The Global Market for Hydrogen Production, Storage, Transport and Applications (Hydrogen Economy) 2023-2033

1              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         19

2              INTRODUCTION 21

• 2.1          Hydrogen classification  21
• 2.2          Global energy demand and consumption              22
• 2.3          The hydrogen economy and production 22
• 2.4          Removing CO₂ emissions from hydrogen production        24
• 2.5          Hydrogen value chain     25
  • 2.5.1      Production          25
  • 2.5.2      Transport and storage    25
  • 2.5.3      Utilization            25
• 2.6          National hydrogen initiatives      27
• 2.7          Market challenges           28

3              HYDROGEN MARKET ANALYSIS  30

• 3.1          Industry developments 2020-2023            30
• 3.2          Market map       45
• 3.3          Global hydrogen production       47
  • 3.3.1      Industrial applications    48
  • 3.3.2      Hydrogen energy             49
    • 3.3.2.1   Stationary use   49
    • 3.3.2.2   Hydrogen for mobility    49
  • 3.3.3      Current Annual H2 Production    50
  • 3.3.4      Hydrogen production processes 51
    • 3.3.4.1   Hydrogen as by-product 52
    • 3.3.4.2   Reforming           52
    • 3.3.4.3   Reforming or coal gasification with CO2 capture and storage        53
    • 3.3.4.4   Steam reforming of biomethane               53
    • 3.3.4.5   Water electrolysis            54
    • 3.3.4.6   The "Power-to-Gas" concept      56
    • 3.3.4.7   Fuel cell stack    57
    • 3.3.4.8   Electrolysers      58
    • 3.3.4.9   Other    59
  • 3.3.5      Production costs               62
  • 3.3.6      Global hydrogen demand forecasts         64
• 3.4          Green hydrogen               65
  • 3.4.1      Role in energy transition               65
  • 3.4.2      SWOT analysis   66
  • 3.4.3      Electrolyzer technologies             67
    • 3.4.3.1   Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE)              70
    • 3.4.3.2   Anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolysis       71
    • 3.4.3.3   PEM water electrolysis  71
    • 3.4.3.4   Solid oxide water electrolysis      72
  • 3.4.4      Market players  73
• 3.5          Blue hydrogen (low-carbon hydrogen)   74
  • 3.5.1      Advantages over green hydrogen             74
  • 3.5.2      SWOT analysis   75
  • 3.5.3      Production technologies               76
    • 3.5.3.1   Steam-methane reforming (SMR)             76
    • 3.5.3.2   Autothermal reforming (ATR)     77
    • 3.5.3.3   Partial oxidation (POX)  78
    • 3.5.3.4   Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR) 79
    • 3.5.3.5   Methane pyrolysis (Turquoise hydrogen)              80
    • 3.5.3.6   Coal gasification                82
    • 3.5.3.7   Advanced autothermal gasification (AATG)           84
    • 3.5.3.8   Biomass processes          85
    • 3.5.3.9   Microwave technologies               88
    • 3.5.3.10                Dry reforming    88
    • 3.5.3.11                Plasma Reforming           88
    • 3.5.3.12                Solar SMR            89
    • 3.5.3.13                Tri-Reforming of Methane           89
    • 3.5.3.14                Membrane-assisted reforming   89
    • 3.5.3.15                Catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX)             89
    • 3.5.3.16                Chemical looping combustion (CLC)         90
  • 3.5.4      Carbon capture 90
    • 3.5.4.1   Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture      90
    • 3.5.4.2   What is CCUS?  91
    • 3.5.4.3   Carbon Utilization            101
    • 3.5.4.4   Carbon storage 103
    • 3.5.4.5   Transporting CO2             105
    • 3.5.4.6   Costs     108
    • 3.5.4.7   Market map       110
    • 3.5.4.8   Point-source carbon capture for blue hydrogen  112
    • 3.5.4.9   Carbon utilization             123
  • 3.5.5      Market players  149
• 3.6          Hydrogen Storage and Transport               150
  • 3.6.1      Market overview             150
  • 3.6.2      Hydrogen transport methods     151
    • 3.6.2.1   Pipeline transportation  152
    • 3.6.2.2   Road or rail transport     152
    • 3.6.2.3   Maritime transportation               152
    • 3.6.2.4   On-board-vehicle transport         152
  • 3.6.3      Hydrogen compression, liquefaction, storage      153
    • 3.6.3.1   Solid storage      153
    • 3.6.3.2   Liquid storage on support             153
    • 3.6.3.3   Underground storage    154
  • 3.6.4      Market players  154
• 3.7          Hydrogen utilization        156
  • 3.7.1      Hydrogen Fuel Cells         156
  • 3.7.1.1   Market overview             156
  • 3.7.2      Alternative fuel production          158
    • 3.7.2.1   Solid Biofuels     159
    • 3.7.2.2   Liquid Biofuels  159
    • 3.7.2.3   Gaseous Biofuels             160
    • 3.7.2.4   Conventional Biofuels    160
    • 3.7.2.5   Advanced Biofuels           160
    • 3.7.2.6   Feedstocks         161
    • 3.7.2.7   Production of biodiesel and other biofuels            163
    • 3.7.2.8   Renewable diesel            164
    • 3.7.2.9   Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)              165
    • 3.7.2.10                Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)               168
  • 3.7.3      Hydrogen Vehicles          179
    • 3.7.3.1   Market overview             179
  • 3.7.4      Aviation               180
    • 3.7.4.1   Market overview             180
  • 3.7.5      Ammonia production     181
    • 3.7.5.1   Market overview             181
    • 3.7.5.2   Decarbonisation of ammonia production               182
    • 3.7.5.3   Green ammonia synthesis methods         184
    • 3.7.5.4   Blue ammonia   186
    • 3.7.5.5   Chemical energy storage              186
  • 3.7.6      Methanol production     191
    • 3.7.6.1   Market overview             191
    • 3.7.6.2   Methanol-to gasoline technology             191
  • 3.7.7      Steelmaking       195
    • 3.7.7.1   Market overview             195
  • 3.7.8      Power & heat generation             197
    • 3.7.8.1   Market overview             197
  • 3.7.9      Maritime             198
    • 3.7.9.1   Market overview             198
  • 3.7.10    Fuel cell trains   199
    • 3.7.10.1                Market overview             199

4              COMPANY PROFILES       200 (244 company profiles)

5              REFERENCES       389

List of Tables

• Table 1. Hydrogen colour shades, Technology, cost, and CO2 emissions.  21
• Table 2. Overview of hydrogen production methods.       23
• Table 3. National hydrogen initiatives.    27
• Table 4. Market challenges in the hydrogen economy and production technologies.          28
• Table 5. Hydrogen industry developments 2020-2023.     30
• Table 6. Market map for hydrogen technology and production.   45
• Table 7. Industrial applications of hydrogen.        48
• Table 8. Hydrogen energy markets and applications.         49
• Table 9. Hydrogen production processes and stage of development.        51
• Table 10. Estimated costs of clean hydrogen production. 63
• Table 11.  Characteristics of typical water electrolysis technologies            68
• Table 12. Advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis technologies.          69
• Table 13. Market players in green hydrogen (electrolyzers).         73
• Table 14. Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) of main production technologies for blue hydrogen. 76
• Table 15. Key players in methane pyrolysis.          81
• Table 16. Commercial coal gasifier technologies. 83
• Table 17. Blue hydrogen projects using CG.          83
• Table 18. Biomass processes summary, process description and TRL.         85
• Table 19. Pathways for hydrogen production from biomass.          87
• Table 20. CO2 utilization and removal pathways 93
• Table 21. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources.       96
• Table 22. CO2 capture technologies.       98
• Table 23. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies.      99
• Table 24. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture.      100
• Table 25. Methods of CO2 transport.       106
• Table 26. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2      108
• Table 27. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture.   109
• Table 28. Point source examples.              112
• Table 29. Assessment of carbon capture materials             117
• Table 30. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion.    120
• Table 31. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.   123
• Table 32. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$).  127
• Table 33. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.               127
• Table 34. Market challenges for CO2 utilization.  129
• Table 35. Example CO2 utilization pathways.       130
• Table 36. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.       133
• Table 37. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products.            137
• Table 38. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.        138
• Table 39. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.     142
• Table 40. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers.     145
• Table 41. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies.          148
• Table 42. Market players in blue hydrogen.          149
• Table 43. Market overview-hydrogen storage and transport.        150
• Table 44. Summary of different methods of hydrogen transport. 151
• Table 45. Market players in hydrogen storage and transport.        154
• Table 46. Market overview hydrogen fuel cells-applications, market players and market challenges.           156
• Table 47. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.           159
• Table 48. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.        160
• Table 49. Classification of biomass feedstock.     161
• Table 50. Biorefinery feedstocks.              162
• Table 51. Feedstock conversion pathways.           163
• Table 52. Biodiesel production techniques.          163
• Table 53. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel    165
• Table 54. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel.   166
• Table 55. Applications of e-fuels, by type.             170
• Table 56. Overview of e-fuels.    171
• Table 57. Benefits of e-fuels.      171
• Table 58. eFuel production facilities, current and planned.            175
• Table 59. Market overview for hydrogen vehicles-applications, market players and market challenges.      179
• Table 60. Blue ammonia projects.             186
• Table 61. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.            187
• Table 62. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.       188
• Table 63. Summary of marine alternative fuels.  188
• Table 64. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.             190
• Table 65. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas.      193

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Hydrogen value chain. 26
• Figure 2. Current Annual H2 Production. 51
• Figure 3. Principle of a PEM electrolyser.               55
• Figure 4. Power-to-gas concept. 57
• Figure 5. Schematic of a fuel cell stack.   58
• Figure 6. High pressure electrolyser - 1 MW.        59
• Figure 7. Global hydrogen demand forecast.        64
• Figure 8. SWOT analysis for green hydrogen.       67
• Figure 9. Types of electrolysis technologies.         67
• Figure 10. Schematic of alkaline water electrolysis working principle.        70
• Figure 11. Schematic of PEM water electrolysis working principle.              72
• Figure 12. Schematic of solid oxide water electrolysis working principle.  73
• Figure 13. SWOT analysis for blue hydrogen.       76
• Figure 14. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage (SMR-CCS).  77
• Figure 15. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage (ATR-CCS) plant.     78
• Figure 16. POX process flow diagram.      79
• Figure 17. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR.      80
• Figure 18. HiiROC’s methane pyrolysis reactor.   81
• Figure 19. Coal gasification (CG) process.               82
• Figure 20. Flow diagram of Advanced autothermal gasification (AATG).   85
• Figure 21. Schematic of CCUS process.    92
• Figure 22. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal.       92
• Figure 23. A pre-combustion capture system.      98
• Figure 24. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.  102
• Figure 25. Various pathways for CO2 utilization. 103
• Figure 26. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.         104
• Figure 27. Transport of CCS technologies.              105
• Figure 28. Railroad car for liquid CO₂ transport    108
• Figure 29. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.              110
• Figure 30. CCUS market map.      112
• Figure 31. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.  114
• Figure 32. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2021.   115
• Figure 33. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030.   115
• Figure 34. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2021 and 2030.          116
• Figure 35. Post-combustion carbon capture process.        119
• Figure 36. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.        119
• Figure 37. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.         121
• Figure 38. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.     122
• Figure 39. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.          123
• Figure 40. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages.           124
• Figure 41. Applications for CO2. 126
• Figure 42. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector.    127
• Figure 43. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.            129
• Figure 44. Co2 utilization pathways and products.             132
• Figure 45. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion.              136
• Figure 46. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process. 141
• Figure 47. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels.   142
• Figure 48. Econic catalyst systems.           145
• Figure 49. Mineral carbonation processes.            147
• Figure 50. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.             169
• Figure 51. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.           170
• Figure 52. Production process for green hydrogen.           172
• Figure 53. E-liquids production routes.   173
• Figure 54. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.              174
• Figure 55. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.            174
• Figure 56. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels.             177
• Figure 57. Cost breakdown for e-fuels.   178
• Figure 58. Hydrogen fuel cell powered EV.            179
• Figure 59. Green ammonia production and use. 182
• Figure 60. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.    183
• Figure 61. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.     184
• Figure 62. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.    185
• Figure 63. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.               190
• Figure 64. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks.              192
• Figure 65. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading.              193
• Figure 66. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation.       194
• Figure 67. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process.     195
• Figure 68. Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No. 1.     198
• Figure 69. PESA hydrogen-powered shunting locomotive.              199
• Figure 70. Symbiotic™ technology process.           200
• Figure 71. Alchemr AEM electrolyzer cell.              208
• Figure 72. HyCS® technology system.      210
• Figure 73. Fuel cell module FCwave™.    217
• Figure 74. Direct Air Capture Process.     224
• Figure 75. CRI process.   226
• Figure 76. Croft system. 235
• Figure 77. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic.            241
• Figure 78. Domsjö process.          243
• Figure 79. EH Fuel Cell Stack.       245
• Figure 80. Direct MCH® process. 249
• Figure 81. Electriq's dehydrogenation system.    252
• Figure 82. Endua Power Bank.    254
• Figure 83. EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser.           255
• Figure 84. Enapter – Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Water Electrolysis.            256
• Figure 85. Hyundai Class 8 truck fuels at a First Element high capacity mobile refueler.     263
• Figure 86. FuelPositive system.  266
• Figure 87. Using electricity from solar power to produce green hydrogen.              272
• Figure 88. Hydrogen Storage Module.     283
• Figure 89. Plug And Play Stationery Storage Units.             284
• Figure 90. Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process.         287
• Figure 91. Hystar PEM electrolyser.          302
• Figure 92. KEYOU-H2-Technology.            311
• Figure 93. Audi/Krajete unit.       313
• Figure 94. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer. 331
• Figure 95. The Plagazi ® process.               340
• Figure 96. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell.               343
• Figure 97. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production.      361
• Figure 98. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right).  365
• Figure 99. Tevva hydrogen truck.              371
• Figure 100. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology.        373
• Figure 101. O12 Reactor.              379
• Figure 102. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.     379
• Figure 103. CO2 made car part.  379
• Figure 104. The Velocys process.               382

The Global Market for Hydrogen Production, Storage, Transport and Applications (Hydrogen Economy) 2023-2033

PDF download.

The Global Market for Hydrogen Production, Storage, Transport and Applications (Hydrogen Economy) 2023-2033

PDF download and print edition.

Payment methods: Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Paypal.