The Global Market for Printed, Organic and Flexible Electronics

Published February 2018 | 390 pages | 63 table, 115 figures | Table of contents

Printed, organic and flexible electronics innovations are enabling the development of conductive polymers and inks that can be printed onto foil, paper, glass, or fabrics, across large areas and at a low cost. Compared to conventional rigid electronics, these electronic components offer a wide range of benefits as they are extremely thin, flexible, stretchable and transparent.

They are being used in touch sensors, flexible displays, solar cells, luminescent films and smart labels in innovative products in consumer electronics, packaging, automotive, medical, sporting and energy markets.

Report contents include:

Current and future Printed, Organic and Flexible Electronics products.
Advanced materials used in Printed, Organic and Flexible Electronics and sensors.
Stage of commercialization for applications, from basic research to market entry.
Global market revenues and forecasts 2015-2028.
Market analysis:
- conductive inks
- wearables and IoT
- medical & healthcare sensors
- RFID and NFC Devices
- flexible thin film transistors
- Antennas and Microwave Devices
- electronic clothing & smart apparel
- energy harvesting & storage
- electronics components and flexible displays
- flexible photovoltaics
- flexible sensors, actuators and transducers
- OLED lighting.
Market drivers and trends.
Over 300 in-depth company profiles.

The Global Market for Printed, Organic and Flexible Electronics 2018-2027

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The Global Market for Printed, Organic and Flexible Electronics 2018-2027

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The Global Market for Printed, Organic and Flexible Electronics 2018-2027

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………. 30

1.1 The evolution of electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
- 1.1.1 The wearables revolution……………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
- 1.1.2 Flexible, thin, and large-area form factors………………………………………………………………. 33
- 1.1.3 From rigid to flexible and stretchable……………………………………………………………………… 35
1.2 Organic and inorganic electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
1.3 Printed electronics………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38
1.4 New conductive materials………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
1.5 Growth in printed and flexible electronics market…………………………………………………………… 42
- 1.5.1 Recent growth in in printed, organic and flexible products……………………………………… 42
- 1.5.2 Future growth…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 42
- 1.5.3 Demand from consumer electronics and retail……………………………………………………….. 44
- 1.5.4 Nanotechnology as a market driver……………………………………………………………………….. 45
- 1.5.5 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics……………………………………………… 45
- 1.5.6 Demand from automotive sector…………………………………………………………………………….. 47
1.6 Global market size, historical and forecast to 2027………………………………………………………… 48

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………… 50

3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS IN PRINTED, ORGANIC AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS………………………………………………………….. 50

4 CONDUCTIVE INKS……………………………………………………………… 109

4.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
4.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
- 4.2.1 Current products…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
- 4.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 111
- 4.2.3 RFID…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 117
- 4.2.4 Smart labels…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 119
- 4.2.5 Smart clothing………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
- 4.2.6 Printable sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
- 4.2.7 Printable antennas……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 120
- 4.2.8 In-mold electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 121
4.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 122
4.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 125-161 (86 company profiles)

5 WEARABLE ELECTRONICS AND IOT…………………………………… 162

5.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 162
5.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 166
- 5.2.1 Current state of the art…………………………………………………………………………………………. 167
- 5.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 169
- 5.2.3 Transparent conductive films……………………………………………………………………………….. 170
  - 5.2.3.1 Carbon nanotubes (SWNT)…………………………………………………………………………. 175
  - 5.2.3.2 Double-walled carbon nanotubes………………………………………………………………… 176
  - 5.2.3.3 Graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 176
  - 5.2.3.4 Silver nanowires………………………………………………………………………………………….. 178
  - 5.2.3.5 Nanocellulose………………………………………………………………………………………………. 180
  - 5.2.3.6 Copper nanowires……………………………………………………………………………………….. 184
  - 5.2.3.7 Nanofibers…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 184
- 5.2.4 Wearable sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………… 184
  - 5.2.4.1 Current stage of the art………………………………………………………………………………… 184
  - 5.2.4.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………. 187
  - 5.2.4.3 Wearable gas sensors…………………………………………………………………………………. 192
  - 5.2.4.4 Wearable strain sensors………………………………………………………………………………. 194
  - 5.2.4.5 Wearable tactile sensors……………………………………………………………………………… 194
  - 5.2.4.6 Industrial monitoring…………………………………………………………………………………….. 194
  - 5.2.4.7 Military…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 195
5.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 196
5.3.1 Transparent conductive electrodes………………………………………………………………………. 198
5.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 199-228 (69 company profiles)

6 MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE SENSORS AND WEARABLES… 229

6.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 229
6.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 232
- 6.2.1 Current state of the art…………………………………………………………………………………………. 232
- 6.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 238
  - 6.2.2.1 Minimally invasive interfaces……………………………………………………………………….. 238
  - 6.2.2.2 Skin sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………… 239
- 6.2.2.3 Nanomaterials-based devices……………………………………………………………………… 239
- 6.2.3 Printed, organic and flexible health monitors……………………………………………………. 240
  - 6.2.3.1 Patch-type skin sensors………………………………………………………………………………. 243
  - 6.2.3.2 Skin temperature monitoring………………………………………………………………………… 246
  - 6.2.3.3 Hydration sensors………………………………………………………………………………………… 247
  - 6.2.3.4 Wearable sweat sensors……………………………………………………………………………… 248
  - 6.2.3.5 UV patches………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 250
  - 6.2.3.6 Smart footwear…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 252
6.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 252
6.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 254-269 (37 company profiles)

7 ELECTRONIC CLOTHING AND APPAREL…………………………….. 270

7.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 270
7.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 273
- 7.2.1 Current state of the art…………………………………………………………………………………………. 274
- 7.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 276
- 7.2.3 Conductive yarns…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 285
- 7.2.4 Conductive coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 285
- 7.2.5 Smart helmets………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 288
7.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 288
7.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 291-304 (34 company profiles)

8 ENERGY STORAGE AND CONVERSION………………………………. 306

8.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 306
8.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 308
- 8.2.1 Current state of the art…………………………………………………………………………………………. 308
- 8.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 310
  - 8.2.3.1 Single-use batteries…………………………………………………………………………………….. 313
  - 8.2.3.2 Rechargeable batteries……………………………………………………………………………….. 314
  - 8.2.3.3 Flexible and stretchable batteries………………………………………………………………… 314
  - 8.2.3.4 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors…………………………………………………….. 316
  - 8.2.3.5 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries………………………………………………………………. 319
  - 8.2.3.6 Solar energy harvesting textiles…………………………………………………………………… 319
  - 8.2.3.7 Stretchable piezoelectric energy harvesting………………………………………………… 323
  - 8.2.3.8 Stretchable triboelectric energy harvesting………………………………………………….. 323
8.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 324
8.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 326-334 (21 company profiles)

9 DISPLAYS AND ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS………………………. 336

9.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 336
9.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 336
- 9.2.1 Automotive…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 338
  - 9.2.1.1 Autonomous driving…………………………………………………………………………………….. 338
- 9.2.2 Printed, organic and flexible circuit boards and interconnects………………………….. 339
- 9.2.3 Printed, organic and flexible transistors……………………………………………………………. 340
- 9.2.4 Flexible displays…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 341
  - 9.2.4.1 e-Paper………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 341
  - 9.2.4.2 Flexible LCDs………………………………………………………………………………………………. 342
  - 9.2.4.3 Flexible OLEDs (FOLED)…………………………………………………………………………….. 343
  - 9.2.4.4 Flexible AMOLED………………………………………………………………………………………… 345
  - 9.2.4.5 Flexible electrophoretic displays………………………………………………………………….. 347
- 9.2.5 Smart windows…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 347
- 9.2.6 Flexible drones…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 348
9.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………. 348
9.4 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 349-357 (21 company profiles)

10 LOGIC AND MEMORY DEVICES…………………………………………… 358

10.1 MARKET DRIVERS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 358
10.2 APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 358
- 10.2.1 Printed transistors……………………………………………………………………………………………. 358
10.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………….. 360
10.4 COMPANY PROFILES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 360-361 (5 company profiles)

11 OLED LIGHTING………………………………………………………………….. 362

11.1 MARKET DRIVERS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 362
11.2 APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 362
- 11.2.1 Flexible LED Lighting……………………………………………………………………………………….. 362
- 11.2.2 Automotive……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 363
- 11.2.3 Quantum dot lighting………………………………………………………………………………………… 364
11.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………….. 365
11.4 COMPANY PROFILES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 365-370 (10 company profiles)

12 PHOTOVOLTAICS……………………………………………………………….. 370

12.1 MARKET DRIVERS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 370
12.2 APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 371
- 12.2.1 Thin-Film GaAs………………………………………………………………………………………………… 371
- 12.2.2 Thin-Film CIGS on flexible substrates……………………………………………………………… 372
- 12.2.3 Dye-sensitized (DSSC)……………………………………………………………………………………. 372
- 12.2.4 Organic…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 373
- 12.2.5 Perovskite………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 375
- 12.2.6 Quantum dot……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 375
- 12.2.7 Photovoltaic textiles…………………………………………………………………………………………. 376
- 12.2.8 Photovoltaic wearable devices…………………………………………………………………………. 376
12.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………….. 376
12.4 COMPANY PROFILES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 377-382 (15 company profiles)

TABLES

Table 1: Evolution of wearable devices, 2011-2017……………………………………………………………………. 32
Table 2: Advanced materials for in printed, organic and flexible sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
Table 3: Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE)……………………………………….. 41
Table 4: Markets for wearable devices and applications…………………………………………………………….. 43
Table 5: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials……………………………………………………………… 51
Table 6: Companies developing carbon nanotubes for applications in in printed, organic and flexible electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56
Table 7: Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications……………………………… 58
Table 8: Properties of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 61
Table 9: Companies developing graphene for applications in in printed, organic and flexible electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
Table 10: Advantages and disadvantages of fabrication techniques to produce metal mesh structures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 66
Table 11: Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications……………………………. 67
Table 12: Companies developing metal mesh for applications in in printed, organic and flexible electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 68
Table 13: Companies developing silver nanowires for applications in in printed, organic and flexible electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
Table 14: Nanocellulose properties…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
Table 15: Properties and applications of nanocellulose………………………………………………………………. 73
Table 16: Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)……………………….. 74
Table 17: Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films………………………………………….. 78
Table 18: Companies developing nanocellulose for applications in in printed, organic and flexible electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 80
Table 19: Companies developing quantum dots for applications in in printed, organic and flexible electronics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
Table 20: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4……………………. 86
Table 21: Properties of graphene quantum dots…………………………………………………………………………. 87
Table 22: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS₂. 90
Table 23: Market drivers for in printed, organic and flexible conductive inks…………………………….. 109
Table 24: Printable electronics products…………………………………………………………………………………… 111
Table 25: Comparative properties of conductive inks……………………………………………………………….. 111
Table 26: Applications in conductive inks by type and benefits thereof…………………………………….. 112
Table 27: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics……………………………………… 118
Table 28: Main markets for conductive inks, applications and revenues………………………………….. 123
Table 29: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types………………………………………………………………………………………….. 125
Table 30: Market drivers for in printed, organic and flexible sensors for wearables and IoT…….. 162
Table 31: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development…………………………………………. 167
Table 32: Comparison of ITO replacements……………………………………………………………………………… 171
Table 33: Applications in in printed, organic and flexible sensors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 172
Table 34: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors……………………………………………. 190
Table 35: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $………….. 197
Table 36: Market drivers for in printed, organic and flexible medical and healthcare sensors and wearables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 229
Table 37: Wearable medical device products and stage of development…………………………………. 234
Table 38: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 240
Table 39: Applications in patch-type skin sensors, by materials type and benefits thereof………. 245
Table 40: Market drivers for in printed, organic and flexible electronic clothing and apparel…….. 270
Table 41: Types of smart textiles………………………………………………………………………………………………. 273
Table 42: Examples of smart textile products…………………………………………………………………………… 274
Table 43: Currently available technologies for smart textiles……………………………………………………. 274
Table 44: Smart clothing and apparel and stage of development…………………………………………….. 275
Table 45: Applications in textiles, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………. 277
Table 46: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 280
Table 47: Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel………………………………….. 286
Table 48: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market…………………………………… 289
Table 49: Market drivers for in printed, organic and flexible electronic energy storage and converison………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 306
Table 50: Wearable energy and energy harvesting devices and stage of development…………… 309
Table 51: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 311
Table 52: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 315
Table 53: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 318
Table 54: Applications in energy harvesting textiles, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof. 321
Table 55: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries…………………… 324
Table 56: Market drivers for in printed, organic and flexible displays and electronic components. 336
Table 57: Applications in flexible and stretchable circuit boards, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 339
Table 58: Price comparison of thin-film transistor (TFT) electronics technology……………………….. 340
Table 59: Market drivers for printable, organics and flexible memory and logic devices…………… 358
Table 60: Price comparison of thin-film transistor (TFT) electronics technology……………………….. 359
Table 61: Market drivers for printable, organics and flexible OLED and LED lighting……………….. 362
Table 62: Market drivers for printable, organics and flexible photovoltaics……………………………….. 370
Table 63: First, second and third generation photovoltaic technologies……………………………………. 371

FIGURES

Figure 1: Evolution of electronics………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
Figure 2: Wove Band………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
Figure 3: Wearable graphene medical sensor……………………………………………………………………………. 37
Figure 4: Applications timeline for organic and printed electronics……………………………………………… 38
Figure 5: Mimo Baby Monitor……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
Figure 6: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors……………………………….. 47
Figure 7: Printable, Organic and Flexible Electronics industry value chain…………………………………. 49
Figure 8: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube………………………………………………………………. 54
Figure 9: Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics………………………. 54
Figure 10: Graphene layer structure schematic………………………………………………………………………….. 62
Figure 11: Flexible graphene touch screen…………………………………………………………………………………. 63
Figure 12: Foldable graphene E-paper……………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
Figure 13: Large-area metal mesh touch panel………………………………………………………………………….. 66
Figure 14: Flexible silver nanowire wearable mesh…………………………………………………………………….. 71
Figure 15: Cellulose nanofiber films…………………………………………………………………………………………… 75
Figure 16: Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper…………………………………………………………………….. 76
Figure 17: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF………………………………….. 77
Figure 18: Foldable nanopaper…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78
Figure 19: Foldable nanopaper antenna…………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
Figure 20: Paper memory (ReRAM)……………………………………………………………………………………………. 80
Figure 21: Quantum dot……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 83
Figure 22: The light-blue curve represents a typical spectrum from a conventional white-LED LCD TV. With quantum dots, the spectrum is tunable to any colours of red, green, and blue, and each Color is limited to a narrow band………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
Figure 23: Black phosphorus structure……………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
Figure 24: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 92
Figure 25: Schematic of germanene…………………………………………………………………………………………… 93
Figure 26: Graphdiyne structure…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 95
Figure 27: Schematic of Graphane crystal………………………………………………………………………………….. 96
Figure 28: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride………………………………………………………………………….. 97
Figure 29: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide……………………………………………………………………….. 99
Figure 30: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor…………. 100
Figure 31: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge……………………………………………………………………………… 101
Figure 32: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide…………………………………………………….. 102
Figure 33: Silicene structure……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
Figure 34: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate…………………………………………………………. 104
Figure 35: Silicene transistor…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 105
Figure 36: Crystal structure for stanene……………………………………………………………………………………. 106
Figure 37: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)……………………………………. 106
Figure 38: Schematic of tungsten diselenide……………………………………………………………………………. 107
Figure 39: BGT Materials graphene ink product……………………………………………………………………….. 117
Figure 40: Flexible RFID tag…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 118
Figure 41: Graphene printed antenna………………………………………………………………………………………. 121
Figure 42: Printed antennas for aircraft…………………………………………………………………………………….. 121
Figure 43: Stretchable material for formed an in-molded electronics………………………………………… 122
Figure 44: Wearable patch with a skin-compatible, pressure-sensitive adhesive……………………… 122
Figure 45: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types………………………………………………………………………………………….. 124
Figure 46: Covestro wearables…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 169
Figure 47: Royole flexible display……………………………………………………………………………………………… 170
Figure 48: Panasonic CNT stretchable Resin Film……………………………………………………………………. 172
Figure 49: Bending durability of Ag nanowires………………………………………………………………………….. 180
Figure 50: NFC computer chip………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 182
Figure 51: NFC translucent diffuser schematic…………………………………………………………………………. 182
Figure 52: Softceptor sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 185
Figure 53: BeBop Media Arm Controller…………………………………………………………………………………… 186
Figure 54: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor………………………………………………………………. 186
Figure 55: C2Sense flexible sensor………………………………………………………………………………………….. 187
Figure 56: <hitoe> nanofiber conductive shirt original design(top) and current design (bottom).. 188
Figure 57: Garment-based printable electrodes……………………………………………………………………….. 189
Figure 58: Wearable gas sensor………………………………………………………………………………………………. 193
Figure 59: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves………………………………………………………….. 194
Figure 60: BeBop Sensors Smart Helmet Sensor System………………………………………………………… 195
Figure 61: Torso and Extremities Protection (TEP) system………………………………………………………. 196
Figure 62: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $…………. 197
Figure 63: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 199
Figure 64: BITalino systems……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 207
Figure 65: Connected human body…………………………………………………………………………………………… 233
Figure 66: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor…………………………………………………………………. 234
Figure 67: Prototype ECG sensor patch…………………………………………………………………………………… 238
Figure 68: Graphene-based E-skin patch…………………………………………………………………………………. 240
Figure 69: Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration……………………………. 242
Figure 70: Smart mouth guard………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 243
Figure 71: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 244
Figure 72: Graphene medical patch………………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
Figure 73: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer…………………………………………………………….. 247
Figure 74: Mimo baby monitor………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 247
Figure 75: Nanowire skin hydration patch…………………………………………………………………………………. 248
Figure 76: Wearable sweat sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………… 249
Figure 77: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor………………………………………………………………………… 250
Figure 78: My UV Patch……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 251
Figure 79: Overview layers of L’Oreal skin patch……………………………………………………………………… 252
Figure 80: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 253
Figure 81: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 254
Figure 82: Omniphobic-coated fabric………………………………………………………………………………………… 277
Figure 83: Conductive yarns…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 285
Figure 84: Work out shirt incorporating ECG sensors, flexible lights and heating elements……… 288
Figure 85: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market 2013-2027 revenue forecast (million $)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 289
Figure 86 Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel sales by market segment, 2016. 290
Figure 87: Energy harvesting textile…………………………………………………………………………………………. 308
Figure 88: StretchSense Energy Harvesting Kit……………………………………………………………………….. 308
Figure 89: LG Chem Heaxagonal battery…………………………………………………………………………………. 309
Figure 90: Enfucell Printed Battery…………………………………………………………………………………………… 312
Figure 91: Printed 1.5V battery…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 315
Figure 92: Energy densities and specific energy of rechargeable batteries………………………………. 317
Figure 93: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor………………………………………………………………………. 318
Figure 94: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper………………………………… 320
Figure 95: Demand for thin film, flexible and printed batteries 2015, by market……………………….. 326
Figure 96: Demand for thin film, flexible and printed batteries 2027, by market……………………….. 326
Figure 97: LG Display LG Display 77-inch flexible transparent OLED display………………………….. 337
Figure 98: Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs……………………………………………………………………. 340
Figure 99: Flexible LCD……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 342
Figure 100: “Full ActiveTM Flex”………………………………………………………………………………………………. 343
Figure 101: FOLED schematic………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 344
Figure 102: Foldable display…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 345
Figure 103: Stretchable AMOLED…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 346
Figure 104: LGD 12.3” FHD Automotive OLED………………………………………………………………………… 346
Figure 105: LECTUM® display…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 347
Figure 106: Global market for flexible OLED displays, 2015-2027 (billion $)……………………………. 349
Figure 107: Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs………………………………………………………………….. 359
Figure 108: Global market for printed, organic and flexible logic and memory devices 2015-2027 (billion $)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 360
Figure 109: LG OLED flexible lighting panel…………………………………………………………………………….. 363
Figure 110: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight………………………………………….. 364
Figure 111: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots…………………………………………….. 364
Figure 112: Global market for printed, organic and flexible OLED and OLED lighting 2015-2027 (billion $)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 365
Figure 113: Flexible graphene solar cell…………………………………………………………………………………… 374
Figure 114: Flexbile perovskite solar cells on flexible PET substrate……………………………………….. 375
Figure 115: Global market for printed, organic and flexible photovoltaics 2015-2027 (billion $).. 377

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