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The Global Market for Biobased Polymers & Plastics (Bioplastics) 2025-2035

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  • Published: July 2024
  • Pages: 637
  • Tables: 131
  • Figures: 211
  • Companies profiled: 552

 

The global market for biobased polymers and plastics is experiencing rapid growth as industries and consumers increasingly seek sustainable alternatives to conventional petroleum-based materials. This burgeoning sector represents a critical component in the transition towards a more circular and environmentally friendly economy. Biobased polymers, derived from renewable biomass sources such as corn, sugarcane, and cellulose, offer the potential to significantly reduce carbon footprints and dependence on fossil fuels. The importance of this market extends beyond environmental benefits. It plays a crucial role in driving innovation across multiple industries, from packaging and consumer goods to automotive and construction. As regulations tighten around single-use plastics and carbon emissions, biobased alternatives are becoming essential for companies to meet sustainability targets and maintain consumer trust.

Furthermore, the development of biobased polymers is spurring advancements in agricultural practices, biorefining technologies, and materials science. This cross-sector innovation is creating new economic opportunities, particularly in rural areas where biomass feedstocks are grown and processed. The market's growth is also catalyzing investments in research and development, leading to improvements in the performance and cost-competitiveness of bioplastics.

This comprehensive 600+ page report provides an in-depth analysis of the rapidly growing global market for biobased polymers and plastics. This report examines the latest technological developments, market trends, and growth opportunities in this dynamic sector. Report contents include:

  • Detailed analysis of synthetic and natural bio-based polymers including PLA, PHA, bio-PE, bio-PET, bio-PA, and more
  • Evaluation of biodegradable and compostable plastic materials
  • Examination of natural fibers and lignin-based materials
  • Market forecasts from 2019-2035 for production volumes and capacities
  • Profiles of over 500 companies across the bioplastics value chain. Companies profiled include Avantium, BASF, Biome Bioplastics, Braskem, Buyo, Danimer Scientific, FabricNano, FlexSea, Floreon, Gevo, MetaCycler BioInnovations, Mi Terro, PlantSwitch, Teijin Limited, Verde Bioresins, Versalis, and  Xampla.
  • Analysis of market drivers, challenges, and emerging applications

 

The report segments the market by polymer type, application, and region, providing granular data on production volumes, consumption patterns, and growth projections. It highlights the shift from first-generation feedstocks to advanced biomass sources and the integration of recycled content in bio-based plastics.

Synthetic Bio-based Polymers:

  • Polylactic acid (PLA)
  • Bio-polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
  • Bio-polyamides (Bio-PA)
  • Bio-polyethylene (Bio-PE)
  • Bio-polypropylene (Bio-PP)
  • Polyethylene furanoate (PEF)
  • Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT)
  • Polybutylene succinate (PBS)
  • Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)

 

Natural Bio-based Polymers:

  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
  • Cellulose-based materials (including nanocellulose)
  • Starch-based plastics
  • Lignin-based materials
  • Proteins (soy, casein, etc.)
  • Natural fibers (cotton, jute, flax, etc.)

 

The study provides a thorough examination of each polymer type, including production processes, properties, cost analysis, and comparative advantages versus conventional plastics. Emerging materials like bacterial cellulose and mycelium-based composites are also evaluated for their future market potential.

Applications Analysis:

Detailed market data and growth projections are provided for key application areas:

  • Packaging (rigid and flexible)
  • Consumer goods
  • Automotive
  • Building & construction
  • Textiles
  • Electronics
  • Agriculture

 

The packaging sector currently dominates bioplastics usage, accounting for over 50% of the market. However, automotive and construction applications are expected to see the fastest growth rates in the coming years as bioplastics increasingly replace conventional materials in these industries.

Regional Analysis:

The report offers a comprehensive regional breakdown, covering:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
  • Middle East & Africa

 

Competitive Landscape:

An extensive analysis of the competitive environment includes:

  • Market shares of leading biopolymer producers
  • Detailed company profiles of over 500 key players
  • Strategic initiatives, partnerships, and M&A activities
  • Investments in capacity expansion and new technology development
  • Emerging start-ups and their innovative approaches

 

Technology Assessment:

The study provides an in-depth look at the latest technological developments in bio-based polymers, including:

  • Advances in fermentation and biorefining processes
  • Innovations in polymer blending and compounding
  • Progress in biodegradability and compostability
  • Improvements in barrier properties and heat resistance
  • Integration of recycled content in bio-based plastics
  • Development of novel biomass feedstocks

 

Regulatory Landscape:

A thorough examination of the regulatory environment influencing bioplastics markets, including:

  • Single-use plastic bans and restrictions
  • Biodegradability and compostability standards
  • Recycling regulations and infrastructure development
  • Carbon pricing mechanisms and their impact on bioplastics
  • Incentives for bio-based products in government procurement

 

It also identifies key opportunities for growth and innovation, such as:

  • Development of advanced biorefineries for integrated production
  • Expansion into high-performance engineering plastics
  • Customization of bioplastics for specific end-use requirements
  • Creation of new value-added applications for lignin and other bio-based materials
  • Potential for carbon-negative plastics through biomass feedstocks and carbon capture

 

 

1             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              33

 

2             INTRODUCTION          34

  • 2.1        Types of bioplastics  35
  • 2.2        Bio-based or renewable plastics      36
    • 2.2.1    Drop-in bio-based plastics   36
    • 2.2.2    Novel bio-based plastics       37
  • 2.3        Biodegradable and compostable plastics  38
    • 2.3.1    Biodegradability          38
    • 2.3.2    Compostability            39
  • 2.4        Key market players     40

 

3             SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS             42

  • 3.1        Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        42
    • 3.1.1    Market analysis            42
    • 3.1.2    Production       44
    • 3.1.3    Producers and production capacities, current and planned          44
      • 3.1.3.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities 44
      • 3.1.3.2 PLA producers and production capacities 44
      • 3.1.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes) 46
  • 3.2        Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)            47
    • 3.2.1    Market analysis            47
    • 3.2.2    Producers and production capacities           48
    • 3.2.3    Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)     48
  • 3.3        Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)   49
    • 3.3.1    Market analysis            49
    • 3.3.2    Producers and production capacities           49
    • 3.3.3    Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)      50
  • 3.4        Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)     51
    • 3.4.1    Market analysis            51
    • 3.4.2    Comparative properties to PET          52
    • 3.4.3    Producers and production capacities           52
      • 3.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities         52
      • 3.4.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).            53
  • 3.5        Polyamides (Bio-PA)  54
    • 3.5.1    Market analysis            54
    • 3.5.2    Producers and production capacities           55
    • 3.5.3    Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)           55
  • 3.6        Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)           56
    • 3.6.1    Market analysis            56
    • 3.6.2    Producers and production capacities           56
    • 3.6.3    Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)    57
  • 3.7        Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers       58
    • 3.7.1    Market analysis            58
    • 3.7.2    Producers and production capacities           59
    • 3.7.3    Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)      59
  • 3.8        Polyethylene (Bio-PE)               60
    • 3.8.1    Market analysis            60
    • 3.8.2    Producers and production capacities           60
    • 3.8.3    Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).      61
  • 3.9        Polypropylene (Bio-PP)            61
    • 3.9.1    Market analysis            61
    • 3.9.2    Producers and production capacities           62
    • 3.9.3    Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)     62

 

4             NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS    63

  • 4.1        Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             63
    • 4.1.1    Technology description           63
    • 4.1.2    Types   64
      • 4.1.2.1 PHB      66
      • 4.1.2.2 PHBV   67
    • 4.1.3    Synthesis and production processes             68
    • 4.1.4    Market analysis            70
    • 4.1.5    Commercially available PHAs            71
    • 4.1.6    Markets for PHAs        72
      • 4.1.6.1 Packaging        73
      • 4.1.6.2 Cosmetics       74
        • 4.1.6.2.1           PHA microspheres     74
      • 4.1.6.3 Medical              75
        • 4.1.6.3.1           Tissue engineering      75
        • 4.1.6.3.2           Drug delivery  75
      • 4.1.6.4 Agriculture       75
        • 4.1.6.4.1           Mulch film        75
        • 4.1.6.4.2           Grow bags        75
    • 4.1.7    Producers and production capacities           76
    • 4.1.8    PHA production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)      77
  • 4.2        Cellulose          78
    • 4.2.1    Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        78
      • 4.2.1.1 Market analysis            78
      • 4.2.1.2 Producers and production capacities           79
    • 4.2.2    Nanocellulose               79
      • 4.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals           79
        • 4.2.2.1.1           Synthesis          80
        • 4.2.2.1.2           Properties         81
        • 4.2.2.1.3           Production       82
        • 4.2.2.1.4           Applications   82
        • 4.2.2.1.5           Market analysis            84
        • 4.2.2.1.6           Producers and production capacities           85
        • 4.2.2.1.7           Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market         85
      • 4.2.2.2 Cellulose nanofibers 88
        • 4.2.2.2.1           Applications   88
        • 4.2.2.2.2           Market analysis            89
        • 4.2.2.2.3           Producers and production capacities           90
          • 4.2.2.2.3.1      Global demand in tons by market    91
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.1  Composites    91
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.2  Automotive      92
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.3  Building and construction     93
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.4  Paper & board/packaging      94
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.5  Textiles               95
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.6  Biomedicine and healthcare                96
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.7  Hygiene and sanitary products          97
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.8  Paint and coatings      98
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.9  Aerogels            99
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.10 Oil and gas      99
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.11 Filtration            100
            • 4.2.2.2.3.1.12 Rheology modifiers    101
      • 4.2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          101
        • 4.2.2.3.1           Production       101
        • 4.2.2.3.2           Applications   104
    • 4.2.3    Protein-based bioplastics     105
      • 4.2.3.1 Types, applications and producers  105
    • 4.2.4    Algal and fungal           106
      • 4.2.4.1 Algal     107
        • 4.2.4.1.1           Advantages     107
        • 4.2.4.1.2           Production       108
        • 4.2.4.1.3           Producers         108
      • 4.2.4.2 Mycelium          109
        • 4.2.4.2.1           Properties         109
        • 4.2.4.2.2           Applications   110
        • 4.2.4.2.3           Commercialization    111
    • 4.2.5    Chitosan           111
      • 4.2.5.1 Technology description           111

 

5             PRODUCTION OF BIO-BASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS, BY REGION  113

  • 5.1        North America              114
  • 5.2        Europe                114
  • 5.3        Asia-Pacific    115
    • 5.3.1    China  115
    • 5.3.2    Japan  115
    • 5.3.3    Thailand            115
    • 5.3.4    Indonesia         115
  • 5.4        Latin America 116

 

6             MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS              117

  • 6.1        Packaging        118
    • 6.1.1    Processes for bioplastics in packaging        118
    • 6.1.2    Applications   119
    • 6.1.3    Flexible packaging     119
      • 6.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2035       121
    • 6.1.4    Rigid packaging            122
      • 6.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2035       123
  • 6.2        Consumer products  124
    • 6.2.1    Applications   124
    • 6.2.2    Production volumes 2019-2035       124
  • 6.3        Automotive      126
    • 6.3.1    Applications   126
    • 6.3.2    Production volumes 2019-2035       127
  • 6.4        Building & construction          128
    • 6.4.1    Applications   128
    • 6.4.2    Production volumes 2019-2035       128
  • 6.5        Textiles               129
    • 6.5.1    Apparel              129
    • 6.5.2    Footwear           130
    • 6.5.3    Medical textiles            131
    • 6.5.4    Production volumes 2019-2035       131
    • 6.5.5    Electronics      132
      • 6.5.5.1 Applications   132
      • 6.5.5.2 Production volumes 2019-2035       133
    • 6.5.6    Agriculture and horticulture 133
      • 6.5.6.1 Production volumes 2019-2035       134

 

7             NATURAL FIBERS        136

  • 7.1        Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers       139
  • 7.2        Advantages of natural fibers 140
  • 7.3        Commercially available next-gen natural fiber  products 140
  • 7.4        Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers    143
  • 7.5        Challenges      144
  • 7.6        Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)      145
    • 7.6.1    Seed fibers      145
      • 7.6.1.1 Cotton 145
        • 7.6.1.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2035       146
      • 7.6.1.2 Kapok 147
        • 7.6.1.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2035       147
      • 7.6.1.3 Luffa    148
    • 7.6.2    Bast fibers        149
      • 7.6.2.1 Jute       149
      • 7.6.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2035       150
        • 7.6.2.2.1           Hemp  151
        • 7.6.2.2.2           Production volumes 2018-2035       151
      • 7.6.2.3 Flax       152
        • 7.6.2.3.1           Production volumes 2018-2035       153
      • 7.6.2.4 Ramie 154
        • 7.6.2.4.1           Production volumes 2018-2035       154
      • 7.6.2.5 Kenaf   155
        • 7.6.2.5.1           Production volumes 2018-2035       156
    • 7.6.3    Leaf fibers        157
      • 7.6.3.1 Sisal     157
        • 7.6.3.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2035       157
      • 7.6.3.2 Abaca 159
        • 7.6.3.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2035       159
    • 7.6.4    Fruit fibers       160
      • 7.6.4.1 Coir      160
        • 7.6.4.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2035       161
      • 7.6.4.2 Banana              162
        • 7.6.4.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2035       162
      • 7.6.4.3 Pineapple         163
    • 7.6.5    Stalk fibers from agricultural residues          165
      • 7.6.5.1 Rice fiber          165
      • 7.6.5.2 Corn     165
    • 7.6.6    Cane, grasses and reed           166
      • 7.6.6.1 Switch grass   166
      • 7.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)    166
      • 7.6.6.3 Bamboo            167
        • 7.6.6.3.1           Production volumes 2018-2035       168
      • 7.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)           169
  • 7.7        Animal (fibrous protein)          169
    • 7.7.1    Wool    169
      • 7.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials    170
      • 7.7.1.2 Producers         170
    • 7.7.2    Silk fiber            170
      • 7.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials        171
        • 7.7.2.1.1           Producers         171
    • 7.7.3    Leather               171
      • 7.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials               172
        • 7.7.3.1.1           Producers         172
    • 7.7.4    Fur         173
      • 7.7.4.1 Producers         173
    • 7.7.5    Down  174
      • 7.7.5.1 Alternative down materials   174
        • 7.7.5.1.1           Producers         174
  • 7.8        Markets for natural fibers       174
    • 7.8.1    Composites    174
    • 7.8.2    Applications   175
    • 7.8.3    Natural fiber injection moulding compounds           176
      • 7.8.3.1 Properties         176
      • 7.8.3.2 Applications   176
    • 7.8.4    Non-woven natural fiber mat composites  177
      • 7.8.4.1 Automotive      177
      • 7.8.4.2 Applications   177
    • 7.8.5    Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites            177
    • 7.8.6    Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds            178
    • 7.8.7    Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats  179
      • 7.8.7.1 Flax       179
      • 7.8.7.2 Kenaf   179
    • 7.8.8    Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites          179
    • 7.8.9    Aerospace        180
      • 7.8.9.1 Market overview           180
    • 7.8.10 Automotive      180
      • 7.8.10.1            Market overview           180
      • 7.8.10.2            Applications of natural fibers              184
    • 7.8.11 Building/construction              184
      • 7.8.11.1            Market overview           185
      • 7.8.11.2            Applications of natural fibers              185
    • 7.8.12 Sports and leisure       186
      • 7.8.12.1            Market overview           186
    • 7.8.13 Textiles               187
      • 7.8.13.1            Market overview           187
      • 7.8.13.2            Consumer apparel     188
      • 7.8.13.3            Geotextiles      188
    • 7.8.14 Packaging        189
      • 7.8.14.1            Market overview           189
  • 7.9        Global production of natural fibers 191
    • 7.9.1    Overall global fibers market 191
    • 7.9.2    By material types         193
    • 7.9.3    By market         193

 

8             LIGNIN                194

  • 8.1        Introduction    195
    • 8.1.1    What is lignin?              195
      • 8.1.1.1 Lignin structure             195
    • 8.1.2    Types of lignin               196
      • 8.1.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin           198
      • 8.1.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process 199
    • 8.1.3    Properties         199
    • 8.1.4    The lignocellulose biorefinery             201
    • 8.1.5    Markets and applications      202
    • 8.1.6    Challenges for using lignin    203
  • 8.2        Lignin production processes               203
    • 8.2.1    Feedstock Preprocessing      205
    • 8.2.2    Conversion Processes             206
      • 8.2.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion              206
      • 8.2.2.2 Chemical Conversion              206
      • 8.2.2.3 Biological Conversion              206
      • 8.2.2.4 Electrochemical Conversion               206
    • 8.2.3    Lignosulphonates       207
    • 8.2.4    Kraft Lignin      207
      • 8.2.4.1 LignoBoost process   207
      • 8.2.4.2 LignoForce method    208
      • 8.2.4.3 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification              209
      • 8.2.4.4 A-Recovery+   209
      • 8.2.4.5 SWOT analysis              210
    • 8.2.5    Soda lignin      211
      • 8.2.5.1 Description     211
      • 8.2.5.2 SWOT analysis              212
    • 8.2.6    Biorefinery lignin         213
      • 8.2.6.1 Products Extraction & Purification   213
      • 8.2.6.2 Lignocellulose Biorefinery Economics          213
      • 8.2.6.3 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes          213
      • 8.2.6.4 SWOT analysis              215
    • 8.2.7    Organosolv lignins     216
    • 8.2.8    Hydrolytic lignin           217
  • 8.3        Lignin nanoparticles 217
  • 8.4        Lignin-based carbon materials          218
  • 8.5        Depolymerized lignin products          218
  • 8.6        Lignin-based bioplastics        219
  • 8.7        Markets for lignin        220
    • 8.7.1    Market drivers and trends for lignin 220
    • 8.7.2    Production capacities              221
    • 8.7.2.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)           221
    • 8.7.2.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)    222
    • 8.7.3    Consumption of lignin             222
      • 8.7.3.1 By type                222
      • 8.7.3.2 By market         224
    • 8.7.4    Prices  227
    • 8.7.5    Markets and applications      227
      • 8.7.5.1 Heat and power energy            227
      • 8.7.5.2 Bio-oils              227
      • 8.7.5.3 Syngas               228
      • 8.7.5.4 Aromatic compounds              229
        • 8.7.5.4.1           Benzene, toluene and xylene               230
        • 8.7.5.4.2           Phenol and phenolic resins  231
        • 8.7.5.4.3           Vanillin               232
      • 8.7.5.5 Polymers           232
      • 8.7.5.6 Hydrogels         234
        • 8.7.5.6.1           Adhesives         235
      • 8.7.5.7 Carbon materials        235
        • 8.7.5.7.1           Carbon black 235
        • 8.7.5.7.2           Activated carbons      236
        • 8.7.5.7.3           Carbon fiber   237
      • 8.7.5.8 Construction materials           238
      • 8.7.5.9 Rubber               238
      • 8.7.5.10            Bitumen and Asphalt                239
      • 8.7.5.11            Fuels    240
      • 8.7.5.12            Energy storage              241
        • 8.7.5.12.1        Supercapacitors          242
        • 8.7.5.12.2        Anodes for lithium-ion batteries        243
        • 8.7.5.12.3        Gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries     244
        • 8.7.5.12.4        Binders for lithium-ion batteries        244
        • 8.7.5.12.5        Cathodes for lithium-ion batteries   244
        • 8.7.5.12.6        Sodium-ion batteries                244
      • 8.7.5.13            Binders, emulsifiers and dispersants            245
      • 8.7.5.14            Chelating agents         247
      • 8.7.5.15            Coatings            248
      • 8.7.5.16            Ceramics          249
      • 8.7.5.17            Automotive      250
      • 8.7.5.18            Fire retardants              250
      • 8.7.5.19            Antioxidants   251
      • 8.7.5.20            Lubricants       252
      • 8.7.5.21            Dust control    252

 

9             COMPANY PROFILES                253 (553 company profiles)

 

10          REFERENCES 637

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.           35
  • Table 2. Type of biodegradation.       39
  • Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.     39
  • Table 4. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types. 40
  • Table 5. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  42
  • Table 6. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.            44
  • Table 7. PLA producers and production capacities.             44
  • Table 8. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China.          45
  • Table 9. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     47
  • Table 10. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities, 48
  • Table 11. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     49
  • Table 12. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.          49
  • Table 13. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  51
  • Table 14. PEF vs. PET.               52
  • Table 15. FDCA and PEF producers.               53
  • Table 16. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        54
  • Table 17. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.          55
  • Table 18. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     56
  • Table 19. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands. 56
  • Table 20. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.         58
  • Table 21. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.      59
  • Table 22. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        60
  • Table 23. Leading Bio-PE producers.              60
  • Table 24. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.           61
  • Table 25. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.          62
  • Table 26.Types of PHAs and properties.       65
  • Table 27. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.         67
  • Table 28. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.           69
  • Table 29. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 70
  • Table 30. Commercially available PHAs.     71
  • Table 31. Markets and applications for PHAs.          72
  • Table 32. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging. 73
  • Table 33. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.              76
  • Table 34. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        78
  • Table 35. Leading MFC producers and capacities.               79
  • Table 36. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). 80
  • Table 37. CNC sources, size and yield.         81
  • Table 38. CNC properties.     81
  • Table 39. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials.    82
  • Table 40. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).            83
  • Table 41. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis. 84
  • Table 42: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.              85
  • Table 43. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2035 (metric tons).       85
  • Table 44. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).        88
  • Table 45. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis.   89
  • Table 46. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.              90
  • Table 47. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). 104
  • Table 48. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.      105
  • Table 49. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.  106
  • Table 50. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.   107
  • Table 51. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.             108
  • Table 52. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               109
  • Table 53. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.  111
  • Table 54. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.                111
  • Table 55. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2035, by region, 1,000 tonnes. 113
  • Table 56. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.          114
  • Table 57. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.           114
  • Table 58. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific. 115
  • Table 59. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.           116
  • Table 60. Processes for bioplastics in packaging. 118
  • Table 61. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.   119
  • Table 62. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.         120
  • Table 63. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging. 122
  • Table 64. Types of next-gen natural fibers.  136
  • Table 65. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers. 139
  • Table 66. Typical properties of natural fibers.           140
  • Table 67. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.           140
  • Table 68. Market drivers for natural fibers.  143
  • Table 69. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      145
  • Table 70. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.       147
  • Table 71. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.           148
  • Table 72. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             149
  • Table 73. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        151
  • Table 74. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             152
  • Table 75. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.       154
  • Table 76. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.         155
  • Table 77. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 157
  • Table 78. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.       159
  • Table 79. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             160
  • Table 80. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    162
  • Table 81. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.              163
  • Table 82. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             165
  • Table 83. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.           165
  • Table 84. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.     166
  • Table 85. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.     166
  • Table 86. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  167
  • Table 87. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          169
  • Table 88. Alternative wool materials producers.     170
  • Table 89. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.               170
  • Table 90. Alternative silk materials producers.        171
  • Table 91. Alternative leather materials producers.                172
  • Table 92. Next-gen fur producers.    173
  • Table 93. Alternative down materials producers.   174
  • Table 94. Applications of natural fiber composites.             175
  • Table 95. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.  176
  • Table 96. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.              177
  • Table 97. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites. 178
  • Table 98. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.     178
  • Table 99. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.           179
  • Table 100. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      180
  • Table 101. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.        182
  • Table 102. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      183
  • Table 103. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.       184
  • Table 104. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.             185
  • Table 105. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.     185
  • Table 106. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.              187
  • Table 107. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.                187
  • Table 108. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      189
  • Table 109. Technical lignin types and applications.             197
  • Table 110. Classification of technical lignins.          199
  • Table 111. Lignin content of selected biomass.     199
  • Table 112. Properties of lignins and their applications.     200
  • Table 113. Example markets and applications for lignin.  202
  • Table 114. Processes for lignin production.               204
  • Table 115. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes 213
  • Table 116. Market drivers and trends for lignin.       220
  • Table 117. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.  221
  • Table 118. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers.              222
  • Table 119. Estimated consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2035 (000 MT).        222
  • Table 120. Estimated consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2034 (000 MT).  225
  • Table 121. Lignin aromatic compound products.   230
  • Table 122. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.         231
  • Table 123. Lignin products in polymeric materials.              233
  • Table 124. Application of lignin in plastics and composites.          233
  • Table 125. Applications of lignin in construction materials.           238
  • Table 126. Lignin applications in rubber and elastomers. 239
  • Table 127. Lignin products in fuels. 241
  • Table 128. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.        243
  • Table 129. Application of lignin in binders, emulsifiers and dispersants.              245
  • Table 130. Lactips plastic pellets.    442
  • Table 131. Oji Holdings CNF products.         512

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.   37
  • Figure 2. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.       38
  • Figure 3. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).           46
  • Figure 4. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes) 48
  • Figure 5. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 50
  • Figure 6. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.            53
  • Figure 7. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).        53
  • Figure 8. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).     55
  • Figure 9. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).                57
  • Figure 10. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).             59
  • Figure 11. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).               61
  • Figure 12. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).   62
  • Figure 13. PHA family.              65
  • Figure 14. PHA production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).             77
  • Figure 15. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.   79
  • Figure 16. CNC preparation. 80
  • Figure 17. Extracting CNC from trees.            81
  • Figure 18. CNC slurry.              83
  • Figure 19. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2035 (metric tons).      87
  • Figure 20. CNF gel.     88
  • Figure 21. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2035 (metric tons). 92
  • Figure 22. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2035 (metric tons).  93
  • Figure 23. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in construction, 2018-2035 (tons).              94
  • Figure 24. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2035 (tons). 95
  • Figure 25. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles sector, 2018-2035 (tons).   96
  • Figure 26. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in biomedical and healthcare, 2018-2035 (tons).                97
  • Figure 27. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and sanitary products, 2018-2035 (tons).                98
  • Figure 28. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2035 (tons). 99
  • Figure 29: Global demand for nanocellulose in in aerogels, 2018-2035 (tons). 99
  • Figure 30. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2035 (tons).         100
  • Figure 31. Global demand for Cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2035 (tons).              101
  • Figure 32. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2035 (tons).                101
  • Figure 33. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 103
  • Figure 34. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.               108
  • Figure 35. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.      110
  • Figure 36. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.    111
  • Figure 37. Global production capacities for bioplastics by region  2019-2035, 1,000 tonnes. 113
  • Figure 38. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2035, 1,000 tonnes.                117
  • Figure 39. PHA bioplastics products.             119
  • Figure 40. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes). 121
  • Figure 41. Production volumes for bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes). 123
  • Figure 42. Global production for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.             125
  • Figure 43. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.             127
  • Figure 44. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable polymers in building and construction 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes. 129
  • Figure 45. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable polymers in textiles 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.           132
  • Figure 46. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.             133
  • Figure 47. Biodegradable mulch films.         134
  • Figure 48. Global production volulmes for biobased and biodegradable polymers in agriculture 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.             135
  • Figure 49. Types of natural fibers.     138
  • Figure 50. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap. 141
  • Figure 51. Adidas algae-ink tees.      141
  • Figure 52. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle.          141
  • Figure 53. Miratex watch bands.       141
  • Figure 54. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22.             142
  • Figure 55. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker               142
  • Figure 56. Cotton production volume 2018-2035 (Million MT).     146
  • Figure 57. Kapok production volume 2018-2035 (MT).       147
  • Figure 58.  Luffa cylindrica fiber.       148
  • Figure 59. Jute production volume 2018-2035 (Million MT).           150
  • Figure 60. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2035 ( MT).          152
  • Figure 61. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT). 154
  • Figure 62. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).           155
  • Figure 63. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).            156
  • Figure 64. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).              158
  • Figure 65. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).           160
  • Figure 66. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MILLION MT).           161
  • Figure 67. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).        163
  • Figure 68. Pineapple fiber.     164
  • Figure 69. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019.             164
  • Figure 70. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MILLION MT). 168
  • Figure 71. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. 172
  • Figure 72. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.         179
  • Figure 73. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.     181
  • Figure 74. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.            182
  • Figure 75. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.       188
  • Figure 76. Coir mats for erosion control.     189
  • Figure 77. Global fiber production in 2023, by fiber type, million MT and %.        191
  • Figure 78. Global fiber production (million MT), 2018-2035.          192
  • Figure 79. Natural fiber production 2018-2035, by material type, Million MT.      193
  • Figure 80. Natural fiber production 2018-2035, by market, Million MT.    194
  • Figure 81. High purity lignin. 195
  • Figure 82. Lignocellulose architecture.         196
  • Figure 83. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.        197
  • Figure 84. The lignocellulose biorefinery.    202
  • Figure 85. LignoBoost process.          208
  • Figure 86. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor.           208
  • Figure 87. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system.      209
  • Figure 88. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept.           210
  • Figure 89. Kraft lignin SWOT analysis.           211
  • Figure 90. Soda lignin SWOT analysis.          212
  • Figure 91. Biorefinery lignin SWOT analysis.             216
  • Figure 92. Organosolv lignin.               217
  • Figure 93. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 217
  • Figure 94. Estimated consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2035 (000 MT).         224
  • Figure 95. Estimated consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2035 (000 MT).   226
  • Figure 96. Schematic of WISA plywood home.        232
  • Figure 97. Lignin based activated carbon.  237
  • Figure 98. Lignin/celluose precursor.             237
  • Figure 99. Functional rubber filler made from lignin.           239
  • Figure 100. Road repair utilizing lignin.         240
  • Figure 101. Prototype of lignin based supercapacitor.        242
  • Figure 102. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.      245
  • Figure 103. Pluumo.  257
  • Figure 104. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.       266
  • Figure 105. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.  267
  • Figure 106. MEDICELLU™.      268
  • Figure 107. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.  276
  • Figure 108. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.       276
  • Figure 109. CNF nonwoven fabric.   277
  • Figure 110. Roof frame made of natural fiber.          286
  • Figure 111. Beyond Leather Materials product.       289
  • Figure 112. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.        296
  • Figure 113. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.          297
  • Figure 114. Fiber-based screw cap. 308
  • Figure 115. formicobio™ technology.              327
  • Figure 116. nanoforest-S.      329
  • Figure 117. nanoforest-PDP. 329
  • Figure 118. nanoforest-MB.  330
  • Figure 119. sunliquid® production process.              337
  • Figure 120. CuanSave film.   339
  • Figure 121. Celish.     341
  • Figure 122. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.      342
  • Figure 123. ELLEX products. 344
  • Figure 124. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.            344
  • Figure 125. Kirekira! toilet wipes.      344
  • Figure 126. Color CNF.             345
  • Figure 127. Rheocrysta spray.             350
  • Figure 128. DKS CNF products.         351
  • Figure 129. Domsjö process.               352
  • Figure 130. Mushroom leather.           361
  • Figure 131. CNF based on citrus peel.           362
  • Figure 132. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.         363
  • Figure 133. Filler Bank CNC products.          374
  • Figure 134. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.      376
  • Figure 135. GREEN CHIP CMF pellets and injection moulded products.               379
  • Figure 136.  TMP-Bio Process.             380
  • Figure 137. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.      381
  • Figure 138. Water-repellent cellulose.           383
  • Figure 139. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).          384
  • Figure 140. PHA production process.            385
  • Figure 141. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              386
  • Figure 142. AVAPTM process.              396
  • Figure 143. GreenPower+™ process.               397
  • Figure 144. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.               401
  • Figure 145. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).     404
  • Figure 146. CNF gel.  410
  • Figure 147. Block nanocellulose material. 411
  • Figure 148. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.             411
  • Figure 149. Marine leather products.             414
  • Figure 150. Inner Mettle Milk products.        417
  • Figure 151. Kami Shoji CNF products.           428
  • Figure 152. Dual Graft System.          431
  • Figure 153. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.      432
  • Figure 154. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).        432
  • Figure 155. Kel Labs yarn.      433
  • Figure 156. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).                439
  • Figure 157. Lignin gel.               449
  • Figure 158. BioFlex process. 453
  • Figure 159. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.          455
  • Figure 160. LX Process.           458
  • Figure 161. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 461
  • Figure 162. TransLeather.       462
  • Figure 163. Chitin nanofiber product.            466
  • Figure 164. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.           468
  • Figure 165. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.    468
  • Figure 166. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.    473
  • Figure 167. IPA synthesis method.   477
  • Figure 168. MOGU-Wave panels.      479
  • Figure 169. CNF slurries.        481
  • Figure 170. Range of CNF products.               481
  • Figure 171. Reishi.      485
  • Figure 172. Compostable water pod.             501
  • Figure 173. Leather made from leaves.         502
  • Figure 174. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.              502
  • Figure 175. CNF clear sheets.             512
  • Figure 176. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       513
  • Figure 177. Fluorene cellulose ® powder.    516
  • Figure 178. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.           527
  • Figure 179. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.             532
  • Figure 180. XCNF.       539
  • Figure 181: Plantrose process.           540
  • Figure 182. LOVR hemp leather.         543
  • Figure 183. CNF insulation flat plates.          545
  • Figure 184. Hansa lignin.       551
  • Figure 185. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  555
  • Figure 186. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  559
  • Figure 187. 3D printed cellulose shoe.          566
  • Figure 188. Lyocell process. 569
  • Figure 189. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.              574
  • Figure 190. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.             574
  • Figure 191. Spider silk production.  575
  • Figure 192. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.      579
  • Figure 193. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.            580
  • Figure 194. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.         581
  • Figure 195. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.        581
  • Figure 196. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       582
  • Figure 197. Sulapac cosmetics containers.              583
  • Figure 198.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.            584
  • Figure 199. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins. 585
  • Figure 200. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 595
  • Figure 201. Corbion FDCA production process.     603
  • Figure 202. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.    604
  • Figure 203. CNF resin products.        608
  • Figure 204. UPM biorefinery process.            609
  • Figure 205. Vegea production process.        614
  • Figure 206. The Proesa® Process.     616
  • Figure 207. Goldilocks process and applications. 617
  • Figure 208. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 620
  • Figure 209. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.            623
  • Figure 210. Worn Again products.    628
  • Figure 211. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.    633

 

 

The Global Market for Biobased Polymers & Plastics (Bioplastics) 2025-2035
The Global Market for Biobased Polymers & Plastics (Bioplastics) 2025-2035
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