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imec magazine flexible electronics 1
imec magazine flexible electronics 1

The Global Market for Wearable, Printed, Flexible, Foldable and Stretchable Electronics

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flexible electronics market

Published November 10 2020 | 680 pages | 110 tables, 186 figures

The rapid boom in smart wearable and integrated electronic devices has stimulated demand for advanced intelligent systems with high performance, micro size, mechanical flexibility, and high-temperature stability for application as  flexible and stretchable displays, personal health monitoring, human motion capturing, smart textiles, electronic skins and more.

Wearable technology, wearables, or wearable devices is incorporation electronics into clothing or accessories that can be worn on a user’s body. The purpose of wearable technologies is to provide entertainment, healthcare, and education in people’s daily lives. Wearable electronics encompasses the incorporation of technological components in clothing accessories or objects we carry. The development of next-generation, wearable flexible electronics relies on novel materials that are:

  • Mechanically flexible.
  • Low-cost.
  • Electrically conductive.
  • Optically transparent.

 

There is increasing demand for wearable electronics from industries such as:

  • Medical and healthcare monitoring and diagnostics.
  • Sportswear and fitness monitoring (bands).
  • Consumer electronics such as smart watches, smart glasses and headsets.
  • Military GPS trackers, equipment (helmets) and wearable robots.
  • Smart apparel and footwear in fashion and sport.
  • Workplace safety and manufacturing.

The development of printed, flexible and stretchable conductors over the last decade has resulted in commercialization of flexible and stretchable sensors, circuits, displays, and energy harvesters for next-generation wearables and soft robotics. These systems must be able to conform to the shape of and survive the environment in which they must operate. They are typically fabricated on flexible plastic substrates or are printed/woven into fabrics.

The electronics industry is moving at a fast pace from standard, inflexible form factors to stretchable and conformable devices. Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics products are increasing weekly from wearables for healthcare to smart packaging, sensors, automotive tail lights and displays, flexible displays, photovoltaics and more.

Based on a new generation of advanced materials, printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and electronics will enable new possibilities in a diverse range of industries from healthcare to automotive to buildings. These technologies will drive innovation in smart medical technology, automotive, smart manufacturing, Internet of Things (IoT) and consumer electronics.

In the flexible displays market, electronics giants such as Samsung and LG Electronics are rolling our flexible, foldable and rollable smartphone and tablet products. LGs rollable LG Signature’s OLED TV R will be available in 2020 and foldable smartphones have already come to market.

Wearable and mobile health monitoring technologies have recently received enormous interest worldwide due to the rapidly aging global populations and the drastically increasing demand for in-home healthcare. Commercially available and near commercial wearable devices facilitate the transmission of biomedical informatics and personal health recording. Body worn sensors, which can provide real-time continuous measurement of pertinent physiological parameters noninvasively and comfortably for extended periods of time, are of crucial importance for emerging applications of mobile medicine. Wearable sensors that can wirelessly provide pertinent health information while remaining unobtrusive, comfortable, low cost, and easy to operate and interpret, play an essential role.

Battery and electronics producers require thin, flexible energy storage and conversion devices to power their wearable technology. The growth in flexible electronics has resulted in increased demand for flexible, stretchable, bendable, rollable and foldable batteries and supercapacitors as power sources for application in flexible and wearable devices.

Many major companies have integrated conductive and electronic ink and materials in applications ranging from photovoltaics to smart packaging. There are over 100 companies with products in this space for RFID, smart clothing, sensors, antennas and transistors. As well as advancing product security and consumer interaction, the use of smart inks and coatings in active and intelligent packaging can help reduce food waste and improve medical compliance-which would have significant environmental benefits.

Report contents include:

  • Current applications, state of the art, market and products (including producers, functionalities, prices) in wearable electronics, medical and healthcare monitoring, electronics and smart textiles, energy for wearables, flexible, foldable and stretchable displays and conductive inks. 
  • Advanced materials used in wearables, displays, printed, flexible, foldable and stretchable electronics and sensors.
  • Stage of commercialization for applications, from basic research to market entry. Markets covered include conductive inks, wearables and IoT, medical & healthcare sensors, electronic clothing & smart apparel, energy harvesting & storage, electronics components and flexible displays.
  • Market figures for printable, flexible and stretchable electronics, by markets, materials and applications to 2027. Market impact of COVID-19 assessed. 
  • Profiles of over 400 product developers.
  • 60 companies profiled in wearables including BeBop Sensors, dorsaVi Ltd., Epicore Biosystems, Equivital Inc., FeelIT, Hitachi, Ltd., Holst Centre, Magic Leap, miomove s.r.o and more. All smart watch and fitness tracker products profiled including functionalities and prices. 
  • 134 companies profiled in medical and healthcare wearables including 1drop Inc., Abbott, AerBetic, Inc.,  Alertgy, Aura Devices, Biobeat,  BioIntelliSense, Cardiomo, CareWear, cosinuss, Dexcom, Embr Labs, Eccrine Systems, Gentag, i-Sens, WBD101 and more.
  • 102 companies profiled in electronic textiles (E-textiles) including Ambiotex, BloomerTech, Chronolife, clim8, Emglare, Formosa Taffeta, Healthwatch Technologies, Hexoskin, Inuheat, Litex, Myant, SankiConsys Co., Ltd. and more.
  • 32 companies profiled in energy storage and harvesting including Bionic Power, BrightVolt, Canatu Oy, ChivoTech, Enfucell Oy, Jenax, LG Chem and more.
  • 57 companies profiled in printed, flexible and stretchable displays including C3Nano, Cambrios, iBeam, CurveSYS GmbH, Etulipa, Futaba, Kyulux, Samsung and more.
  • 98 companies profiled in conductive ink including Ash Chemical, Cemedine, DuPont, EMS/Nagase, Henkel, Jujo Chemical, Panasonic, Taiyo, Toyobo, VFP Ink Technologies, and more.

 

 

1              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   43

  • 1.1          The evolution of electronics        44
    • 1.1.1      The wearables revolution             45
    • 1.1.2      Wearable market leaders             47
    • 1.1.3      Flexible, stretchable, thin, and large-area form factors     47
  • 1.2          What are flexible and stretchable electronics?    48
    • 1.2.1      From rigid to flexible and stretchable      49
    • 1.2.2      Organic and printed electronics 50
    • 1.2.3      New conductive materials            51
    • 1.2.4      Foldable smartphones and tablets            54
  • 1.3          Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market      57
    • 1.3.1      Recent growth in Printed, flexible and stretchable products          57
    • 1.3.2      Future growth   57
    • 1.3.3      Nanotechnology as a market driver          57
    • 1.3.4      Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics       58

 

2              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         60

 

3              WEARABLE ELECTRONICS             61

  • 3.1          MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS  61
  • 3.2          APPLICATIONS  64
    • 3.2.1      Smartwatches   65
      • 3.2.1.1   Main smart watch producers and products           65
    • 3.2.2      Sports and fitness trackers           66
      • 3.2.2.1   Products              68
    • 3.2.3      Sleep trackers and wearable monitors    70
      • 3.2.3.1   Products              71
    • 3.2.4      Smart glasses and head-mounted displays (VR, AR, MR, vision loss and eye trackers)         71
      • 3.2.4.1   Products              72
    • 3.2.5      Military 76
    • 3.2.6      Industrial and workplace monitoring       77
    • 3.2.7      Flexible and stretchable electronics in wearables               77
    • 3.2.8      Stretchable artificial skin               80
  • 3.3          GLOBAL MARKET SIZE     81
  • 3.4          MARKET CHALLENGES    85
  • 3.5          COMPANY PROFILES       86 (60 company profiles)

 

4              MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE SENSORS AND WEARABLES 123

  • 4.1          MARKET DRIVERS             123
  • 4.2          CURRENT STATE OF THE ART       126
    • 4.2.1      Monitoring solutions to track COVID-19 symptoms           129
      • 4.2.1.1   Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring     129
  • 4.3          APPLICATIONS  130
    • 4.3.1      Companies and products              131
    • 4.3.2      Electronic skin patches  136
    • 4.3.3      Nanomaterials-based devices     137
    • 4.3.4      Wearable health alert and monitoring devices    139
    • 4.3.5      Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)   141
      • 4.3.5.1   Minimally-invasive CGM sensors               141
      • 4.3.5.2   Non-invasive CGM sensors          144
      • 4.3.5.3   Companies and products              146
    • 4.3.6      Cardiovascular   149
      • 4.3.6.1   ECG sensors       150
      • 4.3.6.2   PPG sensors       152
    • 4.3.7      Pregnancy and newborn monitoring        153
    • 4.3.8      Wearable temperature monitoring          154
    • 4.3.9      Hydration sensors           156
    • 4.3.10    Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)     157
      • 4.3.10.1                Products              159
    • 4.3.11    Wearable drug delivery 160
    • 4.3.12    Cosmetics patches           162
  • 4.4          Smart footwear 163
  • 4.5          Smart contact lenses      164
  • 4.6          Smart wound care           165
  • 4.7          Wearable exoskeletons 168
  • 4.8          Medical hearables           170
  • 4.9          GLOBAL MARKET SIZE     172
  • 4.10        MARKET CHALLENGES    174
  • 4.11        COMPANY PROFILES       175 (134 company profiles)

 

5              ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART TEXTILES               262

  • 5.1          MARKET DRIVERS             262
  • 5.2          MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 266
    • 5.2.1      Conductive and stretchable yarns             267
    • 5.2.2      Conductive polymers     268
      • 5.2.2.1   PDMS    270
      • 5.2.2.2   PEDOT: PSS         270
    • 5.2.3      Conductive coatings        271
    • 5.2.4      Conductive inks 272
    • 5.2.5      Nanomaterials  274
      • 5.2.5.1   Nanocoatings in smart textiles   276
      • 5.2.5.2   Graphene           279
      • 5.2.5.3   Nanofibers         280
      • 5.2.5.4   Carbon nanotubes           282
    • 5.2.6      Phase change materials 284
      • 5.2.6.1   Temperature controlled fabrics  285
  • 5.3          APPLICATIONS, MARKETS AND PRODUCTS            286
    • 5.3.1      Smart clothing products 286
    • 5.3.2      Temperature monitoring and regulation 288
      • 5.3.2.1   Heated clothing 289
  • 5.4          Stretchable E-fabrics       292
    • 5.4.1      Therapeutic products     293
    • 5.4.2      Sport & fitness  293
    • 5.4.3      Smart footwear 294
    • 5.4.4      Military/Defence             296
    • 5.4.5      Medical and healthcare 297
      • 5.4.5.1   Wearable health monitoring       298
        • 5.4.5.1.1               Companies and products              302
      • 5.4.5.2   Monitoring solutions to track COVID-19 symptoms           308
      • 5.4.5.3   Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring     308
      • 5.4.5.4   Pregnancy and newborn monitoring        308
      • 5.4.5.5   Biometric monitoring     310
      • 5.4.5.6   ECG sensors       310
      • 5.4.5.7   Smart wound care           312
    • 5.4.6      Industrial and workplace monitoring       315
    • 5.4.7      Flexible and wearable display advertising              316
    • 5.4.8      Textile-based lighting     316
      • 5.4.8.1   OLEDs   316
    • 5.4.9      Antimicrobial textiles     317
      • 5.4.9.1   Nanosilver          317
      • 5.4.9.2   Zinc oxide           318
      • 5.4.9.3   Chitosan              320
    • 5.4.10    Smart diapers    321
    • 5.4.11    Protective clothing          322
    • 5.4.12    Automotive interiors      327
    • 5.4.13    Powering E-textiles         328
      • 5.4.13.1                Batteries              328
      • 5.4.13.2                Supercapacitors 330
      • 5.4.13.3                Energy harvesting            330
        • 5.4.13.3.1             Photovoltaic solar textiles            330
        • 5.4.13.3.2             Energy harvesting nanogenerators           332
          • 5.4.13.3.2.1         TENGs   332
          • 5.4.13.3.2.2         PENGs  333
        • 5.4.13.3.3             Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting 333
  • 5.5          GLOBAL MARKET SIZE     333
  • 5.6          MARKET CHALLENGES    336
  • 5.7          COMPANY PROFILES       338 (102 company profiles)

 

 

6              PRINTED, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING         413

  • 6.1          MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS  413
  • 6.2          CURRENT STATE OF THE ART       414
    • 6.2.1      Products              414
    • 6.2.2      Nanomaterials  415
  • 6.3          APPLICATIONS  416
    • 6.3.1      Flexible and stretchable batteries in electronics  416
      • 6.3.1.1   Flexible and stretchable LIBs       417
        • 6.3.1.1.1               Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries          420
        • 6.3.1.1.2               Stretchable lithium-ion batteries               421
        • 6.3.1.1.3               Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries            422
      • 6.3.1.2   Flexible Zn-based batteries (ZIBs)             422
    • 6.3.2      Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors               423
      • 6.3.2.1   Materials             424
    • 6.3.3      3D Printed batteries       426
    • 6.3.4      Stretchable heaters        427
    • 6.3.5      Flexible and stretchable solar cells            428
    • 6.3.6      Stretchable nanogenerators       429
      • 6.3.6.1   TENGs   429
      • 6.3.6.2   PENGs  430
    • 6.3.7      Photovoltaic solar textiles            430
  • 6.4          GLOBAL MARKET SIZE     432
  • 6.5          MARKET CHALLENGES    435
  • 6.6          COMPANY PROFILES       436 (33 company profiles)

 

7              PRINTED, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE DISPLAYS AND CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 461

  • 7.1          MARKET DRIVERS             461
  • 7.2          CURRENT STATE OF THE ART       461
    • 7.2.1      Printed, flexible and stretchable circuit boards and interconnects              462
    • 7.2.2      Printed, flexible and stretchable transistors          463
  • 7.3          APPLICATIONS  464
    • 7.3.1      Flexible AMOLEDs            465
    • 7.3.2      Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED) 467
    • 7.3.3      Foldable and rollable OLED smartphones              467
    • 7.3.4      Foldable and rollable OLED displays         468
    • 7.3.5      Transparent displays       469
    • 7.3.6      Curved automotive displays        470
    • 7.3.7      Flexible and wearable display advertising              471
    • 7.3.8      Flexible OLED lighting     471
    • 7.3.9      Flexible quantum dot displays    472
      • 7.3.9.1   Quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF) for current QLEDs            472
      • 7.3.9.2   Quantum Dot on Glass (QDOG)  473
      • 7.3.9.3   Quantum dot colour filters           474
      • 7.3.9.4   Quantum dots on-chip   476
      • 7.3.9.5   Electroluminescent quantum dots            476
      • 7.3.9.6   QD-Micro-LEDs 477
    • 7.3.10    Flexible electrophoretic displays                479
    • 7.3.11    Electrowetting displays  479
    • 7.3.12    Electrochromic Displays 480
      • 7.3.12.1                Inorganic metal oxides  480
      • 7.3.12.2                Organic EC materials       481
      • 7.3.12.3                Nanomaterials  481
    • 7.3.13    Flexible organic liquid crystal displays (OLCD)      482
  • 7.4          GLOBAL MARKET SIZE     482
  • 7.5          MARKET CHALLENGES    484
  • 7.6          COMPANY PROFILES       486 (47 company profiles)

 

8              CONDUCTIVE INKS          518

  • 8.1          MARKET DRIVERS             518
  • 8.2          CONDUCTIVE INK TYPES 519
  • 8.2.1      Conductive ink materials               520
  • 8.3          PRINTING METHODS      521
    • 8.3.1      Nanoparticle ink               525
  • 8.4          Sintering              525
  • 8.5          Conductive Filaments     526
  • 8.6          Conductive films, foils and grids 526
  • 8.7          Inkjet printing in flexible electronics        526
  • 8.8          Drawn-on-skin electronics           527
  • 8.9          CURRENT STATE OF THE ART       527
    • 8.9.1      Current products              527
  • 8.10        APPLICATIONS  528
    • 8.10.1    Comparative properties 528
    • 8.10.2    Nanomaterials in conductive inks              529
      • 8.10.2.1                Graphene conductive inks            531
    • 8.10.3    RFID       532
      • 8.10.3.1                Printed RFID antennaes 532
    • 8.10.4    Smart labels       533
    • 8.10.5    Smart clothing and electronic textiles     533
    • 8.10.6    Printed sensors 533
      • 8.10.6.1                Strain sensors    534
    • 8.10.7    Printed batteries              534
    • 8.10.8    In-mold electronics         534
    • 8.10.9    Printed transistors           535
  • 8.11        GLOBAL MARKET SIZE     536
  • 8.12        COMPANY PROFILES       539 (98 company profiles)

 

9              PRINTED, FLEXIBLE AND STRETCHABLE  ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES           587

  • 9.1          TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCFs)            587
  • 9.2          CARBON NANOTUBES    588
    • 9.2.1      Properties           588
    • 9.2.2      Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics               589
      • 9.2.2.1   Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT)            590
      • 9.2.2.2   Double-walled carbon nanotubes             592
    • 9.2.3      Applications in printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           592
  • 9.3          CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS (CP)     596
    • 9.3.1      Properties           596
      • 9.3.1.1   PDMS    596
      • 9.3.1.2   PEDOT: PSS         597
        • 9.3.1.2.1               Transparency     597
    • 9.3.2      Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable  electronics              597
    • 9.3.3      Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           598
  • 9.4          GRAPHENE         599
    • 9.4.1      Properties           599
    • 9.4.2      Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics               601
    • 9.4.3      Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           601
      • 9.4.3.1   Electrodes           602
      • 9.4.3.2   Sensors 603
  • 9.5          METAL MESH     605
    • 9.5.1      Properties           605
    • 9.5.2      Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics               607
    • 9.5.3      Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           607
  • 9.6          SILVER INK (Flake, nanoparticles, nanowires, ion)               608
    • 9.6.1      Silver flake          608
    • 9.6.2      Silver (Ag) nanoparticle ink           608
      • 9.6.2.1   Conductivity       609
    • 9.6.3      Silver nanowires               609
    • 9.6.4      Prices    611
      • 9.6.4.1   Cost for printed area      612
  • 9.7          COPPER INK        613
    • 9.7.1      Silver-coated copper      613
    • 9.7.2      Copper (Cu) nanoparticle ink       613
    • 9.7.3      Prices    614
  • 9.8          NANOCELLULOSE             615
    • 9.8.1      Properties           615
    • 9.8.2      Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics               617
      • 9.8.2.1   Cellulose nanofibers CNF              617
      • 9.8.2.2   Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)       618
    • 9.8.3      Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           618
      • 9.8.3.1   Nanopaper         619
      • 9.8.3.2   Paper memory  620
      • 9.8.3.3   Conductive inks 621
  • 9.9          NANOFIBERS     622
    • 9.9.1      Properties           622
    • 9.9.2      Properties utilized in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics               622
    • 9.9.3      Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable  electronics          622
  • 9.10        GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS      624
    • 9.10.1    Synthesis             625
    • 9.10.2    Recent synthesis methods           626
  • 9.11        ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS (EAPS)           629
    • 9.11.1    Properties           629
  • 9.12        PEROVSKITE QUANTUM DOTS (PQDs)     630
    • 9.12.1    Properties           630
    • 9.12.2    Comparison to conventional quantum dots          631
    • 9.12.3    Synthesis methods          631
    • 9.12.4    Applications       632
      • 9.12.4.1                Displays                632
  • 9.13        OTHER TYPES     634
    • 9.13.1    Gold (Au) nanoparticle ink            634
    • 9.13.2    Siloxane inks      634
    • 9.13.3    Copper nanowires           634
  • 9.14        OTHER 2-D MATERIALS  635
    • 9.14.1    BOROPHENE      635
      • 9.14.1.1                Properties           635
      • 9.14.1.2                Applications       635
    • 9.14.2    BLACK PHOSPHORUS/PHOSPHORENE     636
      • 9.14.2.1                Properties           636
      • 9.14.2.2                Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable  electronics          638
    • 9.14.3    GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4)    638
      • 9.14.3.1                Properties           638
      • 9.14.3.2                Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           639
    • 9.14.4    GERMANENE     639
      • 9.14.4.1                Properties           640
      • 9.14.4.2                Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           640
    • 9.14.5    GRAPHDIYNE     641
      • 9.14.5.1                Properties           641
      • 9.14.5.2                Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           642
    • 9.14.6    GRAPHANE         642
      • 9.14.6.1                Properties           642
      • 9.14.6.2                Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           642
    • 9.14.7    HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE     643
      • 9.14.7.1                Properties           643
      • 9.14.7.2                Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           644
    • 9.14.8    MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2)            644
      • 9.14.8.1                Properties           645
      • 9.14.8.2                Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable  electronics          646
    • 9.14.9    RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2)     647
      • 9.14.9.1                Properties           647
      • 9.14.9.2                Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           648
    • 9.14.10  SILICENE              648
      • 9.14.10.1              Properties           648
      • 9.14.10.2              Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           649
    • 9.14.11  STANENE/TINENE            650
      • 9.14.11.1              Properties           650
      • 9.14.11.2              Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           651
    • 9.14.12  TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE 651
      • 9.14.12.1              Properties           652
      • 9.14.12.2              Applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics           652
    • 9.14.13  ANTIMONENE   652
      • 9.14.13.1              Properties           652
      • 9.14.13.2              Applications       652
    • 9.14.14  INDIUM SELENIDE            653
      • 9.14.14.1              Properties           653
      • 9.14.14.2              Applications       653

 

10           REFERENCES       654

 

 

Tables

  • Table 1. Types of wearable devices and applications.        46
  • Table 2. Wearable market leaders by market segment.   47
  • Table 3. Advanced materials for Printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages.  51
  • Table 4. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).       53
  • Table 5. Foldable smartphones and tablets, on or near market.   54
  • Table 6. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable electronics for wearables and IoT.      61
  • Table 7. Main smart watch producers and products.         65
  • Table 8. Wearable sensors for sports performance.          67
  • Table 9. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.    68
  • Table 10. Wearable sleep tracker products.          71
  • Table 11. Smart glasses companies and products.              72
  • Table 12.Wearable electronics applications in the military.            76
  • Table 13. Applications in printed, flexible and stretchable electronics, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.               78
  • Table 14. Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by product type, billions $. 83
  • Table 15.Market challenges in wearable electronics and IoT.         85
  • Table 16. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.        123
  • Table 17. Examples of wearable medical device products.              127
  • Table 18. Medical wearable companies applying products to COVID-19 monitoring and analysis.  129
  • Table 19. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.                138
  • Table 20. Wearable bio-signal monitoring devices.            140
  • Table 21. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.                142
  • Table 22. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.          144
  • Table 23. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products.         146
  • Table 24. Companies developing wearable swear sensors.             159
  • Table 25. Wearable drug delivery companies and products.          161
  • Table 26. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches.               163
  • Table 27.Companies and products in smart footwear.     164
  • Table 28.Companies and products in smart contact lenses.           164
  • Table 29. Companies and products in smart wound care.                166
  • Table 30. Companies developing wearable exoskeletons.               168
  • Table 31. Companies and products in hearables. 170
  • Table 32. Global medical and healthcare wearables market, 2017-2027, billions $, by product.      173
  • Table 33. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.   174
  • Table 34. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles. 262
  • Table 35. Types of smart textiles.              264
  • Table 36. Examples of smart textile products.      265
  • Table 37. Types of smart textiles.              266
  • Table 38. Examples of smart textile products.      266
  • Table 39. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.        270
  • Table 40. Typical conductive ink formulation.      272
  • Table 41. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       273
  • Table 42. Applications in textiles, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           274
  • Table 43. Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.       276
  • Table 44. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.  279
  • Table 45. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 282
  • Table 46. Applications and markets for e-textiles.              286
  • Table 47. Commercially available smart clothing products.             286
  • Table 48. Electronic textiles products.     287
  • Table 49. Heated jacket and clothing products.   290
  • Table 50. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.               291
  • Table 51.Companies and products in smart footwear.     295
  • Table 52.Wearable electronics applications in the military.            296
  • Table 53. Examples of wearable medical device products.              299
  • Table 54. Medical wearable companies applying products to COVID-19 monitoring and analysis.  308
  • Table 55. Companies and products in smart wound care.                314
  • Table 56. Antibacterial effects of ZnO NPs in different bacterial species.  319
  • Table 57. Companies developing smart diaper products. 321
  • Table 58: Applications in textiles, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           323
  • Table 59: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.       324
  • Table 60. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance.  329
  • Table 61. Global electronic textiles and smart clothing market 2017-2030, revenues (billions USD).             334
  • Table 62. Market challenges in E-textiles.              336
  • Table 63. Market drivers and trends for Printed, flexible and stretchable electronic energy storage and harvesting.                413
  • Table 64. Wearable energy storage and energy harvesting products.        414
  • Table 65. Nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof.       415
  • Table 66. Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.                425
  • Table 67. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.               427
  • Table 68. Global thin film, flexible and printed batteries market 2017-2027, revenues (millions USD) by applications.                433
  • Table 69. Market challenges in printed, flexible and stretchable energy storage.  435
  • Table 70. Market drivers for Printed, flexible and stretchable displays and electronic components.             461
  • Table 71. Printed, flexible and stretchable displays products.        461
  • Table 72. Applications in flexible and stretchable circuit boards, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.                463
  • Table 73. Foldable display products and prototypes.        467
  • Table 74. Companies developing transparent display products.   470
  • Table 75. Companies developing curved automotive displays.      470
  • Table 76: QD colour filter options and advantages.           474
  • Table 77. Types of electrochromic materials and applications.      480
  • Table 78. Market challenges in printed, flexible and stretchable displays and consumer electronics.            484
  • Table 79. Market drivers and trends for Printed, flexible and stretchable conductive inks.                518
  • Table 80. Typical conductive ink formulation.      520
  • Table 81. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       521
  • Table 82. Characteristics of analog printing processes for conductive inks.              522
  • Table 83. Characteristics of digital printing processes for conductive inks.               523
  • Table 84. Printable electronics products.               527
  • Table 85. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       528
  • Table 86. Applications in conductive inks by type and benefits thereof.   529
  • Table 87. Price comparison of thin-film transistor (TFT) electronics technology.    535
  • Table 88. Global market for conductive inks 2017-2027, revenues (million $), by ink types.             537
  • Table 89. Comparison of ITO replacements.         587
  • Table 90. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 589
  • Table 91. Market and applications for SWCNTs in transparent conductive films.   593
  • Table 92. Companies developing carbon nanotubes for applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable  electronics.                595
  • Table 93. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.        597
  • Table 94. Properties of graphene.             599
  • Table 95.Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.               603
  • Table 96. Companies developing graphene for applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics.             604
  • Table 97. Advantages and disadvantages of fabrication techniques to produce metal mesh structures.      606
  • Table 98.Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.         607
  • Table 99. Companies developing metal mesh for applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable  electronics.        607
  • Table 100. Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components.               609
  • Table 101. Nanocellulose properties.      615
  • Table 102. Properties and applications of nanocellulose  616
  • Table 103. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper).              617
  • Table 104. Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films.       619
  • Table 105.Companies developing nanocellulose for applications in Printed, flexible and stretchable  electronics.  621
  • Table 106. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.             624
  • Table 107. Comparative properties of conventional QDs and Perovskite QDs.        631
  • Table 108. Applications of perovskite QDs.           632
  • Table 109. Properties of perovskite QLEDs comparative to OLED and QLED.            633
  • Table 110. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2.            637

 

 

Figures

  • Figure 1. Evolution of electronics.             45
  • Figure 2. Wove Band.     49
  • Figure 3. Wearable graphene medical sensor.     50
  • Figure 4. Applications timeline for organic and printed electronics.            51
  • Figure 5. Xiaomi MIX Flex.            57
  • Figure 6. Baby Monitor. 59
  • Figure 7. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.         59
  • Figure 8. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts.    65
  • Figure 9. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration.         67
  • Figure 10. Beddr SleepTuner.     70
  • Figure 11. Vuzix Blade.   72
  • Figure 12. NReal Light MR smart glasses.               72
  • Figure 13. Wearable gas sensor. 77
  • Figure 14.Stretchable transistor.                78
  • Figure 15. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition.            80
  • Figure 16. Global market for wearables, 2015-2027, by product type, billions US$.              82
  • Figure 17. Global market for hearables, 2017-2027, by product type, billions $.    83
  • Figure 18. Global market for wearables, 2015-2027, by market share of product type        84
  • Figure 19.Connected human body and product examples.             127
  • Figure 20. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.           131
  • Figure 21. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs.  137
  • Figure 22.Graphene medical patch.          138
  • Figure 23. Graphene-based E-skin patch.               138
  • Figure 24. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection.           141
  • Figure 25. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor.            145
  • Figure 26. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor.          146
  • Figure 27. VitalPatch.     150
  • Figure 28. Wearable ECG-textile.              150
  • Figure 29. Wearable ECG recorder.           151
  • Figure 30. Nexkin™.        152
  • Figure 31. Bloomlife.      154
  • Figure 32. Enfucell wearable temperature tag.    155
  • Figure 33. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.   156
  • Figure 34. Nanowire skin hydration patch.             156
  • Figure 35. NIX sensors.  157
  • Figure 36. Wearable sweat sensor.           157
  • Figure 37. Wearable sweat sensor.           158
  • Figure 38. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch.   159
  • Figure 39. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask.      159
  • Figure 40. Lab-on-Skin™.              160
  • Figure 41. D-mine Pump.              160
  • Figure 42.My UV Patch. 162
  • Figure 43. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch. 162
  • Figure 44. Digitsole Smartshoe. 164
  • Figure 45. Schematic of smart wound dressing.  165
  • Figure 46. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.    166
  • Figure 47. Honda Walking Assist.               168
  • Figure 48. Nuheara IQbuds² Max.             170
  • Figure 49. Global medical and healthcare wearables market, 2017-2027, billions $, by product.    172
  • Figure 50. Global market for medical and healthcare sensors and wearables, 2015-2027, by market share of product type.     174
  • Figure 51. Conductive yarns.       267
  • Figure 52. Conductive yarns.       268
  • Figure 53. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating.   269
  • Figure 54. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel.              280
  • Figure 55. PCM cooling vest.       286
  • Figure 56. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket.    289
  • Figure 57. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper.              290
  • Figure 58. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles.        290
  • Figure 59. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat.  293
  • Figure 60. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products. 293
  • Figure 61. iStimUweaR . 294
  • Figure 62. Digitsole Smartshoe. 295
  • Figure 63. Wearable medical technology.              298
  • Figure 64.Connected human body and product examples.             299
  • Figure 65. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.           302
  • Figure 66. Bloomlife.      310
  • Figure 67. VitalPatch.     310
  • Figure 68. Wearable ECG-textile.              311
  • Figure 69. Wearable ECG recorder.           312
  • Figure 70. Nexkin™.        312
  • Figure 71. Schematic of smart wound dressing.  313
  • Figure 72. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.    314
  • Figure 73. Wearable gas sensor. 315
  • Figure 74. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.              316
  • Figure 75: Anti-bacterial sol-gel nanoparticle silver coating.           318
  • Figure 76. Schematic of antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs.               319
  • Figure 77/ ABENA Nova smart diaper.     321
  • Figure 78: Omniphobic-coated fabric.     323
  • Figure 79. Textile-based car seat heaters.              328
  • Figure 80. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques.     330
  • Figure 81. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.     331
  • Figure 82 . 3D print piezoelectric material.            332
  • Figure 83. Global electronic textiles and smart clothing market 2017-2030, revenues (billions USD).           335
  • Figure 84. Global market for electronic textiles and smart clothing, 2017-2027, by market share of product type. 336
  • Figure 85. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.              352
  • Figure 86. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.           353
  • Figure 87. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.      354
  • Figure 88. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.               361
  • Figure 89. Electroskin integration schematic.       383
  • Figure 90. Smardii smart diaper. 397
  • Figure 91. Teslasuit.        402
  • Figure 92. Flexible batteries on the market.          415
  • Figure 93. Printed 1.5V battery. 417
  • Figure 94. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.             417
  • Figure 95. LiBEST flexible battery.             418
  • Figure 96. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.               418
  • Figure 97. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs.         419
  • Figure 98. Carbon nanotubes incorporated into flexible, rechargeable yarn batteries.        421
  • Figure 99. (A) Schematic overview of a flexible supercapacitor as compared to conventional supercapacitor.          424
  • Figure 100. Stretchable graphene supercapacitor.             426
  • Figure 101. Origami-like silicon solar cells.             429
  • Figure 102. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.               431
  • Figure 103. Global market for electronics and smart textiles, 2017-2027, by market share of product type.              432
  • Figure 104. Global thin film, flexible and printed batteries market 2017-2027, revenues (millions USD) by applications.                434
  • Figure 105. PowerWalk®.             438
  • Figure 106. Hitz all-solid-state lithium-ion battery.            446
  • Figure 107. ZincPoly™ Battery.   448
  • Figure 108. J.Flex.            449
  • Figure 109. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.          452
  • Figure 110. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.    453
  • Figure 111. Thin film transistor incorporating SWCNTs.   463
  • Figure 112. LG Signature OLED TV R.        465
  • Figure 113. Flexible display.         465
  • Figure 114. AMOLED schematic. 466
  • Figure 115. Mirage smart speaker with wraparound touch display.             467
  • Figure 116. Rollable display producers and products.       468
  • Figure 117. LG Display transparent OLED touch display.   469
  • Figure 118. Transparent display in subway carriage window.        470
  • Figure 119. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.            471
  • Figure 120. LG OLED flexible lighting panel.          472
  • Figure 121. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.            472
  • Figure 122. Quantum dot film schematic.              473
  • Figure 123: Quantum Dots on Glass schematic.   473
  • Figure 124: Samsung 8K 65" QD Glass.    474
  • Figure 125: QD/OLED hybrid  schematic. 476
  • Figure 126: Electroluminescent quantum dots schematic.              477
  • Figure 127: The Wall microLED display.   477
  • Figure 128: Individual red, green and blue microLED arrays based on quantum dots.          478
  • Figure 129. Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots. 479
  • Figure 130. LECTUM® display.     479
  • Figure 131. Argil electrochromic film integrated with polycarbonate lenses.          481
  • Figure 132. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius.          482
  • Figure 133. Global flexible, foldable and rollable OLED revenues, 2017-2030 (billion $).     483
  • Figure 134. Global foldable displays revenues by application, 2018-2030 (millions $).         484
  • Figure 135. BGT Materials graphene ink product.               532
  • Figure 136. Flexible RFID tag.      533
  • Figure 137. Stretchable material for formed an in-molded electronics.     534
  • Figure 138. Wearable patch with a skin-compatible, pressure-sensitive adhesive. 535
  • Figure 139. Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs.          535
  • Figure 140. Global market for conductive inks 2017-2027, revenues (million $), by ink types.         537
  • Figure 141. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.  579
  • Figure 142. Transparent conductive switches-PEDOT.      587
  • Figure 143. CNT stretchable Resin Film.  590
  • Figure 144. Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.              591
  • Figure 145. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays.              592
  • Figure 146. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.             592
  • Figure 147. CNT transparent conductive film formed on glass and schematic diagram of its structure.        593
  • Figure 148. Stretchable carbon aerogel incorporating carbon nanotubes. 596
  • Figure 149. Graphene layer structure schematic. 601
  • Figure 150. Flexible graphene touch screen.         601
  • Figure 151. Graphene electrochromic devices.    602
  • Figure 152. Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film.   603
  • Figure 153. Large-area metal mesh touch panel. 606
  • Figure 154. Bending durability of Ag nanowires. 611
  • Figure 155. Flexible silver nanowire wearable mesh.        611
  • Figure 156. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.         613
  • Figure 157. Cellulose nanofiber films.      618
  • Figure 158. Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper.        618
  • Figure 159. LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF.               619
  • Figure 160. Foldable nanopaper.               620
  • Figure 161. Foldable nanopaper antenna.             620
  • Figure 162. Paper memory (ReRAM).      621
  • Figure 163. A pQLED device structure.    631
  • Figure 164. Development roadmap for perovskite QDs.  632
  • Figure 165. Perovskite quantum dots under UV light.       633
  • Figure 166. Borophene schematic.           635
  • Figure 167. Black phosphorus structure. 636
  • Figure 168. Black Phosphorus crystal.      637
  • Figure 169. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation.                638
  • Figure 170. Graphitic carbon nitride.        639
  • Figure 171. Schematic of germanene.     640
  • Figure 172. Graphdiyne structure.            641
  • Figure 173. Schematic of Graphane crystal.           642
  • Figure 174. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.              643
  • Figure 175. Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide.          645
  • Figure 176. SEM image of MoS2.               645
  • Figure 177. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor.              646
  • Figure 178. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.            647
  • Figure 179. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide.      647
  • Figure 180. Silicene structure.    648
  • Figure 181. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate.            649
  • Figure 182. Silicene transistor.    650
  • Figure 183. Crystal structure for stanene.              650
  • Figure 184. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111).   651
  • Figure 185. Schematic of tungsten diselenide.     652
  • Figure 186. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe).               653

 

 

The Global Market for Wearable, Printed, Flexible, Foldable and Stretchable Electronics
The Global Market for Wearable, Printed, Flexible, Foldable and Stretchable Electronics
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