon Nanotubes……………………………………………………………. 222
Table 66: Global production of graphene, 2010-2030 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2015…………………. 225
Table 67: Types of graphene and prices………………………………………………………………………………………………. 227
Table 68: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer……………………………………………………………………………. 228
Table 69: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer…………………………………………………………………………………. 228
Table 70: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer…………………………………………………………………………….. 229
Table 71: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer………………………………………………………………………….. 229
Table 72: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer……………………………………………………………………………. 230
Table 73: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer………………………………………………………………………. 231
Table 74: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer…………………………………………………………………………………. 231
Table 75: Production capacities of graphene producers, current and planned, metric tons……………………………….. 233
Table 76: Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds………………………………………………………………….. 235
Table 77: Production volumes of nanodiamonds (tons), 2010-2030……………………………………………………………. 238
Table 78: Example prices of nanodiamonds………………………………………………………………………………………….. 240
Table 79: Market summary for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications……………………………………………………. 241
Table 80: Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes………………………………………………………………………… 242
Table 81: Demadn for fullerenes (tons), 2010-2030………………………………………………………………………………… 244
Table 82: Example prices of fullerenes…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 247
Table 83: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing………………………………………………………. 300
Table 84: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing…………………………………………………………… 301
Table 85: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing………………………………………………….. 301
Table 86: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing…………………………………………………………………… 302
Table 87: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in 3D printing……………………………………………………………… 302
Table 88: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in 3D printing…………………………………………………………. 303
Table 89: Market challenges for carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing………………………………………………………….. 304
Table 90: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the 3D printing market…………………………………… 304
Table 91: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the 3D printing industry…………………………….. 304
Table 92: Graphene product and application developers in the 3D printing industry……………………………………….. 305
Table 93: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the 3D printing industry………………… 306
Table 94: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in adhesives……………………………………………………….. 306
Table 95: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives……………………………………………………………. 307
Table 96: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in adhesives…………………………………………………… 307
Table 97: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in adhesives……………………………………………………………………. 308
Table 98: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in adhesives………………………………………………………………. 308
Table 99: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in adhesives………………………………………………………….. 309
Table 100: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the adhesives market………………………………….. 310
Table 101: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the adhesives industry……………………………. 311
Table 102: Graphene product and application developers in the adhesives industry………………………………………. 311
Table 103: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the adhesives industry………………. 311
Table 104: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in aerospace……………………………………………………… 312
Table 105: Applications and benefits of CNTs in aerospace……………………………………………………………………… 313
Table 106: Applications in aerospace composites, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof…………………………. 316
Table 107: Types of nanocoatings utilized in aerospace and application……………………………………………………… 318
Table 108: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in aerospace………………………………………………………………….. 321
Table 109: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in aerospace…………………………………………………………….. 322
Table 110: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace……………………………………………………….. 322
Table 111: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the aerospace market………………………………….. 324
Table 112: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the aerospace industry…………………………… 324
Table 113: Graphene product and application developers in the aerospace industry………………………………………. 326
Table 114: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the aerospace industry………………. 326
Table 115: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in automotive…………………………………………………….. 327
Table 116: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in automotive………………………………………………… 332
Table 117: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in automotive…………………………………………………………………. 333
Table 118: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in automotive……………………………………………………………. 333
Table 119: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive industry………………………………………. 334
Table 120: Applications and commercialization challenges for carbon nanomaterials in the automotive market……. 335
Table 121: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the automotive market………………………………………………………. 336
Table 122: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the automotive market……………………………. 336
Table 123: Graphene product and application developers in the automotive market……………………………………….. 337
Table 124: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the automotive market……………….. 338
Table 125: Properties of nanocoatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 339
Table 126: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings…………………………………………………………….. 343
Table 127: Markets for nanocoatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 351
Table 128: Market opportunity assessment for carbon nanomaterials in the coatings market……………………………. 356
Table 129: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the coatings market…………………………………….. 356
Table 130: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the coatings industry………………………………. 357
Table 131: Graphene product and application developers in the coatings industry…………………………………………. 357
Table 132: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the coatings industry………………….. 359
Table 133: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in composites……………………………………………………. 360
Table 134: Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials……………………………………………. 362
Table 135: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in composites………………………………………………… 362
Table 136: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in composites………………………………………………………………… 366
Table 137: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in composites……………………………………………………………. 367
Table 138: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in composites………………………………………………………. 368
Table 139: Applications and commercialization challenges for carbon nanomaterials in composites…………………… 370
Table 140: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the composites market………………………………… 370
Table 141: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the composites market……………………………. 371
Table 142: Graphene product and application developers in the composites market………………………………………. 372
Table 143: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the composites market……………….. 374
Table 144: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in flexible electronics and conductive films……………….. 375
Table 145: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in flexible electronics and conductive films…………… 379
Table 146: Comparison of ITO replacements………………………………………………………………………………………… 381
Table 147: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development…………………………………………………………… 385
Table 148: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors……………………………………………………………… 390
Table 149: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in flexible electronics and conductive films……………………………. 393
Table 150: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 394
Table 151: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 395
Table 152: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2030, by application, billions $…………………………………. 397
Table 153: Applications and commercialization challenges for CNTs in flexible electronics and conductive films…… 401
Table 154: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the flexible electronics and conductive films market. 401
Table 155: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in transparent conductive films and displays…… 402
Table 156: Graphene product and application developers in transparent conductive films……………………………….. 404
Table 157: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in conductive inks………………………………………………. 405
Table 158: Comparative properties of conductive inks…………………………………………………………………………….. 407
Table 159: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics………………………………………………………… 410
Table 160: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof……………. 411
Table 161: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks…………………………………………………. 413
Table 162: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in conductive inks………………………………………………………. 414
Table 163: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2030 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 416
Table 164: Market challenges for carbon nanomaterials in conductive inks………………………………………………….. 416
Table 165: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the conductive inks market……………………………. 416
Table 166: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in conductive inks…………………………………….. 417
Table 167: Graphene product and application developers in conductive inks………………………………………………… 417
Table 168: Market drivers for carbon nanomaterials in transistors, integrated circuits and other components……….. 418
Table 169: Applications and benefits of CNTs in transistors, integrated circuits and other components………………. 421
Table 170: Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors……………………………………………………….. 423
Table 171: Applications and benefits of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components………….. 424
Table 172: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in transistors, integrated circuits and other components…………… 425
Table 173: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in transistors, integrated circuits and other components……… 426
Table 174: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components… 427
Table 175: Market challenges rating for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market……………………. 429
Table 176: Applications and commercialization challenges for CNTs in the transistors, integrated circuits and other components market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 430
Table 177: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the transistors, integrated circuits and other components market.. 430
Table 178: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in transistors, integrated circuits and other components…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 431
Table 179: Graphene product and application developers in transistors and integrated circuits…………………………. 431
Table 180: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in memory devices……………………………………………… 433
Table 181: Applications and benefits of CNTs in memory devices………………………………………………………………. 435
Table 182: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in memory devices………………………………………………………….. 436
Table 183: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in memory devices…………………………………………………….. 437
Table 184: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the memory devices market………………………….. 438
Table 185: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in memory devices……………………………………. 440
Table 186: Graphene product and application developers in memory devices………………………………………………. 441
Table 187: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in photonics………………………………………………………. 441
Table 188: Applications and benefits of CNTs in photonics……………………………………………………………………….. 442
Table 189: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators……………………………………………….. 443
Table 190: Applications and benefits of graphene in photonics………………………………………………………………….. 446
Table 191: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in photonics…………………………………………………………………… 446
Table 192: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the photonics market…………………………………… 447
Table 193: Graphene product and application developers in photonics……………………………………………………….. 447
Table 194: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in batteries……………………………………………………….. 449
Table 195: Applications and benefits of CNTs in batteries………………………………………………………………………… 452
Table 196: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof…………………… 455
Table 197: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in batteries……………………………………………………………………. 456
Table 198: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries………………………………………… 457
Table 199: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in batteries………………………………………………………….. 458
Table 200: Market challenges in CNT batteries……………………………………………………………………………………… 459
Table 201: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the batteries market…………………………………………………………. 459
Table 202: Market challenges rating for graphene in the batteries market……………………………………………………. 460
Table 203: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in supercapacitors………………………………………………. 461
Table 204: Applications and benefits of CNTs in supercapacitors………………………………………………………………. 462
Table 205: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries………………………………. 463
Table 206: Applications and benefits of graphene in supercapacitors………………………………………………………….. 463
Table 207: Properties of carbon materials in high-performance supercapacitors……………………………………………. 465
Table 208: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof…… 466
Table 209: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in supercapacitors…………………………………………………………… 467
Table 210: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in supercapacitors……………………………………………………… 467
Table 211: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in supercapacitors………………………………………………… 468
Table 212: Market challenges in supercapacitors……………………………………………………………………………………. 469
Table 213: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the supercapacitors market……………………………………………….. 469
Table 214: Market challenges rating for graphene in the supercapacitors market…………………………………………… 470
Table 215: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in photovoltaics………………………………………………….. 470
Table 216: Applications and benefits of CNTs in photovoltaics………………………………………………………………….. 472
Table 217: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in photovoltaics………………………………………………………………. 475
Table 218: Market size for CNTs in photovoltaics…………………………………………………………………………………… 476
Table 219: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics………………………………………………………………………………. 477
Table 220: Potential addressable market for CNTs in photovoltaics……………………………………………………………. 477
Table 221: Market challenges for CNTs in solar……………………………………………………………………………………… 478
Table 222: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the solar market………………………………………………………………. 478
Table 223: Market challenges rating for graphene in the solar market…………………………………………………………. 479
Table 224: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells and hydrogen storage………………………….. 480
Table 225: Electrical conductivity of different catalyst supports compared to carbon nanotubes………………………… 481
Table 226: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells and hydrogen storage………………………………………. 482
Table 227: Market opportunity assessment for carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells and hydrogen storage…………….. 482
Table 228: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the fuel cells and hydrogen storage market………. 483
Table 229: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the energy storage, conversion and exploration industries………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 484
Table 230: Graphene product and application developers in the energy storage and conversion industry……………. 486
Table 231: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the energy storage, conversion and exploration industries…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 489
Table 232: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in LED lighting and UVC………………………………………. 490
Table 233: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lighting………………………………………………………………………. 490
Table 234: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in LED lighting and UVC…………………………………………………… 492
Table 235: Investment opportunity assessment for carbon nanomaterials in the lighting market………………………… 492
Table 236: Market impediments for carbon nanomaterials in lighting…………………………………………………………… 493
Table 237: Carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the LED and UVC lighting market…………. 493
Table 238: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in filtration………………………………………………………… 494
Table 239: Comparison of CNT membranes with other membrane technologies……………………………………………. 496
Table 240: Applications and benefits of CNTs in filtration and separation…………………………………………………….. 498
Table 241: Applications and benefits of graphene in filtration and separation………………………………………………… 498
Table 242: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in filtration……………………………………………………………………… 500
Table 243: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in filtration………………………………………………………………… 501
Table 244: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration and separation market………………………… 502
Table 245: Market challenges for carbon nanomaterials in filtration…………………………………………………………….. 503
Table 246: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the filtration market……………………………………… 504
Table 247: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the filtration industry………………………………. 504
Table 248: Graphene product and application developers in the filtration industry………………………………………….. 505
Table 249: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the filtration industry………………….. 506
Table 250: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in the life sciences and medical market…………………… 507
Table 251: CNTs in life sciences and biomedicine………………………………………………………………………………….. 508
Table 252: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare…………………………………… 509
Table 253: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and medical……………………………… 509
Table 254: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 517
Table 255: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and medical………………………………………………. 524
Table 256: Potential addressable market for smart textiles and wearables in medical and healthcare………………… 525
Table 257: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets…………………………… 527
Table 258: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in life sciences and medical…………………………………………. 528
Table 259: Applications and commercialization challenges for carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and medical… 529
Table 260: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the life sciences and medical………………………… 530
Table 261: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the medical and healthcare industry………….. 531
Table 262: Graphene product and application developers in the biomedical and healthcare industry………………….. 532
Table 263: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the medical and healthcare industry. 533
Table 264: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants………………………………………………………. 533
Table 265: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market……………………………………………………………………. 534
Table 266: Applications of carbon nanotubes in lubricants………………………………………………………………………… 535
Table 267: Applications in lubricants, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof………………………………………….. 535
Table 268: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in lubricants…………………………………………………………………… 536
Table 269: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in lubricants……………………………………………………………… 536
Table 270: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in lubricants…………………………………………………………. 536
Table 271: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the lubricants market…………………………………… 537
Table 272: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the lubricants industry…………………………….. 538
Table 273: Graphene product and application developers in the lubricants industry………………………………………. 538
Table 274: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the lubricants industry………………… 538
Table 275: Market drivers for carbon nanomaterials in oil and gas……………………………………………………………… 539
Table 276: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market…………………………………………………………………… 540
Table 277: Market summary and revenues for carbon nanomaterials in the oil and gas market…………………………. 545
Table 278: Investment opportunity assessment for CNTs in the oil and gas market………………………………………… 545
Table 279: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the oil and gas market…………………………………… 546
Table 280: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the oil and gas exploration market………………….. 546
Table 281: Carbon nanomaterial product and application developers in the oil and gas market…………………………. 547
Table 282: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires…………………………………………………………… 547
Table 283: Market summary and revenues for carbon nanomaterials in the rubber and tires market………………….. 548
Table 284: Investment opportunity assessment for carbon nanomaterials in the rubber and tires market…………….. 548
Table 285: Market challenges for carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires………………………………………………….. 549
Table 286: Carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the rubber and tires industry……………….. 549
Table 287: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in sensors………………………………………………………… 550
Table 288: Applications and benefits of CNTs in sensors…………………………………………………………………………. 551
Table 289: Applications and benefits of graphene in sensors…………………………………………………………………….. 553
Table 290: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors……………………………………………………………… 554
Table 291: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor…………………… 557
Table 292: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in sensors……………………………………………………………………… 558
Table 293: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in sensors………………………………………………………………… 559
Table 294: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the sensors market…………………………………………….. 560
Table 295: Market challenges rating for graphene in the sensors market……………………………………………………… 562
Table 296: Market challenges for CNTs in sensors…………………………………………………………………………………. 562
Table 297: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the sensors market………………………………………………………….. 562
Table 298: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the sensors industry………………………………. 563
Table 299: Graphene product and application developers in the sensors industry………………………………………….. 563
Table 300: Other carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the sensors industry………………….. 564
Table 301: Types of smart textiles………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 566
Table 302: Smart textile products……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 567
Table 303: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in smart textiles and apparel…………………………………. 567
Table 304: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials…………….. 568
Table 305: Applications and benefits of CNTs in textiles and apparel………………………………………………………….. 570
Table 306: Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel…………………………………………………….. 572
Table 307: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market……………………………………………………… 574
Table 308: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in smart textiles and apparel………………………………………… 576
Table 309: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in smart textiles and apparel……………………………………. 577
Table 310: Applications and commercialization challenges for carbon nanomaterials in smart textiles and apparel.. 578
Table 311: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the smart textiles and apparel market…………………………………… 579
Table 312: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the textiles industry………………………………… 579
Table 313: Graphene product and application developers in the textiles industry………………………………………….. 579
Table 314: CNT producers and companies they supply/licence to………………………………………………………………. 581
Table 315: Graphene producers and types produced………………………………………………………………………………. 682
Table 316: Graphene producers target market matrix……………………………………………………………………………… 685
Table 317: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets………………………………….. 749
Table 318: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix………………………………………………. 752

FIGURES

Figure 1: Molecular structures of SWCNT and MWCNT…………………………………………………………………………….. 53
Figure 2: The SGCNT synthesis method………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
Figure 3: Production capacities for SWCNTs in kilograms, 2005-2017………………………………………………………….. 65
Figure 4: Global demand for MWCNTs (tons), 2010-2030………………………………………………………………………….. 66
Figure 5: Graphene production capacity, current and planned…………………………………………………………………….. 75
Figure 6: Demand for graphene, 2010-2030……………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
Figure 7: Vittoria bike tires incorporating graphene…………………………………………………………………………………… 77
Figure 8: Demand for graphene, by market, 2030…………………………………………………………………………………….. 80
Figure 9: Global government funding for graphene in millions USD………………………………………………………………. 85
Figure 10: Global consumption of graphene 2016, by region………………………………………………………………………. 90
Figure 11: 15-inch single-layer graphene sheet being prepared in the Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences……………………………………………………………………………………… 93
Figure 12: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube…………………………………………………………………………… 103
Figure 13: TIM sheet developed by Zeon Corporation……………………………………………………………………………… 104
Figure 14: Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model…………………………………. 107
Figure 15: Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns……………………………………………………………………….. 108
Figure 16: TEM image of carbon onion………………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
Figure 17: Fullerene schematic………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
Figure 18: Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red.. 112
Figure 19: Graphene layer structure schematic……………………………………………………………………………………… 113
Figure 20: Graphite and graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 114
Figure 21: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. ………………………………………………….. 115
Figure 22: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)………………………………………………………………………. 118
Figure 23: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots……………………………………………………………………………… 119
Figure 24: Graphene quantum dots…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 120
Figure 25: Black phosphorus structure…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 127
Figure 26: Black Phosphorus crystal……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 128
Figure 27: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation… 130
Figure 28: Graphitic carbon nitride………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 133
Figure 29: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology………………………………………………………………………….. 133
Figure 30: Schematic of germanene……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 135
Figure 31: Graphdiyne structure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 137
Figure 32: Schematic of Graphane crystal…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 139
Figure 33: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride……………………………………………………………………………………… 141
Figure 34: BN nanosheet textiles application…………………………………………………………………………………………. 143
Figure 35: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide……………………………………………………………………………………. 144
Figure 36: SEM image of MoS₂………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 145
Figure 37: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor………………………………….. 146
Figure 38: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 146
Figure 39: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide………………………………………………………………………… 148
Figure 40: Silicene structure………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 149
Figure 41: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate…………………………………………………………………………. 150
Figure 42: Silicene transistor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 151
Figure 43: Crystal structure for stanene……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 152
Figure 44: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)………………………………………………………… 153
Figure 45: Schematic of tungsten diselenide…………………………………………………………………………………………. 155
Figure 46: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe)…………………………………………………………………………………….. 157
Figure 47: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite. 160
Figure 48: Schematic representation of methods used for carbon nanotube synthesis (a) Arc discharge (b) Chemical vapor deposition (c) Laser ablation (d) hydrocarbon flames………………………………………………………………… 163
Figure 49: Arc discharge process for CNTs…………………………………………………………………………………………… 165
Figure 50: Schematic of thermal-CVD method……………………………………………………………………………………….. 166
Figure 51: Schematic of plasma-CVD method……………………………………………………………………………………….. 166
Figure 52: CoMoCAT® process………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 167
Figure 53: Schematic for flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes (a) premixed flame (b) counter-flow diffusion flame (c) co-flow diffusion flame (d) inverse diffusion flame…………………………………………………………………………….. 168
Figure 54: Schematic of laser ablation synthesis……………………………………………………………………………………. 169
Figure 55: Graphene synthesis methods………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173
Figure 56: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF……………………………………………………………………………. 173
Figure 57: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium………………………………………………………………………….. 175
Figure 58: Methods of synthesizing high-quality graphene………………………………………………………………………… 178
Figure 59: Roll-to-roll graphene production process………………………………………………………………………………… 182
Figure 60: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process………………………………………………………………………… 182
Figure 61: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene……………………………………………… 184
Figure 62 Global market for carbon black in 2016, by end user market………………………………………………………… 190
Figure 63 Demand for carbon black, by market, 2014-2025, million metric tons…………………………………………….. 191
Figure 64 Specialty carbon black market volume, 2015-2025……………………………………………………………………. 192
Figure 65: MWCNT patents filed 2000-2017………………………………………………………………………………………….. 199
Figure 66: SWCNT patents filed 2000-2017………………………………………………………………………………………….. 200
Figure 67: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2017…………………………………………………………….. 201
Figure 68: Country/region distribution in graphene R&D…………………………………………………………………………… 202
Figure 69: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Carbon Nanotubes………………………………………………………… 204
Figure 70: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene…………………………………………………………………….. 206
Figure 71: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer…………………………………………….. 208
Figure 72: Global demand for carbon nanotubes (tons), 2010-2030……………………………………………………………. 213
Figure 73: Demand for carbon nanotubes, by market in 2017, total…………………………………………………………….. 214
Figure 74: Demand for single-walled carbon nanotubes, by market, 2017……………………………………………………. 215
Figure 75: Demand for single-walled carbon nanotubes, by market, 2030……………………………………………………. 216
Figure 76: Production volumes of Carbon Nanotubes 2017, by region…………………………………………………………. 218
Figure 77: Global market for graphene 2010-2030 in tons/year………………………………………………………………….. 226
Figure 78: Demand for nanodiamonds, by market 2018…………………………………………………………………………… 237
Figure 79: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanodiamonds……………………………………………………………… 238
Figure 80: Production volumes of nanodiamonds, 2010-2030……………………………………………………………………. 239
Figure 81: Production volumes of nanodiamonds 2018, by region………………………………………………………………. 240
Figure 82: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes…………………………………………………………………….. 243
Figure 83: Demand for fullerenes, by market 2017………………………………………………………………………………….. 243
Figure 84: Demand for fullerenes, by region 2030…………………………………………………………………………………… 244
Figure 85: Demand for fullerenes (tons), 2010-2030……………………………………………………………………………….. 245
Figure 86: Demand for fullerenes by region 2017……………………………………………………………………………………. 246
Figure 87: Demand for fullerenes by region 2030……………………………………………………………………………………. 246
Figure 88: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament……………………………………………………. 302
Figure 89: Graphene Adhesives…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 307
Figure 90: Carbon nanotube Composite Overwrap Pressure Vessel (COPV) developed by NASA…………………….. 315
Figure 91: Veelo carbon fiber nanotube sheet……………………………………………………………………………………….. 316
Figure 92: HeatCoat CNT anti-icing coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………. 320
Figure 93: Potential addressable market for carbon nanomaterials in aerospace…………………………………………… 323
Figure 94: Graphene-based automotive components………………………………………………………………………………. 330
Figure 95: Antistatic graphene tire………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 331
Figure 96: Schematic of CNTs as heat-dissipation sheets………………………………………………………………………… 332
Figure 97: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT………………………………………………………………………………….. 343
Figure 98: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating…………………… 348
Figure 99: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate………………………………………………………….. 350
Figure 100: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market………………………………………………….. 351
Figure 101: Potential addressable market for carbon nanomaterials in the coatings market……………………………… 355
Figure 102: CNT anti-icing coating for wind turbines……………………………………………………………………………….. 366
Figure 103: Potential addressable market for carbon nanomaterials in composites………………………………………… 369
Figure 104: Carbon nanotube thin-film transistors and integrated circuits on a flexible and transparent substrate….. 377
Figure 105: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application…………………………………………………………… 377
Figure 106: Flexible graphene touch screen………………………………………………………………………………………….. 378
Figure 107: Galapad Settler smartphone………………………………………………………………………………………………. 379
Figure 108: 3D printed carbon nanotube sensor…………………………………………………………………………………….. 380
Figure 109: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode………………………………………… 381
Figure 110: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 382
Figure 111: Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film……………………………………………… 383
Figure 112: Carbon nanotube-based color active matrix electrophoretic display (EPD) e-paper………………………… 384
Figure 113: Foldable graphene E-paper……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 384
Figure 114: Covestro wearables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 386
Figure 115: Softceptor sensor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 388
Figure 116: BeBop Media Arm Controller……………………………………………………………………………………………… 389
Figure 117: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor……………………………………………………………………………. 389
Figure 118: C2Sense flexible sensor……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 390
Figure 119: Wearable gas sensor……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 391
Figure 120: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves………………………………………………………………………… 392
Figure 121: BeBop Sensors Smart Helmet Sensor System………………………………………………………………………. 392
Figure 122: Torso and Extremities Protection (TEP) system……………………………………………………………………… 393
Figure 123: Potential addressable market for CNTs in flexible electronics, conductive films and displays……………. 396
Figure 124: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2030, by application, billions $………………………………… 397
Figure 125: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2030, millions $…… 398
Figure 126: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates…………….. 399
Figure 127: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 400
Figure 128: Nanotube inks………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 407
Figure 129: BGT Materials graphene ink product……………………………………………………………………………………. 409
Figure 130: Flexible RFID tag…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 409
Figure 131: Enfucell Printed Battery…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 412
Figure 132: Graphene printed antenna…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 413
Figure 133: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2030 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 415
Figure 134: Graphene IC in wafer tester………………………………………………………………………………………………. 420
Figure 135: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array……………………………………………………………………. 420
Figure 136: Emerging logic devices…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 421
Figure 137: Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs…………………………………………………………………………………. 421
Figure 138: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 424
Figure 139: Potential addressable market for carbon nanomaterials in transistors and integrated circuits……………. 428
Figure 140: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip…………………………………………………………………………………………… 434
Figure 141: Stretchable SWCNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics……………………………………… 435
Figure 142: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip…………………………………………………………………………………………… 436
Figure 143: Schematic of NRAM cell…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 440
Figure 144: Hybrid graphene phototransistors……………………………………………………………………………………….. 444
Figure 145: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors……………………………………………….. 445
Figure 146: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 445
Figure 147: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors………… 449
Figure 148: Energy densities and specific energy of rechargeable batteries…………………………………………………. 451
Figure 149: Nano Lithium X Battery…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 453
Figure 150: H600 concept car……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 456
Figure 151: Anion concept car……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 456
Figure 152: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor…………………………………………………………………………………… 463
Figure 153: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger…………………………………………………………………………………… 464
Figure 154: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor…………………………………………………………………………………… 466
Figure 155: Suntech/TCNT nanotube frame module……………………………………………………………………………….. 472
Figure 156: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode…………………………………………………………………… 474
Figure 157: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper……………………………………………………………………………….. 475
Figure 158: LG OLED flexible lighting panel………………………………………………………………………………………….. 491
Figure 159: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight……………………………………………………………… 491
Figure 160: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts……………………… 500
Figure 161: Graphene anti-smog mask………………………………………………………………………………………………… 500
Figure 162: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel………………………. 514
Figure 163: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis……………………………… 514
Figure 164: Connected human body……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 515
Figure 165: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor……………………………………………………………………………….. 516
Figure 166: Graphene-based E-skin patch……………………………………………………………………………………………. 517
Figure 167: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs…………. 519
Figure 168: Graphene medical patch…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 520
Figure 169: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer…………………………………………………………………………… 521
Figure 170: Mimo baby monitor………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 521
Figure 171: Nanowire skin hydration patch……………………………………………………………………………………………. 522
Figure 172: Wearable sweat sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 522
Figure 173: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor…………………………………………………………………………………….. 523
Figure 174: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2030, billions $………………. 527
Figure 175: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2030, billions $………………. 527
Figure 176: Schematic of boron doped graphene for application in gas sensors……………………………………………. 541
Figure 177: Directa Plus Grafysorber…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 543
Figure 178: Nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene membrane can effectively filter NaCl salt from water……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 544
Figure 179: GFET sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 555
Figure 180: First generation point of care diagnostics……………………………………………………………………………… 556
Figure 181: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic………………………………………………………………………….. 557
Figure 182: Conductive yarns…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 573
Figure 183: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market 2013-2030 revenue forecast (million $)…. 574
Figure 184 Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel sales by market segment, 2016…………………….. 575
Figure 185: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, conservative estimate………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 576
Figure 186: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, optimistic estimate………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 576

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