Published November 2022 | 393 pages, 103 tables, 137 figures | Download table of contents
Cellulose nanofibers (CNF), also called cellulose nanofibrils or nanofibrillated cellulose, are sustainable materials with high mechanical strength and stiffness (stronger than steel), high aspect ratios, high transparency, high chemical resistance and impressive rheological, optical and film-forming properties. They are also lightweight and have made a recent impact in industrial applications in biopolymers, bio-composites and hygiene and sanitary products.
Industrial products have been introduced to the market recently in packaging, composites and thermoplastics, biomedicine and hygiene, mainly in the Japanese market. Advanced applications in paper batteries and flexible electronics are also expected once current processing challenges have been overcome.
CNF production is now at the industrial scale, with numerous large paper manufacturers establishing multi-ton production facilities. Japanese chemicals manufacturers have also initiated cellulose nanofiber production capabilities. Facilities have also been established in Europe (mainly Scandinavia), Canada and the United States.
Report contents include:
- Global production capacities, by CNF producer, current and planned.
- Production volumes by region.
- Commercialized products on the market incorporating CNFs.
- Stage of commercialization for cellulose nanofiber applications by company (TRL).
- CNF applications by industry.
- Demand in tons per market, current and forecast to 2033.
- Market drivers, trends and challenges, by end user markets.
- Competitive landscape of CNF by market, volumes, key trends and growth. Potential for CNF to gain market share by market volume across all end user markets. Markets covered include Polymer composites, Automotive, Building & Construction, Packaging, Textiles, Biomedicine, Pharma, Healthcare, Sanitary and Hygiene Products, Paints & Coatings, Aerogels, Oil & Gas, Filtration, Cosmetics, Food Additives, Electronics, Batteries, Aerospace and 3D printing.
- In-depth market assessment of opportunities for CNF including potential revenues, growth rates, pricing, most likely applications and market challenges.
- In-depth analysis of market by applications including estimated market size, penetration and growth. Applications covered include: Polymer composite parts; Biodegradable and renewable nanocomposites; Automotive composites; Packaging films; Aerogels; Construction materials; Packaging fillers/additives; Paint and coatings additives; Deodorant sheets; Pharmaceutical additives; Renewable plastic parts/casings; Transparent films for electronics; Flexible and printed electronics; Batteries; Flexible and paper batteries; Filtration membranes.
- In-depth key player profiles of 122 companies, including products, current capacities and plans for new capacities, production processes, prices per kg and commercial activities. Companies profiled in the report include Asahi Kasei, Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Daicel, Daiichi Kogyo, Daio Paper, GranBio Technologies, Nippon Paper, Oji Holdings, Sugino Machine, Seiko PMC and more.
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 25
- 1.1 The market for nanocellulose 27
- 1.2 Cellulose Nanofibers industry developments 2020-22 29
- 1.3 Market outlook in 2022 and beyond 31
- 1.4 Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) production capacities 2022, in metric tons by producer 32
- 1.5 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) production capacities 2022 33
- 1.6 Global demand in metric tons, 2018-2033 33
- 1.7 Market challenges for cellulose nanofibers 36
- 1.8 Cellulose nanofibers commercial products 38
- 1.9 Cellulose nanofibers market by region 46
- 1.9.1 Japan 48
- 1.9.2 China 49
- 1.9.3 Malaysia 50
- 1.9.4 Western Europe 50
- 1.9.5 North America 51
- 1.10 Global government funding 52
2 OVERVIEW OF NANOCELLULOSE 53
- 2.1 Cellulose 53
- 2.2 Nanocellulose 54
- 2.3 Properties of nanocellulose 55
- 2.4 Feedstocks 56
- 2.5 Advantages of nanocellulose 58
- 2.6 Synthesis and Production methods 59
- 2.6.1 Acid hydrolysis 63
- 2.6.2 TEMPO oxidation 63
- 2.6.3 Ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation 63
- 2.6.4 Ball milling 64
- 2.6.5 Cryocrushing 64
- 2.6.6 High-shear grinding 64
- 2.6.7 Green production methods 65
- 2.6.7.1 Ultrasonication 65
- 2.6.7.2 High-pressure homogenization 65
- 2.6.8 Recent methods 66
- 2.6.8.1 Microwave irradiation 66
- 2.6.8.2 Enzymatic processing 66
- 2.6.8.3 Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) 67
- 2.6.8.4 Pulsed electric field 68
- 2.6.8.5 Electron beam irradiation 68
- 2.7 Types of nanocellulose 70
- 2.7.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 73
- 2.7.2 Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) 74
- 2.7.2.1 Applications 74
- 2.7.3 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) 75
- 2.7.3.1 Synthesis 76
- 2.7.3.2 Properties 78
- 2.7.3.3 Production 79
- 2.7.3.4 Applications 80
- 2.7.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 81
- 2.7.4.1 Production 81
- 2.7.4.2 Applications 84
3 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS 86
4 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS 89
- 4.1 Standards 89
- 4.1.1 International Standards Organization (ISO) 89
- 4.1.2 American National Standards 89
- 4.1.3 CSA Group 89
- 4.2 Toxicity 90
- 4.3 Regulation 92
5 CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS SUPPLY CHAIN 93
6 CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS PRICING 96
7 MARKETS FOR CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS 98
- 7.1 Composites 98
- 7.1.1 Market overview 98
- 7.1.2 Applications 104
- 7.1.2.1 Automotive composites 104
- 7.1.2.2 Biocomposite films & packaging 105
- 7.1.2.3 Barrier packaging 105
- 7.1.2.4 Thermal insulation composites 105
- 7.1.2.5 Construction composites 106
- 7.1.3 Global market in tons to 2033 106
- 7.1.4 Product developers 107
- 7.2 Automotive 110
- 7.2.1 Market overview 110
- 7.2.2 Applications 114
- 7.2.2.1 Composites 114
- 7.2.2.2 Air intake components 120
- 7.2.2.3 Tires 120
- 7.2.3 Global market in tons to 2033 121
- 7.2.4 Product developers 122
- 7.3 Buildings and construction 125
- 7.3.1 Market overview 125
- 7.3.2 Applications 129
- 7.3.2.1 Sandwich composites 129
- 7.3.2.2 Cement additives 129
- 7.3.2.3 Pump primers 130
- 7.3.2.4 Thermal insulation and damping 130
- 7.3.3 Global market in tons to 2033 131
- 7.3.4 Product developers 132
- 7.4 Paper and board packaging 134
- 7.4.1 Market overview 134
- 7.4.2 Applications 140
- 7.4.2.1 Reinforcement and barrier 141
- 7.4.2.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films 141
- 7.4.2.3 Paperboard coatings 141
- 7.4.3 Global market in tons to 2033 142
- 7.4.4 Product developers 143
- 7.5 Textiles and apparel 144
- 7.5.1 Market overview 144
- 7.5.2 Applications 148
- 7.5.2.1 CNF deodorizer and odour reducer (antimicrobial) in adult and child diapers 149
- 7.5.2.2 Footwear 149
- 7.5.3 Global market in tons to 2033 149
- 7.5.4 Product developer profiles 151
- 7.6 Biomedicine and healthcare 152
- 7.6.1 Market overview 152
- 7.6.2 Applications 159
- 7.6.2.1 Wound dressings 159
- 7.6.2.2 Drug delivery stabilizers 160
- 7.6.2.3 Tissue engineering scaffolds 160
- 7.6.3 Global market in tons to 2033 161
- 7.6.4 Product developers 162
- 7.7 Hygiene and sanitary products 165
- 7.7.1 Market overview 165
- 7.7.2 Applications 165
- 7.7.3 Global market in tons to 2033 165
- 7.7.4 Product developers 167
- 7.8 Paints and coatings 168
- 7.8.1 Market overview 168
- 7.8.2 Applications 172
- 7.8.3 Global market in tons to 2033 172
- 7.8.4 Product developers 174
- 7.9 Aerogels 176
- 7.9.1 Market overview 176
- 7.9.2 Global market in tons to 2033 179
- 7.9.3 Product developers 180
- 7.10 Oil and gas 182
- 7.10.1 Market overview 182
- 7.10.2 Applications 185
- 7.10.2.1 Oil recovery applications (fracturing fluid) 185
- 7.10.2.2 CNF Membranes for separation 185
- 7.10.2.3 Oil and gas fluids additives 186
- 7.10.3 Global market in tons to 2033 186
- 7.10.4 Product developers 187
- 7.11 Filtration 189
- 7.11.1 Market overview 189
- 7.11.2 Applications 194
- 7.11.2.1 Membranes for selective absorption 194
- 7.11.3 Global market in tons to 2033 195
- 7.11.4 Product developers 196
- 7.12 Rheology modifiers 198
- 7.12.1 Market overview 198
- 7.12.2 Applications 201
- 7.12.2.1 Food additives 201
- 7.12.2.2 Pickering stabilizers 202
- 7.12.2.3 Hydrogels 202
- 7.12.2.4 Cosmetics and skincare 203
- 7.12.3 Global market in tons to 2033 203
- 7.12.4 Product developers 204
- 7.13 Other markets 207
- 7.13.1 Printed, stretchable and flexible electronics 207
- 7.13.1.1 Market assessment 207
- 7.13.1.2 Product developers 210
- 7.13.2 3D printing 212
- 7.13.2.1 Market assessment 212
- 7.13.2.2 Product developers 214
- 7.13.3 Aerospace 215
- 7.13.3.1 Market assessment 215
- 7.13.3.2 Product developers 216
- 7.13.4 Batteries 217
- 7.13.4.1 Market assessment 217
- 7.13.1 Printed, stretchable and flexible electronics 207
8 CELLULOSE NANOFIBER COMPANY PROFILES 218 (122 company profiles)
9 RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 378
- 9.1 Report scope 378
- 9.2 Research methodology 378
10 REFERENCES 380
List of Tables
- Table 1. Market summary for nanocellulose-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, market estimates, global consumption, main current applications, future applications. 26
- Table 2. Markets and applications for nanocellulose. 27
- Table 3. The Cellulose Nanofibers market 2020-2022-industry product and production activity. 29
- Table 4. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons. 32
- Table 5. MFC production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons. 33
- Table 6. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers/MFC by market in metric tons, 2018-2033. 33
- Table 7. Market and technical challenges in cellulose nanofibers 36
- Table 8. Cellulose nanofiber-based commercial products. 38
- Table 9. Regional demand for Cellulose nanofibers, 2021, tons (total excludes MFC). 47
- Table 10. Cellulose nanofibers producers and product developers in Japan. 48
- Table 11. Cellulose nanofibers research centres, universities and companies in China. 49
- Table 12. Cellulose nanofibers producers and product developers in Europe. 50
- Table 13. Cellulose nanofibers producers and product developers in North America. 51
- Table 14. Properties and applications of nanocellulose. 55
- Table 15. Properties of nanocellulose, by type. 56
- Table 16. Chemical composition of different lignocellulosic feedstocks used for nanocellulose production (% dry basis). 57
- Table 17. Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials. 58
- Table 18. Extraction of nanocellulose (NC) from various lignocellulosic sources using different conventional technologies. 62
- Table 19. Types of nanocellulose. 70
- Table 20. Types of nanocellulose. 72
- Table 21. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). 74
- Table 22. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). 77
- Table 23. CNC sources, size and yield. 78
- Table 24. CNC properties. 78
- Table 25. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials. 79
- Table 26. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). 80
- Table 27. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). 84
- Table 28. Market opportunity assessment for Cellulose nanofibers, by application. 86
- Table 29. Safety of Micro/Nanofibrillated cellulose. 90
- Table 30. Global Cellulose nanofibers market supply chain analysis. 93
- Table 31: Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanofiber producers. 96
- Table 32. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in composites. 98
- Table 33. Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials. 99
- Table 34. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in composites. 99
- Table 35. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in composites-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global composites OEMs. 100
- Table 36. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2033 (metric tons). 106
- Table 37. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in composites. 107
- Table 38. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in automotive. 110
- Table 39. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in automotive. 111
- Table 40. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in automotive-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global automotive OEMs. 111
- Table 41. Components featured in the NCV. 115
- Table 42. Global market demand for nanocellulose in the automotive sector 2018-2033 (metric tons). 121
- Table 43. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in the automotive industry. 122
- Table 44. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction. 125
- Table 45. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction. 125
- Table 46. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global construction OEMs 126
- Table 47: Market demand for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, 2018-2033 (tons). 131
- Table 48. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in building and construction. 132
- Table 49. Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum-based materials and other polymers. 134
- Table 50. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging. 134
- Table 51. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paper and board packaging OEMs. 135
- Table 52. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paper & board packaging, 2018-2033 (tons). 142
- Table 53. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paper and board. 143
- Table 54. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel. 144
- Table 55. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel. 144
- Table 56. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global textiles and apparel OEMs. 145
- Table 57. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in textiles, 2018-2033 (tons). 149
- Table 58. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in textiles and apparel. 151
- Table 59. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in medicine and healthcare. 152
- Table 60. Scorecard for nanocellulose in medicine and healthcare. 153
- Table 61. Market assessment for nanocellulose in medicine and healthcare-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global medicine and healthcare OEMs. 154
- Table 62. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in biomedical and healthcare, 2018-2033 (tons). 161
- Table 63. Nanocellulose product developers in medicine and healthcare. 162
- Table 64. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene and sanitary products market. 165
- Table 65. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and absorbents, 2018-2033 (tons). 165
- Table 66. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in hygiene and sanitary products. 167
- Table 67. Market overview for Cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 168
- Table 68. Scorecard for Cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 168
- Table 69. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs. 169
- Table 70. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2033 (tons). 172
- Table 71. Companies developing nanocellulose products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. 174
- Table 72. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels. 176
- Table 73. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels. 176
- Table 74. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global aerogels OEMs. 177
- Table 75. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels, 2018-2033 (tons). 179
- Table 76. Nanocellulose in product developers in aerogels. 180
- Table 77. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas. 182
- Table 78. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas. 182
- Table 79. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global oil and gas OEMs. 183
- Table 80. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2033 (tons). 186
- Table 81. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in oil and gas exploration. 187
- Table 82. CNF membranes. 190
- Table 83. Market overview for Cellulose nanofibers in filtration. 190
- Table 84. Scorecard for Cellulose nanofibers in filtration. 191
- Table 85. Market assessment for Cellulose nanofibers in filtration-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global filtration OEMs. 191
- Table 86: Global demand for Cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2033 (tons). 195
- Table 87. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in filtration. 196
- Table 88. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 198
- Table 89. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 199
- Table 90. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global rheology modifier OEMs. 199
- Table 91. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2033 (tons). 203
- Table 92. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 204
- Table 93. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper). 207
- Table 94. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in printed, stretchable and flexible electronics-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global printed, flexible and stretchable electronics OEMs. 208
- Table 95. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in printed, stretchable and flexible electronics. 210
- Table 96. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in 3D priniting-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global 3D printing OEMs. 212
- Table 97. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers 3D printing products. 214
- Table 98. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerospace-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading. 215
- Table 99: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in aircraft and aerospace. 216
- Table 100. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in Batteries-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks. 217
- Table 101: Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 270
- Table 102. Nippon Paper commercial CNF products. 310
- Table 103. Oji Holdings CNF products. 320
List of Figures
- Figure 1. CNF nameplate. 29
- Figure 2. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers/MFC in metric tons by market, 2018-2033. 35
- Figure 3. Aruba 23. 38
- Figure 4. Dorayaki. 39
- Figure 5. ENASAVE NEXT. 39
- Figure 6. Flat4-KAEDE. 40
- Figure 7. GEL-KAYANO™. 40
- Figure 8. Hada care acty®. 41
- Figure 9. Hiteeth All in One Mouth Gel. 41
- Figure 10. HYPERNANO X series. 41
- Figure 11. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 42
- Figure 12. ONKYO® Scepter SC-3(B) 2-way Speaker System. 42
- Figure 13. Pioneer® SE-MONITOR5 Headphones. 42
- Figure 14. "Poise" series Super strong deodorant sheet. 43
- Figure 15. RUBURI Precursor Lubris for raw concrete pumping. 43
- Figure 16. SC-3 (B) speakers. 44
- Figure 17. SE-MONITOR5 headphones. 44
- Figure 18. "Skin Care Acty" series Adult diapers. 44
- Figure 19. "SURISURI" Lotion. 45
- Figure 20. X9400 series. 45
- Figure 21. X Premium Sound Speaker Alps Alpine. 46
- Figure 22. Regional demand for Cellulose nanofibers, 2021. 47
- Figure 23. Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit. 53
- Figure 24. Scale of cellulose materials. 54
- Figure 25. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials. 60
- Figure 26. Production of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatic treatment (endoglucanases and xylanases) followed by mechanical treatment. 67
- Figure 27. EBI pretreatment combined with HPH for CNC production. 69
- Figure 28. Types of nanocellulose. 71
- Figure 29. Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses. 71
- Figure 30. Various preparation methods for nanocellulose. 73
- Figure 31. CNF gel. 74
- Figure 32. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals. 76
- Figure 33. CNC preparation. 76
- Figure 34. Extracting CNC from trees. 78
- Figure 35. CNC slurry. 80
- Figure 36. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 83
- Figure 37. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in composites. 104
- Figure 38. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2033 (metric tons). 107
- Figure 39. CNF mixed PLA (Poly Lactic Acid). 108
- Figure 40. CNF resin products. 109
- Figure 41. Interior of NCV concept car. 110
- Figure 42. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in automotive. 114
- Figure 43. Interior of the NCV prototype. 115
- Figure 44. Global demand for nanocellulose in the automotive sector, 2018-2033 (metric tons). 121
- Figure 45: Daio Paper's cellulose nanofiber material in doors and hood of race car. 122
- Figure 46: CNF composite. 123
- Figure 47: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 123
- Figure 48. CNF car engine cover developed in Japan Ministry of the Environment’s (MOE) Nano Cellulose Vehicle (NCV) Project. 124
- Figure 49. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 126
- Figure 50. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in building and construction. 129
- Figure 51. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in construction, 2018-2033 (tons). 132
- Figure 52. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging. 140
- Figure 53. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging, 2018-2033 (tons). 142
- Figure 54. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel. 149
- Figure 55. Asics GEL-KAYANO™ 25 running shoe. 149
- Figure 56. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles sector, 2018-2033 (tons). 150
- Figure 57. CNF deodorant products. 151
- Figure 58. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in medicine and healthcare. 159
- Figure 59. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in biomedical and healthcare, 2018-2033 (tons). 161
- Figure 60. Fibnano. 163
- Figure 61. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and absorbents, 2018-2033 (tons). 166
- Figure 62. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 172
- Figure 63. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2033 (tons). 173
- Figure 64. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 175
- Figure 65: Global demand for nanocellulose in in aerogels, 2018-2033 (tons). 180
- Figure 66. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2033 (tons). 187
- Figure 67. Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery. 188
- Figure 68. Applications of Cellulose nanofibers in filtration. 194
- Figure 69. Global demand for Cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2033 (tons). 196
- Figure 70. Multi-layered cross section of CNF-nw. 197
- Figure 71. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 201
- Figure 72. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2033 (tons). 204
- Figure 73. "SURISURI" products. 205
- Figure 74. Foldable nanopaper antenna. 208
- Figure 75: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF. 210
- Figure 76. Oji CNF transparent sheets. 210
- Figure 77. Electronic components using NFC as insulating materials. 211
- Figure 78: Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. 219
- Figure 79. MEDICELLU™. 219
- Figure 80: Ashai Kasei CNF production process. 221
- Figure 81: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 222
- Figure 82: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 222
- Figure 83. CNF nonwoven fabric. 223
- Figure 84. Borregaard Chemcell CNF production process. 229
- Figure 85. Celfion membrane. 231
- Figure 86. nanoforest products. 240
- Figure 87. Chuetsu Pulp & Paper CNF production process. 241
- Figure 88. nanoforest-S. 242
- Figure 89. nanoforest-PDP. 242
- Figure 90. nanoforest-MB. 243
- Figure 91. Daicel Corporation CNF production process. 245
- Figure 92. Celish. 246
- Figure 93: Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 247
- Figure 94. Daio Paper CNF production process. 248
- Figure 95. ELLEX products. 250
- Figure 96. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 250
- Figure 97. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 250
- Figure 98. Color CNF. 252
- Figure 99. DIC Products CNF production process. 254
- Figure 100. DKS Co. Ltd. CNF production process. 256
- Figure 101: Rheocrysta spray. 257
- Figure 102. DKS CNF products. 257
- Figure 103: CNF based on citrus peel. 259
- Figure 104. Citrus cellulose nanofiber. 260
- Figure 105. Imerys CNF production process. 262
- Figure 106. Filler Bank CNC products. 264
- Figure 107: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 266
- Figure 108: CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 267
- Figure 109. Granbio CNF production process. 271
- Figure 110: Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 274
- Figure 111. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 276
- Figure 112: CNF gel. 278
- Figure 113: Block nanocellulose material. 279
- Figure 114: CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 279
- Figure 115. Kami Shoji CNF products. 283
- Figure 116. Dual Graft System. 284
- Figure 117: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 285
- Figure 118. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended). 286
- Figure 119: 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side). 287
- Figure 120. Kruger Biomaterials, Inc. CNF production process. 289
- Figure 121. CNF deodorant. 290
- Figure 122. Chitin nanofiber product. 291
- Figure 123. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products. 293
- Figure 124. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 294
- Figure 125. Cellulomix production process. 296
- Figure 126. Nanobase versus conventional products. 296
- Figure 127. Uni-ball Signo UMN-307. 297
- Figure 128: CNF slurries. 299
- Figure 129. Range of CNF products. 299
- Figure 130: Nanocell serum product. 303
- Figure 131. Vatensel® product 304
- Figure 132: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp. 306
- Figure 133: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic. 306
- Figure 134. Nippon Paper CNF production process. 309
- Figure 135: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers. 310
- Figure 136. All-resin forceps incorporating CNF. 312
- Figure 137. CNF paint product. 314
- Figure 138. CNF wet powder. 316
- Figure 139. CNF transparent film. 316
- Figure 140. Transparent CNF sheets. 317
- Figure 141. Oji Paper CNF production process. 318
- Figure 142. CNF clear sheets. 320
- Figure 143. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product. 322
- Figure 144. Fluorene cellulose ® powder. 323
- Figure 145. A vacuum cleaner part made of cellulose fiber (left) and the assembled vacuum cleaner. 324
- Figure 146. Performance Biofilaments CNF production process. 325
- Figure 147. XCNF. 327
- Figure 148. Innventia CNF production process. 329
- Figure 149: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant. 330
- Figure 150. CNF insulation flat plates. 331
- Figure 151. Seiko PMC CNF production process. 334
- Figure 152. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 335
- Figure 153. Rubber soles incorporating CNF. 337
- Figure 154. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite. 338
- Figure 155. Stora Enso CNF production process. 339
- Figure 156. Sugino Machine CNF production process. 341
- Figure 157. High Pressure Water Jet Process. 341
- Figure 158. 2 wt.% CNF suspension. 342
- Figure 159. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 342
- Figure 160. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet. 343
- Figure 161. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material. 343
- Figure 162. SVILOSA AD CNC products. 345
- Figure 163. Silver / CNF composite dispersions. 350
- Figure 164. CNF/nanosilver powder. 351
- Figure 165: Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF. 353
- Figure 166: CNF resin products. 356
- Figure 167. University of Maine CNF production process. 357
- Figure 168. UPM-Kymmene CNF production process. 359
- Figure 169. FibDex® wound dressing. 360
- Figure 170. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process. 362
- Figure 171: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF. 363
- Figure 172. VTT 100% bio-based stand-up pouches. 366
- Figure 173. VTT CNF production process. 367
- Figure 174: HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 368
- Figure 175: Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film. 369
- Figure 176. S-CNF in powder form. 371
- Figure 177. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process. 374
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