Published December 2021 | 685 pages, 119 tables, 212 figures | Table of contents
Building new value chains through the utilisation of bio-based and biomass components for the development of innovative products will accelerate the transition from traditional production technologies to the concept of biorefineries. Developing bio-based chemicals, polymers and products in a sustainable manner allows for substantial new business opportunities. Bio-based chemicals are obtained through biological, chemical or physical transformation of plant or animal based feedstocks, which include sugar, starch, oils and fats, and lignocellulose from forestry, agricultural crops and organic waste.
The global opportunities offered by the transition to a more sustainable, low waste economy are vast, and the last decade has seen a substantial increase in interest in bio-based chemicals with many drop-in or novel bio-based chemicals being developed and introduced to the market.
New technologies and traditional methods coupled with biotechnologies applied to biomass feedstocks and waste streams from various sources, such as urban waste or agricultural residues or wastes from food and feed streams, will convert renewable resources into high added-value sustainable bioproducts.
Report contents include:
- Review of the bio-based plastics market in 2021.
- Outlook for 2022.
- In depth market analysis of bio-based chemical feedstocks, biopolymers, bioplastics, natural fibers and lignin.
- Global production capacities, market demand and trends 2019-2025
- Analysis of bio-based chemical including 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO), Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), Epichlorohydrin (ECH), Ethylene, Furan derivatives, 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA), Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME), Isosorbide, Itaconic acid, 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), Lactic acid (D-LA), Lactic acid – L-lactic acid (L-LA), Lactide, Levoglucosenone, Levulinic acid, Monoethylene glycol (MEG), Monopropylene glycol (MPG), Muconic acid, Naphtha, 1,5-Pentametylenediamine (DN5), 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), Sebacic acid and Succinic acid.
- Analysis of synthetic biopolymers market including Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA), Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET), Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT), Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF), Polyamides (Bio-PA), Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT), Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers, Polyethylene (Bio-PE), Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
- Analysis of naturally produced bio-based polymers including Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polysaccharides, Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), Cellulose nanocrystals, Cellulose nanofibers, Protein-based bioplastics, Algal and fungal.
- Market segmentation analysis.
- Analysis of types of natural fibers including plant fibers, animal fibers including alternative leather, wool, silk fiber and down and polysaccharides.
- Markets for natural fibers, including composites, aerospace, automotive, construction & building, sports & leisure, textiles, consumer products and packaging.
- Production capacities of lignin producers.
- In depth analysis of biorefinery lignin production.
- Profiles of over 500 companies. Companies profiled include NatureWorks, Total Corbion, Danimer Scientific, Novamont, Mitsubishi Chemicals, Indorama, Braskem, Avantium, Borealis, Cathay, Dupont, BASF, Arkema, DuPont, BASF , AMSilk GmbH, Notpla, Loliware, Bolt Threads, Ecovative, Kraig Biocraft Laboratories, Spiber, Bast Fiber Technologies Inc., Kelheim Fibres GmbH, BComp, Circular Systems, Evrnu, Natural Fiber Welding, Icytos, Versalis SpA, Clariant, MetGen Oy, Praj Industries Ltd., Bloom Biorenewables SA, FP Innovations, UPM, Klabin SA, RenCom AB and many more.
Feedstocks, Intermediates, Bio-chemicals and Bio-Polymers covered include:
| Feedstocks | Intermediates | Bio-chemicals | Bio-Polymers |
|---|---|---|---|
| • Natural rubber • Waste Oil • Starch • Plants Oils • Non-edible milk • Lignocellulose | • Naphtha • Ethanol • Fructose • Isobutanol • Glucose • Lysine • Casein • Hemicellulose | • Ethylene • Vinyl chloride • Methyl methacrylate • MEG • 2,5-FDCA • Itaconic acid • Lactic acid • Lactide acid • Levulinic acid • 5-HMF/5-CMF • FDME • 1,3 Propanediol • Terephthalic acid • p-Xylene • THF • 1,4-Butanediol • Succinic acid • Adipic acid • 3-HP • Acrylic acid • Sorbitol • Isosorbide • DN5 • HMDA • Caprolactame • DDDA • Sebacic acid • 11-AA • Castor oil • Fatty acids • Glycerol • ECH • MPG • NOPs • Furfural • Furfuryl alcohol • Propylene • Aniline | • PVC • PMMA • PRF • PET • PTF • PTT • SBR • PBT PBAT • PBS(x) • Superabsorbent polymers • ABS • PLA • APC • PHA • PA • Epoxy resins • Starch-containing polymers • Casein polymers • PFA • Lignin-based polymers • Cellulose-based polymers • Natural rubber • Polyurethanes • Unsaturated polyester resins • PE • PP • EPDM |
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 34
- 1.1 Market trends 35
- 1.2 Global production to 2030 36
- 1.3 Main producers and global production capacities 37
- 1.3.1 Producers 37
- 1.3.2 By biobased and sustainable plastic type 39
- 1.3.3 By region 43
- 1.4 Global demand for biobased and sustainable plastics 2020, by market 45
- 1.5 Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the bioplastics market and future demand 48
- 1.6 Challenges for the biobased and sustainable plastics market 48
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 50
3 THE GLOBAL PLASTICS MARKET 51
- 3.1 Global production 51
- 3.2 The importance of plastic 51
- 3.3 Issues with plastics use 52
4 BIO-BASED CHEMICALS 53
- 4.1 Types 53
- 4.2 Production capacities 54
- 4.3 Bio-based adipic acid 55
- 4.4 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA) 55
- 4.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) 55
- 4.6 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) 56
- 4.7 Epichlorohydrin (ECH) 57
- 4.8 Ethylene 58
- 4.9 Furfural 59
- 4.10 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF) 60
- 4.11 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) 60
- 4.12 Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME) 60
- 4.13 Isosorbide 60
- 4.14 Itaconic acid 61
- 4.15 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) 61
- 4.16 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) 61
- 4.17 Lactic acid (D-LA) 62
- 4.18 Lactic acid – L-lactic acid (L-LA) 62
- 4.19 Lactide 63
- 4.20 Levoglucosenone 63
- 4.21 Levulinic acid 64
- 4.22 Monoethylene glycol (MEG) 64
- 4.23 Monopropylene glycol (MPG) 65
- 4.24 Muconic acid 66
- 4.25 Naphtha 66
- 4.26 Pentamethylene diisocyanate 67
- 4.27 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) 68
- 4.28 Sebacic acid 68
- 4.29 Succinic acid (SA) 69
5 BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOPLASTICS 70
- 5.1 Bio-based or renewable plastics 70
- 5.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics 70
- 5.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics 71
- 5.2 Biodegradable and compostable plastics 72
- 5.2.1 Biodegradability 72
- 5.2.2 Compostability 73
- 5.3 Advantages and disadvantages 73
- 5.4 Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics 74
- 5.5 Market leaders by biobased and/or biodegradable plastic types 76
- 5.6 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS 77
- 5.6.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 77
- 5.6.1.1 Market analysis 77
- 5.6.1.2 Producers 79
- 5.6.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) 80
- 5.6.2.1 Market analysis 80
- 5.6.2.2 Producers 81
- 5.6.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) 81
- 5.6.3.1 Market analysis 81
- 5.6.3.2 Producers 82
- 5.6.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) 82
- 5.6.4.1 Market analysis 83
- 5.6.4.2 Comparative properties to PET 84
- 5.6.4.3 Producers 84
- 5.6.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA) 85
- 5.6.5.1 Market analysis 85
- 5.6.5.2 Producers 86
- 5.6.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) 87
- 5.6.6.1 Market analysis 87
- 5.6.6.2 Producers 87
- 5.6.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers 88
- 5.6.7.1 Market analysis 89
- 5.6.7.2 Producers 89
- 5.6.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) 90
- 5.6.8.1 Market analysis 90
- 5.6.8.2 Producers 90
- 5.6.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 91
- 5.6.9.1 Market analysis 91
- 5.6.9.2 Producers 91
- 5.6.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 77
- 5.7 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS 92
- 5.7.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 92
- 5.7.1.1 Market analysis 93
- 5.7.1.2 Commercially available PHAs 94
- 5.7.1.3 Producers 95
- 5.7.2 Polysaccharides 96
- 5.7.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 96
- 5.7.2.2 Cellulose nanocrystals 97
- 5.7.2.3 Cellulose nanofibers 99
- 5.7.3 Protein-based bioplastics 102
- 5.7.3.1 Types, applications and producers 102
- 5.7.4 Algal and fungal 104
- 5.7.4.1 Algal 104
- 5.7.4.2 Mycelium 107
- 5.7.5 Chitosan 109
- 5.7.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 92
- 5.8 PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND SUSTAINABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION 110
- 5.8.1 North America 111
- 5.8.2 Europe 111
- 5.8.3 Asia-Pacific 112
- 5.8.3.1 China 112
- 5.8.3.2 Japan 112
- 5.8.3.3 Thailand 113
- 5.8.3.4 Indonesia 113
- 5.8.4 Latin America 114
- 5.9 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS 115
- 5.9.1 Packaging 117
- 5.9.2 Consumer products 118
- 5.9.3 Automotive 119
- 5.9.4 Building & construction 120
- 5.9.5 Textiles 121
- 5.9.6 Electronics 122
- 5.9.7 Agriculture and horticulture 123
- 5.10 BIO-BASED CHEMCALS, BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOPLASTICS COMPANY PROFILES 125
- 5.10.1 9Fiber, Inc. 125
- 5.10.2 ADBioplastics 126
- 5.10.3 Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd. 126
- 5.10.4 AGRANA Staerke GmbH 127
- 5.10.5 Algix LLC 128
- 5.10.6 AlgiKnit 129
- 5.10.7 AMSilk GmbH 130
- 5.10.8 An Phát Bioplastics 130
- 5.10.9 Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd. 131
- 5.10.10 Anellotech, Inc. 131
- 5.10.11 Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd. 132
- 5.10.12 Applied Bioplastics 133
- 5.10.13 Aquafil S.p.A. 133
- 5.10.14 Aquapak Polymers Ltd 134
- 5.10.15 Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM) 135
- 5.10.16 Arctic Biomaterials Oy 136
- 5.10.17 Arkema S.A 136
- 5.10.18 Arlanxeo 137
- 5.10.19 Arrow Greentech 138
- 5.10.20 Arzeda Corp. 139
- 5.10.21 Attis Innovations, llc 139
- 5.10.22 AVA Biochem AG 140
- 5.10.23 Avantium B.V. 140
- 5.10.24 Avani Eco 142
- 5.10.25 Ayas Renewables Inc. 142
- 5.10.26 Azolla 143
- 5.10.27 BASF SE 143
- 5.10.28 BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd. 145
- 5.10.29 Bcomp ltd. 145
- 5.10.30 Bioextrax AB 146
- 5.10.31 Bio Fab NZ 147
- 5.10.32 Biofibre GmbH 147
- 5.10.33 Biofine Technology, LLC 148
- 5.10.34 BioLogiQ, Inc. 148
- 5.10.35 Bio-on S.P.A. 150
- 5.10.36 Bioextrax AB 150
- 5.10.37 Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd. 151
- 5.10.38 Biome Bioplastics 152
- 5.10.39 BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG 152
- 5.10.40 Biofiber Tech Sweden AB 153
- 5.10.41 Bioplastech Ltd 154
- 5.10.42 Biotrem 154
- 5.10.43 BlockTexx Pty Ltd. 155
- 5.10.44 BluCon Biotech GmbH 155
- 5.10.45 Blue BioFuels, Inc. 156
- 5.10.46 Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd. 157
- 5.10.47 Bolt Threads 158
- 5.10.48 Borealis AG 158
- 5.10.49 Borregaard Chemcell 159
- 5.10.50 Bosk Bioproducts Inc. 160
- 5.10.51 B-PREG 160
- 5.10.52 Braskem SA 161
- 5.10.53 Bio Fab NZ 162
- 5.10.54 Carbiolice 163
- 5.10.55 Carbios 163
- 5.10.56 Cardia Bioplastics Ltd. 164
- 5.10.57 CARAPAC Company 165
- 5.10.58 Cargill 165
- 5.10.59 Catalyxx 166
- 5.10.60 Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd. 167
- 5.10.61 Celanese Corporation 167
- 5.10.62 Cellucomp Ltd. 168
- 5.10.63 Cellugy 169
- 5.10.64 Cellutech AB (Stora Enso) 170
- 5.10.65 CH-Bioforce Oy 171
- 5.10.66 Checkerspot, Inc. 171
- 5.10.67 Chempolis Oy 172
- 5.10.68 Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd. 173
- 5.10.69 Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd. 174
- 5.10.70 Circa Group 177
- 5.10.71 CJ CheilJedang Corporation 177
- 5.10.72 Corumat, Inc. 178
- 5.10.73 Clariant AG 178
- 5.10.74 Cristal Union Group 180
- 5.10.75 Cruz Foam 180
- 5.10.76 CuanTec Ltd. 181
- 5.10.77 Daicel Polymer Ltd. 182
- 5.10.78 Daio Paper Corporation 183
- 5.10.79 DAK Americas LLC 186
- 5.10.80 Danimer Scientific LLC 186
- 5.10.81 Diamond Green Diesel LLC 187
- 5.10.82 DIC Corporation 188
- 5.10.83 Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp. 188
- 5.10.84 Dow, Inc. 189
- 5.10.85 Royal DSM N.V 189
- 5.10.86 DuFor Resins B.V. 190
- 5.10.87 DuPont 191
- 5.10.88 DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Co., LLC 192
- 5.10.89 Eastman Chemical Ltd. Corporation 193
- 5.10.90 Ecoshell 193
- 5.10.91 Ecovia Renewables 194
- 5.10.92 Ecovative Design LLC 195
- 5.10.93 EggPlant Srl 196
- 5.10.94 EMS-Grivory 197
- 5.10.95 Eni S.p.A. 197
- 5.10.96 Esbottle Oy 198
- 5.10.97 Evolved By Nature 199
- 5.10.98 Evonik Industries AG 200
- 5.10.99 Fairbrics 200
- 5.10.100 Far Eastern New Century Corporation 201
- 5.10.101 Fiberlean Technologies 202
- 5.10.102 Fiberight 203
- 5.10.103 FKuR Kunststoff GmbH 204
- 5.10.104 Floreon 205
- 5.10.105 Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC 205
- 5.10.106 Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF 206
- 5.10.107 Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd. 206
- 5.10.108 Full Cycle Bioplastics LLC 208
- 5.10.109 Futerro 209
- 5.10.110 Futuramat Sarl 210
- 5.10.111 Gen3Bio 210
- 5.10.112 Genecis Bioindustries, Inc. 211
- 5.10.113 Genomatica 212
- 5.10.114 Grabio Greentech Corporation 212
- 5.10.115 Granbio Technologies 213
- 5.10.116 GS Alliance Co. Ltd 215
- 5.10.117 Guangzhou Bio-plus Materials Technology Co., Ltd. 217
- 5.10.118 Haldor Topsoe A/S 217
- 5.10.119 Hattori Shoten K.K. 218
- 5.10.120 Hebei Casda Biomaterials Co., Ltd. 219
- 5.10.121 Hebei Jiheng Chemical Co., Ltd. 220
- 5.10.122 Hebei Xinhua Lactic Acid Co. 220
- 5.10.123 Heilongjiang Chenneng Bioengineering Ltd. 221
- 5.10.124 Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Co., Ltd. 221
- 5.10.125 Henan Xinghan Biological Technology Co., Ltd. 222
- 5.10.126 Hengshui Jinghua Chemical Co., Ltd. 222
- 5.10.127 Hengli Petrochemical 223
- 5.10.128 Hokuetsu Toyo Fibre Co., Ltd. 224
- 5.10.129 Hubei Guangshui National Chemical Co., Ltd. 226
- 5.10.130 Humintech GmbH 226
- 5.10.131 Hunan Anhua Lactic Acid Co 227
- 5.10.132 India Glycols Ltd. 227
- 5.10.133 Indochine Bio Plastiques (ICBP) Sdn Bhd 228
- 5.10.134 Indorama Ventures Public Co. Ltd. 229
- 5.10.135 Inovyn 229
- 5.10.136 Inspidere B.V. 230
- 5.10.137 Ioniqa 231
- 5.10.138 Itaconix 231
- 5.10.139 Jiangsu Anpon Electrochemical Co., Ltd 232
- 5.10.140 Jiangsu Jinhe Hi-Tech Co., Ltd. 233
- 5.10.141 Jiangsu Senda Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. 233
- 5.10.142 Jiangsu Torise Biomaterials Co., Ltd 234
- 5.10.143 Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Group Co., Ltd. 234
- 5.10.144 Jiangsu Zhongzheng Biochemical Co., Ltd. 235
- 5.10.145 Jilin COFCO Biomaterial Corporation 235
- 5.10.146 JinHui ZhaoLang High Technology Co., Ltd. 236
- 5.10.147 Jungbunzlauer Suisse AG 237
- 5.10.148 Kaneka Corporation 238
- 5.10.149 Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd. 239
- 5.10.150 Kolon Industries, Inc. 239
- 5.10.151 Kraig Biocraft Laboratories 240
- 5.10.152 LAM’ON 240
- 5.10.153 Lactips S.A. 241
- 5.10.154 LCY Biosciences 242
- 5.10.155 Lean Orb 243
- 5.10.156 Lenzing AG 243
- 5.10.157 LEUNA-Harze GmbH 244
- 5.10.158 Lingrove, Inc. 245
- 5.10.159 Lixea Limited 245
- 5.10.160 Locus Fermentation Solutions 246
- 5.10.161 Loick Biowertstoff GmbH 246
- 5.10.162 Loliware LLC 247
- 5.10.163 LOTTE Chemical Corporation 247
- 5.10.164 LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V. 248
- 5.10.165 Made of Air GmbH 249
- 5.10.166 Mango Materials, Inc. 250
- 5.10.167 Marine Innovation Co., Ltd 250
- 5.10.168 MedPHA Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. 251
- 5.10.169 Meghmani Finechem Ltd. 252
- 5.10.170 Mercurius Biorefining Inc 252
- 5.10.171 METabolic EXplorer S.A. (METEX) 253
- 5.10.172 Metgen Oy 253
- 5.10.173 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation 254
- 5.10.174 Mitsubishi Polyester Film GmbH 255
- 5.10.175 Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. 255
- 5.10.176 Mobius 257
- 5.10.177 Mogu S.r.l. 257
- 5.10.178 Multibax Public Co., Ltd. 258
- 5.10.179 Mura Technology Limited 259
- 5.10.180 Musashino Chemical Laboratory, Ltd. 260
- 5.10.181 MYCL 260
- 5.10.182 MycoWorks 261
- 5.10.183 Nabaco, Inc. 262
- 5.10.184 Nafigate Corporation a.s. 263
- 5.10.185 Nanollose Ltd 264
- 5.10.186 Nantong Cellulose Fibers Co., Ltd 265
- 5.10.187 Nantong Jiuding Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. 266
- 5.10.188 NatPol 266
- 5.10.189 Natural Fiber Welding, INc. 267
- 5.10.190 NatureWorks LLC 268
- 5.10.191 NefFa 268
- 5.10.192 Neste Oyj 269
- 5.10.193 Newlight Technologies LLC 270
- 5.10.194 New Zealand Natural Fibers (NZNF) 271
- 5.10.195 NEXE Innovations Inc. 271
- 5.10.196 Ningbo Huanyang Chemical Co., Ltd. 272
- 5.10.197 Ningbo Tianan Biologic Material 272
- 5.10.198 Nippon Paper Industries 273
- 5.10.199 Norske Skog AS 275
- 5.10.200 Northern Technologies International 276
- 5.10.201 Notpla 276
- 5.10.202 Novamont S.p.A. 277
- 5.10.203 Novomer 278
- 5.10.204 NUREL S.A. 279
- 5.10.205 Nxtlevvel 280
- 5.10.206 Oakbio, Inc. 281
- 5.10.207 Oimo 282
- 5.10.208 Oleon N.V. 282
- 5.10.209 Oji Paper Company 283
- 5.10.210 Origin Materials 287
- 5.10.211 Paques Biomaterials 288
- 5.10.212 PHABuilder 288
- 5.10.213 PHB Industrial S.A. 289
- 5.10.214 Plafco Fibertech Oy 289
- 5.10.215 Plantic Technologies Ltd. 290
- 5.10.216 Plantics B.V. 290
- 5.10.217 Polaris Renewables LLC 291
- 5.10.218 Polyferm 292
- 5.10.219 Pond Biomaterials 292
- 5.10.220 PT Intera Lestari Polimer 293
- 5.10.221 PTT MCC Biochem Co., Ltd. 294
- 5.10.222 Qnature UG 294
- 5.10.223 Radical Plastics 295
- 5.10.224 Radici Group 295
- 5.10.225 Red Avenue New Materials Group Co., Ltd. 296
- 5.10.226 RenCom AB 297
- 5.10.227 Relement BV 297
- 5.10.228 Ripro Corporation 298
- 5.10.229 Rodenburg Biopolymers B.V. 299
- 5.10.230 Roquette S.A. 299
- 5.10.231 RWDC Industries 300
- 5.10.232 Samyang Corporation 301
- 5.10.233 Saphium Biotechnology GMBH 302
- 5.10.234 Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC) 302
- 5.10.235 Sebacic Oman SAOC 303
- 5.10.236 Seevix Material Sciences Ltd. 303
- 5.10.237 Sebiplast s.r.l. 304
- 5.10.238 S-EnPol Co., Ltd. 305
- 5.10.239 Seiko PMC Corporation 305
- 5.10.240 Shandong Baisheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 307
- 5.10.241 Shandong Fuwin New Material Co., Ltd. 307
- 5.10.242 Shandong Landian Biological Technology Co., Ltd. 308
- 5.10.243 Shandong Minji Chemical Co., Ltd. 309
- 5.10.244 Shandong Siqiang Chemical Group Co., Ltd. 309
- 5.10.245 Shanghai Tong-Jie-Liang Biomaterials Co., Ltd. 310
- 5.10.246 Shanxi Leda Biochemical Co., Ltd. 310
- 5.10.247 Shanxi Zhengang Chemical Co., Ltd. 311
- 5.10.248 Shenghong Group 311
- 5.10.249 Shenzhen Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 312
- 5.10.250 Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co., Ltd. 312
- 5.10.251 SK Chemicals Co., Ltd. 313
- 5.10.252 Smartfiber AG 314
- 5.10.253 Solvay SA 315
- 5.10.254 Soma Bioworks/White Lemur Co. 316
- 5.10.255 Spectrus Sustainable Solutions Pvt Ltd 317
- 5.10.256 Spiber, Inc. 318
- 5.10.257 Spidey Tek 318
- 5.10.258 Spolchemie 320
- 5.10.259 STORA ENSO OYJ 320
- 5.10.260 Sulapac Oy 321
- 5.10.261 Sulzer Chemtech AG 322
- 5.10.262 Sunar Misir 323
- 5.10.263 SUPLA Bioplastics 323
- 5.10.264 TAIF-NK 324
- 5.10.265 Tanin sevnica kemicna industrija 325
- 5.10.266 TBM Co., Ltd. 325
- 5.10.267 TECNARO GmbH 326
- 5.10.268 TechnipFMC 327
- 5.10.269 Teijin Ltd 328
- 5.10.270 TerraVerdae BioWorks Inc 329
- 5.10.271 Teysha Technologies Limited 330
- 5.10.272 thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions AG 331
- 5.10.273 Tianan Biologic Material Co., Ltd. 331
- 5.10.274 Tianjin GreenBio Materials Co., Ltd 332
- 5.10.275 Tianxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 333
- 5.10.276 Tômtex 333
- 5.10.277 Tongliao Xinghe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 334
- 5.10.278 Toray Industries, Inc. 334
- 5.10.279 Total Corbion PLA 335
- 5.10.280 Toyobo Co., Ltd. 336
- 5.10.281 Treemera GmbH 337
- 5.10.282 TripleW 337
- 5.10.283 UBQ Materials 338
- 5.10.284 Unitika Ltd. 339
- 5.10.285 UPM-Kymmene Oyj 339
- 5.10.286 VEnvirotech Biotechnology SL 340
- 5.10.287 Virent Inc. 341
- 5.10.288 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd 342
- 5.10.289 Vynova 342
- 5.10.290 WeylChem International GmbH 343
- 5.10.291 Woodly Ltd. 344
- 5.10.292 Wuhan Sanjiang Space Good Biotech Co., Ltd. 344
- 5.10.293 Xampla 345
- 5.10.294 Xinjiang Lanshan Tunhe 345
- 5.10.295 Zhangjiagang Glory Chemical Industry Co., Ltd 346
- 5.10.296 Zhejiang Hangzhou Xinfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 346
- 5.10.297 Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials Co., Ltd. 347
- 5.10.298 Zhejiang Youcheng New Materials Co., Ltd 347
6 NATURAL FIBERS 348
- 6.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers 348
- 6.2 Advantages of natural fibers 350
- 6.3 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose) 351
- 6.3.1 Seed fibers 351
- 6.3.1.1 Cotton 351
- 6.3.1.2 Kapok 352
- 6.3.1.3 Luffa 353
- 6.3.2 Bast fibers 354
- 6.3.2.1 Jute 355
- 6.3.2.2 Hemp 356
- 6.3.2.3 Flax 358
- 6.3.2.4 Ramie 360
- 6.3.2.5 Kenaf 361
- 6.3.3 Leaf fibers 363
- 6.3.3.1 Sisal 363
- 6.3.3.2 Abaca 364
- 6.3.4 Fruit fibers 366
- 6.3.4.1 Coir 366
- 6.3.4.2 Banana 367
- 6.3.4.3 Pineapple 369
- 6.3.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues 370
- 6.3.5.1 Rice fiber 370
- 6.3.5.2 Corn 370
- 6.3.6 Cane, grasses and reed 371
- 6.3.6.1 Switch grass 371
- 6.3.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues) 372
- 6.3.6.3 Bamboo 372
- 6.3.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery) 374
- 6.3.7 Modified natural polymers 374
- 6.3.7.1 Mycelium 374
- 6.3.7.2 Chitosan 376
- 6.3.7.3 Alginate 377
- 6.3.1 Seed fibers 351
- 6.4 Animal (fibrous protein) 378
- 6.4.1 Wool 378
- 6.4.1.1 Alternative wool materials 379
- 6.4.1.2 Producers 379
- 6.4.2 Silk fiber 379
- 6.4.2.1 Alternative silk materials 380
- 6.4.3 Leather 381
- 6.4.3.1 Alternative leather materials 381
- 6.4.4 Down 382
- 6.4.4.1 Alternative down materials 382
- 6.4.1 Wool 378
- 6.5 MARKETS FOR NATURAL FIBERS 383
- 6.5.1 Composites 383
- 6.5.2 Applications 383
- 6.5.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds 384
- 6.5.3.1 Properties 385
- 6.5.3.2 Applications 385
- 6.5.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites 385
- 6.5.4.1 Automotive 385
- 6.5.4.2 Applications 386
- 6.5.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites 386
- 6.5.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds 387
- 6.5.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats 388
- 6.5.7.1 Flax 388
- 6.5.7.2 Kenaf 388
- 6.5.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites 388
- 6.6 Aerospace 389
- 6.6.1 Market overview 389
- 6.7 Automotive 389
- 6.7.1 Market overview 389
- 6.7.2 Applications of natural fibers 393
- 6.8 Building/construction 394
- 6.8.1 Market overview 394
- 6.8.2 Applications of natural fibers 395
- 6.9 Sports and leisure 396
- 6.9.1 Market overview 396
- 6.10 Textiles 396
- 6.10.1 Market overview 396
- 6.10.2 Consumer apparel 397
- 6.10.3 Geotextiles 398
- 6.11 Packaging 399
- 6.11.1 Market overview 399
- 6.12 NATURAL FIBERS GLOBAL PRODUCTION 401
- 6.12.1 Overall global fibers market 401
- 6.12.2 Plant-based fiber production 403
- 6.12.3 Animal-based natural fiber production 404
- 6.13 NATURAL FIBER COMPANY PROFILES 405
- 6.13.1 3M 405
- 6.13.2 9Fiber, Inc. 405
- 6.13.3 Aeropowder Limited 406
- 6.13.4 AHLSTROM-MUNKSJO Oyj 407
- 6.13.5 Algix LLC 408
- 6.13.6 AlgiKnit 409
- 6.13.7 Amadou Mushroom Leather 410
- 6.13.8 AMSilk GmbH 411
- 6.13.9 Ananas Anam Ltd. 412
- 6.13.10 ANPOLY, Inc. 413
- 6.13.11 Arekapak GmbH 414
- 6.13.12 Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation 415
- 6.13.13 Avani Eco 419
- 6.13.14 Bambooder Biobased Fibers B.V. 419
- 6.13.15 BASF SE 420
- 6.13.16 B-PREG 421
- 6.13.17 Bast Fiber Technologies, Inc. 421
- 6.13.18 Betulium Oy 422
- 6.13.19 Beyond Leather Materials ApS 423
- 6.13.20 Biotecam 423
- 6.13.21 Bolt Threads 424
- 6.13.22 Bcomp ltd. 425
- 6.13.23 Biophilica 426
- 6.13.24 BlockTexx Pty Ltd. 427
- 6.13.25 Bucha Bio, Inc. 428
- 6.13.26 Cellicon B.V. 428
- 6.13.27 Cellucomp Ltd. 429
- 6.13.28 Cellugy 430
- 6.13.29 Cellutech AB (Stora Enso) 431
- 6.13.30 Checkerspot, Inc. 432
- 6.13.31 Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd. 433
- 6.13.32 Circular Systems 436
- 6.13.33 Daicel Corporation 436
- 6.13.34 DaikyoNishikawa Corporation 437
- 6.13.35 Daio Paper Corporation 438
- 6.13.36 Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd. 441
- 6.13.37 DENSO Corporation 442
- 6.13.38 DIC Products, Inc. 442
- 6.13.39 DKS Co. Ltd. 444
- 6.13.40 Desserto 446
- 6.13.41 Ecopel 446
- 6.13.42 Ecoshell 447
- 6.13.43 Ecovative Design LLC 448
- 6.13.44 Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd. 449
- 6.13.45 Evolved By Nature 450
- 6.13.46 Enkev 451
- 6.13.47 Evrnu 452
- 6.13.48 Fillerbank Limited 452
- 6.13.49 Flocus 453
- 6.13.50 Fruit Leather Rotterdam 454
- 6.13.51 Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd. 455
- 6.13.52 Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. 456
- 6.13.53 Gelatex Technologies OÜ 457
- 6.13.54 Grado Zero Innovation 458
- 6.13.55 Granbio Technologies 459
- 6.13.56 GS Alliance Co. Ltd 461
- 6.13.57 Hattori Shoten K.K. 462
- 6.13.58 Hexa Chemical Co. Ltd./Nature Gift 463
- 6.13.59 Hide Biotech Ltd. 464
- 6.13.60 Honext Material SL 464
- 6.13.61 Hokuetsu Toyo Fibre Co., Ltd. 465
- 6.13.62 Icytos 467
- 6.13.63 Infinited Fiber Company Oy 468
- 6.13.64 JeNaCell GmbH 468
- 6.13.65 Kao Corporation 469
- 6.13.66 Kami Shoji Company 472
- 6.13.67 Kelheim Fibres GmbH 472
- 6.13.68 Kraig Biocraft Laboratories 473
- 6.13.69 KRI Inc. 474
- 6.13.70 Kusano Sakko K.K. 475
- 6.13.71 Lenzing 476
- 6.13.72 Le Qara 477
- 6.13.73 Lingrove, Inc. 477
- 6.13.74 Living Ink 478
- 6.13.75 Lixea 478
- 6.13.76 Malai Biomaterials Design Pvt. Ltd. (Malai) 480
- 6.13.77 Marine Nanofiber Co., Ltd. 481
- 6.13.78 Marusumi Paper Company Limited 482
- 6.13.79 Masuko Sangyo Co., Ltd. 483
- 6.13.80 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation 484
- 6.13.81 Modern Meadow, Inc. 487
- 6.13.82 Mogu S.r.l. 488
- 6.13.83 Mori Machinery Co., Ltd. 489
- 6.13.84 MYCL 490
- 6.13.85 MycoWorks 491
- 6.13.86 Nanollose Ltd. 492
- 6.13.87 Natural Fiber Welding, INc. 494
- 6.13.88 Nature Coatings, Inc. 494
- 6.13.89 NefFa 495
- 6.13.90 New Zealand Natural Fibers (NZNF) 496
- 6.13.91 Nippon Paper Industries 496
- 6.13.92 Nova Kaeru 499
- 6.13.93 Oji Paper COmpany 500
- 6.13.94 Organic Disposables 504
- 6.13.95 Orange Fiber S.r.l. 505
- 6.13.96 Plafco Fibertech Oy 506
- 6.13.97 Pond Biomaterials 506
- 6.13.98 Provenance Biofabrics, Inc. 507
- 6.13.99 Qorium B.V. 508
- 6.13.100 Rengo Co., Ltd. 508
- 6.13.101 Re:newcell 510
- 6.13.102 Ripro Corporation 510
- 6.13.103 Risho Kogyo Co. Ltd. 511
- 6.13.104 SaltyCo Textiles 512
- 6.13.105 Seevix Material Sciences Ltd. 512
- 6.13.106 Seiko PMC Corporation 513
- 6.13.107 Sharp Chemical Ind. Co., Ltd. 515
- 6.13.108 Smartfiber AG 516
- 6.13.109 Spiber, Inc. 517
- 6.13.110 Spidey Tek 518
- 6.13.111 Sugino Machine Limited 520
- 6.13.112 Sulapac Oy 523
- 6.13.113 Tandem Repeat 524
- 6.13.114 TECNARO GmbH 525
- 6.13.115 Tenbro Bamboo Company 526
- 6.13.116 Tômtex 527
- 6.13.117 Toray 527
- 6.13.118 Toyota Boshoku Corporation 528
- 6.13.119 TreeToTextile AB 529
- 6.13.120 TS Tech Co., Ltd. 530
- 6.13.121 Unitika Co., Ltd. 530
- 6.13.122 UPM Biocomposites 531
- 6.13.123 Vegea srl 532
- 6.13.124 VitroLabs Inc 533
- 6.13.125 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd 534
- 6.13.126 Woodly Ltd. 536
- 6.13.127 Worn Again Technologies 537
- 6.13.128 Yoshikawakuni Plastics Industries Co., Ltd. 538
- 6.13.129 Zaara Biotech 538
- 6.13.130 Zelfo Technology 539
7 LIGNIN 542
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION 542
- 7.1.1 What is lignin? 542
- 7.1.1.1 Lignin structure 543
- 7.1.2 Types of lignin 544
- 7.1.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin 546
- 7.1.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process 546
- 7.1.3 Properties 547
- 7.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery 549
- 7.1.5 Markets and applications 550
- 7.1.6 Challenges for using lignin 552
- 7.1.1 What is lignin? 542
- 7.2 LIGNIN PRODUCTON PROCESSES 552
- 7.2.1 Lignosulphonates 554
- 7.2.2 Kraft Lignin 554
- 7.2.2.1 LignoBoost process 555
- 7.2.2.2 LignoForce method 555
- 7.2.2.3 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification 556
- 7.2.2.4 A-Recovery+ 557
- 7.2.3 Soda lignin 558
- 7.2.4 Biorefinery lignin 558
- 7.2.4.1 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 559
- 7.2.5 Organosolv lignins 561
- 7.2.6 Hydrolytic lignin 562
- 7.3 MARKETS FOR LIGNIN 563
- 7.3.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin 563
- 7.3.2 Lignin industry developments 2020-2021 564
- 7.3.3 Production capacities 565
- 7.3.3.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y) 565
- 7.3.3.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery) 566
- 7.3.4 Estimated consumption of lignin 566
- 7.3.5 Prices 568
- 7.3.6 Heat and power energy 568
- 7.3.7 Pyrolysis and syngas 568
- 7.3.8 Aromatic compounds 568
- 7.3.8.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene 569
- 7.3.8.2 Phenol and phenolic resins 569
- 7.3.8.3 Vanillin 570
- 7.3.9 Plastics and polymers 570
- 7.3.10 Hydrogels 571
- 7.3.11 Carbon materials 572
- 7.3.11.1 Carbon black 572
- 7.3.11.2 Activated carbons 572
- 7.3.11.3 Carbon fiber 573
- 7.3.11 Carbon materials 572
- 7.3.12 Concrete 574
- 7.3.13 Rubber 575
- 7.3.14 Biofuels 575
- 7.3.15 Bitumen and Asphalt 575
- 7.3.16 Oil and gas 576
- 7.3.17 Energy storage 577
- 7.3.17.1 Supercapacitors 577
- 7.3.17.2 Anodes for lithium-ion batteries 577
- 7.3.17.3 Gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries 578
- 7.3.17.4 Binders for lithium-ion batteries 578
- 7.3.17.5 Cathodes for lithium-ion batteries 578
- 7.3.17.6 Sodium-ion batteries 579
- 7.3.18 Binders, emulsifiers and dispersants 579
- 7.3.19 Chelating agents 581
- 7.3.20 Ceramics 582
- 7.3.21 Automotive interiors 582
- 7.3.22 Fire retardants 582
- 7.3.23 Antioxidants 583
- 7.3.24 Lubricants 583
- 7.3.25 Dust control 584
- 7.4 COMPANY PROFILES 585
- 7.4.1 Key players 585
- 7.4.2 Aemetis, Inc. 585
- 7.4.3 Andritz AG 586
- 7.4.4 Anellotech, Inc. 588
- 7.4.5 Attis Innovations, llc 589
- 7.4.6 Avantium NV 590
- 7.4.7 Blue Biofuels, Inc. 592
- 7.4.8 Bloom Biorenewables SA 593
- 7.4.9 The Borregaard Group 594
- 7.4.10 Burgo Group S.p.A. 595
- 7.4.11 Cellicon B.V. 596
- 7.4.12 CH-Bioforce Oy 596
- 7.4.13 Chempolis Oy 598
- 7.4.14 CIMV 599
- 7.4.15 Clariant AG 599
- 7.4.16 Domsjö Fabriker AB 601
- 7.4.17 Domtar Paper Company LLC 603
- 7.4.18 Enerkem, Inc. 603
- 7.4.19 Enviral 604
- 7.4.20 FP Innovations 605
- 7.4.21 Fraunhofer Center for Chemical-Biotechnological Processes CBP 606
- 7.4.22 Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF 607
- 7.4.23 Futurity Bio-Ventures Ltd. 607
- 7.4.24 G+E GETEC Holding GmbH 608
- 7.4.25 Global Bioenergies SA 609
- 7.4.26 Graanul Biotech OU 609
- 7.4.27 Granbio Technologies 610
- 7.4.28 exion Inc 613
- 7.4.29 Ingevity 613
- 7.4.30 Iogen Corporation 614
- 7.4.31 Kanteleen Voima 615
- 7.4.32 Klabin S.A. 615
- 7.4.33 Leaf Resources Ltd. 616
- 7.4.34 Lignin Industries 616
- 7.4.35 LignoPure GmbH 617
- 7.4.36 Lixea 618
- 7.4.37 LXP Group GmbH 620
- 7.4.38 Mehler Engineered Products GmbH 621
- 7.4.39 Metgen Oy 622
- 7.4.40 Mobius 624
- 7.4.41 NewEnergyBlue LLC 625
- 7.4.42 Nippon Paper Industries, Co. Ltd. 626
- 7.4.43 Novozymes A/S 628
- 7.4.44 ORLEN Południe 629
- 7.4.45 Praj Industries Ltd. 629
- 7.4.46 PRISMA Renewable Composites 631
- 7.4.47 Pure Lignin Environmental Technology Ltd. 632
- 7.4.48 Rayonier Advanced Materials 633
- 7.4.49 Red Leaf Pulp Ltd. 633
- 7.4.50 RenFuel 634
- 7.4.51 Renmatix 635
- 7.4.52 Resolute Forest Products, Inc. 637
- 7.4.53 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB 637
- 7.4.54 Sainc Energy Limited 638
- 7.4.55 SAPPI Biotech 639
- 7.4.56 Sekab E-Technology AB 640
- 7.4.57 Soma Bioworks/White Lemur Co. 641
- 7.4.58 Spero Renewables 641
- 7.4.59 St1 Oy 642
- 7.4.60 Stora Enso Oyj 643
- 7.4.61 SunCoal Industries GmbH 644
- 7.4.62 Suzano SA 645
- 7.4.63 Sweetwater Energy 645
- 7.4.64 TECNARO GmbH 646
- 7.4.65 UPM Biochemicals 647
- 7.4.66 Valmet Oyj 649
- 7.4.67 Versalis SpA 650
- 7.4.68 Vertoro 651
- 7.4.69 West Fraser Timber Co Ltd. 652
- 7.4.70 Xingzhenghe Chemical Co., Ltd. 653
- 7.4.71 Yokogawa Electric Corporation 653
8 REFERENCES 654
Tables
- Table 1. Market drivers and trends in biobased and sustainable plastics. 35
- Table 2. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2018-2030, in 1,000 tons. 36
- Table 3. Global production capacities, by producers. 37
- Table 4. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019-2030, by type, in 1,000 tons. 39
- Table 5. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019-2025, by region, tons. 43
- Table 6. Issues related to the use of plastics. 52
- Table 7. List of Bio-based chemicals. 53
- Table 8. Biobased MEG producers capacities. 64
- Table 9. Type of biodegradation. 73
- Table 10. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics. 73
- Table 11. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications. 74
- Table 12. Market leader by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types. 76
- Table 13. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis. 77
- Table 14. Lactic acid producers and production capacities. 79
- Table 15. PLA producers and production capacities. 79
- Table 16. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis. 80
- Table 17. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers. 81
- Table 18. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis. 81
- Table 19. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers. 82
- Table 20. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis. 83
- Table 21. PEF vs. PET. 84
- Table 22. FDCA and PEF producers. 84
- Table 23. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis. 85
- Table 24. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities. 86
- Table 25. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis. 87
- Table 26. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands. 87
- Table 27. Bio-PBS market analysis. 89
- Table 28. Leading PBS producers and production capacities. 89
- Table 29. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis. 90
- Table 30. Leading Bio-PE producers. 90
- Table 31. Bio-PP market analysis. 91
- Table 32. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities. 91
- Table 33. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 93
- Table 34. Commercially available PHAs. 94
- Table 35. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers. 95
- Table 36. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis. 96
- Table 37. Leading MFC producers and capacities. 97
- Table 38. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis. 97
- Table 39: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer. 99
- Table 40. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis. 99
- Table 41. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer. 101
- Table 42. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies. 102
- Table 43. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies. 104
- Table 44. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 104
- Table 45. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics. 106
- Table 46. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 107
- Table 47. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics. 109
- Table 48. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 109
- Table 49. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2025, by region, tons. 110
- Table 50. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America. 111
- Table 51. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe. 112
- Table 52. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific. 113
- Table 53. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America. 114
- Table 54. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 214
- Table 55. Lactips plastic pellets. 241
- Table 56. Oji Holdings CNF products. 285
- Table 57. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers. 349
- Table 58. Typical properties of natural fibers. 350
- Table 59. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 351
- Table 60. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 352
- Table 61. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 353
- Table 62. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 355
- Table 63. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 356
- Table 64. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 358
- Table 65. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 360
- Table 66. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 361
- Table 67. Overview of sisal fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 363
- Table 68. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 364
- Table 69. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 366
- Table 70. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 367
- Table 71. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 369
- Table 72. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 370
- Table 73. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 370
- Table 74. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications. 371
- Table 75. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size. 372
- Table 76. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 372
- Table 77. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 375
- Table 78. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 376
- Table 79. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 377
- Table 80. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 378
- Table 81. Alternative wool materials producers. 379
- Table 82. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size. 379
- Table 83. Alternative silk materials producers. 380
- Table 84. Alternative leather materials producers. 381
- Table 85. Alternative down materials producers. 382
- Table 86. Applications of natural fiber composites. 383
- Table 87. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites. 385
- Table 88. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites. 386
- Table 89. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites. 386
- Table 90. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds. 387
- Table 91. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats. 388
- Table 92. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 389
- Table 93. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market. 391
- Table 94. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 392
- Table 95. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry. 393
- Table 96. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 394
- Table 97. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector. 395
- Table 98. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 396
- Table 99. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 396
- Table 100. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 399
- Table 101. Oji Holdings CNF products. 502
- Table 102. Technical lignin types and applications. 544
- Table 103. Classification of technical lignins. 546
- Table 104. Lignin content of selected biomass. 547
- Table 105. Properties of lignins and their applications. 548
- Table 106. Example markets and applications for lignin. 550
- Table 107. Processes for lignin production. 552
- Table 108. Biorefinery feedstocks. 558
- Table 109. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 558
- Table 110. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 559
- Table 111. Market drivers and trends for lignin. 563
- Table 112. Lignin industry developments 2020-2021. 564
- Table 113. Production capacities of technical lignin producers. 565
- Table 114. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers. 566
- Table 115. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2031 (000 MT). 566
- Table 116. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives. 569
- Table 117. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers. 570
- Table 118. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries. 577
- Table 119. Application of lignin in binders, emulsifiers and dispersants. 579
Figures
- Figure 1. Total global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics, all types, 000 tons. 35
- Figure 2. Global production capacities of bioplastics 2018-2030, in 1,000 tons by biodegradable/non-biodegradable types. 37
- Figure 3. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2030, by type, in 1,000 tons. 41
- Figure 4. Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2019-2025, by type. 41
- Figure 5. Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2030, by type. 42
- Figure 6. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020. 43
- Figure 7. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025. 44
- Figure 8. Current and future applications of biobased and sustainable plastics. 45
- Figure 9. Global demand for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market, 2020. 46
- Figure 10. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019-2030, tons. 48
- Figure 11. Challenges for the biobased and sustainable plastics market. 48
- Figure 12. Global plastics production 1950-2018, millions of tons. 51
- Figure 13. Bio-based chemicals production capacities, 2018-2025. 55
- Figure 14. 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 56
- Figure 15. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 57
- Figure 16. Epichlorohydrin production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 58
- Figure 17. Ethylene production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 59
- Figure 18. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 62
- Figure 19. Lactide production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 63
- Figure 20. Bio-MEG producers capacities. 65
- Figure 21. Bio-MPG production capacities, 2018-2025. 66
- Figure 22. Naphtha production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 67
- Figure 23. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 68
- Figure 24. Sebacic acid production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 69
- Figure 25. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®. 71
- Figure 26. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics. 71
- Figure 27. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025. 85
- Figure 28. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix. 105
- Figure 29. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam. 108
- Figure 30. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials. 108
- Figure 31. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020. 110
- Figure 32. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025. 111
- Figure 33. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019, 1,000 tons. 115
- Figure 34. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2020, 1,000 tons. 116
- Figure 35. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2030 117
- Figure 36. PHA bioplastics products. 117
- Figure 37. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in packaging 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons. 118
- Figure 38. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in consumer products 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons. 119
- Figure 39. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in automotive 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons. 120
- Figure 40. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in building and construction 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons. 121
- Figure 41. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in textiles 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons. 122
- Figure 42. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in electronics 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons. 123
- Figure 43. Biodegradable mulch films. 124
- Figure 44. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in agriculture 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons. 124
- Figure 45. Algiknit yarn. 129
- Figure 46. Bio-PA rear bumper stay. 144
- Figure 47. formicobio™ technology. 173
- Figure 48. nanoforest-S. 175
- Figure 49. nanoforest-PDP. 175
- Figure 50. nanoforest-MB. 176
- Figure 51. CuanSave film. 181
- Figure 52. ELLEX products. 184
- Figure 53. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 184
- Figure 54. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 185
- Figure 55. Mushroom leather. 196
- Figure 56. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 207
- Figure 57. PHA production process. 208
- Figure 58. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 216
- Figure 59. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 218
- Figure 60. CNF gel. 224
- Figure 61. Block nanocellulose material. 225
- Figure 62. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 225
- Figure 63. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 249
- Figure 64. IPA synthesis method. 256
- Figure 65. MOGU-Wave panels. 258
- Figure 66. Reishi. 262
- Figure 67. Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers. 275
- Figure 68. Compostable water pod. 277
- Figure 69. CNF clear sheets. 285
- Figure 70. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product. 286
- Figure 71. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 306
- Figure 72. Lyocell process. 315
- Figure 73. Spider silk production. 319
- Figure 74. Sulapac cosmetics containers. 321
- Figure 75. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing. 322
- Figure 76. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 329
- Figure 77. Corbion FDCA production process. 336
- Figure 78. Types of natural fibers. 348
- Figure 79. Cotton production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT). 352
- Figure 80. Kapok production volume 2018-2030 (MT). 353
- Figure 81. Luffa cylindrica fiber. 354
- Figure 82. Jute production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT). 356
- Figure 83. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT). 358
- Figure 84. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT). 359
- Figure 85. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT). 361
- Figure 86. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT). 362
- Figure 87. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT). 364
- Figure 88. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT). 365
- Figure 89. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MILLION MT). 367
- Figure 90. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT). 368
- Figure 91. Pineapple fiber. 369
- Figure 92. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MILLION MT). 374
- Figure 93. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam. 374
- Figure 94. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials. 375
- Figure 95. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix. 378
- Figure 96. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel. 388
- Figure 97. Car door produced from Hemp fiber. 390
- Figure 98. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers. 390
- Figure 99. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel. 398
- Figure 100. Coir mats for erosion control. 398
- Figure 101. Global fiber production in 2019, by fiber type, million MT and %. 401
- Figure 102. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2030. 402
- Figure 103. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2030, by fiber type, MT. 403
- Figure 104. Animal based fiber production 2018-2030, by fiber type, million MT. 404
- Figure 105. Pluumo. 407
- Figure 106. Algiknit yarn. 409
- Figure 107. Amadou leather shoes. 411
- Figure 108. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. 413
- Figure 109. MEDICELLU™. 414
- Figure 110. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 416
- Figure 111. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 416
- Figure 112. CNF nonwoven fabric. 417
- Figure 113. Roof frame made of natural fiber. 420
- Figure 114. Beyond Leather Materials product. 423
- Figure 115. Natural fibres racing seat. 426
- Figure 116. Cellugy materials. 431
- Figure 117. nanoforest-S. 434
- Figure 118. nanoforest-PDP. 434
- Figure 119. nanoforest-MB. 435
- Figure 120. Celish. 437
- Figure 121. Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 438
- Figure 122. ELLEX products. 439
- Figure 123. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 440
- Figure 124. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 440
- Figure 125. Color CNF. 441
- Figure 126. Rheocrysta spray. 444
- Figure 127. DKS CNF products. 445
- Figure 128. Mushroom leather. 448
- Figure 129. CNF based on citrus peel. 449
- Figure 130. Citrus cellulose nanofiber. 450
- Figure 131. Filler Bank CNC products. 453
- Figure 132. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing. 454
- Figure 133. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 456
- Figure 134. CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 457
- Figure 135. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 461
- Figure 136. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 462
- Figure 137. CNF gel. 465
- Figure 138. Block nanocellulose material. 466
- Figure 139. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 466
- Figure 140. Marine leather products. 467
- Figure 141. Dual Graft System. 470
- Figure 142. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 471
- Figure 143. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended). 471
- Figure 144. Kami Shoji CNF products. 472
- Figure 145. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side). 474
- Figure 146. BioFlex process. 479
- Figure 147. Chitin nanofiber product. 481
- Figure 148. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products. 483
- Figure 149. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 484
- Figure 150. Cellulomix production process. 485
- Figure 151. Nanobase versus conventional products. 486
- Figure 152. MOGU-Wave panels. 488
- Figure 153. CNF slurries. 489
- Figure 154. Range of CNF products. 489
- Figure 155. Reishi. 492
- Figure 156. Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers. 498
- Figure 157. Leather made from leaves. 499
- Figure 158. Nike shoe with beLEAF™. 500
- Figure 159. CNF clear sheets. 502
- Figure 160. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product. 504
- Figure 161. XCNF. 509
- Figure 162. CNF insulation flat plates. 511
- Figure 163. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 514
- Figure 164. Lyocell process. 516
- Figure 165. North Face Spiber Moon Parka. 518
- Figure 166. Spider silk production. 519
- Figure 167. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension. 520
- Figure 168. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 521
- Figure 169. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet. 521
- Figure 170. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material. 522
- Figure 171. Sulapac cosmetics containers. 524
- Figure 172. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF. 528
- Figure 173. CNF resin products. 531
- Figure 174. Vegea production process. 533
- Figure 175. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 535
- Figure 176. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film. 536
- Figure 177. Worn Again products. 537
- Figure 178. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process. 540
- Figure 179. High purity lignin. 543
- Figure 180. Lignocellulose architecture. 543
- Figure 181. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins. 544
- Figure 182. The lignocellulose biorefinery. 550
- Figure 183. LignoBoost process. 555
- Figure 184. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor. 556
- Figure 185. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system. 556
- Figure 186. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept. 558
- Figure 187. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 559
- Figure 188. Organosolv lignin. 562
- Figure 189. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 562
- Figure 190. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2031 (000 MT). 567
- Figure 191. Schematic of WISA plywood home. 570
- Figure 192. Lignin based activated carbon. 572
- Figure 193. Lignin/celluose precursor. 574
- Figure 194. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 588
- Figure 195. DAWN Technology Process. 591
- Figure 196. BALI™ technology. 594
- Figure 197. Pressurized Hot Water Extraction. 597
- Figure 198. sunliquid® production process. 601
- Figure 199. Domsjö process. 602
- Figure 200. TMP-Bio Process. 605
- Figure 201. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna. 606
- Figure 202. AVAPTM process. 611
- Figure 203. GreenPower+™ process. 612
- Figure 204. BioFlex process. 619
- Figure 205. LX Process. 621
- Figure 206. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology. 624
- Figure 207. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 630
- Figure 208: Plantrose process. 635
- Figure 209. Hansa lignin. 639
- Figure 210. UPM biorefinery process. 648
- Figure 211. The Proesa® Process. 650
- Figure 212. Goldilocks process and applications. 651
The Global Market for Bio-based Chemicals, Polymers and Materials
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