Research team of Kiel University develops new composite material made of carbon nanotubes
Extremely lightweight, electrically highly conductive, and more stable than steel: due to their unique properties, carbon nanotubes would be ideal for numerous applications, from ultra-lightweight batteries to high-performance plastics, right through to medical implants. However, to date it has been difficult for science and industry to transfer the extraordinary characteristics at the nano-scale into a functional industrial application. The carbon nanotubes either cannot be combined adequately with other materials, or if they can be combined, they then lose their beneficial properties. Scientists from the Functional Nanomaterials working group at Kiel University (CAU) and the University of Trento have now developed an alternative method, with which the tiny tubes can be combined with other materials, so that they retain their characteristic properties. As such, they “felt” the thread-like tubes into a stable 3D network that is able to withstand extreme forces. The research results have now been published in the renowned journal Nature Communications.
Industry and science have been intensively researching the significantly less than one hundred nanometre wide carbon tubes (carbon nanotubes, CNTs), in order to make use of the extraordinary properties of rolled graphene. Yet much still remains just theory. “Although carbon nanotubes are flexible like fibre strands, they are also very sensitive to changes,” explained Professor Rainer Adelung, head of the Functional Nanomaterials working group at the CAU. “With previous attempts to chemically connect them with other materials, their molecular structure also changed. This, however, made their properties deteriorate – mostly drastically.”
In contrast, the approach of the research team from Kiel and Trento is based on a simple wet chemical infiltration process. The CNTs are mixed with water and dripped into an extremely porous ceramic material made of zinc oxide, which absorbs the liquid like a sponge. The dripped thread-like CNTs attach themselves to the ceramic scaffolding, and automatically form a stable layer together, similar to a felt. The ceramic scaffolding is coated with nanotubes, so to speak. This has fascinating effects, both for the scaffolding as well as for the coating of nanotubes.
On the one hand, the stability of the ceramic scaffold increases so massively that it can bear 100,000 times its own weight. “With the CNT coating, the ceramic material can hold around 7.5kg, and without it just 50g – as if we had fitted it with a close-fitting pullover made of carbon nanotubes, which provide mechanical support,” summarised first author Fabian Schütt. “The pressure on the material is absorbed by the tensile strength of the CNT felt. Compressive forces are transformed into tensile forces.” The principle behind this is comparable with bamboo buildings, such as those widespread in Asia. Here, bamboo stems are bound so tightly with a simple rope that the lightweight material can form extremely stable scaffolding, and even entire buildings. “We do the same at the nano-scale with the CNT threads, which wrap themselves around the ceramic material – only much, much smaller,” said Helge Krüger, co-author of the publication.
The materials scientists were able to demonstrate another major advantage of their process. In a second step, they dissolved the ceramic scaffolding by using a chemical etching process. All that remains is a fine 3D network of tubes, each of which consists of a layer of tiny CNT tubes. In this way, the researchers were able to greatly increase the felt surface, and thus create more opportunities for reactions. “We basically pack the surface of an entire beach volleyball field into a one centimetre cube,” explained Schütt. The huge hollow spaces inside the three-dimensional structure can then be filled with a polymer. As such, CNTs can be connected mechanically with plastics, without their molecular structure – and thus their properties – being modified. “We can specifically arrange the CNTs and manufacture an electrically conductive composite material. To do so only requires a fraction of the usual quantity of CNTs, in order to achieve the same conductivity,” said Schütt.
Applications for use range from battery and filter technology as a filling material for conductive plastics, implants for regenerative medicine, right through to sensors and electronic components at the nano-scale. The good electrical conductivity of the tear-resistant material could in future also be interesting for flexible electronics applications, in functional clothing or in the field of medical technology, for example. “Creating a plastic which, for example, stimulates bone or heart cells to grow is conceivable,” said Adelung. Due to its simplicity, the scientists agree that the process could also be transferred to network structures made of other nanomaterials – which will further expand the range of possible applications.
This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG), and the European Commission in the framework of the Graphene FET Flagship project.
Original publication:
Hierarchical self-entangled carbon nanotube tube networks. Fabian Schütt, Stefano Signetti, Helge Krüger, Sarah Röder, Daria Smazna, Sören Kaps, Stanislav N. Gorb, Yogendra Kumar Mishra, Nicola M. Pugno & Rainer Adelung, Nature Communications 8, Article number: 1215 (2017)
doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01324-7 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01324-7
The 360° video illustrates how CNT networks are created: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ee6uof5AQpM&feature=youtu.be
Porous ceramics are produced at high temperatures, as shown here by the coalescence of the four-pronged particles, which join together like fine snowflakes that form a closed, but light blanket of snow. The interconnected particles are coated with a network of carbon tubes (represented as a transparent shell) and then etched out.
This multimedia simulation about the research project from the working group of Professor Dr Rainer Adelung was developed as part of a cooperation project between the Kiel Science Outreach Campus and the Mediadome at the Zentrum für Kultur- und Wissenschaftskommunikation (Centre for Culture and Science Communication, Kiel University of Applied Sciences). Copyright: Eduard Thomas, Kiel University of Applied Sciences
Photos are available to download:
www.uni-kiel.de/download/pm/2017/2017-367-1.jpg
Caption: In this new process, the tiny, thread-like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) arrange themselves – almost like felting – to form a stable, tear-resistant layer. Photo/Copyright: Fabian Schütt
www.uni-kiel.de/download/pm/2017/2017-367-2.jpg
Caption: In this simple procedure, water is mixed with the CNTs, and dripped into a white ceramic material. Like a sponge, it sucks up the black liquid. Photo/Copyright: Julia Siekmann, Kiel University
www.uni-kiel.de/download/pm/2017/2017-367-3.jpg
Caption: The reason for this is the high porosity of the ceramic material. In the magnification, a fine network of countless 4-pronged zinc oxide particles can be seen. Due to its special structure, large open spaces are created, which the fluid seeps through. Photo/Copyright: Fabian Schütt
www.uni-kiel.de/download/pm/2017/2017-367-4.jpg
Caption: The image from the scanning electron microscope shows how the dripped CNT fibres form a thick felt-like coating around the ceramic structure. This increases its load-bearing capacity by 100,000 times. Photo/Copyright: Fabian Schütt
www.uni-kiel.de/download/pm/2017/2017-367-5.jpg
Caption: If the ceramic scaffolding is chemically etched out, only the fine felted coat remains. The felt made of tiny tubes has thereby interconnected to form a network of larger tubes. The hollow spaces can be filled with polymers, to create a conductive and tear-resistant composite material. Photo/Copyright: Fabian Schütt
www.uni-kiel.de/download/pm/2017/2017-367-6.jpg
Caption: For their new method, the Kiel scientists Yogendra Mishra, Fabian Schütt and Helge Krüger (from left) used the principle of traditional bamboo construction in order to increase the stability of carbon nanotubes and to connect them with other materials. Photo/Copyright: Julia Siekmann, Kiel University
www.uni-kiel.de/download/pm/2017/2017-367-7.jpg
Caption: Here, bamboo stems are bound tightly with a thin rope, so that the lightweight material can form extremely stable scaffolding, and even entire buildings. Photo/Copyright: Julia Siekmann, Kiel University
www.uni-kiel.de/download/pm/2017/2017-367-8.jpg
Caption: The interconnected bamboo scaffolding withstands huge pressure – similar to the ceramic material, which gains increased stability from the felted CNTs. Photo/Copyright: Julia Siekmann, Kiel University
