The Global Market for Bio-based Polymers 2025-2035

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            44

• 1.1        Global Plastics Market and Supply  44
• 1.2        Recycling Polymers    45
• 1.3        Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers 46
• 1.4        Regional Distribution                47
• 1.5        Future Growth Prospects       48
• 1.6        Capacity Utilization Rates by Polymer Type               49
• 1.7        Next Generation Bio-based Polymers            52
• 1.8        Integration with Chemical Recycling              54
• 1.9        Novel Feedstock Sources      55
• 1.10     Investment Trends and Market Forecasts   57
• 1.11     Environmental Impact and Sustainability   61
  • 1.11.1 Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers        61
  • 1.11.2 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability       62
  • 1.11.3 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives      63
• 1.12     Bio-based Polymers Regulations      65

2             BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES MARKET               68

• 2.1        BIOREFINERIES            68
• 2.2        BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE    69
• 2.3        PLANT-BASED                71
  • 2.3.1    STARCH             71
    • 2.3.1.1 Overview           71
    • 2.3.1.2 Sources             72
    • 2.3.1.3 Global production      72
    • 2.3.1.4 Lysine 73
      • 2.3.1.4.1           Source                73
      • 2.3.1.4.2           Applications   74
      • 2.3.1.4.3           Global production      74
    • 2.3.1.5 Glucose             75
      • 2.3.1.5.1           HMDA 76
        • 2.3.1.5.1.1      Overview           76
        • 2.3.1.5.1.2      Sources             76
        • 2.3.1.5.1.3      Applications   77
        • 2.3.1.5.1.4      Global production      77
      • 2.3.1.5.2           1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)   78
        • 2.3.1.5.2.1      Overview           78
        • 2.3.1.5.2.2      Sources             78
        • 2.3.1.5.2.3      Applications   79
        • 2.3.1.5.2.4      Global production      79
      • 2.3.1.5.3           Sorbitol              80
        • 2.3.1.5.3.1      Isosorbide        80
          • 2.3.1.5.3.1.1  Overview           80
          • 2.3.1.5.3.1.2  Sources             80
          • 2.3.1.5.3.1.3  Applications   80
          • 2.3.1.5.3.1.4  Global production      81
      • 2.3.1.5.4           Lactic acid       82
        • 2.3.1.5.4.1      Overview           82
        • 2.3.1.5.4.2      D-lactic acid   82
        • 2.3.1.5.4.3      L-lactic acid    82
        • 2.3.1.5.4.4      Lactide               83
      • 2.3.1.5.5           Itaconic acid  84
        • 2.3.1.5.5.1      Overview           84
        • 2.3.1.5.5.2      Sources             85
        • 2.3.1.5.5.3      Applications   85
        • 2.3.1.5.5.4      Global production      85
      • 2.3.1.5.6           3-HP     86
        • 2.3.1.5.6.1      Overview           86
        • 2.3.1.5.6.2      Sources             86
        • 2.3.1.5.6.3      Applications   87
        • 2.3.1.5.6.4      Global production      87
        • 2.3.1.5.6.5      Acrylic acid     88
          • 2.3.1.5.6.5.1  Overview           88
          • 2.3.1.5.6.5.2  Applications   89
          • 2.3.1.5.6.5.3  Global production      89
        • 2.3.1.5.6.6      1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)   90
          • 2.3.1.5.6.6.1  Overview           90
          • 2.3.1.5.6.6.2  Applications   90
          • 2.3.1.5.6.6.3  Global production      90
      • 2.3.1.5.7           Succinic Acid 91
        • 2.3.1.5.7.1      Overview           91
        • 2.3.1.5.7.2      Sources             91
        • 2.3.1.5.7.3      Applications   92
        • 2.3.1.5.7.4      Global production      92
        • 2.3.1.5.7.5      1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)     93
          • 2.3.1.5.7.5.1  Overview           93
          • 2.3.1.5.7.5.2  Applications   93
          • 2.3.1.5.7.5.3  Gobal production        94
        • 2.3.1.5.7.6      Tetrahydrofuran (THF)               94
          • 2.3.1.5.7.6.1  Overview           94
          • 2.3.1.5.7.6.2  Applications   95
          • 2.3.1.5.7.6.3  Global production      95
      • 2.3.1.5.8           Adipic acid      96
        • 2.3.1.5.8.1      Overview           96
        • 2.3.1.5.8.2      Applications   96
        • 2.3.1.5.8.3      Caprolactame               97
          • 2.3.1.5.8.3.1  Overview           97
          • 2.3.1.5.8.3.2  Applications   97
          • 2.3.1.5.8.3.3  Global production      98
      • 2.3.1.5.9           Isobutanol       99
        • 2.3.1.5.9.1      Overview           99
        • 2.3.1.5.9.2      Sources             99
        • 2.3.1.5.9.3      Applications   99
        • 2.3.1.5.9.4      Global production      100
        • 2.3.1.5.9.5      p-Xylene            100
          • 2.3.1.5.9.5.1  Overview           100
          • 2.3.1.5.9.5.2  Sources             101
          • 2.3.1.5.9.5.3  Applications   101
          • 2.3.1.5.9.5.4  Global production      101
          • 2.3.1.5.9.5.5  Terephthalic acid         102
          • 2.3.1.5.9.5.6  Overview           102
      • 2.3.1.5.10        1,3 Proppanediol         103
        • 2.3.1.5.10.1 Overview           103
        • 2.3.1.5.10.2   Sources             103
        • 2.3.1.5.10.3   Applications   104
        • 2.3.1.5.10.4   Global production      104
      • 2.3.1.5.11        Monoethylene glycol (MEG) 105
        • 2.3.1.5.11.1   Overview           105
        • 2.3.1.5.11.2   Sources             105
        • 2.3.1.5.11.3   Applications   105
        • 2.3.1.5.11.4   Global production      106
      • 2.3.1.5.12        Ethanol              106
        • 2.3.1.5.12.1   Overview           106
        • 2.3.1.5.12.2   Sources             107
        • 2.3.1.5.12.3   Applications   107
        • 2.3.1.5.12.4   Global production      107
        • 2.3.1.5.12.5   Ethylene            108
          • 2.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview           108
          • 2.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications   108
          • 2.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production      109
          • 2.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene         109
          • 2.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride 111
        • 2.3.1.5.12.6   Methly methacrylate 112
  • 2.3.2    SUGAR CROPS             114
    • 2.3.2.1 Saccharose     114
      • 2.3.2.1.1           Aniline 114
        • 2.3.2.1.1.1      Overview           114
        • 2.3.2.1.1.2      Applications   114
        • 2.3.2.1.1.3      Global production      115
      • 2.3.2.1.2           Fructose            115
        • 2.3.2.1.2.1      Overview           115
        • 2.3.2.1.2.2      Applications   115
        • 2.3.2.1.2.3      Global production      116
        • 2.3.2.1.2.4      5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)    116
          • 2.3.2.1.2.4.1  Overview           116
          • 2.3.2.1.2.4.2  Applications   116
          • 2.3.2.1.2.4.3  Global production      117
        • 2.3.2.1.2.5      5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)       117
          • 2.3.2.1.2.5.1  Overview           117
          • 2.3.2.1.2.5.2  Applications   118
          • 2.3.2.1.2.5.3  Global production      118
        • 2.3.2.1.2.6      Levulinic Acid 119
          • 2.3.2.1.2.6.1  Overview           119
          • 2.3.2.1.2.6.2  Applications   119
          • 2.3.2.1.2.6.3  Global production      120
        • 2.3.2.1.2.7      FDME  120
          • 2.3.2.1.2.7.1  Overview           120
          • 2.3.2.1.2.7.2  Applications   120
          • 2.3.2.1.2.7.3  Global production      121
        • 2.3.2.1.2.8      2,5-FDCA          121
          • 2.3.2.1.2.8.1  Overview           121
          • 2.3.2.1.2.8.2  Applications   122
          • 2.3.2.1.2.8.3  Global production      122
  • 2.3.3    LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS           123
    • 2.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone        123
      • 2.3.3.1.1           Overview           123
      • 2.3.3.1.2           Applications   123
      • 2.3.3.1.3           Global production      123
    • 2.3.3.2 Hemicellulose               124
      • 2.3.3.2.1           Overview           124
      • 2.3.3.2.2           Biochemicals from hemicellulose   124
      • 2.3.3.2.3           Global production      126
      • 2.3.3.2.4           Furfural              126
        • 2.3.3.2.4.1      Overview           126
        • 2.3.3.2.4.2      Applications   126
        • 2.3.3.2.4.3      Global production      127
        • 2.3.3.2.4.4      Furfuyl alcohol              127
          • 2.3.3.2.4.4.1  Overview           127
          • 2.3.3.2.4.4.2  Applications   128
          • 2.3.3.2.4.4.3  Global production      128
    • 2.3.3.3 Lignin  129
      • 2.3.3.3.1           Overview           129
      • 2.3.3.3.2           Sources             129
      • 2.3.3.3.3           Applications   130
        • 2.3.3.3.3.1      Aromatic compounds              130
          • 2.3.3.3.3.1.1  Benzene, toluene and xylene               131
          • 2.3.3.3.3.1.2  Phenol and phenolic resins  131
          • 2.3.3.3.3.1.3  Vanillin               132
        • 2.3.3.3.3.2      Polymers           132
      • 2.3.3.3.4           Global production      134
  • 2.3.4    PLANT OILS     135
    • 2.3.4.1 Overview           135
    • 2.3.4.2 Glycerol             135
      • 2.3.4.2.1           Overview           135
      • 2.3.4.2.2           Applications   135
      • 2.3.4.2.3           Global production      136
      • 2.3.4.2.4           MPG     136
        • 2.3.4.2.4.1      Overview           136
        • 2.3.4.2.4.2      Applications   137
        • 2.3.4.2.4.3      Global production      137
      • 2.3.4.2.5           ECH      138
        • 2.3.4.2.5.1      Overview           138
        • 2.3.4.2.5.2      Applications   138
        • 2.3.4.2.5.3      Global production      138
    • 2.3.4.3 Fatty acids       139
      • 2.3.4.3.1           Overview           139
      • 2.3.4.3.2           Applications   139
      • 2.3.4.3.3           Global production      140
    • 2.3.4.4 Castor oil          140
      • 2.3.4.4.1           Overview           140
      • 2.3.4.4.2           Sebacic acid  141
        • 2.3.4.4.2.1      Overview           141
        • 2.3.4.4.2.2      Applications   141
        • 2.3.4.4.2.3      Global production      141
      • 2.3.4.4.3           11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)  142
        • 2.3.4.4.3.1      Overview           142
        • 2.3.4.4.3.2      Applications   142
        • 2.3.4.4.3.3      Global production      143
    • 2.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)                144
      • 2.3.4.5.1           Overview           144
      • 2.3.4.5.2           Applications   144
      • 2.3.4.5.3           Global production      145
    • 2.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate            145
      • 2.3.4.6.1           Overview           145
      • 2.3.4.6.2           Applications   146
      • 2.3.4.6.3           Global production      146
  • 2.3.5    NON-EDIBIBLE MILK 147
    • 2.3.5.1 Casein                147
      • 2.3.5.1.1           Overview           147
      • 2.3.5.1.2           Applications   147
      • 2.3.5.1.3           Global production      148
• 2.4        WASTE                148
  • 2.4.1    Food waste      148
    • 2.4.1.1 Overview           148
    • 2.4.1.2 Products and applications    149
      • 2.4.1.2.1           Global production      149
  • 2.4.2    Agricultural waste       150
    • 2.4.2.1 Overview           150
    • 2.4.2.2 Products and applications    150
    • 2.4.2.3 Global production      150
  • 2.4.3    Forestry waste               151
    • 2.4.3.1 Overview           151
    • 2.4.3.2 Products and applications    151
    • 2.4.3.3 Global production      151
  • 2.4.4    Aquaculture/fishing waste    152
    • 2.4.4.1 Overview           152
    • 2.4.4.2 Products and applications    152
    • 2.4.4.3 Global production      152
  • 2.4.5    Municipal solid waste              153
    • 2.4.5.1 Overview           153
    • 2.4.5.2 Products and applications    153
    • 2.4.5.3 Global production      154
  • 2.4.6    Industrial waste           154
    • 2.4.6.1 Overview           154
  • 2.4.7    Waste oils        154
    • 2.4.7.1 Overview           154
    • 2.4.7.2 Products and applications    155
    • 2.4.7.3 Global production      155
• 2.5        MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES  156
  • 2.5.1    Microalgae      156
    • 2.5.1.1 Overview           156
    • 2.5.1.2 Products and applications    156
    • 2.5.1.3 Global production      156
  • 2.5.2    Macroalgae     157
    • 2.5.2.1 Overview           157
    • 2.5.2.2 Products and applications    157
    • 2.5.2.3 Global production      158
  • 2.5.3    Mineral sources            158
    • 2.5.3.1 Overview           158
    • 2.5.3.2 Products and applications    159
• 2.6        GASEOUS         159
  • 2.6.1    Biogas 160
    • 2.6.1.1 Overview           160
    • 2.6.1.2 Products and applications    160
    • 2.6.1.3 Global production      161
  • 2.6.2    Syngas               162
    • 2.6.2.1 Overview           162
    • 2.6.2.2 Products and applications    163
    • 2.6.2.3 Global production      163
  • 2.6.3    Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO   164
    • 2.6.3.1 Overview           164
    • 2.6.3.2 Products and applications    164
• 2.7        BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES COMPANY PROFILES  165 (116 company profiles)

3             BIO-BASED POLYMERS           237

• 3.1        BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS       237
  • 3.1.1    Drop-in bio-based plastics   237
  • 3.1.2    Novel bio-based plastics       238
• 3.2        BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS               239
  • 3.2.1    Biodegradability          239
  • 3.2.2    Compostability            240
• 3.3        TYPES 241
• 3.4        KEY MARKET PLAYERS             242
• 3.5        SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS               243
  • 3.5.1    Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear               244
    • 3.5.1.1 Market analysis            244
    • 3.5.1.2 Production       245
    • 3.5.1.3 Applications   246
    • 3.5.1.4 Producers         247
  • 3.5.2    Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        248
    • 3.5.2.1 Market analysis            248
    • 3.5.2.2 Production       249
    • 3.5.2.3 Producers and production capacities, current and planned          249
      • 3.5.2.3.1           Lactic acid producers and production capacities 249
      • 3.5.2.3.2           PLA producers and production capacities 250
      • 3.5.2.3.3           Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes) 251
  • 3.5.3    Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)            252
    • 3.5.3.1 Market analysis            252
    • 3.5.3.2 Producers and production capacities           253
    • 3.5.3.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)     253
  • 3.5.4    Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)   254
    • 3.5.4.1 Market analysis            254
    • 3.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities           255
    • 3.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)      255
  • 3.5.5    Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)     255
    • 3.5.5.1 Market analysis            256
    • 3.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET          257
    • 3.5.5.3 Producers and production capacities           257
      • 3.5.5.3.1           FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities         257
      • 3.5.5.3.2           Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).            258
  • 3.5.6    Polyamides (Bio-PA)  258
    • 3.5.6.1 Market analysis            259
    • 3.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities           260
    • 3.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)           260
  • 3.5.7    Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)           260
    • 3.5.7.1 Market analysis            261
    • 3.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities           261
    • 3.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)    262
  • 3.5.8    Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers       262
    • 3.5.8.1 Market analysis            263
    • 3.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities           264
    • 3.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)      264
  • 3.5.9    Polyethylene (Bio-PE)               265
    • 3.5.9.1 Market analysis            265
    • 3.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities           265
    • 3.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).      266
  • 3.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)            266
    • 3.5.10.1            Market analysis            266
    • 3.5.10.2            Producers and production capacities           267
    • 3.5.10.3            Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)     267
  • 3.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers     268
    • 3.5.11.1            Market analysis            268
    • 3.5.11.2            Production       269
    • 3.5.11.3            Applications   270
    • 3.5.11.4            Producers         271
• 3.6        NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS    272
  • 3.6.1    Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             272
    • 3.6.1.1 Technology description           272
    • 3.6.1.2 Types   274
      • 3.6.1.2.1           PHB      275
      • 3.6.1.2.2           PHBV   276
    • 3.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes             277
    • 3.6.1.4 Market analysis            279
    • 3.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs            280
    • 3.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs        281
      • 3.6.1.6.1           Packaging        282
      • 3.6.1.6.2           Cosmetics       283
        • 3.6.1.6.2.1      PHA microspheres     283
      • 3.6.1.6.3           Medical              284
        • 3.6.1.6.3.1      Tissue engineering      284
        • 3.6.1.6.3.2      Drug delivery  284
      • 3.6.1.6.4           Agriculture       284
        • 3.6.1.6.4.1      Mulch film        284
        • 3.6.1.6.4.2      Grow bags        285
    • 3.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities           285
    • 3.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)      286
  • 3.6.2    Cellulose          287
    • 3.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA)             287
      • 3.6.2.1.1           Market analysis            287
      • 3.6.2.1.2           Production       288
      • 3.6.2.1.3           Applications   289
      • 3.6.2.1.4           Producers         290
    • 3.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        291
      • 3.6.2.2.1           Market analysis            291
      • 3.6.2.2.2           Producers and production capacities           292
    • 3.6.2.3 Nanocellulose               292
      • 3.6.2.3.1           Cellulose nanocrystals           293
        • 3.6.2.3.1.1      Synthesis          293
        • 3.6.2.3.1.2      Properties         295
        • 3.6.2.3.1.3      Production       296
        • 3.6.2.3.1.4      Applications   296
        • 3.6.2.3.1.5      Market analysis            297
        • 3.6.2.3.1.6      Producers and production capacities           298
      • 3.6.2.3.2           Cellulose nanofibers 299
        • 3.6.2.3.2.1      Applications   299
        • 3.6.2.3.2.2      Market analysis            300
        • 3.6.2.3.2.3      Producers and production capacities           301
      • 3.6.2.3.3           Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          302
        • 3.6.2.3.3.1      Production       302
        • 3.6.2.3.3.2      Applications   305
  • 3.6.3    Protein-based bio-polymers 305
    • 3.6.3.1 Types, applications and producers  306
    • 3.6.3.2 Casein polymers         307
      • 3.6.3.2.1           Market analysis            307
      • 3.6.3.2.2           Production       308
      • 3.6.3.2.3           Applications   309
      • 3.6.3.2.4           Producers         310
  • 3.6.4    Algal and fungal           311
    • 3.6.4.1 Algal     311
      • 3.6.4.1.1           Advantages     311
      • 3.6.4.1.2           Production       313
      • 3.6.4.1.3           Producers         313
    • 3.6.4.2 Mycelium          314
      • 3.6.4.2.1           Properties         314
      • 3.6.4.2.2           Applications   314
      • 3.6.4.2.3           Commercialization    316
  • 3.6.5    Chitosan           316
    • 3.6.5.1 Technology description           316
• 3.7        NATURAL FIBERS        318
  • 3.7.1    Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers       321
  • 3.7.2    Advantages of natural fibers 322
  • 3.7.3    Commercially available next-gen natural fiber  products 323
  • 3.7.4    Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers    326
  • 3.7.5    Challenges      327
  • 3.7.6    Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)      328
    • 3.7.6.1 Seed fibers      328
      • 3.7.6.1.1           Cotton 328
        • 3.7.6.1.1.1      Production volumes 2018-2035       328
      • 3.7.6.1.2           Kapok 329
        • 3.7.6.1.2.1      Production volumes 2018-2035       330
      • 3.7.6.1.3           Luffa    330
    • 3.7.6.2 Bast fibers        331
      • 3.7.6.2.1           Jute       332
      • 3.7.6.2.2           Production volumes 2018-2035       333
        • 3.7.6.2.2.1      Hemp  333
        • 3.7.6.2.2.2      Production volumes 2018-2035       334
      • 3.7.6.2.3           Flax       335
        • 3.7.6.2.3.1      Production volumes 2018-2035       336
      • 3.7.6.2.4           Ramie 336
        • 3.7.6.2.4.1      Production volumes 2018-2035       337
      • 3.7.6.2.5           Kenaf   338
        • 3.7.6.2.5.1      Production volumes 2018-2035       339
    • 3.7.6.3 Leaf fibers        339
      • 3.7.6.3.1           Sisal     339
        • 3.7.6.3.1.1      Production volumes 2018-2035       340
      • 3.7.6.3.2           Abaca 340
        • 3.7.6.3.2.1      Production volumes 2018-2035       341
    • 3.7.6.4 Fruit fibers       342
      • 3.7.6.4.1           Coir      342
        • 3.7.6.4.1.1      Production volumes 2018-2035       342
      • 3.7.6.4.2           Banana              343
        • 3.7.6.4.2.1      Production volumes 2018-2035       344
      • 3.7.6.4.3           Pineapple         344
    • 3.7.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues          346
      • 3.7.6.5.1           Rice fiber          346
      • 3.7.6.5.2           Corn     347
    • 3.7.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed           347
      • 3.7.6.6.1           Switch grass   347
      • 3.7.6.6.2           Sugarcane (agricultural residues)    348
      • 3.7.6.6.3           Bamboo            349
        • 3.7.6.6.3.1      Production volumes 2018-2035       349
      • 3.7.6.6.4           Fresh grass (green biorefinery)           350
  • 3.7.7    Animal (fibrous protein)          350
    • 3.7.7.1 Wool    350
      • 3.7.7.1.1           Alternative wool materials    351
      • 3.7.7.1.2           Producers         351
    • 3.7.7.2 Silk fiber            351
      • 3.7.7.2.1           Alternative silk materials        352
        • 3.7.7.2.1.1      Producers         352
    • 3.7.7.3 Leather               352
      • 3.7.7.3.1           Alternative leather materials               353
        • 3.7.7.3.1.1      Producers         353
    • 3.7.7.4 Fur         354
      • 3.7.7.4.1           Producers         354
    • 3.7.7.5 Down  355
      • 3.7.7.5.1           Alternative down materials   355
        • 3.7.7.5.1.1      Producers         355
  • 3.7.8    Markets for natural fibers       355
    • 3.7.8.1 Composites    355
    • 3.7.8.2 Applications   356
    • 3.7.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds           357
      • 3.7.8.3.1           Properties         357
      • 3.7.8.3.2           Applications   357
    • 3.7.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites  358
      • 3.7.8.4.1           Automotive      358
      • 3.7.8.4.2           Applications   358
    • 3.7.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites            358
    • 3.7.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds            359
    • 3.7.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats  360
      • 3.7.8.7.1           Flax       360
      • 3.7.8.7.2           Kenaf   360
    • 3.7.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites          360
    • 3.7.8.9 Aerospace        360
      • 3.7.8.9.1           Market overview           360
    • 3.7.8.10            Automotive      361
      • 3.7.8.10.1        Market overview           361
      • 3.7.8.10.2        Applications of natural fibers              365
    • 3.7.8.11            Building/construction              365
      • 3.7.8.11.1        Market overview           365
      • 3.7.8.11.2        Applications of natural fibers              366
    • 3.7.8.12            Sports and leisure       367
      • 3.7.8.12.1        Market overview           367
    • 3.7.8.13            Textiles               368
      • 3.7.8.13.1        Market overview           368
      • 3.7.8.13.2        Consumer apparel     369
      • 3.7.8.13.3        Geotextiles      369
    • 3.7.8.14            Packaging        370
      • 3.7.8.14.1        Market overview           370
  • 3.7.9    Global production of natural fibers 372
    • 3.7.9.1 Overall global fibers market 372
    • 3.7.9.2 Plant-based fiber production              374
    • 3.7.9.3 Animal-based natural fiber production         375
• 3.8        LIGNIN                376
  • 3.8.1    Introduction    376
    • 3.8.1.1 What is lignin?              376
      • 3.8.1.1.1           Lignin structure             376
    • 3.8.1.2 Types of lignin               377
      • 3.8.1.2.1           Sulfur containing lignin           379
      • 3.8.1.2.2           Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process 380
    • 3.8.1.3 Properties         380
    • 3.8.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery             382
    • 3.8.1.5 Markets and applications      383
    • 3.8.1.6 Challenges for using lignin    384
  • 3.8.2    Lignin production processes               385
    • 3.8.2.1 Lignosulphonates       386
    • 3.8.2.2 Kraft Lignin      386
      • 3.8.2.2.1           LignoBoost process   387
      • 3.8.2.2.2           LignoForce method    387
      • 3.8.2.2.3           Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification              388
      • 3.8.2.2.4           A-Recovery+   389
    • 3.8.2.3 Soda lignin      389
    • 3.8.2.4 Biorefinery lignin         390
      • 3.8.2.4.1           Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes                391
    • 3.8.2.5 Organosolv lignins     393
    • 3.8.2.6 Hydrolytic lignin           393
  • 3.8.3    Markets for lignin        394
    • 3.8.3.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin 394
    • 3.8.3.2 Production capacities              395
      • 3.8.3.2.1           Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)           395
      • 3.8.3.2.2           Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)    396
    • 3.8.3.3 Estimated consumption of lignin      396
    • 3.8.3.4 Prices  397
    • 3.8.3.5 Heat and power energy            398
    • 3.8.3.6 Pyrolysis and syngas 398
    • 3.8.3.7 Aromatic compounds              398
      • 3.8.3.7.1           Benzene, toluene and xylene               398
      • 3.8.3.7.2           Phenol and phenolic resins  399
      • 3.8.3.7.3           Vanillin               399
    • 3.8.3.8 Plastics and polymers              399
• 3.9        END USE MARKETS FOR BIO-BASED POLYMERS  400
  • 3.9.1    Packaging (Flexible and Rigid)            402
    • 3.9.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging        402
    • 3.9.1.2 Applications   403
    • 3.9.1.3 Flexible packaging     403
      • 3.9.1.3.1           Production volumes 2019-2035       405
    • 3.9.1.4 Rigid packaging            405
      • 3.9.1.4.1           Production volumes 2019-2035       407
  • 3.9.2    Consumer Goods       408
    • 3.9.2.1 Applications   408
    • 3.9.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2035       408
  • 3.9.3    Automotive      409
    • 3.9.3.1 Applications   409
    • 3.9.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2035       410
  • 3.9.4    Building and Construction    410
    • 3.9.4.1 Applications   410
    • 3.9.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2035       411
  • 3.9.5    Textiles and Fibers      411
    • 3.9.5.1 Apparel              412
    • 3.9.5.2 Footwear           412
    • 3.9.5.3 Medical textiles            413
    • 3.9.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2035       414
  • 3.9.6    Electronics      414
    • 3.9.6.1 Applications   414
    • 3.9.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2035       415
  • 3.9.7    Agriculture and Horticulture 415
    • 3.9.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2035       416
  • 3.9.8    Production of Biopolymers, by region            417
    • 3.9.8.1 North America              418
    • 3.9.8.2 Europe                419
    • 3.9.8.3 Asia-Pacific    420
      • 3.9.8.3.1           China  421
      • 3.9.8.3.2           Japan  422
      • 3.9.8.3.3           Thailand            422
      • 3.9.8.3.4           Indonesia         422
    • 3.9.8.4 Latin America 423
• 3.10     BIO-BASED POLYMERS COMPANY PROFILES          426 (520 company profiles)

4             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              790

5             REFERENCES 791

List of Tables

• Table 1. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers.            46
• Table 2. Capacity Utilization Rates by Polymer Type.           51
• Table 3. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers.       52
• Table 4. Novel Feedstock Sources   55
• Table 5. Global bio-based polymers market, by type 2020-2025 (revenues).      57
• Table 6. Global bio-based polymers market, by type 2020-2025 (metric tonnes).           58
• Table 7. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers.   61
• Table 8. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives   63
• Table 9. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.    69
• Table 10. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.               70
• Table 11. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.            71
• Table 12. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.        72
• Table 13. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.         73
• Table 14. Applications of  lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.             73
• Table 15. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.              76
• Table 16. Applications of bio-based HDMA.              76
• Table 17. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).         78
• Table 18. Applications of DN5.           78
• Table 19. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.        80
• Table 20. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.    80
• Table 21. Lactide applications.          83
• Table 22. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.  84
• Table 23. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.               84
• Table 24. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.     86
• Table 25. Applications of 3-HP.           86
• Table 26. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.  88
• Table 27. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO). 89
• Table 28. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid. 90
• Table 29. Applications of succinic acid.       91
• Table 30. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).           92
• Table 31. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).           94
• Table 32. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.    95
• Table 33. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.               96
• Table 34. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.       98
• Table 35. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.    98
• Table 36. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.            100
• Table 37. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.         100
• Table 38. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).         101
• Table 39. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.        102
• Table 40. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.     103
• Table 41. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.     104
• Table 42. Applications of bio-based MEG.  104
• Table 43. Biobased MEG producers capacities.     105
• Table 44. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.              106
• Table 45. Applications of bio-based ethanol.           106
• Table 46. Applications of bio-based ethylene.         107
• Table 47. Applications of bio-based propylene.      108
• Table 48. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.               110
• Table 49. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.              111
• Table 50. Applications of bio-based aniline.             113
• Table 51. Applications of biobased fructose.            114
• Table 52. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). 116
• Table 53. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).              117
• Table 54. Applications of Levulinic acid.      118
• Table 55. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME. 119
• Table 56. Applications of FDCA.        121
• Table 57. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.       122
• Table 58. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose            123
• Table 59. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose               124
• Table 60. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.           127
• Table 61. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes     128
• Table 62. Lignin aromatic compound products.     129
• Table 63. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.            130
• Table 64. Lignin products in polymeric materials. 131
• Table 65. Application of lignin in plastics and composites.             132
• Table 66. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.            134
• Table 67. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG.   136
• Table 68. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.         137
• Table 69. Mineral source products and applications.         158
• Table 70. Type of biodegradation.    239
• Table 71. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.  239
• Table 72. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.         240
• Table 73. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.              242
• Table 74. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)  244
• Table 75. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications.          245
• Table 76. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers.         246
• Table 77. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  247
• Table 78. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.          248
• Table 79. PLA producers and production capacities.          249
• Table 80. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China.        249
• Table 81. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     251
• Table 82. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities, 252
• Table 83. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     253
• Table 84. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.          254
• Table 85. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  255
• Table 86. PEF vs. PET.               256
• Table 87. FDCA and PEF producers.               256
• Table 88. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        258
• Table 89. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.          259
• Table 90. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     260
• Table 91. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands. 260
• Table 92. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.         262
• Table 93. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.      263
• Table 94. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        264
• Table 95. Leading Bio-PE producers.              264
• Table 96. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.           265
• Table 97. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.          266
• Table 98. Superabsorbent polymers production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)        268
• Table 99. Superabsorbent polymers Applications.               269
• Table 100. Superabsorbent polymers producers.  270
• Table 101.Types of PHAs and properties.     274
• Table 102. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.         275
• Table 103. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.        277
• Table 104. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.             278
• Table 105. Commercially available PHAs.  279
• Table 106. Markets and applications for PHAs.       280
• Table 107. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.              281
• Table 108. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.           284
• Table 109. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)             288
• Table 110. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications.     288
• Table 111. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers.          289
• Table 112. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        290
• Table 113. Leading MFC producers and capacities.            291
• Table 114. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).              292
• Table 115. CNC sources, size and yield.      293
• Table 116. CNC properties.  294
• Table 117. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials. 294
• Table 118. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).         296
• Table 119. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.             296
• Table 120: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.            297
• Table 121. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).     298
• Table 122. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis. 299
• Table 123. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.              300
• Table 124. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).             304
• Table 125. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.   305
• Table 126. Casein polymers production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)          308
• Table 127. Casein polymers applications.  308
• Table 128. Casein polymers producers.       309
• Table 129. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.               310
• Table 130. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 311
• Table 131. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.          312
• Table 132. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.            313
• Table 133. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.               315
• Table 134. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             315
• Table 135. Types of next-gen natural fibers.               317
• Table 136. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.             320
• Table 137. Typical properties of natural fibers.        321
• Table 138. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.        322
• Table 139. Market drivers for natural fibers.               325
• Table 140. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.   327
• Table 141. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     328
• Table 142. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        329
• Table 143. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          331
• Table 144. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     332
• Table 145. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          334
• Table 146. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    335
• Table 147. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      337
• Table 148. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.              338
• Table 149. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    339
• Table 150. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          341
• Table 151. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 342
• Table 152. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.           343
• Table 153. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          345
• Table 154. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        346
• Table 155. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.  346
• Table 156. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.    347
• Table 157. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               348
• Table 158. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.       349
• Table 159. Alternative wool materials producers.  350
• Table 160. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.            350
• Table 161. Alternative silk materials producers.     351
• Table 162. Alternative leather materials producers.             352
• Table 163. Next-gen fur producers. 353
• Table 164. Alternative down materials producers. 354
• Table 165. Applications of natural fiber composites.          355
• Table 166. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.               356
• Table 167. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.           357
• Table 168. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.             358
• Table 169. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.  358
• Table 170. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.        359
• Table 171. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      360
• Table 172. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.        361
• Table 173. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      362
• Table 174. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.       364
• Table 175. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.             365
• Table 176. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.     365
• Table 177. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.              367
• Table 178. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.                367
• Table 179. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      369
• Table 180. Technical lignin types and applications.             377
• Table 181. Classification of technical lignins.          379
• Table 182. Lignin content of selected biomass.     379
• Table 183. Properties of lignins and their applications.     380
• Table 184. Example markets and applications for lignin.  382
• Table 185. Processes for lignin production.               384
• Table 186. Biorefinery feedstocks.   389
• Table 187. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.              389
• Table 188. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes 390
• Table 189. Market drivers and trends for lignin.       394
• Table 190. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.  394
• Table 191. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers.              395
• Table 192. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2035 (000 MT).           395
• Table 193. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.         397
• Table 194. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers.                398
• Table 195. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.              401
• Table 196. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.   402
• Table 197. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.      403
• Table 198. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.             405
• Table 199. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2035, by region, 1,000 tonnes. 416
• Table 200. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.       417
• Table 201. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.        418
• Table 202. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific.             421
• Table 203. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.        422
• Table 204. Lactips plastic pellets.    606
• Table 205. Oji Holdings CNF products.         671

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Global bio-based polymers market, by type 2020-2025 (revenues).    58
• Figure 2. Global bio-based polymers market, by type 2020-2025 (metric tonnes).         59
• Figure 3. Schematic of biorefinery processes.         68
• Figure 4. Global production of starch for biobased chemicals and intermediates, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).             72
• Figure 5. Global production of biobased lysine, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).      74
• Figure 6. Global glucose production for bio-based chemicals and intermediates 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).             75
• Figure 7. Global production volumes of bio-HMDA, 2018 to 2035 in metric tonnes.      77
• Figure 8. Global production of bio-based DN5, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).       79
• Figure 9. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).         81
• Figure 10. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).  82
• Figure 11. Global lactide production, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).             83
• Figure 12. Global production of bio-itaconic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes). 85
• Figure 13. Global production of 3-HP,  2018-2035 (metric tonnes).           87
• Figure 14. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid,  2018-2035 (metric tonnes).   88
• Figure 15. Global production of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).  90
• Figure 16. Global production of bio-based Succinic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes). 92
• Figure 17. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).      93
• Figure 18. Global production of bio-based tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).              95
• Figure 19. Overview of Toray process.            95
• Figure 20. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes). 97
• Figure 21. Global production of bio-based isobutanol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).      99
• Figure 22. Global production of bio-based p-xylene, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).           101
• Figure 23. Global production of biobased terephthalic acid (TPA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).             102
• Figure 24. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).         104
• Figure 25. Global production of biobased MEG, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).      105
• Figure 26. Global production of biobased ethanol, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).              107
• Figure 27. Global production of biobased ethylene, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).            108
• Figure 28. Global production of biobased propylene, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).          109
• Figure 29. Global production of biobased vinyl chloride, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).  111
• Figure 30. Global production of bio-based Methly methacrylate, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).               112
• Figure 31. Global production of biobased aniline, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes). 114
• Figure 32. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).              115
• Figure 33. Global production of biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).                116
• Figure 34. Global production of biobased 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).                117
• Figure 35. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes). 119
• Figure 36. Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).   120
• Figure 37. Global production of biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).             121
• Figure 38. Global production projections for bio-based levoglucosenone from 2018 to 2035 in metric tonnes.              123
• Figure 39. Global production of hemicellulose, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).       125
• Figure 40. Global production of biobased furfural, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes). 126
• Figure 41. Global production of biobased furfuryl alcohol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).              127
• Figure 42. Schematic of WISA plywood home.        131
• Figure 43. Global production of biobased lignin, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).    133
• Figure 44. Global production of biobased glycerol, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).               135
• Figure 45. Global production of Bio-MPG, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).   136
• Figure 46. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).      138
• Figure 47. Global production of biobased fatty acids, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).        139
• Figure 48. Global production of biobased sebacic acid, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).   141
• Figure 49. Global production of biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).             142
• Figure 50. Global production of biobased Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), 2018-2035 (metric tonnes). 144
• Figure 51. Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes).                145
• Figure 52. Global production of biobased casein, 2018-2035 (metric tonnes). 147
• Figure 53. Global production of food waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).      148
• Figure 54. Global production of agricultural waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).                150
• Figure 55. Global production of forestry waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).                151
• Figure 56. Global production of aquaculture/fishing waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).             152
• Figure 57. Global production of municipal solid waste for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).             153
• Figure 58. Global production of waste oils for biochemicals, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).        154
• Figure 59. Global microalgae production, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes).  155
• Figure 60. Global macroalgae production, 2018-2035 (million metric tonnes). 157
• Figure 61. Global production of biogas, 2018-2035 (billion m3). 160
• Figure 62. Global production of syngas, 2018-2035 (billion m3). 162
• Figure 63. formicobio™ technology. 180
• Figure 64. Domsjö process.  184
• Figure 65.  TMP-Bio Process.               189
• Figure 66. Lignin gel. 207
• Figure 67. BioFlex process.   209
• Figure 68. LX Process.              211
• Figure 69. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.      214
• Figure 70. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.              220
• Figure 71.  Precision Photosynthesis™ technology.               222
• Figure 72. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.               223
• Figure 73. UPM biorefinery process.               232
• Figure 74. The Proesa® Process.        233
• Figure 75. Goldilocks process and applications.   235
• Figure 76.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®. 237
• Figure 77. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.    238
• Figure 78. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).        251
• Figure 79. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)              253
• Figure 80. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).             254
• Figure 81. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.          257
• Figure 82. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).     257
• Figure 83. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).  259
• Figure 84. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).                261
• Figure 85. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).             263
• Figure 86. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).               265
• Figure 87. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).   266
• Figure 88. PHA family.              273
• Figure 89. PHA production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).             285
• Figure 90. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.   292
• Figure 91. CNC preparation. 292
• Figure 92. Extracting CNC from trees.            293
• Figure 93. CNC slurry.              295
• Figure 94. CNF gel.     298
• Figure 95. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 303
• Figure 96. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.               312
• Figure 97. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.      314
• Figure 98. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.    314
• Figure 99. Types of natural fibers.     320
• Figure 100. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap.              322
• Figure 101. Adidas algae-ink tees.   322
• Figure 102. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle.       323
• Figure 103. Miratex watch bands.     323
• Figure 104. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22.          323
• Figure 105. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker            324
• Figure 106. Cotton production volume 2018-2035 (Million MT).  328
• Figure 107. Kapok production volume 2018-2035 (MT).    329
• Figure 108.  Luffa cylindrica fiber.     330
• Figure 109. Jute production volume 2018-2035 (Million MT).        332
• Figure 110. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2035 ( MT).       334
• Figure 111. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).             335
• Figure 112. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).        337
• Figure 113. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).         338
• Figure 114. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).           339
• Figure 115. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).        340
• Figure 116. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MILLION MT).        342
• Figure 117. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).     343
• Figure 118. Pineapple fiber.  344
• Figure 119. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019.          345
• Figure 120. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MILLION MT).              349
• Figure 121. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials.             352
• Figure 122. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.      359
• Figure 123. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.  361
• Figure 124. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.         361
• Figure 125. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.    368
• Figure 126. Coir mats for erosion control.   369
• Figure 127. Global fiber production in 2024, by fiber type, million MT and %.     371
• Figure 128. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2035.   372
• Figure 129. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2035, by fiber type, MT. 373
• Figure 130. Animal based fiber production 2018-2035, by fiber type, million MT.             374
• Figure 131. High purity lignin.              375
• Figure 132. Lignocellulose architecture.      376
• Figure 133. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.        377
• Figure 134. The lignocellulose biorefinery. 382
• Figure 135. LignoBoost process.       386
• Figure 136. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor.        387
• Figure 137. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system.   387
• Figure 138. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept.        388
• Figure 139.  Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.          390
• Figure 140. Organosolv lignin.            392
• Figure 141. Hydrolytic lignin powder.             393
• Figure 142. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2035 (000 MT).         396
• Figure 143. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2035, 1,000 tonnes.                400
• Figure 144. PHA bioplastics products.          402
• Figure 145. The global market for bio-based polymers for flexible packaging 2019–2033 (1,000 tonnes).                404
• Figure 146. Production volumes for bio-based polymers for rigid packaging, 2019–2033 (1,000 tonnes).                406
• Figure 147. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.                408
• Figure 148. Global production capacities for bio-based polymers in automotive 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.              409
• Figure 149. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in building and construction 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.           410
• Figure 150. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in textiles and fibers 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes. 413
• Figure 151. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.              414
• Figure 152. Biodegradable mulch films.      415
• Figure 153. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in agriculture 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.              415
• Figure 154. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2035, 1,000 tonnes.                416
• Figure 155. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in North America by type 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.              418
• Figure 156. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Europe by type 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.                419
• Figure 157. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in China by type 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.                420
• Figure 158. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Japan by type 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.                421
• Figure 159. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Latin America by type 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.              423
• Figure 160. Pluumo.  428
• Figure 161. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.       437
• Figure 162. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.  438
• Figure 163. MEDICELLU™.      439
• Figure 164. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.  447
• Figure 165. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.       447
• Figure 166. CNF nonwoven fabric.   448
• Figure 167. Roof frame made of natural fiber.          457
• Figure 168. Beyond Leather Materials product.       460
• Figure 169. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.        466
• Figure 170. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.          467
• Figure 171. Fiber-based screw cap. 478
• Figure 172. formicobio™ technology.              496
• Figure 173. nanoforest-S.      498
• Figure 174. nanoforest-PDP. 498
• Figure 175. nanoforest-MB.  499
• Figure 176. sunliquid® production process.              507
• Figure 177. CuanSave film.   509
• Figure 178. Celish.     511
• Figure 179. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.      512
• Figure 180. ELLEX products. 514
• Figure 181. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.            514
• Figure 182. Kirekira! toilet wipes.      515
• Figure 183. Color CNF.             516
• Figure 184. Rheocrysta spray.             521
• Figure 185. DKS CNF products.         521
• Figure 186. Domsjö process.               523
• Figure 187. Mushroom leather.           532
• Figure 188. CNF based on citrus peel.           533
• Figure 189. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.         533
• Figure 190. Filler Bank CNC products.          545
• Figure 191. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.      547
• Figure 192.  TMP-Bio Process.             549
• Figure 193. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.      550
• Figure 194. Water-repellent cellulose.           552
• Figure 195. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).          553
• Figure 196. PHA production process.            554
• Figure 197. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              555
• Figure 198. AVAPTM process.              565
• Figure 199. GreenPower+™ process.               565
• Figure 200. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.               568
• Figure 201. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).     570
• Figure 202. CNF gel.  577
• Figure 203. Block nanocellulose material. 577
• Figure 204. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.             577
• Figure 205. Marine leather products.             581
• Figure 206. Inner Mettle Milk products.        584
• Figure 207. Kami Shoji CNF products.           595
• Figure 208. Dual Graft System.          597
• Figure 209. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.      598
• Figure 210. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).        598
• Figure 211. Kel Labs yarn.      599
• Figure 212. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).                604
• Figure 213. Lignin gel.               611
• Figure 214. BioFlex process. 615
• Figure 215. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.          616
• Figure 216. LX Process.           619
• Figure 217. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 622
• Figure 218. TransLeather.       623
• Figure 219. Chitin nanofiber product.            627
• Figure 220. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.           629
• Figure 221. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.    629
• Figure 222. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.    634
• Figure 223. IPA synthesis method.   638
• Figure 224. MOGU-Wave panels.      640
• Figure 225. CNF slurries.        641
• Figure 226. Range of CNF products.               641
• Figure 227. Reishi.      645
• Figure 228. Compostable water pod.             661
• Figure 229. Leather made from leaves.         661
• Figure 230. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.              662
• Figure 231. CNF clear sheets.             671
• Figure 232. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       672
• Figure 233. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.           685
• Figure 234. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.             689
• Figure 235. XCNF.       696
• Figure 236: Plantrose process.           697
• Figure 237. LOVR hemp leather.         700
• Figure 238. CNF insulation flat plates.          702
• Figure 239. Hansa lignin.       708
• Figure 240. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  712
• Figure 241. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  716
• Figure 242. 3D printed cellulose shoe.          723
• Figure 243. Lyocell process. 726
• Figure 244. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.              730
• Figure 245. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.             730
• Figure 246. Spider silk production.  731
• Figure 247. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.      736
• Figure 248. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.            736
• Figure 249. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.         737
• Figure 250. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.        737
• Figure 251. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       738
• Figure 252. Sulapac cosmetics containers.              739
• Figure 253.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.            740
• Figure 254. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins. 741
• Figure 255. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 750
• Figure 256. Corbion FDCA production process.     756
• Figure 257. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.    758
• Figure 258. CNF resin products.        761
• Figure 259. UPM biorefinery process.            763
• Figure 260. Vegea production process.        767
• Figure 261. The Proesa® Process.     769
• Figure 262. Goldilocks process and applications. 770
• Figure 263. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 773
• Figure 264. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.            775
• Figure 265. Worn Again products.    780
• Figure 266. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.    784

The Global Market for Bio-based Polymers 2025-2035

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The Global Market for Bio-based Polymers 2025-2035

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