The Global Market for CVD Graphene

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is the favoured approach for the production of large area graphene films for application as transparent conductive layers in flexible electronics, touchscreens, sensors, and energy. This approach is industrially-scalable and produces films that have higher quality, homogeneity and are cheaper than those produced by chemical exfoliation.

The high-value applications for graphene generally require graphene films (solar cells, electronics, transparent electrodes, ultracapacitors, etc.). However, preparation of large-area, defect-free, continuous graphene film remains a challenge. Large consumer electronics companies are heavily involved in product development in this segment along with a number of smaller companies developing CVD Graphene films that be mass-produced and transferred to nearly any substrate. Low cost production and etch-free transfer of graphene films could potentially disrupt multi-billion dollar markets including sensors, energy storage, and flexible electronics.

Published July 2018 | 220 pages, 75 tables, 71 figures | Table of contents

Report contents include:

Stage of commercialization for CVD graphene applications, from basic research to market entry.
Market drivers, trends and challenges, by end user markets.
Market outlook for 2018.
In-depth market assessment of opportunities for CVD graphene in electronic, optoelectronics, biosensors and energy storage .
Production capacities by company (m2).
In-depth company profiles, including products, capacities, and commercial activities.
Detailed forecasts for key growth areas, opportunities and user demand.
Assessment of applications for other 2D materials competitive with and complementary to CVD graphene.
42 company profiles.

The Global Market for CVD Graphene

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1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………… 21

1.1 Market opportunity analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
1.2 Market challenges rating system……………………………………………………………………………………. 24

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………. 26

2.1 Two-dimensional (2D) materials…………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
2.2 CVD Graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
- 2.2.1 The market in 2018………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
- 2.2.2 Products…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
- 2.2.3 Production……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31

3 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE…………………………………………………… 33

3.1 History……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
3.2 Forms of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
3.3 Properties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36

4 CVD GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS………………………………………………… 38

4.1 CVD Graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
4.2 Production methods……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
4.3 Graphene quality……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
4.4 Synthesis and production of CVD graphene…………………………………………………………………… 42
4.5 Pros and cons of CVD production………………………………………………………………………………….. 44

5 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS……………………………. 48

5.1 Commercial production capacities………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
- 5.1.1 CVD graphene film production by country/year, 2010-2018/ 000s m2…………………… 48
5.2 Graphene pricing……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
- 5.2.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing…………………………………………………………………………… 51
- 5.2.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
- 5.2.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing…………………………………………………………………………….. 52
- 5.2.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing………………………………………………………………………….. 53
- 5.2.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing……………………………………………………………………………. 54
- 5.2.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing……………………………………………………………………… 55
- 5.2.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing………………………………………………………………………… 55
- 5.2.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials……………………………………………… 56
- 5.2.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce………………………………………………………. 56
- 5.2.10 Bulk supply………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57
- 5.2.11 Commoditisation………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57

6 MARKETS FOR CVD GRAPHENE…………………………………………… 58

6.1 ELECTRONICS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
- 6.1.1 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, WEARABLES, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS 58
  - 6.1.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………………. 58
  - 6.1.1.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………….. 60
  - 6.1.1.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………….. 74
  - 6.1.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………. 79
6.2 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS……………………………………………………………. 83
- 6.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………….. 83
- 6.2.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………….. 84
  - 6.2.2.1 Integrated circuits………………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
  - 6.2.2.2 Transistors…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
  - 6.2.2.3 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits………………………………………………………. 86
  - 6.2.2.4 Graphene spintronics…………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
- 6.2.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………….. 88
- 6.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
6.3 MEMORY DEVICES………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 93
- 6.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………….. 93
- 6.3.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………….. 94
- 6.3.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………….. 98
- 6.3.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………….. 99
6.4 PHOTONICS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 100
- 6.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………… 100
- 6.4.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………… 101
  - 6.4.2.1 Si photonics versus graphene……………………………………………………………………… 101
  - 6.4.2.2 Optical modulators………………………………………………………………………………………. 102
  - 6.4.2.3 Photodetectors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 102
  - 6.4.2.4 Saturable absorbers…………………………………………………………………………………….. 104
  - 6.4.2.5 Plasmonics………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 104
  - 6.4.2.6 Fiber lasers………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 104
- 6.4.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………… 105
- 6.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………… 107

7 SUPERCAPACITORS…………………………………………………………… 108

7.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………… 108
7.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………… 109
- 7.2.1 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors……………………………………………………………… 111
7.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………… 112
7.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 115

8 PHOTOVOLTAICS……………………………………………………………….. 116

8.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………… 116
8.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………… 117
- 8.2.1. ITO replacement………………………………………………………………………………………….. 118
- 8.2.2 Graphene–silicon (Gr–Si) Schottky junction solar cells……………………………….. 119
- 8.2.3 Halide perovskites/graphene hybrids…………………………………………………………… 119
- 8.2.4 Solar energy harvesting textiles…………………………………………………………………… 119
8.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………… 121
8.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 123

9 FLEXIBLE LED LIGHTING……………………………………………………. 124

9.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………… 124
9.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………… 125
- 9.2.1 Flexible OLED lighting………………………………………………………………………………………….. 125
9.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………… 126
9.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 129

10 BIOSENSORS……………………………………………………………………… 130

10.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………………………. 130
10.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS………………………………………………………………………. 131
10.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 136
10.4 MARKET CHALLENGES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 139

11 CVD GRAPHENE PRODUCER AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………. 141-166 (42 company profiles)

12 APPENDIX 1: OTHER 2-D MATERIALS…………………………………. 167

13 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….. 209

TABLES

Table 1: CVD graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size…….. 29
Table 2: Main CVD graphene producers by country and annual production capacities, m2……….. 31
Table 3: Properties of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
Table 4: CVD graphene-Markets, applications and current global market………………………………….. 38
Table 5: Main production methods for graphene………………………………………………………………………… 39
Table 6: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market………………… 43
Table 7: CVD graphene film capacity by country/year, 2010-2018/ 000s m²………………………………. 49
Table 8: Types of graphene and prices………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
Table 9: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer………………………………………………………………… 51
Table 10: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer…………………………………………………………………….. 52
Table 11: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer………………………………………………………………. 53
Table 12: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer……………………………………………………………. 53
Table 13: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer……………………………………………………………… 55
Table 14: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer……………………………………………………….. 55
Table 15: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer……………………………………………………………………. 56
Table 16: Market drivers for use of CVD graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films….. 58
Table 17: Applications and benefits of CVD graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films. 62
Table 18: Comparison of ITO replacements……………………………………………………………………………….. 63
Table 19: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development…………………………………………… 67
Table 20: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors………………………………………………. 71
Table 21: Market size for CVD graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films………………… 74
Table 22: Market opportunity assessment for CVD graphene in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
Table 23: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $…………….. 77
Table 24: Market challenges rating for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 82
Table 25: Market drivers for use of CVD graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
Table 26: Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors……………………………………….. 86
Table 27: Applications and benefits of CVD graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
Table 28: Market size for CVD graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components. 89
Table 29: Market opportunity assessment for CVD graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 90
Table 30: Market challenges rating for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market. 93
Table 31: Market drivers for use of CVD graphene in memory devices………………………………………. 93
Table 32: Market size for CVD graphene in memory devices…………………………………………………….. 98
Table 33: Applications and commercialization challenges for graphene in the memory devices market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 99
Table 34: Market drivers for use of CVD graphene in photonics………………………………………………. 100
Table 35: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators……………………………. 102
Table 36: Applications and benefits of graphene in photonics………………………………………………….. 105
Table 37: Market size for CVD graphene in photonics……………………………………………………………… 105
Table 38: Market challenges rating for graphene in the photonics market………………………………… 107
Table 39: Market drivers for use of CVD graphene in supercapacitors…………………………………….. 108
Table 40: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries……….. 110
Table 41: Applications and benefits of CVD graphene in supercapacitors……………………………….. 110
Table 42: Market size for CVD graphene in supercapacitors……………………………………………………. 112
Table 43: Market opportunity assessment for CVD graphene in supercapacitors…………………….. 114
Table 44: Market challenges rating for graphene in the supercapacitors market……………………… 116
Table 45: Market drivers for use of CVD graphene in photovoltaics…………………………………………. 116
Table 46: Market size for CVD graphene in photovoltaics………………………………………………………… 121
Table 47: Market size for CVD graphene in photovoltaics………………………………………………………… 122
Table 48: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics………………………………………………………… 122
Table 49: Market challenges rating for graphene in the solar market……………………………………….. 123
Table 50: Market drivers for use of CVD graphene in LED lighting and UVC…………………………… 124
Table 51: Applications of CVD graphene in lighting………………………………………………………………….. 125
Table 52: Market size for CVD graphene in LED lighting………………………………………………………….. 126
Table 53: Investment opportunity assessment for CVD graphene in the lighting market………….. 128
Table 54: Market impediments for graphene in lighting…………………………………………………………….. 129
Table 55: Market drivers for use of CVD graphene in sensors…………………………………………………. 130
Table 56: Applications and benefits of graphene in biosensors………………………………………………… 132
Table 57: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors……………………………………………. 133
Table 58: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 136
Table 59: Market size for CVD graphene in biosensors……………………………………………………………. 137
Table 60: Market opportunity assessment for CVD graphene in the biosensors market…………… 138
Table 61: Market challenges rating for graphene in the sensors market…………………………………… 140
Table 62: 2D materials types……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 168
Table 63: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS₂…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 172
Table 64: Market opportunity assessment for phosphorene applications…………………………………. 176
Table 65: Market opportunity assessment for graphitic carbon nitride applications………………….. 179
Table 66: Market opportunity assessment for germanene applications……………………………………. 181
Table 67: Market opportunity assessment for graphdiyne applications…………………………………….. 184
Table 68: Market opportunity assessment for graphane applications……………………………………….. 186
Table 69: Market opportunity assessment for hexagonal boron nitride applications…………………. 190
Table 70: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications……………………. 195
Table 71: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 196
Table 72: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications………………………………………….. 200
Table 73: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications………………………………… 202
Table 74: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications……………………….. 204
Table 75: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials……………………………… 207

FIGURES

Figure 1: Global consumption of CVD graphene 2017, by region………………………………………………. 33
Figure 2: Graphene layer structure schematic……………………………………………………………………………. 34
Figure 3: Graphite and graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35
Figure 4: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. …………… 36
Figure 5: Fabrication methods of graphene………………………………………………………………………………… 40
Figure 6: Schematic illustration of the main graphene production techniques…………………………….. 45
Figure 7: Graphene synthesis-CVD technique……………………………………………………………………………. 46
Figure 8: CVD Graphene on Cu Foil…………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
Figure 9: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application……………………………………………… 61
Figure 10: Flexible graphene touch screen…………………………………………………………………………………. 61
Figure 11: Galapad Settler smartphone……………………………………………………………………………………… 62
Figure 12: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode…………………….. 63
Figure 13: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte………………………………………………… 65
Figure 14: Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film…………………………… 66
Figure 15: Foldable graphene E-paper……………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
Figure 16: Wearable gas sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 73
Figure 17: Potential addressable market for CVD graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market……………………………………………………………………………………. 76
Figure 18: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $…………… 77
Figure 19: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
Figure 20: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 81
Figure 21: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 82
Figure 22: Graphene IC in wafer tester………………………………………………………………………………………. 85
Figure 23: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array………………………………………………………. 85
Figure 24: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
Figure 25: Potential addressable market for CVD graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 90
Figure 26: Potential addressable market for CVD graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91
Figure 27: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate……………………………………. 95
Figure 28: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)………………………………………………………………………………………….. 96
Figure 29: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt…… 96
Figure 30: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip………………………………………………………………………………….. 97
Figure 31: Stretchable SWCNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics………………….. 97
Figure 32: Potential addressable market for CVD graphene in the memory devices market………. 99
Figure 33: Hybrid graphene phototransistors……………………………………………………………………………. 103
Figure 34: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors……………………………. 103
Figure 35: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive…………………………………………………………………………………………… 104
Figure 36: Potential addressable market for CVD graphene in photonics………………………………… 106
Figure 37: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor………………………………………………………………………. 109
Figure 38: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor………………………………………………………………………. 112
Figure 39: Potential addressable market for CVD graphene in supercapacitors………………………. 114
Figure 40: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode…………………………………………………… 119
Figure 41: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper………………………………… 120
Figure 42: Potential addressable market for CVD graphene in photovoltaics…………………………… 123
Figure 43: LG OLED flexible lighting panel……………………………………………………………………………….. 126
Figure 44: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight……………………………………………. 126
Figure 45: Potential addressable market for CVD graphene in lighting…………………………………….. 128
Figure 46: First generation point of care diagnostics………………………………………………………………… 135
Figure 47: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic……………………………………………………………. 136
Figure 48: Potential addressable market for CVD graphene in the biosensors market…………….. 139
Figure 49: Schematic of 2-D materials……………………………………………………………………………………… 169
Figure 50: Black phosphorus structure……………………………………………………………………………………… 171
Figure 51: Black Phosphorus crystal………………………………………………………………………………………… 172
Figure 52: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 174
Figure 53: Graphitic carbon nitride……………………………………………………………………………………………. 177
Figure 54: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology……………………………. 178
Figure 55: Schematic of germanene…………………………………………………………………………………………. 180
Figure 56: Graphdiyne structure……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 182
Figure 57: Schematic of Graphane crystal………………………………………………………………………………… 185
Figure 58: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride………………………………………………………………………… 188
Figure 59: BN nanosheet textiles application……………………………………………………………………………. 190
Figure 60: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide…………………………………………………………………….. 191
Figure 61: SEM image of MoS₂………………………………………………………………………………………………… 192
Figure 62: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor…………. 193
Figure 63: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge……………………………………………………………………………… 194
Figure 64: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide……………………………………………………….. 196
Figure 65: Silicene structure……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197
Figure 66: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate…………………………………………………………. 198
Figure 67: Silicene transistor…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 199
Figure 68: Crystal structure for stanene……………………………………………………………………………………. 201
Figure 69: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)……………………………………. 202
Figure 70: Schematic of tungsten diselenide……………………………………………………………………………. 203
Figure 71: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe)………………………………………………………………………. 207