The Global Market for Advanced Biobased and Renewable Fuels 2022

January 2022 | 177 pages, 41 tables, 38 figures | Table of Contents

The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertainty around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also been flagged from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources is crucial. Sustainable, Alternative and Renewable Fuels include bio-fuels, bio-diesel, renewable diesel, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), biogas, electrofuels (e-fuels), green ammonia based on utilization of:

First-Generation Feedstocks (food-based) e.g. Waste oils including used cooking oil, animal fats, and other fatty acids.
Second-Generation Feedstocks (non-food based) e.g. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues, Energy crops, Agricultural residues, Forestry residues, Biogenic fraction of municipal and industrial waste.
Third-Generation Feedstocks e.g. algal biomass
Fourth-Generation Feedstocks e.g. genetically modified (GM) algae and cyanobacteria.

Report contents include:

Market trends and drivers.
Market challenges
Market analysis including key players, end use markets, production processes, costs, production capacities, market demand for biofuels, bio-jet fuels, biodiesel, renewable diesel, biogas, electrofuels, green ammonia and other relevant technologies.
Industry developments 2020-2022.
114 company profiles including BTG Bioliquids, Byogy Renewables, Caphenia, Enerkem, Infinium. Eni S.p.A., Ensyn, FORGE Hydrocarbons Corporation, Genecis Bioindustries, Gevo, Haldor Topsoe, Steeper Energy, SunFire GmbH, Vertus Energy and many more.

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 12

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13

2.1 Market drivers 13
2.2 Market challenges 14

3 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2022 15

4 BIOFUELS 18

4.1 The biofuels market 18
4.2 Types 19
- 4.2.1 Solid Biofuels 19
- 4.2.2 Liquid Biofuels 19
- 4.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels 20
- 4.2.4 Conventional Biofuels 20
- 4.2.5 Advanced Biofuels 20
4.3 Feedstocks 21
- 4.3.1 First-Generation Feedstocks 22
- 4.3.2 Second-Generation Feedstocks 23
  - 4.3.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues 23
  - 4.3.2.2 Biorefinery lignin 24
- 4.3.3 Third-Generation Feedstocks 29
  - 4.3.3.1 Algal biofuels 29
- 4.3.4 Fourth-Generation Feedstocks 30
- 4.3.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation 31
- 4.3.6 Market demand 33
4.4 Bioethanol 34
4.5 Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels 36
- 4.5.1 Description 36
- 4.5.2 Global market 36
- 4.5.3 Production pathways 37
- 4.5.4 Costs 40
- 4.5.5 Biojet fuel production capacities 40
- 4.5.6 Challenges 41
4.6 Biomass-based diesel 41
- 4.6.1 Biodiesel 41
  - 4.6.1.1 Production 41
  - 4.6.1.2 Global market 43
- 4.6.2 Renewable diesel 44
  - 4.6.2.1 Production 45
  - 4.6.2.2 Global market 45
4.7 Syngas 46
4.8 Biogas and biomethane 47
- 4.8.1 Feedstocks 49
4.9 Biobutanol 50
4.9.1 Production 51

5 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS) 52

5.1 Introduction 52
- 5.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels 54
5.2 Feedstocks 55
- 5.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis 55
- 5.2.2 CO2 capture 56
5.3 Production 56
5.4 Electrolysers 58
- 5.4.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs) 60
- 5.4.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC) 60
- 5.4.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs) 60
5.5 Direct Air Capture (DAC) 60
- 5.5.1 Technologies 61
- 5.5.2 Markets for DAC 63
- 5.5.3 Costs 63
- 5.5.4 Challenges 64
- 5.5.5 Companies and production 65
- 5.5.6 CO2 capture from point sources 66
5.6 Costs 67
5.7 Market challenges 70
5.8 Companies 70

6 GREEN AMMONIA 72

6.1 Production 72
- 6.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production 74
- 6.1.2 Green ammonia projects 75
6.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods 75
- 6.2.1 Haber-Bosch process 75
- 6.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation 76
- 6.2.3 Electrochemical production 77
- 6.2.4 Chemical looping processes 77
6.3 Blue ammonia 77
- 6.3.1 Blue ammonia projects 77
6.4 Markets and applications 78
- 6.4.1 Chemical energy storage 78
  - 6.4.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells 78
- 6.4.2 Marine fuel 79
6.5 Costs 81
6.6 Estimated market demand 82
6.7 Companies and projects 83

7 COMPANY PROFILES 85

8 REFERENCES 173

List of Tables

Table 1. Market drivers for advanced biobased and renewable fuels. 13
Table 2. Market challenges for advanced biobased and renewable fuels. 14
Table 3. Industry developments in advanced biobased and renewable fuels 2020-2022. 15
Table 4. Categories and examples of solid biofuel. 19
Table 5. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity. 20
Table 6. Biorefinery feedstocks. 21
Table 7. Feedstock conversion pathways. 22
Table 8. First-Generation Feedstocks. 22
Table 9. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 23
Table 10. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 25
Table 11. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 26
Table 12. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol. 27
Table 13. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae. 29
Table 14. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops. 30
Table 15. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation. 31
Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel 36
Table 17. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel. 38
Table 18. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities. 40
Table 19, Biodiesel production techniques. 42
Table 20. Biodiesel by generation. 42
Table 21. Biogas feedstocks. 49
Table 22. Applications of e-fuels, by type. 53
Table 23. Overview of e-fuels. 54
Table 24. Benefits of e-fuels. 54
Table 25. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies. 59
Table 26. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 61
Table 27. DAC companies and technologies. 62
Table 28. Markets for DAC. 63
Table 29. Cost estimates of DAC. 63
Table 30. Challenges for DAC technology. 64
Table 31. DAC technology developers and production. 65
Table 32. Market challenges for e-fuels. 70
Table 33. E-fuels companies. 70
Table 34. Green ammonia projects (current and planned). 75
Table 35. Blue ammonia projects. 77
Table 36. Ammonia fuel cell technologies. 78
Table 37. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel. 79
Table 38. Summary of marine alternative fuels. 80
Table 39. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia. 81
Table 40. Main players in green ammonia. 83
Table 41. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 122

List of Figures

Figure 1. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 25
Figure 2. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 28
Figure 3. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021. 33
Figure 4. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2021. 34
Figure 5. Ethanol consumption 2010-2027 (million litres). 35
Figure 6. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2010-2027 (M litres/year). 37
Figure 7. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year). 44
Figure 8. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year). 46
Figure 9. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021. 47
Figure 10. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 49
Figure 11. Properties of petrol and biobutanol. 50
Figure 12. Biobutanol production route. 51
Figure 13. Process steps in the production of electrofuels. 52
Figure 14. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics. 53
Figure 15. Production process for green hydrogen. 56
Figure 16. E-liquids production routes. 57
Figure 17. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products. 57
Figure 18. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production. 58
Figure 19. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system. 62
Figure 20. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels. 68
Figure 21. Cost breakdown for e-fuels. 69
Figure 22. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production. 72
Figure 23. Green ammonia production and use. 74
Figure 24. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction. 76
Figure 25. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation. 76
Figure 26. Estimated production cost of green ammonia. 82
Figure 27. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons. 83
Figure 28. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 88
Figure 29. FBPO process 99
Figure 30. Direct Air Capture Process. 102
Figure 31. CRI process. 103
Figure 32. Domsjö process. 110
Figure 33. FuelPositive system. 118
Figure 34. Infinitree swing method. 128
Figure 35. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 147
Figure 36: Plantrose process. 151
Figure 37. The Velocys process. 165
Figure 38. Goldilocks process and applications. 168

The Global Market for Advanced Biobased and Renewable Fuels 2022

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January 2022 | 177 pages, 41 tables, 38 figures | Table of Contents

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 12

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13

3 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2022 15

4 BIOFUELS 18

5 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS) 52

6 GREEN AMMONIA 72

7 COMPANY PROFILES 85

8 REFERENCES 173

List of Tables

List of Figures

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