Graphene market

Published July 2021 | 670 pages, 184 tables, 193 figures | Table of contents

The market for graphene has grown hugely in the past decade, with numerous products now on the market and more to come as graphene producers record steadily increasing revenues and OEMs witnessing significant returns in clothing, sportswear, footwear, tires, batteries etc. Graphene is attracting increasing attention from investors, researchers and industrial players due to exceptional mechanical, electronic, and thermal properties. Graphene is available in multi-ton quantities from many producers and has been identified by many industry sectors as a key materials that will drive future product development in flexible electronics, smart textiles, biosensors, drug delivery, water filtration, supercapacitors and more.

The Graphene Market Report 2021 is the most comprehensive and up-to date report on graphene currently available, by the world's leading market authority on graphene and publisher of Graphene Magazine. Profiling over 300 companies, the report provides key information for investors and executives to enable them to understand and take advantage of the opportunities provided by graphene (other 2D materials are also covered).

The Graphene Market Report 2021 contains:

Unique market assessment tools to assess the viability of graphene, by market, and application.
Tabular data on current graphene products.
Market assessment of other 2D materials.
Assessment of graphene by market including applications, key benefits, market megatrends, market drivers for graphene, technology drawbacks, competing materials, potential consumption of graphene to 2031 and main players.
Graphical depictions of graphene applications by market.
In depth-assessment of graphene producer and distributor pricing in 2020.
Global market for graphene in tons, by sector, historical and forecast to 2031. Global graphene market size split by market in 2020and for each application to 2031.
Full list of technology collaborations, strategic partnerships, and M&As in the global graphene market including collaboration dates.
In-depth profiles of more than 300 graphene producers and application/product developers including products, production capacities, manufacturing methods, collaborations, licensing, customers and target markets. Companies profiled include Directa Plus, Global Graphene Group, ZEN Graphene Solutions, Saint Jean Carbon, Huvis, SafeLi LLC, Graphex Group Ltd, Versarien, Talga Resources, Archer Materials, Haydale Graphene, Paragraf, Graphenea and many more.
List of ex-graphene producers.
Detailed forecasts for key growth areas, opportunities and demand.
Market impact of COVID-19 crisis on the graphene market, by end user industry.
Market overview of industry developments in 2020-21.
Analysis of 2D materials market including Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), hexagonal boron-nitride (BNNS), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC), Mxenes, Borophene, Phosphorene, Graphitic carbon nitride, Germanene, Graphyne, graphane, Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2), silicene, Stanene/tinene, Tungsten diselenide, Antimonene, diamene and indium selenide.
Spreadsheet of graphene producers and production quantities.
Spreadsheet of current graphene prices.

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 34

1.1 Why graphene? 34
- 1.1.1 Exceptional properties 34
- 1.1.2 Commercial opportunities 35
- 1.1.3 Collaboration key? 35
1.2 The market in 2019 36
1.3 The market in 2020 38
- 1.3.1 Graphene market developments 2020 39
- 1.3.2 Graphene funding and investments 2020-2021 41
1.4 The market in 2021 42
- 1.4.1 Graphene market developments in 2021 42
1.5 Future global market outlook 44
1.6 Publicly listed graphene companies 45
1.7 Production capacities 45
1.8 Global graphene demand, 2018-2031, tons 48
- 1.8.1 Market segmentation, historical and forecast to 2031 50
1.9 Graphene market by region 53
- 1.9.1 Asia-Pacific 53
  - 1.9.1.1 China 53
  - 1.9.1.2 Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific 55
- 1.9.2 North America 56
  - 1.9.2.1 Main graphene producers in North America 56
- 1.9.3 Europe 58
- 1.9.3.1 Main graphene producers in Europe 58
1.10 List of commercialized graphene products 60
1.11 Graphene investments 62
1.12 Industrial collaborations and licence agreements 64
1.13 Graphene market challenges 71
1.14 Market impact from COVID-19 pandemic 73

2 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE 75

2.1 History 75
2.2 Types of graphene 76
2.3 Properties 77

3 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS 79

3.1 Composition 79
3.2 Comparison to quantum dots 80
3.3 Properties 81
3.4 Synthesis 81
- 3.4.1 Top-down method 81
- 3.4.2 Bottom-up method 82
- 3.4.3 Comparison of synthesis methods 82
3.5 Applications 84
3.6 Markets 85
- 3.6.1 Electronics and photonics 85
- 3.6.2 Energy storage and conversion 86
- 3.6.3 Sensors 87
- 3.6.4 Biomedicine and life sciences 88
- 3.6.5 Anti-counterfeiting 89
3.7 Challenges 90
3.8 Production of graphene quantum dots 91
- 3.8.1 Current and projected revenues 91
- 3.8.2 Pricing 92

4 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION 93

4.1 Quality 94
4.2 Assessment of graphene production methods 95

5 REGULATIONS 100

5.1 Environmental, health and safety regulation 100
- 5.1.1 Europe 100
- 5.1.2 United States 101
- 5.1.3 Asia-Pacific 102
5.2 Workplace exposure 103

6 GRAPHENE PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS 105

7 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION 107

7.1 Commercial production capacities 108
7.2 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide production capacities 109
- 7.2.1 By producer 109
- 7.2.2 By region 110
7.3 Graphene nanoplatelets production capacities 111
- 7.3.1 By producer 112
- 7.3.2 Production capacity by region 113
7.4 CVD graphene film 114
- 7.4.1 By producer 114
7.5 Graphene production issues and challenges 115
- 7.5.1 Oversupply 115
- 7.5.2 Quality 115
- 7.5.3 Large-volume markets 116
- 7.5.4 Commoditisation 116
- 7.5.5 Industrial end-user perspective 117

8 GRAPHENE PRICING 118

8.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 119
8.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 121
8.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 122
8.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 123
8.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing 124
8.6 Multilayer graphene (MLG) pricing 125
8.7 Graphene ink 126

9 MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE 127

9.1 3D PRINTING 127
- 9.1.1 Graphene in 3D printing 127
- 9.1.2 Market outlook 127
- 9.1.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 128
- 9.1.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 131
- 9.1.5 Product developers 133
9.2 ADHESIVES 135
- 9.2.1 Graphene in adhesives 135
- 9.2.2 Market outlook 136
- 9.2.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 136
- 9.2.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 139
- 9.2.5 Product developers 140
9.3 AUTOMOTIVE 142
- 9.3.1 Graphene in the automotive sector 142
- 9.3.2 Market outlook 143
- 9.3.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 144
- 9.3.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 147
- 9.3.5 Product developers 148
9.4 BATTERIES 152
- 9.4.1 Graphene in batteries 152
  - 9.4.1.1 Battery market megatrends 153
- 9.4.2 Market outlook 158
  - 9.4.2.1 Flexible and stretchable batteries 160
- 9.4.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 161
- 9.4.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 166
- 9.4.5 Product developers 167
9.5 COMPOSITES 173
- 9.5.1 Graphene in composites 173
- 9.5.2 Fiber-based polymer composite parts 173
  - 9.5.2.1 Market outlook 173
  - 9.5.2.2 Market drivers, trends and applications 174
- 9.5.3 Metal-matrix composites 178
  - 9.5.3.1 Market drivers, trends and applications 178
- 9.5.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 179
- 9.5.5 Product developers 180
9.6 CONDUCTIVE INKS 186
- 9.6.1 Graphene in conductive inks 186
- 9.6.2 Market outlook 186
- 9.6.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 187
- 9.6.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 191
- 9.6.5 Product developers 193
9.7 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS 196
- 9.7.1 Graphene in construction and buildings 196
- 9.7.2 Market outlook 196
- 9.7.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 197
  - 9.7.3.1 Cement 197
  - 9.7.3.2 Asphalt bitumen 199
  - 9.7.3.3 Aerogels 200
- 9.7.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 201
- 9.7.5 Product developers 202
9.8 ELECTRONICS 205
- 9.8.1 WEARABLE ELECTRONICS AND DISPLAYS 205
  - 9.8.1.1 Graphene in wearable electronics and displays 205
  - 9.8.1.2 Market outlook 206
  - 9.8.1.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 206
  - 9.8.1.4 Global market, historical and forecast to 2031 209
  - 9.8.1.5 Product developers 210
- 9.8.2 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 212
  - 9.8.2.1 Graphene in transistors and integrated circuits 212
  - 9.8.2.2 Market outlook 212
  - 9.8.2.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 213
  - 9.8.2.4 Global market, historical and forecast to 2031 216
  - 9.8.2.5 Product developers 217
- 9.8.3 MEMORY DEVICES 219
  - 9.8.3.1 Graphene in memory devices 219
  - 9.8.3.2 Market outlook 219
  - 9.8.3.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 220
  - 9.8.3.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 221
  - 9.8.3.5 Product developers 222
9.9 FILTER MEDIA 224
- 9.9.1 Graphene in filter media 224
- 9.9.2 Market prospects 224
- 9.9.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 225
- 9.9.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 229
- 9.9.5 Product developers 231
9.10 FUEL CELLS 234
- 9.10.1 Graphene in fuel cells 234
- 9.10.2 Market outlook 234
- 9.10.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 235
- 9.10.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 239
- 9.10.5 Product developers 240
9.11 LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 241
- 9.11.1 Graphene in life sciences and medicine 241
- 9.11.2 Market outlook 242
  - 9.11.2.1 Drug delivery 242
  - 9.11.2.2 Imaging and diagnostics 243
  - 9.11.2.3 Implants 243
  - 9.11.2.4 Medical biosensors 244
  - 9.11.2.5 Woundcare 245
  - 9.11.2.6 Medical wearables 245
  - 9.11.2.7 Gene delivery 246
- 9.11.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 247
- 9.11.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 251
- 9.11.5 Product developers 253
9.12 LIGHTING 257
- 9.12.1 Graphene in lighting 257
- 9.12.2 Market outlook 257
- 9.12.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 258
- 9.12.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 260
- 9.12.5 Product developers 261
9.13 LUBRICANTS 263
- 9.13.1 Graphene in lubricants. 263
- 9.13.2 Market outlook 264
- 9.13.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 265
- 9.13.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 267
- 9.13.5 Product developers 268
9.14 OIL AND GAS 271
- 9.14.1 Graphene in oil and gas 271
- 9.14.2 Market outlook 271
- 9.14.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 272
- 9.14.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 274
- 9.14.5 Product developers 275
9.15 PAINTS AND COATINGS 277
- 9.15.1 Graphene in paints and coatings 277
- 9.15.2 Market outlook 277
- 9.15.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 278
- 9.15.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 281
- 9.15.5 Product developers 283
9.16 PHOTONICS 288
- 9.16.1 Graphene in paints and coatings. 288
- 9.16.2 Market outlook 288
- 9.16.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 289
- 9.16.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 292
- 9.16.5 Product developers 293
9.17 PHOTOVOLTAICS 295
- 9.17.1 Graphene in photovoltaics 295
- 9.17.2 Market outlook 296
- 9.17.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 296
- 9.17.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 299
- 9.17.5 Product developers 300
9.18 RUBBER AND TIRES 302
- 9.18.1 Graphene in rubber and tires. 302
- 9.18.2 Market outlook 302
- 9.18.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 303
- 9.18.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 306
- 9.18.5 Product developers 308
9.19 SENSORS 310
- 9.19.1 Graphene in sensors. 310
- 9.19.2 Market outlook 311
- 9.19.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 311
- 9.19.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 315
- 9.19.5 Product developers 317
9.20 TEXTILES AND APPAREL 321
- 9.20.1 Graphene in textiles and apparel. 321
- 9.20.2 Market outlook 321
- 9.20.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 322
- 9.20.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 327
- 9.20.5 Product developers 328
9.21 SUPERCAPACITORS 333
- 9.21.1 Graphene in supercapacitors. 333
- 9.21.2 Market outlook 333
- 9.21.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 334
  - 9.21.3.1 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors 336
- 9.21.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 337
- 9.21.5 Product developers 338
9.22 OTHER MARKETS 341
- 9.22.1 Audio equipment 341
- 9.22.2 Sporting goods and apparel 341

10 GRAPHENE PRODUCER ASSESSMENT 343

10.1 Types of graphene produced, by producer 343
10.2 Markets targeted, by producer 347
10.3 Graphene product developers target markets 350

11 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES 354 (304 company profiles)

12 GRAPHENE EX-PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS 589

13 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS 604

13.1 2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS 607
- 13.1.1 Top-down exfoliation 607
- 13.1.2 Bottom-up synthesis 608
13.2 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE (h-BN) 608
- 13.2.1 Properties 609
- 13.2.2 Applications and markets 609
  - 13.2.2.1 Electronics 609
  - 13.2.2.2 Fuel cells 609
  - 13.2.2.3 Adsorbents 610
  - 13.2.2.4 Photodetectors 610
  - 13.2.2.5 Textiles 610
  - 13.2.2.6 Biomedical 610
13.3 MXENES 611
- 13.3.1 Properties 611
- 13.3.2 Applications 612
  - 13.3.2.1 Catalysts 612
  - 13.3.2.2 Hydrogels 612
  - 13.3.2.3 Energy storage devices 612
  - 13.3.2.4 Gas Separation 613
  - 13.3.2.5 Liquid Separation 613
  - 13.3.2.6 Antibacterials 613
13.4 TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES (TMDC) 614
- 13.4.1 Properties 614
  - 13.4.1.1 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) 615
  - 13.4.1.2 Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 616
- 13.4.2 Applications 616
  - 13.4.2.1 Electronics 616
  - 13.4.2.2 Biomedical 617
  - 13.4.2.3 Photovoltaics 617
  - 13.4.2.4 Piezoelectrics 617
  - 13.4.2.5 Sensors 617
  - 13.4.2.6 Filtration 618
  - 13.4.2.7 Batteries and supercapacitors 618
  - 13.4.2.8 Fiber lasers 618
13.5 BOROPHENE 619
- 13.5.1 Properties 619
- 13.5.2 Applications 619
  - 13.5.2.1 Energy storage 619
  - 13.5.2.2 Hydrogen storage 620
  - 13.5.2.3 Sensors 620
  - 13.5.2.4 Electronics 620
13.6 PHOSPHORENE 620
- 13.6.1 Properties 621
  - 13.6.1.1 Fabrication methods 622
  - 13.6.1.2 Challenges for the use of phosphorene in devices 623
- 13.6.2 Applications 623
  - 13.6.2.1 Electronics 623
  - 13.6.2.2 Field effect transistors 623
  - 13.6.2.3 Thermoelectrics 624
  - 13.6.2.4 Batteries 624
  - 13.6.2.5 Supercapacitors 625
  - 13.6.2.6 Photodetectors 625
  - 13.6.2.7 Sensors 625
13.7 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4) 626
- 13.7.1 Properties 626
- 13.7.2 Synthesis 626
- 13.7.3 C2N 626
- 13.7.4 Applications 627
  - 13.7.4.1 Electronics 627
  - 13.7.4.2 Filtration membranes 627
  - 13.7.4.3 Photocatalysts 627
  - 13.7.4.4 Batteries 627
  - 13.7.4.5 Sensors 628
13.8 GERMANENE 629
- 13.8.1 Properties 629
- 13.8.2 Applications 629
  - 13.8.2.1 Electronics 629
  - 13.8.2.2 Batteries 630
13.9 GRAPHDIYNE 630
- 13.9.1 Properties 630
- 13.9.2 Applications 631
  - 13.9.2.1 Electronics 631
  - 13.9.2.2 Batteries 631
  - 13.9.2.3 Separation membranes 631
  - 13.9.2.4 Water filtration 632
  - 13.9.2.5 Photocatalysts 632
  - 13.9.2.6 Photovoltaics 632
13.10 GRAPHANE 632
- 13.10.1 Properties 633
- 13.10.2 Applications 633
  - 13.10.2.1 Electronics 633
  - 13.10.2.2 Hydrogen storage 633
13.11 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2) 634
- 13.11.1 Properties 634
- 13.11.2 Applications 634
  - 13.11.2.1 Electronics 634
13.12 SILICENE 635
- 13.12.1 Properties 635
- 13.12.2 Applications 636
  - 13.12.2.1 Electronics 636
  - 13.12.2.2 Photovoltaics 636
  - 13.12.2.3 Thermoelectrics 637
  - 13.12.2.4 Batteries 637
  - 13.12.2.5 Sensors 637
13.13 STANENE/TINENE 637
- 13.13.1 Properties 638
- 13.13.2 Applications 638
  - 13.13.2.1 Electronics 638
13.14 ANTIMONENE 639
- 13.14.1 Properties 639
- 13.14.2 Applications 639
13.15 INDIUM SELENIDE 639
- 13.15.1 Properties 639
- 13.15.2 Applications 640
  - 13.15.2.1 Electronics 640
13.16 LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES (LDH) 640
- 13.16.1 Properties 640
- 13.16.2 Applications 641
  - 13.16.2.1 Adsorbent 641
  - 13.16.2.2 Catalyst 641
  - 13.16.2.3 Sensors 641
  - 13.16.2.4 Electrodes 641
  - 13.16.2.5 Flame Retardants 642
  - 13.16.2.6 Biosensors 642
  - 13.16.2.7 Tissue engineering 642
  - 13.16.2.8 Anti-Microbials 642
  - 13.16.2.9 Drug Delivery 642
13.17 2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES 643

14 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 649

14.1 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 649

15 REFERENCES 652

List of Tables

Table 1. Graphene market developments in 2020. 39
Table 2. Graphene funding and investments in 2020. 41
Table 3. Graphene market developments in 2021. 42
Table 4. Publicly listed graphene companies. 45
Table 5. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell into 2020. 46
Table 6. Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2031. 48
Table 7. Main graphene producers in North America. 56
Table 8. Main graphene producers in Europe. 58
Table 9. Products incorporating graphene. 60
Table 10. Graphene investments and financial agreements. 62
Table 11. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets. 64
Table 12. Graphene market challenges. 71
Table 13. Assessment of impact from COVID-19 by end user market. Key: Low, little impact and market will continue to grow. Medium, market impacted to some degree affecting growth prospects over next 1-2 years. High: Market significantly impacted. 73
Table 14. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 77
Table 15. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 80
Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 83
Table 17. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 84
Table 18. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics. 85
Table 19. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion. 86
Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors. 87
Table 21. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences. 88
Table 22. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics. 89
Table 23. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots. 90
Table 24. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 92
Table 25. Assessment of graphene production methods. 96
Table 26. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe. 100
Table 27. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America. 101
Table 28. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific. 102
Table 29. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2019. 105
Table 30. Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2031. 107
Table 31. Graphene oxide production capacity by producer, 2010-2020. 109
Table 32. Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2019. 110
Table 33. Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by producer, 2010-2020. 112
Table 34. Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2019. 113
Table 35. CVD graphene film capacity by producer, 2010-2020 in 000s m2. 114
Table 36. Types of graphene and typical prices. 118
Table 37. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 120
Table 38. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 121
Table 39. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 122
Table 40. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. 123
Table 41. Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer. 125
Table 42. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 125
Table 43. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 126
Table 44. Market overview for graphene in 3D printing. 127
Table 45. Market outlook for graphene in 3D printing. 127
Table 46. Market and applications for graphene in 3D printing. 128
Table 47. Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2031. 131
Table 48. Product developers in graphene 3D printing. 133
Table 49. Market overview for graphene in adhesives. 135
Table 50. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives. 136
Table 51. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives. 136
Table 52. Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2031. 139
Table 53. Product developers in graphene adhesives. 140
Table 54. Market overview for graphene in the automotive market. 143
Table 55. Market outlook for graphene in automotive. 143
Table 56. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 144
Table 57. Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2031. 147
Table 58. Product developers in the graphene automotive market. 148
Table 59. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries. 152
Table 60. Market overview for graphene in batteries. 157
Table 61. Market outlook for graphene in batteries. 158
Table 62. Market drivers for use of nanomaterials in batteries. 158
Table 63. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof. 161
Table 64. Market and applications for graphene in batteries. 161
Table 65. Estimated demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2031. 166
Table 66. Product developers in graphene batteries. 167
Table 67. Market overview for graphene in composites. 173
Table 68. Market outlook for graphene in fiber-based polymer composite parts. 173
Table 69. Market and applications for graphene in fiber-based composite parts. 174
Table 70. Market and applications for graphene in metal matrix composites. 178
Table 71. Global market for graphene in composites 2018-2031, tons. 179
Table 72. Product developers in graphene composites. 180
Table 73. Market overview for graphene in conductive inks. 186
Table 74. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks. 186
Table 75. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks. 187
Table 76. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 190
Table 77. Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2031. 191
Table 78. Product developers in graphene conductive inks. 193
Table 79. Market overview for graphene in construction and buildings. 196
Table 80. Market outlook for graphene in construction. 196
Table 81. Graphene for cement. 197
Table 82. Graphene for asphalt bitumen. 199
Table 83. Demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2031. 201
Table 84: Graphene product developers in construction. 202
Table 85. Market overview for graphene in wearable electronics and displays. 205
Table 86. Market outlook for graphene in wearable electronics and displays. 206
Table 87. Market and applications for graphene in electronics. 206
Table 88. Comparison of ITO replacements. 208
Table 89. Demand for graphene in wearable, flexible and stretchable electronics, 2018-2031. 209
Table 90. Product developers in graphene-based electronics. 210
Table 91. Market overview for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 212
Table 92. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors. 212
Table 93. Market outlook for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 212
Table 94. Market and applications for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 213
Table 95. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2031. 216
Table 96. Product developers in graphene transistors and integrated circuits. 217
Table 97. Market overview for graphene in memory devices. 219
Table 98. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices. 219
Table 99. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices. 220
Table 100. Demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2031. 221
Table 101. Product developers in graphene memory devices. 222
Table 102. Market overview for graphene in filtration. 224
Table 103. Market outlook for graphene in filtration. 224
Table 104. Market and applications for graphene in filtration. 225
Table 105. Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2031. 229
Table 106. Graphene companies in filtration. 231
Table 107. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells. 234
Table 108. Market outlook for graphene in fuel cells. 234
Table 109. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells. 235
Table 110. Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2031. 239
Table 111. Product developers in graphene fuel cells. 240
Table 112. Market overview for graphene in life sciences and medicine. 242
Table 113. Market outlook for graphene in drug delivery. 242
Table 114. Scorecard for graphene in imaging and diagnostics. 243
Table 115. Scorecard for graphene in medical implants. 243
Table 116. Scorecard for graphene in medical biosensors. 244
Table 117. Scorecard for graphene in woundcare. 245
Table 118. Market and applications for graphene in life sciences and medicine. 247
Table 119. Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2031. 251
Table 120. Product developers in graphene life sciences and biomedicine. 253
Table 121. Market overview for graphene in lighting. 257
Table 122. Market outlook for graphene in lighting. 257
Table 123. Market and applications for graphene in lighting. 258
Table 124. Demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2031. 260
Table 125. Product developers in graphene lighting. 261
Table 126. Market overview for graphene in lubricants. 263
Table 127. Nanomaterial lubricant products. 263
Table 128. Market outlook for graphene in lubricants. 264
Table 129. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants. 265
Table 130. Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2031. 267
Table 131. Product developers in graphene lubricants. 268
Table 132. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas. 271
Table 133. Market outlook for graphene in oil and gas. 271
Table 134. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas. 272
Table 135. Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2031. 274
Table 136. Product developers in graphene oil and gas. 275
Table 137. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 277
Table 138. Market outlook for graphene in paints and coatings. 277
Table 139. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings. 278
Table 140. Demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2031. 281
Table 141. Product developers in graphene paints and coatings. 283
Table 142. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 288
Table 143. Market outlook for graphene in photonics. 288
Table 144. Market and applications for graphene in photonics. 289
Table 145. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2031. 292
Table 146. Product developers in graphene photonics. 293
Table 147. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics. 295
Table 148. Market outlook for graphene in photovoltaics. 296
Table 149. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics. 296
Table 150. Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2031. 299
Table 151. Product developers in graphene solar. 300
Table 152. Market overview for graphene in rubber and tires. 302
Table 153. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tires. 302
Table 154. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tires. 303
Table 155. Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2031. 306
Table 156. Product developers in rubber and tires. 308
Table 157. Market overview for graphene in sensors. 310
Table 158. Market outlook for graphene in sensors. 311
Table 159. Market and applications for graphene in sensors. 311
Table 160. Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2031. 315
Table 161. Product developers in graphene sensors. 317
Table 162. Market overview for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 321
Table 163. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 321
Table 164. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 322
Table 165. Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2031. 327
Table 166. Graphene product developers in smart textiles and apparel. 328
Table 167. Market overview for graphene in supercapacitors. 333
Table 168. Market outlook for graphene in supercapacitors. 333
Table 169: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 334
Table 170. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors. 334
Table 171. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2031. 337
Table 172. Product developers in graphene supercapacitors. 338
Table 173. Graphene audio equipment producers and products. 341
Table 174. Graphene sporting goods producers and products. 342
Table 175. Graphene producers and types produced. 343
Table 176. Graphene producers target market matrix. 347
Table 177. Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix. 350
Table 178. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 585
Table 179. 2D materials types. 604
Table 180. 2D materials types. 606
Table 181. Comparison of top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials. 607
Table 182. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials. 608
Table 183. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 622
Table 184. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 650

List of Figures

Figure 1. Demand for graphene, by market, 2019. 37
Figure 2. Demand for graphene, by market, 2020. 39
Figure 3. Demand for graphene, 2018-2031, tons. 49
Figure 4. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2031 (tons). Low estimate. 50
Figure 5. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2031 (tons). Medium estimate. 51
Figure 6. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2031 (tons). High estimate. 52
Figure 7. Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2020. 53
Figure 8. Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2020. 54
Figure 9. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific. 55
Figure 10. Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2020. 57
Figure 11. Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2020. 59
Figure 12. Graphene layer structure schematic. 75
Figure 13. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG. 75
Figure 14. Graphite and graphene. 76
Figure 15. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 77
Figure 16. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 79
Figure 17. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 80
Figure 18. Graphene quantum dots. 82
Figure 19. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods. 83
Figure 20. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2031, millions USD 91
Figure 21. Fabrication methods of graphene. 93
Figure 22. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. 94
Figure 23. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 95
Figure 24. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods. 96
Figure 25. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2019. 106
Figure 26. Demand for graphene, 2018-2031, tons. 108
Figure 27. Graphene oxide production capacity in tons p.a. by region, 2010-2020. 111
Figure 28. Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2020. 114
Figure 29. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil. 120
Figure 30. Applications of graphene in 3D printing. 131
Figure 31. Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2031. 132
Figure 32. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling. 133
Figure 33. Applications of graphene in adhesives. 139
Figure 34. Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2031. 140
Figure 35. Graphene Adhesives. 141
Figure 36. Summary of graphene in automobiles. 143
Figure 37. Applications of graphene in automotive. 146
Figure 38. Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2031. 148
Figure 39. Supercar incorporating graphene. 148
Figure 40. Graphene anti-corrosion primer. 150
Figure 41. Graphene-R Brake pads. 150
Figure 42. Antistatic graphene tire. 150
Figure 43. Graphene engine oil additives. 151
Figure 44. Annual cobalt demand for electric vehicle batteries to 2031. 154
Figure 45. Annual lithium demand for electric vehicle batteries to 2031. 155
Figure 46. Costs of batteries to 2031. 157
Figure 47. Applications of graphene in batteries. 165
Figure 48. Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2031. 167
Figure 49. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank. 168
Figure 50. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery. 168
Figure 51. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries. 169
Figure 52. Real Graphene Powerbank. 170
Figure 53. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH. 171
Figure 54. Applications of graphene in composites. 177
Figure 55. Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2031. 180
Figure 56. Graphene bike. 181
Figure 57. Graphene lacrosse equipment. 182
Figure 58. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic. 182
Figure 59. Aros Create. 183
Figure 60. Grays graphene hockey sticks. 185
Figure 61. Applications of graphene in conductive inks. 191
Figure 62. Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2031. 192
Figure 63. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 193
Figure 64. Printed graphene conductive ink. 194
Figure 65. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink. 194
Figure 66. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 197
Figure 67. Demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2031. 202
Figure 68. Graphene asphalt additives. 203
Figure 69. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus. 203
Figure 70. Demand for graphene in wearable, flexible and stretchable electronics, 2018-2031. 209
Figure 71. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application. 210
Figure 72. Applications of graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 215
Figure 73. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2031. 216
Figure 74. Graphene IC in wafer tester. 217
Figure 75. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right). 218
Figure 76. Demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2031. 222
Figure 77. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM). 223
Figure 78. Applications of graphene in filtration. 229
Figure 79. Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2031. 230
Figure 80. Graphene anti-smog mask. 231
Figure 81. Graphene filtration membrane. 232
Figure 82. Graphene water filer cartridge. 232
Figure 83. Applications of graphene in fuel cells. 238
Figure 84. Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2031. 239
Figure 85. Graphene-based E-skin patch. 241
Figure 86. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc. 246
Figure 87. Applications of graphene in life sciences and medicine 251
Figure 88. Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2031. 252
Figure 89. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing. 254
Figure 90. Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel. 254
Figure 91. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor. 255
Figure 92. BioStamp nPoint. 256
Figure 93. Applications of graphene in lighting. 260
Figure 94. Demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2031. 261
Figure 95. Graphene LED bulbs. 262
Figure 96. Applications of graphene in lubricants. 267
Figure 97. Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2031. 268
Figure 98. Tricolit spray coating. 269
Figure 99. Graphenoil products. 269
Figure 100. Applications of graphene in oil and gas. 274
Figure 101. Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2031. 275
Figure 102. Directa Plus Grafysorber. 276
Figure 103. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings. 281
Figure 104. Demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2031. 282
Figure 105. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating. 283
Figure 106. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate. 284
Figure 107. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint. 285
Figure 108. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand. 285
Figure 109. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings. 286
Figure 110. Schematic of graphene heat film. 287
Figure 111. Applications of graphene in photonics. 292
Figure 112. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2031. 293
Figure 113. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel. 294
Figure 114. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics. 299
Figure 115. Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2031. 300
Figure 116. Graphene coated glass. 301
Figure 117. Applications of graphene in rubber and tires. 306
Figure 118. Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2031. 307
Figure 119. Eagle F1 graphene tire. 308
Figure 120. Graphene floor mats. 309
Figure 121. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire. 309
Figure 122. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring. 310
Figure 123. Applications of graphene in sensors. 315
Figure 124. Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2031. 316
Figure 125. AGILE R100 system. 317
Figure 126. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector. 318
Figure 127. GFET sensors. 318
Figure 128. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light. 320
Figure 129. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 326
Figure 130. Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2031. 328
Figure 131. 878 Project One jacket display. 328
Figure 132. Colmar graphene ski jacket. 329
Figure 133. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing. 329
Figure 134. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey. 330
Figure 135. Inov-8 graphene shoes. 330
Figure 136. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM. 331
Figure 137. Graphene jacket. 332
Figure 138. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors. 337
Figure 139. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2031. 338
Figure 140. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors. 339
Figure 141. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor. 340
Figure 142. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger. 340
Figure 143. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls. 342
Figure 144. Graphene heating films. 354
Figure 145. Graphene flake products. 361
Figure 146. AIKA Black-T. 364
Figure 147. Printed graphene biosensors. 373
Figure 148. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 390
Figure 149. Graphene battery schematic. 415
Figure 150. Dotz Nano GQD products. 416
Figure 151. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 423
Figure 152. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 433
Figure 153. Wearable sweat sensor. 464
Figure 154. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 470
Figure 155. Sensor surface. 485
Figure 156. BioStamp nPoint. 499
Figure 157. Nanotech Energy battery. 518
Figure 158. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 520
Figure 159. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 521
Figure 160. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 522
Figure 161. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 523
Figure 162. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445. 536
Figure 163. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 538
Figure 164. The Sixth Element graphene products. 550
Figure 165. Thermal conductive graphene film. 551
Figure 166. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 562
Figure 167. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO. 564
Figure 168. Schematic of 2-D materials. 605
Figure 169. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 608
Figure 170. BN nanosheet textiles application. 610
Figure 171. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx. 611
Figure 172. Types and applications of 2D TMDCs. 614
Figure 173. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 615
Figure 174. SEM image of MoS2. 615
Figure 175. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 617
Figure 176. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge. 618
Figure 177. Borophene schematic. 619
Figure 178. Black phosphorus structure. 621
Figure 179. Black Phosphorus crystal. 622
Figure 180. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. 623
Figure 181: Graphitic carbon nitride. 626
Figure 182. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 627
Figure 183. Schematic of germanene. 629
Figure 184. Graphdiyne structure. 630
Figure 185. Schematic of Graphane crystal. 632
Figure 186. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide. 634
Figure 187. Silicene structure. 635
Figure 188. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate. 636
Figure 189. Silicene transistor. 636
Figure 190. Crystal structure for stanene. 638
Figure 191. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111). 638
Figure 192. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 640
Figure 193. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor. 641