Publication date: January 2016 | 600 Pages | Table of contents
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Two-dimensional(2D) materials are currently one of the most active areas of nanomaterials research, and offer a huge opportunity for both fundamental studies and practical applications, including superfast, low-power, flexible and wearable electronics, sensors, photonics and electrochemical energy storage devices that will have an immense impact on our society.
Graphene is a ground-breaking two-dimensional (2D) material that possesses extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties that promise a new generation of innovative devices. New methods of scalable synthesis of high-quality graphene, clean delamination transfer and device integration have resulted in the commercialization of state-of-the-art electronics such as graphene touchscreens in smartphones and flexible RF devices on plastics.
Beyond graphene, emerging elementary 2D materials such as phosphorene and silicene will potentially allow for flexible electronics and field-effect transistors that exhibit ambipolar transport behaviour with either a direct band-gap or greater gate modulation.
Graphene exhibits a unique combination of mechanical, thermal, electronic and optical properties that provide opportunities for new innovation in flexible displays, transistors, photosensors, RFID tags, solar cells, secondary batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, conductive inks, EMI shielding heat insulation, anti-oxidation and LEDs across multiple industries including consumer electronics, automotive, aerospace, medicine, energy, 3D printing, polymer composites, wireless technology, filtration and coatings.
WHAT DOES THE REPORT INCLUDE?
- Comprehensive quantitative data and forecasts for the global graphene market to 2025.
- Qualitative insight and perspective on the current market and future trends in end user markets based on interviews with key executives.
- End user market analysis and technology timelines.
- Financial estimates for the markets graphene will impact.
- Patent analysis.
- Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes versus graphene.
- Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D Materials.
- Tables and figures illustrating graphene market size
- Full company profiles of graphene producers and application developers including technology descriptions and end user markets targeted
- Profiles of prominent research centres
- Industry activity and breakthroughs by market 2013-2016.
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Table of contents
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………… 43
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………. 45
Two-dimensional (2D) materials…………………………………………………………… 45
Graphene………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
Short term opportunities…………………………………………………………………… 48
Medium-Long term opportunities……………………………………………………… 48
Remarkable properties…………………………………………………………………….. 49
Global funding………………………………………………………………………………… 50
Products and applications………………………………………………………………. 51
Production………………………………………………………………………………………. 54
Market drivers and trends………………………………………………………………… 56
Production exceeds demand……………………………………………………….. 56
Market revenues remain small………………………………………………………. 58
Scalability and cost……………………………………………………………………… 59
Applications hitting the market…………………………………………………….. 61
Wait and see?………………………………………………………………………………. 62
Asia and US lead the race……………………………………………………………. 63
Competition from other materials………………………………………………….. 63
Market and technical challenges……………………………………………………. 64
Inconsistent supply quality……………………………………………………………. 64
Cost……………………………………………………………………………………………… 66
Product integration………………………………………………………………………. 66
Regulation and standards…………………………………………………………….. 66
Lack of a band gap……………………………………………………………………… 67
PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS……………………………………………………….. 67
Categorization……………………………………………………………………………………. 69
GRAPHENE………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
3D Graphene………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
Graphene Quantum Dots………………………………………………………………… 76
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………… 76
CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE…………………………………………. 78
Comparative properties……………………………………………………………………… 80
Cost and production………………………………………………………………………….. 82
Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids………………………………………………….. 84
Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene………………….. 85
OTHER 2D MATERIALS………………………………………………………………………….. 87
Phosphorene………………………………………………………………………………………. 89
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………… 90
Applications……………………………………………………………………………………. 91
Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………. 92
Thermoelectrics…………………………………………………………………………….. 92
Batteries……………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
Photodetectors…………………………………………………………………………….. 93
Recent research news……………………………………………………………………… 93
Silicene………………………………………………………………………………………………. 94
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………… 95
Applications……………………………………………………………………………………. 97
Electronics……………………………………………………………………………………. 97
Photovoltaics……………………………………………………………………………….. 99
Thermoelectrics…………………………………………………………………………….. 99
Batteries……………………………………………………………………………………….. 99
Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………….. 100
Recent research news……………………………………………………………………. 100
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)……………………………………………………………. 101
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………. 102
Applications………………………………………………………………………………….. 102
Electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 103
Photovoltaics……………………………………………………………………………… 104
Piezoelectrics………………………………………………………………………………. 104
Sensors……………………………………………………………………………………….. 105
Filtration……………………………………………………………………………………… 105
Recent research news……………………………………………………………………. 106
Hexagonal boron nitride…………………………………………………………………… 108
Properties……………………………………………………………………………………. 109
Applications………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
Electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
Capacitors and fuel cells…………………………………………………………….. 110
Recent research news……………………………………………………………………. 111
Germanene……………………………………………………………………………………… 111
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………. 112
Applications………………………………………………………………………………….. 113
Electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 113
Recent research news……………………………………………………………………. 114
Graphdiyne……………………………………………………………………………………… 115
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………. 116
Applications………………………………………………………………………………….. 116
Batteries……………………………………………………………………………………… 116
Separation membranes………………………………………………………………. 117
Photocatalysts……………………………………………………………………………. 117
Electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 117
Photovoltaics……………………………………………………………………………… 118
Graphane………………………………………………………………………………………… 118
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………. 119
Applications………………………………………………………………………………….. 119
Electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 120
Hydrogen storage……………………………………………………………………….. 120
Stanene/tinene………………………………………………………………………………… 121
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………. 121
Applications………………………………………………………………………………….. 122
Electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 122
Recent research news……………………………………………………………………. 123
Tungsten diselenide…………………………………………………………………………… 123
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………. 124
Applications………………………………………………………………………………….. 124
Electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 124
Recent research news……………………………………………………………………. 125
Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2…………………………………. 126
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………. 127
Applications………………………………………………………………………………….. 127
Electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 127
C2N…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 127
Properties………………………………………………………………………………………. 128
Applications………………………………………………………………………………….. 129
Electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 129
Filtration……………………………………………………………………………………… 130
Photocatalysts……………………………………………………………………………. 130
Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials………. 131
GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS……………………………………………………………………….. 133
Large area graphene films………………………………………………………………… 133
Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets………………………… 134
Production methods………………………………………………………………………….. 136
Production directly from natural graphite ore…………………………………. 138
Quality………………………………………………………………………………………….. 139
Synthesis and production by types of graphene………………………………… 140
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)…………………………………………………….. 141
Graphene nanoribbons…………………………………………………………………. 142
Large-area graphene films……………………………………………………………… 144
Graphene oxide flakes (GO)………………………………………………………….. 145
Pros and cons of graphene production methods……………………………….. 146
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)…………………………………………………. 147
Exfoliation method…………………………………………………………………………. 148
Epitaxial growth method……………………………………………………………….. 149
Wet chemistry method…………………………………………………………………… 149
Micromechanical cleavage method……………………………………………… 151
Green reduction of graphene oxide………………………………………………. 152
Plasma…………………………………………………………………………………………… 153
Recent synthesis methods………………………………………………………………….. 154
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) and University of Western Australia 154
Graphene Frontiers………………………………………………………………………… 154
MIT and the University of Michigan…………………………………………………. 155
Oak Ridge National Laboratory/University of Texas/General Graphene 156
University of Florida/Donghua University………………………………………….. 157
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) and Case Western Reserve University 157
Trinity College Dublin……………………………………………………………………… 157
Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) 158
Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Chonbuk National University and KRICT 158
NanoXplore…………………………………………………………………………………… 159
Carbon Sciences Inc……………………………………………………………………… 159
California Institute of Technology……………………………………………………. 159
Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology………. 160
Oxford University…………………………………………………………………………….. 160
University of Tokyo………………………………………………………………………….. 160
Synthesis methods by company………………………………………………………… 162
GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE………………………………………………………… 165
REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS………………………………………………………. 169
Standards…………………………………………………………………………………………. 169
Environmental, health and safety regulation…………………………………….. 170
Europe…………………………………………………………………………………………… 170
United States…………………………………………………………………………………. 171
Asia……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 172
Workplace exposure…………………………………………………………………………. 173
PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS……………………………………………………………. 173
Fabrication processes……………………………………………………………………….. 174
Academia………………………………………………………………………………………… 174
Regional leaders……………………………………………………………………………….. 175
TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL………………………………………………………. 180
GRAPHENE INDUSTRY 2013-2016………………………………………………. 181-226
END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS……………………………………………. 226
Graphene production volumes 2010-2025…………………………………………. 228
Graphene producers and production capacities……………………………… 230
ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS……………………………………………………….. 239
TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS…………………………………. 240
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 240
ITO replacement for flexible electronics……………………………………….. 240
Wearable electronics market growing…………………………………………. 244
Touch technology requirements………………………………………………….. 246
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 246
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 248
CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………….. 252
Competing materials………………………………………………………………….. 252
Cost in comparison to ITO……………………………………………………………. 252
Problems with transfer and growth………………………………………………. 253
Improving sheet resistance………………………………………………………….. 254
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 256
CONDUCTIVE INKS……………………………………………………………………………… 258
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 258
Increased demand for printed electronics…………………………………… 258
Limitations of existing conductive inks………………………………………….. 259
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 260
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 263
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 265
TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS……………………………………………… 267
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………. 268
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………. 269
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………. 270
CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………. 271
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………… 274
MEMORY DEVICES………………………………………………………………………….. 276
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………. 276
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………. 279
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………. 279
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………… 281
PHOTONICS……………………………………………………………………………………. 283
Optical modulators…………………………………………………………………….. 283
Photodetectors…………………………………………………………………………… 284
Plasmonics………………………………………………………………………………….. 286
Challenges…………………………………………………………………………………. 287
POLYMER COMPOSITES………………………………………………………………………. 288
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 289
Improved performance………………………………………………………………. 289
Multi-functionality………………………………………………………………………. 291
Growth in wind energy market……………………………………………………. 291
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 291
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 292
CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………….. 296
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 296
AEROSPACE………………………………………………………………………………………. 298
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 298
Safety…………………………………………………………………………………………. 298
Reduced fuel consumption and costs…………………………………………. 298
Increased durability……………………………………………………………………. 299
Multi-functionality………………………………………………………………………. 299
Need for new de-icing solutions…………………………………………………… 300
Weight reduction………………………………………………………………………… 301
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 301
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 303
Composites…………………………………………………………………………………. 303
Coatings…………………………………………………………………………………….. 304
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 305
AUTOMOTIVE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 307
MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………… 308
Environmental…………………………………………………………………………….. 308
Safety…………………………………………………………………………………………. 309
Lightweighting……………………………………………………………………………. 309
Cost……………………………………………………………………………………………. 309
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 310
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 311
Composites…………………………………………………………………………………. 311
Lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles…………………….. 312
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 313
BIOMEDICAL & HEALTHCARE………………………………………………………………. 315
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 315
Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy…………………………………. 316
Shortcomings of chemotherapies………………………………………………… 317
Biocompatibility of medical implants…………………………………………… 317
Anti-biotic resistance…………………………………………………………………… 318
Growth in advanced woundcare market……………………………………. 318
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 318
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 319
Cancer therapy………………………………………………………………………….. 321
Medical implants and devices……………………………………………………. 324
Wound dressings…………………………………………………………………………. 325
Biosensors……………………………………………………………………………………. 326
Medical imaging………………………………………………………………………… 328
Dental………………………………………………………………………………………… 329
CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………….. 329
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 330
COATINGS…………………………………………………………………………………………. 332
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 332
Sustainability and regulation………………………………………………………. 332
Cost of corrosion…………………………………………………………………………. 333
Improved hygiene………………………………………………………………………. 335
Cost of weather-related damage……………………………………………….. 336
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 338
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 340
Anti-corrosion coatings……………………………………………………………….. 342
Anti-microbial…………………………………………………………………………….. 345
Anti-icing……………………………………………………………………………………. 346
Barrier coatings…………………………………………………………………………… 348
Heat protection………………………………………………………………………….. 350
Anti-fouling…………………………………………………………………………………. 352
Wear and abrasion resistance…………………………………………………….. 354
Smart windows……………………………………………………………………………. 355
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 355
FILTRATION AND SEPARATION………………………………………………………………. 357
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 357
Need for improved membrane technology…………………………………. 357
Water shortage and population growth………………………………………. 357
Contamination…………………………………………………………………………… 358
Cost……………………………………………………………………………………………. 359
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 359
PROPERTIES AND APPLICTIONS…………………………………………………………. 359
CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………….. 363
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 364
ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION…………………………… 366
BATTERIES……………………………………………………………………………………….. 367
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………. 367
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………. 370
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………. 372
CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………. 374
SUPERCAPACITORS…………………………………………………………………………. 374
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………. 374
Problems with activated carbon…………………………………………………. 376
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………. 376
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………. 377
Challenges…………………………………………………………………………………. 379
PHOTOVOLTAICS…………………………………………………………………………….. 380
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………. 380
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………. 381
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………. 382
FUEL CELLS……………………………………………………………………………………… 383
MARKET DRIVERS………………………………………………………………………….. 383
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………. 384
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………. 385
Challenges…………………………………………………………………………………. 386
LED LIGHTING AND UVC………………………………………………………………….. 386
Market drivers and trends……………………………………………………………. 387
Market size………………………………………………………………………………….. 388
Properties and applications………………………………………………………… 388
OIL AND GAS………………………………………………………………………………….. 388
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS………………………………………………………. 388
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY……………………………………………………. 390
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………. 391
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 392
SENSORS……………………………………………………………………………………………. 398
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 398
Increased power and performance with reduced cost……………….. 398
Enhanced sensitivity…………………………………………………………………… 399
Replacing silver electrodes………………………………………………………….. 400
Growth in the home diagnostics and point of care market………….. 400
Improved thermal stability…………………………………………………………… 400
Environmental conditions……………………………………………………………. 401
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 401
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 402
Infrared (IR) sensors……………………………………………………………………… 405
Electrochemical and gas sensors…………………………………………………. 405
Pressure sensors……………………………………………………………………………. 407
Biosensors……………………………………………………………………………………. 408
Optical sensors……………………………………………………………………………. 411
Humidity sensors………………………………………………………………………….. 411
Acoustic sensors………………………………………………………………………….. 411
Wireless sensors……………………………………………………………………………. 412
Challenges…………………………………………………………………………………….. 412
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 413
3D PRINTING………………………………………………………………………………………. 415
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 416
Improved materials at lower cost………………………………………………… 416
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 416
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 417
CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………….. 418
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 419
ADHESIVES………………………………………………………………………………………… 420
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 420
Thermal management in electronics…………………………………………… 421
Environmental sustainability………………………………………………………… 421
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………. 421
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 422
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 423
LUBRICANTS……………………………………………………………………………………….. 424
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 424
Cost effective alternatives…………………………………………………………… 424
Need for higher-performing lubricants for fuel efficiency………………. 424
Environmental concerns……………………………………………………………… 424
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………….. 425
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 426
CHALLENGES………………………………………………………………………………….. 427
PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………………………………………………………. 427
TEXTILES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 428
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS…………………………………………………………. 428
Growth in the wearable electronics market…………………………………. 428
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS………………………………………………………… 429
Conductive coatings………………………………………………………………….. 431
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………. 432
GRAPHENE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS……………………… 433
Producers and types of graphene produced matrix…………………………… 433
Graphene industrial collaborations……………………………………………………. 436
COMPANY PROFILES 438-585
TABLES
Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene…………………………….. 47
Table 2: Graphene target markets-Applications, stage of commercialization and potential addressable market size………………………………………………………………………………………… 53
Table 3: Graphene producers annual production capacities…………………. 56
Table 4: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 57
Table 5: Graphene types and cost per kg………………………………………………. 61
Table 6: Categorization of nanomaterials……………………………………………….. 70
Table 7: Properties of graphene……………………………………………………………… 78
Table 8: Comparative properties of carbon materials……………………………… 82
Table 9: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes. 84
Table 10: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025………………………………………………………………….. 86
Table 11: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolyaer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 92
Table 12: Recent phosphorene research news………………………………………… 94
Table 13: Recent silicene research news……………………………………………….. 101
Table 14: Recent Molybdenum disulfide research news………………………… 107
Table 15: Recent hexagonal boron nitride research news……………………… 112
Table 16: Recent germanane research news………………………………………… 115
Table 17: Recent stanene/tinene research news…………………………………… 124
Table 18: Recent tungsten diselenide research news…………………………….. 126
Table 19: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 132
Table 20: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market. 134
Table 21: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 135
Table 22: Main production methods for graphene………………………………… 137
Table 23: Graphene synthesis methods, by company…………………………… 163
Table 24: Graphene market structure……………………………………………………. 166
Table 25: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014…………. 176
Table 26: Leading graphene patentees……………………………………………….. 178
Table 27: Industrial graphene patents in 2014……………………………………….. 179
Table 28: Market penetration and volume estimates (tons) for graphene in key applications. 228
Table 29: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 230
Table 30: Graphene producers and production capacity (Current and projected), prices and target markets……………………………………………………………………………………………. 231
Table 31: Graphene in the electronics and photonics market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size……………………………………………………………. 240
Table 32: Comparison of ITO replacements…………………………………………… 244
Table 33: Graphene product and application developers in transparent conductive films. 257
Table 34: Comparative properties of conductive inks……………………………. 260
Table 35: Opportunities for graphene and 2D materials in printed electronics. 262
Table 36: Graphene product and application developers in conductive inks. 266
Table 37: Graphene product and application developers in transistors and integrated circuits. 275
Table 38: Graphene product and application developers in memory devices. 282
Table 39: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators. 285
Table 40: Dispersion of graphene in polymers………………………………………… 291
Table 41: Graphene in the polymer composites market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size…………………………………………………………………… 292
Table 42: Addressable market size for carbon nanomaterials composites. 293
Table 43: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites. 294
Table 44: Graphene product and application developers in the composites industry. 297
Table 45: Graphene in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size…………………………………………………………………… 303
Table 46: Graphene product and application developers in the aerospace industry. 306
Table 47: Graphene in the automotive market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size…………………………………………………………………… 311
Table 48: Graphene product and application developers in the automotive industry. 314
Table 49: Graphene in the biomedical and healthcare markets-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size………………………………. 320
Table 50: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare. 321
Table 51: Graphene product and application developers in the medical and healthcare industry. 331
Table 52: Graphene in the coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size………………………………………………………………………………………. 339
Table 53: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings……….. 341
Table 54: Graphene product and application developers in the coatings industry. 355
Table 55: Graphene product and application developers in the filtration industry. 364
Table 56: Graphene in the energy market-Applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size………………………………………………………………………………………. 367
Table 57: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 378
Table 58: Graphene product and application developers in the energy industry. 392
Table 59: Graphene in the sensors market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size………………………………………………………………………………………. 398
Table 60: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors………….. 403
Table 61: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor. 410
Table 62: Graphene product and application developers in the sensors industry. 413
Table 63: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing……. 418
Table 64: Graphene product and application developers in the 3D printing industry. 419
Table 65: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives…….. 422
Table 66: Graphene product and application developers in the adhesives industry. 423
Table 67: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants……………….. 425
Table 68: Graphene product and application developers in the lubricants industry. 427
Table 69: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 430
Table 70: Graphene producers and types produced……………………………. 433
Table 71: Graphene industrial collaborations and target markets………….. 436
FIGURES
Figure 1: Global government funding for graphene………………………………… 51
Figure 2: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year………………….. 58
Figure 3: Graphene layer structure schematic………………………………………… 72
Figure 4: Graphite and graphene…………………………………………………………… 73
Figure 5: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 74
Figure 6: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite……………………………………………………………………………………… 80
Figure 7: Phosphorene structure……………………………………………………………… 90
Figure 8: Silicene structure………………………………………………………………………. 95
Figure 9: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate…………………………….. 97
Figure 10: Silicene transistor…………………………………………………………………….. 98
Figure 11: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide…………………………………… 102
Figure 12: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 104
Figure 13: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge…………………………………………………………. 105
Figure 14: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride…………………………………….. 109
Figure 15: Schematic of germanene……………………………………………………… 112
Figure 16: Graphdiyne structure……………………………………………………………. 115
Figure 17: Schematic of Graphane crystal…………………………………………….. 119
Figure 18: Crystal structure for stanene………………………………………………….. 121
Figure 19: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)……… 122
Figure 20: Schematic of tungsten diselenide…………………………………………. 124
Figure 21: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide………………….. 126
Figure 22: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal……………………………………………………………………………………………… 128
Figure 23: Graphene synthesis methods………………………………………………… 138
Figure 24: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium………………………. 143
Figure 25: Roll-to-roll graphene production process……………………………….. 155
Figure 26: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process……………………… 156
Figure 27: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene. 161
Figure 28: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014………… 176
Figure 29: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene……………………… 180
Figure 30: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 230
Figure 31: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode. 243
Figure 32: A large transparent conductive graphene film (about 20 × 20 cm2) manufactured by 2D Carbon Tech. Figure 24a (right): Prototype of a mobile phone produced by 2D Carbon Tech using a graphene touch panel……………………………………………………………………. 247
Figure 33: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte…………. 250
Figure 34: Flexible transistor sheet………………………………………………………….. 251
Figure 35: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene…………………………………………………………………… 255
Figure 36: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products…………………………… 261
Figure 37: Graphene printed antenna………………………………………………….. 264
Figure 38: BGT Materials graphene ink product……………………………………… 265
Figure 39: Schematic cross-section of a graphene base transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)……………………………………………………………………….. 269
Figure 40: Graphene IC in wafer tester………………………………………………….. 271
Figure 41: Stretchable CNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics. 278
Figure 42: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt. 281
Figure 43: Hybrid graphene phototransistors………………………………………….. 286
Figure 44: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market. 339
Figure 45: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT………………………………… 341
Figure 46: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 350
Figure 47: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts. 363
Figure 48: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor……………………………………. 375
Figure 49: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger………………………………….. 377
Figure 50: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode……………….. 383
Figure 51: GFET sensors………………………………………………………………………….. 407
Figure 52: First generation point of care diagnostics………………………………. 409
Figure 53: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic…………………………… 410
Figure 54: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament. 417
