Graphene Investment and Pricing Report 2017 - Nanotechnology Market Research

Revised and updated to December 2017

New in this edition:

Over 15 additional company profiles.
Additional market information on composites, coatings and electronics.
List of OEMs/end users with potential graphene requirements, by market.

Future Markets, Inc. produced the first ever market report on graphene in 2010 and has constantly tracked the market since. We also publish the industry focused Graphene Magazine.

Graphene is the most widely studied and developed 2D nanomaterial and its discovery can be considered as a defining point in the research and development of stable, truly 2D material systems.

Graphene exhibits a unique combination of mechanical, thermal, electronic and optical properties that provide opportunities for new innovation in flexible displays, transistors, photosensors, RFID tags, solar cells, secondary batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, conductive inks, EMI shielding, heat insulation, anti-oxidation and LEDs across multiple industries including consumer electronics, automotive, aerospace, medicine, energy, 3D printing, polymer composites, wireless technology, filtration and coatings.

The global market for graphene continues to grow with weekly product, technology and production developments, public and private investments and start-ups. There are now over 200 companies either producing graphene or developing applications, with as many multi-nationals conducting R&D on these materials.

However, relatively few graphene products have reached the market yet, and until recently those that have mainly incorporate graphene additives to enhance toughness, conductivity and flexibility. This report seeks to identify investment opportunities for graphene and looks at current commercial and planned activity, most promising applications by market and pricing for graphene materials. This paints a complete picture of the current graphene landscape, from producer capacities & pricing to end products, now and in the future.

This 232 page report examines:

Advantages and shortcomings of graphene as a technology component.
Pricing landscape for graphene, by types and producers.
Production volumes by graphene producer.
Provides a map of the current competitive landscape by market.
Investments in graphene over the past 12 months.
Market impediments for graphene by target market.
Profiles all the major players in graphene production.
Profiles all the major application developers including current and intended products.

Published December 2017 | 232 pages |Table of contents (PDF download)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………… 17

1.1 Investment analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
1.2 Market impediment analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………… 19

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………. 22

2.1 Products…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
2.2 Production in 2017…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.3 Graphene investments 2016-2017…………………………………………………………………………………. 25
2.4 Market outlook………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25

3 TYPES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE GRAPHENE……………. 32

3.1 Properties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32

4 COMMERCIAL GRAPHENE PRODUCTION……………………………… 34

4.1 Large area graphene films production……………………………………………………………………………. 34
4.2 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets production…………………………………….. 35
4.3 Production methods……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
- 4.3.1 Production directly from natural graphite ore………………………………………………………….. 38
- 4.3.2 Alternative starting materials………………………………………………………………………………….. 38
- 4.3.3 Quality……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
4.4 Synthesis and production by types of graphene…………………………………………………………….. 40
- 4.4.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)……………………………………………………………………………. 40
- 4.4.2 Graphene nanoribbons…………………………………………………………………………………………… 41
- 4.4.3 Large-area graphene films……………………………………………………………………………………… 42
- 4.4.4 Graphene oxide (GO)…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
4.5 Pros and cons of graphene production methods……………………………………………………………. 43
4.6 Production methods by producer and products offered………………………………………………….. 46

5 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION………………………………………………………………. 48

6 CURRENT PRODUCTION VOLUMES IN METRIC TONS……………. 51

6.1 Global demand 2010-2017…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52

7 GRAPHENE PRICING…………………………………………………………….. 53

7.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing……………………………………………………………………………………. 55
7.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56
7.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing…………………………………………………………………………………….. 56
7.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
7.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing……………………………………………………………………………………. 58
7.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing……………………………………………………………………………… 59
7.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing………………………………………………………………………………… 60
7.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials……………………………………………………… 60
7.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce………………………………………………………………. 61
7.10 Bulk supply…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 61
7.11 Commoditisation………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62

8 GLOBAL GRAPHENE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCTION CAPACITIES, CURRENT AND PLANNED……………………………………. 63

9 COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN GRAPHENE…………………….. 64

9.1 Short-term growth…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
9.2 Medium-term growth………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
9.3 Adhesives………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 68
- 9.3.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 68
- 9.3.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 68
- 9.3.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………………. 69
- 9.3.4 OEM application…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
- 9.3.5 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
9.4 Aerospace………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 74
- 9.4.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 74
- 9.4.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 75
- 9.4.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………………. 76
- 9.4.4 OEM application…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
- 9.4.5 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 80
9.5 Automotive……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 81
- 9.5.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 81
- 9.5.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 82
- 9.5.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………………. 84
- 9.5.4 OEM application…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
- 9.5.5 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
9.6 Coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 88
- 9.6.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 88
- 9.6.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 90
- 9.6.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………………. 91
- 9.6.4 OEM application…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 94
- 9.6.5 Market impediments……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
9.7 Composites…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 96
- 9.7.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 96
- 9.7.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………….. 98
- 9.7.3 Graphene investment potential…………………………………………………………………………….. 100
- 9.7.4 OEM application…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
- 9.7.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 104
9.8 Conductive inks……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
- 9.8.1 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 105
- 9.8.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………… 107
- 9.8.3 Graphene investment potential…………………………………………………………………………….. 108
- 9.8.4 OEM application…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 113
- 9.8.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 115
9.9 Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 115
- 9.9.1 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 115
- 9.9.2 Current and planned commercial activity……………………………………………………………… 119
- 9.9.3 Graphene investment potential…………………………………………………………………………….. 122
- 9.9.4 OEM application…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 129
- 9.9.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 130
9.10 Energy……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 133
- 9.10.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 133
- 9.10.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 137
- 9.10.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 141
- 9.10.4 OEM application………………………………………………………………………………………………. 147
- 9.10.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 148
9.11 Filtration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 149
- 9.11.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 149
- 9.11.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 150
- 9.11.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 151
- 9.11.4 OEM application………………………………………………………………………………………………. 153
- 9.11.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 154
9.12 Life science and healthcare……………………………………………………………………………………… 155
- 9.12.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
- 9.12.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 158
- 9.12.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 159
- 9.12.4 OEM application………………………………………………………………………………………………. 163
- 9.12.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 165
9.13 Lighting…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 167
- 9.13.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 167
- 9.13.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 167
- 9.13.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 168
- 9.13.4 OEM application………………………………………………………………………………………………. 169
- 9.13.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 170
9.14 Lubricants………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
- 9.14.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
- 9.14.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 171
- 9.14.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 172
- 9.14.4 OEM application………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173
- 9.14.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 174
9.15 Oil and gas……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 175
- 9.15.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 175
- 9.15.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 176
- 9.15.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 176
- 9.15.4 OEM application………………………………………………………………………………………………. 178
- 9.15.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 179
9.16 Rubber and tires………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 180
- 9.16.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 180
- 9.16.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 181
- 9.16.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 182
- 9.16.4 OEM application………………………………………………………………………………………………. 183
- 9.16.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 185
9.17 Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 185
- 9.17.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 185
- 9.17.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 188
- 9.17.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 189
- 9.17.4 OEM application………………………………………………………………………………………………. 192
- 9.17.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 194
9.18 Textiles…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195
- 9.18.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 195
- 9.18.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 195
- 9.18.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 196
- 9.18.4 OEM application………………………………………………………………………………………………. 198
- 9.18.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 199
9.19 3D Printing……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 200
- 9.19.1 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 201
- 9.19.2 Current and planned commercial activity…………………………………………………………. 201
- 9.19.3 Graphene investment potential………………………………………………………………………… 202
- 9.19.4 OEM application………………………………………………………………………………………………. 203
- 9.19.5 Market impediments…………………………………………………………………………………………. 205

10 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS……………………………………………………. 206

10.1 Types of graphene produced, by producer………………………………………………………………. 207
10.2 Key players………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 211
- 10.2.1 Asia-Pacific………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 211
- 10.2.1.1 Australia………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 213
- 10.2.2 North America………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 214
- 10.2.3 Europe……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 215
10.3 Markets targeted, by producer…………………………………………………………………………………. 215

11 GRAPHENE PRODUCT DEVELOPERS AND END USERS………. 219

11.1 Industrial collaborations and licensing……………………………………………………………………… 219
11.2 Markets targeted, by product developers and end users………………………………………….. 222

12 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….. 226

TABLES

Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene…………………………………………………………………. 22
Table 2: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2017………………………………………………… 25
Table 3: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications………………………………… 27
Table 4: Properties of graphene and competing materials………………………………………………………….. 33
Table 5: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market………………… 35
Table 6: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
Table 7: Main production methods for graphene………………………………………………………………………… 36
Table 8: Pros and cons of graphene synthesis/production methods…………………………………………… 43
Table 9: Graphene production methods, by producer…………………………………………………………………. 46
Table 10: Graphene market structure…………………………………………………………………………………………. 48
Table 11: Global demand for graphene, 2010-2017 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2016………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 52
Table 12: Types of graphene and prices…………………………………………………………………………………….. 54
Table 13: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer………………………………………………………………. 55
Table 14: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer…………………………………………………………………….. 56
Table 15: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer………………………………………………………………. 57
Table 16: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer……………………………………………………………. 57
Table 17: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer……………………………………………………………… 59
Table 18: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer……………………………………………………….. 59
Table 19: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer……………………………………………………………………. 60
Table 20: Production capacities of graphene producers, current and planned, metric tons………… 63
Table 21: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size…………… 66
Table 22: Applications of adhesives, by market………………………………………………………………………….. 68
Table 23: Companies developing graphene-based products in adhesives…………………………………. 69
Table 24: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the adhesives market………………………. 69
Table 25: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in adhesives………………………………….. 70
Table 26: Market impediments for graphene in the adhesives market……………………………………….. 73
Table 27: Applications of graphene in the aerospace market……………………………………………………… 74
Table 28: Companies developing graphene-based products in aerospace………………………………… 75
Table 29: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the aerospace market………………………. 76
Table 30: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace…………………………………. 77
Table 31: Market impediments for graphene in aerospace…………………………………………………………. 81
Table 32: Applications of graphene in the automotive market…………………………………………………….. 81
Table 33: Companies developing graphene-based products in the automotive industry……………. 82
Table 34: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the automotive market……………………… 84
Table 35: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive industry…………….. 84
Table 36: Market impediments for graphene in automotive………………………………………………………… 87
Table 37: Applications of graphene in coatings………………………………………………………………………….. 88
Table 38: Companies developing graphene-based products in the coatings industry………………… 90
Table 39: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the coatings market…………………………. 91
Table 40: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the coatings market…………………… 92
Table 41: Market impediments for graphene in coatings…………………………………………………………….. 95
Table 42: Applications of graphene in composites……………………………………………………………………… 96
Table 43: Companies developing graphene-based products in composites……………………………….. 98
Table 44: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the composites market…………………… 100
Table 45: Potential addressable market for graphene in composites……………………………………….. 100
Table 46: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the composites market……………. 102
Table 47: Market impediments for graphene in composites……………………………………………………… 105
Table 48: Companies developing graphene-based products in conductive inks………………………. 107
Table 49: Opportunities for graphene in printed electronics……………………………………………………… 109
Table 50: Potential addressable market for graphene in conductive inks…………………………………. 110
Table 51: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks……………………………… 113
Table 52: Market impediments for graphene in conductive inks……………………………………………….. 115
Table 53: Applications of graphene in electronics…………………………………………………………………….. 116
Table 54: Companies developing graphene-based products in electronics………………………………. 119
Table 55: Market summary and revenues for graphene in electronics……………………………………… 122
Table 56: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in electronics………………………………. 128
Table 57: Market impediments for graphene in electronics………………………………………………………. 130
Table 58: Applications of graphene in energy storage and generation…………………………………….. 134
Table 59: Companies developing graphene-based products in energy……………………………………. 138
Table 60: Market summary and revenues for graphene in energy……………………………………………. 141
Table 61: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries…………………… 144
Table 62: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics………………………………………………………… 145
Table 63: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the energy market…………………… 146
Table 64: Market impediments for graphene in energy…………………………………………………………….. 148
Table 65: Applications of graphene in filtration…………………………………………………………………………. 149
Table 66: Companies developing graphene-based products in filtration…………………………………… 150
Table 67: Market summary and revenues for graphene in filtration………………………………………….. 151
Table 68: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration market…………………. 152
Table 69: Market impediments for graphene in filtration…………………………………………………………… 155
Table 70: Applications of graphene in life sciences and healthcare………………………………………….. 156
Table 71: Companies developing graphene-based products in life sciences and healthcare…… 158
Table 72: Market summary and revenues for graphene in life sciences and healthcare…………… 159
Table 73: Potential addressable market for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets……… 160
Table 74: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets…… 161
Table 75: Market impediments for graphene in the biomedical and healthcare market……………. 165
Table 76: Applications of graphene in lighting………………………………………………………………………….. 167
Table 77: Companies developing graphene-based products in lighting……………………………………. 167
Table 78: Market summary and revenues for graphene in lighting…………………………………………… 168
Table 79: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lighting market…………………… 168
Table 80: Market impediments for graphene in lighting…………………………………………………………….. 170
Table 81: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market…………………………………………………….. 171
Table 82: Companies developing graphene-based products in lubricants………………………………… 171
Table 83: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the lubricants market……………………… 172
Table 84: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lubricants market………………. 172
Table 85: Market impediments for graphene in lubricants………………………………………………………… 174
Table 86: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market…………………………………………………… 175
Table 87: Companies developing graphene-based products in oil and gas……………………………… 176
Table 88: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the oil and gas market……………………. 177
Table 89: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the oil and gas market…………….. 177
Table 90: Market impediments for graphene in oil and gas………………………………………………………. 179
Table 91: Applications of graphene in rubber and tires…………………………………………………………….. 180
Table 92: Companies developing graphene-based products in rubber and tires………………………. 181
Table 93: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the rubber and tires market……………. 182
Table 94: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the rubber and tires market…….. 182
Table 95: Market impediments for graphene in rubber and tires………………………………………………. 185
Table 96: Applications of graphene in sensors…………………………………………………………………………. 186
Table 97: Companies developing graphene-based products in sensors…………………………………… 188
Table 98: Market size for graphene in sensors…………………………………………………………………………. 189
Table 99: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration market………………………… 190
Table 100: Market impediments for graphene in sensors…………………………………………………………. 194
Table 101: Applications of graphene in textiles………………………………………………………………………… 195
Table 102: Companies developing graphene-based products in textiles………………………………….. 196
Table 103: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the textiles market……………………….. 196
Table 104: Global market for smart clothing and apparel, 2014-2021, units and revenues (US$). 197
Table 105: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in textiles…………………………………………. 197
Table 106: Market impediments for graphene in textiles…………………………………………………………… 200
Table 107: Applications of graphene in 3D printing…………………………………………………………………… 201
Table 108: Companies developing graphene-based products in the 3D printing industry………… 201
Table 109: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the 3D printing market…………………. 202
Table 110: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the 3D printing market…………… 202
Table 111: Market impediments for graphene in 3D printing…………………………………………………….. 205
Table 112: Graphene producers and types produced matrix……………………………………………………. 207
Table 113: Graphene producers target market matrix………………………………………………………………. 215
Table 114: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets………….. 219
Table 115: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix………………………… 222

FIGURES

Figure 1: Global market for graphene 2010-2027 in tons/year……………………………………………………. 24
Figure 2: Graphene production capacity, current and planned…………………………………………………… 25
Figure 3: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. …………… 33
Figure 4: Graphene synthesis methods………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
Figure 5: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unravelled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. 39
Figure 6: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium……………………………………………………………… 42
Figure 7: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer………………………….. 48
Figure 8: Global demand for graphene 2010-2017 in tons/year………………………………………………….. 53
Figure 9: Demand for graphene, by market, 2015………………………………………………………………………. 65
Figure 10: Demand for graphene, by market, 2027…………………………………………………………………….. 66
Figure 11: Graphene epoxy adhesive…………………………………………………………………………………………. 69
Figure 12: Investment opportunity for graphene in adhesives…………………………………………………….. 72
Figure 13: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace………………………………… 79
Figure 14: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive sector………………. 86
Figure 15: Investment opportunity for graphene in the coatings market……………………………………… 94
Figure 16: Investment opportunity for graphene in the composites market………………………………. 103
Figure 17: Graphene printed antenna………………………………………………………………………………………. 106
Figure 18: BGT Materials graphene ink product……………………………………………………………………….. 107
Figure 19: Vorbeck Materials Vor-inkTM conductive electronics printed through flexographic techniques………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109
Figure 20: Potential addressable market for graphene in the conductive ink market………………… 112
Figure 21: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application………………………………………….. 116
Figure 22: Galapad Settler smartphone……………………………………………………………………………………. 116
Figure 23:Flexible graphene touchscreen…………………………………………………………………………………. 119
Figure 24: Potential addressable market for graphene in electronics……………………………………….. 125
Figure 25: Potential addressable market for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market…………………………………………………………………………………. 127
Figure 26: Potential addressable market for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 127
Figure 27: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 134
Figure 28: H600 concept car…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 137
Figure 29: Anion concept car……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 138
Figure 30: Graphene anti-smog mask………………………………………………………………………………………. 150
Figure 31: Graphene-based E-skin patch…………………………………………………………………………………. 157
Figure 32: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in the biomedical and healthcare market……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 163
Figure 33: Directa-Plus Grafysorber…………………………………………………………………………………………. 176
Figure 34: Antistatic graphene tire……………………………………………………………………………………………. 182
Figure 35: Potential addressable market for graphene in the sensors market………………………….. 192
Figure 36: 15-inch single-layer graphene sheet being prepared in the Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences……………………………………………….. 212

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