The Global Market for Bioenergy 2023-2033 - Nanotechnology Market Research

Published June 2023 | 430 pages, 85 tables, 113 figures | Download table of contents

Bioenergy, a form of renewable energy derived from different sources of biomass, is viewed as a key pathway to net zero. Biomass is a promising alternative source for producing clean and sustainable energy and products, because of its communal availability, relatively lower price, and zero harmful emissions. Biomass originates from microbes and vegetation and is generally classified into agriculture biomass, forestry biomass, crops, wood-based biomass, municipal and industrial waste, food waste, animal and human-generated waste. Biomass can be transformed into biofuels through biological and thermal conversion approaches, such as pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion. Bioenergy technologies are fully commercial, proven at scale, and can deliver the full range of energy services: power, heat and transport fuel.

The Global Market for Bioenergy 2023-2033 is an essential resource for anyone involved in the energy and sustainability industries. The report provides extensive proprietary data on producers, production, demand, applications, market share, and pricing.

Report contents include:

Markets drivers, trends and challenges.
Bioenergy demand and consumption, historical and forecast to 2033.
Prices for bioenergy, by type 2020-2023.
Analysis of feedstocks including prices.
Market analysis including key players, end use markets, production processes, costs, production capacities, market demand for bioenergy.
Market segmentation analysis including:
- Biodiesel.
- Renewable diesel.
- Bio-aviation oil.
- Bio-naphtha.
- Biomethanol.
- Bioethanol.
- Biobutanol.
- Biogas/biomethane.
- Biosyngas.
- Bio-Hydrogen.
- Electrofuels.
- Algal biofuels.
- Green ammonia.
- Bio-oils.
- Waste lubricant oils.
- Chemical recycling for biofuels.
- Biofuels from carbon capture.
- Refuse-Derived Fuels.
- Wood chip and pellet biofuels.
Production and synthesis methods.
Bioenergy industry developments and investments 2020-2023.
Profiles of 206 corporations, companies and start-ups. Companies profiled include Algenol, Apeiron Bioenergy, Biogasclean A/S, BTG Bioliquids, Byogy Renewables, Ductor, Enerkem, ENGIE, Euglena Co., Ltd., Firefly Green Fuels, FORGE Hydrocarbons Corporation, Fulcrum Bioenergy, Genecis Bioindustries, Gevo, Graforce Hydro GmbH, Hy2Gen AG, HydGene Renewables, Infinium Electrofuels, Kvasir Technologies, Mercurius Biorefining, Obeo Biogas, Opera Bioscience, Primary Ocean, Reverion, Steeper Energy, SunFire GmbH, Vertus Energy and Viridos, Inc.

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21

2 WHAT IS BIOENERGY? 24

3 BIOENERGY INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2023 27

4 THE GLOBAL BIOENERGY MARKET 34

4.1 Market drivers 34
4.2 Market challenges 35
4.3 Bioenergy markets 36
- 4.3.1 Heat 36
- 4.3.2 Transport 36
- 4.3.3 Power 38
4.4 Diesel substitutes and alternatives 38
4.5 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives 39
4.6 Global biofuels demand to 2040 40
4.7 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2033, by type and production 41
4.8 Comparison of biofuel costs 2023, by type 43
4.9 Conversion of biomass 45
4.10 Types of bioenergy products 47
- 4.10.1 Solid biomass based energy 47
- 4.10.2 Liquid biomass based energy 48
- 4.10.3 Gaseous biomass based energy 48
- 4.10.4 Conventional biomass based energy 49
- 4.10.5 Advanced biomassed based energy 50
4.11 Feedstocks 51
- 4.11.1 First-generation (1-G) 53
- 4.11.2 Second-generation (2-G) 55
  - 4.11.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues 55
  - 4.11.2.2 Biorefinery lignin 57
- 4.11.3 Third-generation (3-G) 61
  - 4.11.3.1 Algal biofuels 61
- 4.11.4 Fourth-generation (4-G) 64
- 4.11.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation 64
- 4.11.6 Energy crops 65
- 4.11.7 Agricultural residues 66
- 4.11.8 Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste 67
- 4.11.9 Forestry and wood waste 67
- 4.11.10 Feedstock costs 68

5 BIOENERGY PRICES 2020-2023, BY TYPE 69

6 BIOMASS-BASED DIESEL 72

6.1 Biodiesel 72
- 6.1.1 Biodiesel by generation 73
- 6.1.2 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels 74
  - 6.1.2.1 Pyrolysis of biomass 75
  - 6.1.2.2 Vegetable oil transesterification 78
  - 6.1.2.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO) 79
  - 6.1.2.4 Biodiesel from tall oil 81
  - 6.1.2.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel 81
  - 6.1.2.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass 83
  - 6.1.2.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) 83
  - 6.1.2.8 Dymethyl ether (DME) 84
- 6.1.3 Prices 85
- 6.1.4 Global production and consumption 86
6.2 Renewable diesel 89
- 6.2.1 Production 89
- 6.2.2 Prices 90
- 6.2.3 Global consumption 91

7 BIO-AVIATION FUEL 93

7.1 Description 93
- 7.1.1 Global market 93
- 7.1.2 Production pathways 94
- 7.1.3 Prices 97
- 7.1.4 Biojet fuel production capacities 98
- 7.1.5 Challenges 98
- 7.1.6 Global consumption 99

8 BIO-NAPHTHA FUELS 101

8.1 Overview 101
8.2 Markets and applications 102
8.3 Prices 104
8.4 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned 105
8.5 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned 106

9 BIOMETHANOL 108

9.1 Methanol-to gasoline technology 109
- 9.1.1 Production processes 110
  - 9.1.1.1 Anaerobic digestion 111
  - 9.1.1.2 Biomass gasification 111
  - 9.1.1.3 Power to Methane 112
- 9.1.2 Biomethanol prices 113

10 BIOETHANOL 114

10.1 Technology description 114
10.2 1G Bio-Ethanol 115
10.3 Ethanol to jet fuel technology 115
10.4 Methanol from pulp & paper production 116
10.5 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation 116
10.6 Gasification 117
- 10.6.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 117
- 10.6.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion 117
10.7 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis 118
10.8 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation 118
- 10.8.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation 118
- 10.8.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) 119
- 10.8.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) 119
- 10.8.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) 120
- 10.8.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP) 120
10.9 Prices 121
10.10 Global ethanol consumption 122

11 BIOBUTANOL 124

11.1 Production 126
11.2 Prices 126

12 BIOMASS-BASED GAS 127

12.1 Biogas 127
- 12.1.1 Biomethane 128
- 12.1.2 Production pathways 131
  - 12.1.2.1 Landfill gas recovery 131
  - 12.1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion 132
  - 12.1.2.3 Thermal gasification 133
- 12.1.3 Global production 134
- 12.1.4 Bio-LNG and bio-CNG 136
- 12.1.5 Plants 139
- 12.1.6 Prices 141
- 12.1.7 Carbon capture from biogas 142
12.2 Biosyngas 144
- 12.2.1 Production 144
- 12.2.2 Prices 145
12.3 Biohydrogen 146
- 12.3.1 Description 147
- 12.3.2 Production of biohydrogen from biomass 147
  - 12.3.2.1 Biological Conversion Routes 148
  - 12.3.2.2 Thermochemical conversion routes 150
- 12.3.3 Applications 152
- 12.3.4 Prices 153
12.4 Biochar in biogas production 154

13 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS) 155

13.1 Introduction 155
- 13.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels 158
13.2 Feedstocks 159
- 13.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis 159
- 13.2.2 CO2 capture 160
13.3 Production 160
- 13.3.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned 162
13.4 Electrolysers 163
- 13.4.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs) 165
- 13.4.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC) 165
- 13.4.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs) 165
13.5 Prices 165
13.6 Market challenges 168
13.7 Companies 169

14 ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS 170

14.1 Technology description 170
14.2 Conversion pathways 170
14.3 Production 171
14.4 Market challenges 172
14.5 Prices 173
14.6 Commercial development and producers 174

15 GREEN AMMONIA 176

15.1 Production 176
- 15.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production 179
- 15.1.2 Green ammonia projects 179
15.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods 179
- 15.2.1 Haber-Bosch process 179
- 15.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation 180
- 15.2.3 Electrochemical production 181
- 15.2.4 Chemical looping processes 181
15.3 Blue ammonia 181
- 15.3.1 Blue ammonia projects 181
15.4 Markets and applications 182
- 15.4.1 Chemical energy storage 182
  - 15.4.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells 182
- 15.4.2 Marine fuel 183
15.5 Prices 185
15.6 Estimated market demand 187
15.7 Companies and projects 187

16 BIO-OILS 189

16.1 Description 189
16.2 Production 190
- 16.2.1 Fast Pyrolysis 190
- 16.2.2 Costs 191
- 16.2.3 Upgrading 192
16.3 Applications 192
16.4 Prices 193
16.5 Virgin and waste lubricant oils (WLO) 194

17 CHEMICAL RECYCLING FOR BIOFUELS 195

17.1 Plastic pyrolysis 195
17.2 Used tires pyrolysis 196
- 17.2.1 Conversion to biofuel 197
17.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes 198
17.4 Gasification 199
- 17.4.1 Syngas conversion to methanol 200
- 17.4.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 204
- 17.4.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion 204
17.5 Hydrothermal cracking 205

18 BIOFUELS FROM CARBON CAPTURE 205

18.1 Overview 206
18.2 CO2 capture from point sources 209
18.3 Production routes 210
18.4 Prices 211
18.5 Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) 212
- 18.5.1 Overview of technology 212
- 18.5.2 Biomass conversion 214
- 18.5.3 BECCS facilities 214
- 18.5.4 Challenges 215
18.6 Biomass carbon removal and storage (BiCRS) 216
18.7 Hydrogen bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (HyBECCs) 217
18.8 Direct air capture (DAC) 217
- 18.8.1 Description 217
- 18.8.2 Deployment 219
- 18.8.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture 220
- 18.8.4 Technologies 220
  - 18.8.4.1 Solid sorbents 222
  - 18.8.4.2 Liquid sorbents 224
  - 18.8.4.3 Liquid solvents 224
  - 18.8.4.4 Airflow equipment integration 225
  - 18.8.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) 225
  - 18.8.4.6 Direct conversion 226
  - 18.8.4.7 Co-product generation 226
  - 18.8.4.8 Low Temperature DAC 226
  - 18.8.4.9 Regeneration methods 226
- 18.8.5 Commercialization and plants 227
- 18.8.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC 228
- 18.8.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned 228
- 18.8.8 Markets for DAC 235
- 18.8.9 Costs 236
- 18.8.10 Challenges 241
- 18.8.11 Players and production 242
18.9 Methanol 242
18.10 Algae based carbon utilization 243
18.11 CO₂-fuels from solar 244
18.12 Companies 246
18.13 Challenges 248

19 REFUSE-DERIVED FUELS 249

19.1 Overview 249
19.2 Production 250
- 19.2.1 Mechanical biological treatment 250
- 19.2.2 Production process 251
- 19.2.3 Markets 252

20 SOLID WOOD BIOFUELS 253

20.1 Overview 253
- 20.1.1 Solid biofuels 253
20.2 Production 254
- 20.2.1 Wood chips and pellets 254
20.3 Markets 255

21 COMPANY PROFILES 256 (206 company profiles)

22 REFERENCES 417

List of Tables

Table 1. Bioenergy industry developments in 2020-2023. 27
Table 2. Market drivers for biofuels. 33
Table 3. Market challenges for biofuels. 34
Table 4. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2033, by type and production. 42
Table 5. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2023, by type. 43
Table 6. Categories and examples of solid biofuel. 47
Table 7. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity. 50
Table 8. Classification of biomass feedstock. 52
Table 9. Biorefinery feedstocks. 52
Table 10. Feedstock conversion pathways. 53
Table 11. First-Generation Feedstocks. 53
Table 12. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 56
Table 13. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 57
Table 14. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 58
Table 15. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol. 60
Table 16. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae. 62
Table 17. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops. 63
Table 18. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation. 64
Table 19. Bioenergy prices 2020-2023, by type. 69
Table 20. Biodiesel by generation. 73
Table 21. Biodiesel production techniques. 75
Table 22. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions. 75
Table 23. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield. 77
Table 24. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 77
Table 25. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel. 79
Table 26. Main producers of HVO and capacities. 80
Table 27. Example commercial Development of BtL processes. 81
Table 28. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes. 82
Table 29. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year). 87
Table 30. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year). 92
Table 31. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel 93
Table 32. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel. 94
Table 33. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities. 98
Table 34. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year). 99
Table 35. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications. 102
Table 36. Bio-naphtha market value chain. 102
Table 37. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer. 105
Table 38. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas. 111
Table 39. Processes in bioethanol production. 119
Table 40. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic. 120
Table 41. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres). 123
Table 42. Global biogas and biomethane production. 134
Table 43. Biogas feedstocks. 136
Table 44. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants. 139
Table 45. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways 152
Table 46. Biohydrogen prices. 153
Table 47. Levelized cost and carbon footprint comparison between types of hydrogen. 153
Table 48. Applications of e-fuels, by type. 157
Table 49. Overview of e-fuels. 158
Table 50. Benefits of e-fuels. 158
Table 51. eFuel production facilities, current and planned. 162
Table 52. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies. 164
Table 53. Market challenges for e-fuels. 168
Table 54. E-fuels companies. 169
Table 55. Companies producing algae-derived fuels. 175
Table 56. Green ammonia projects (current and planned). 179
Table 57. Blue ammonia projects. 181
Table 58. Ammonia fuel cell technologies. 182
Table 59. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel. 184
Table 60. Summary of marine alternative fuels. 184
Table 61. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia. 186
Table 62. Main players in green ammonia. 187
Table 63. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil. 189
Table 64. Summary of gasification technologies. 199
Table 65. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling. 205
Table 66. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels. 207
Table 67. Point source examples. 209
Table 68. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon. 214
Table 69. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2. 215
Table 70. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 219
Table 71. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC. 225
Table 72. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies. 225
Table 73. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies. 227
Table 74. DAC companies and technologies. 227
Table 75. DAC technology developers and production. 229
Table 76. DAC projects in development. 234
Table 77. Markets for DAC. 235
Table 78. Costs summary for DAC. 236
Table 79. Cost estimates of DAC. 239
Table 80. Challenges for DAC technology. 241
Table 81. DAC companies and technologies. 242
Table 82. Microalgae products and prices. 244
Table 83. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches. 245
Table 84. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products. 246
Table 85. Overview of key resource recovery technologies. 249
Table 86. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 327

List of Figures

Figure 1. Bioenergy pathways: from biomass to final energy use. 25
Figure 2. Role of bioenergy in final energy consumption. 26
Figure 3. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends. 39
Figure 4. Global biofuels demand to 2040. 40
Figure 5. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021. 41
Figure 6. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2022. 42
Figure 7. Current conversion technologies of biomass. 45
Figure 8. : Biomass feedstock conversion chains. 51
Figure 9. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 58
Figure 10. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 61
Figure 11. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type. 68
Figure 12. Bioenergy prices 2020-2023, by type. 70
Figure 13. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres). 73
Figure 14. Flow chart for biodiesel production. 78
Figure 15. Biodiesel prices, current and historical. 85
Figure 16. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year). 87
Figure 17. Renewable diesel prices. 90
Figure 18. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year). 91
Figure 19. Biojet fuel prices. 97
Figure 20. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year). 99
Figure 21. Bio-naphtha prices. 104
Figure 22. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 107
Figure 23. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks. 110
Figure 24. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading. 111
Figure 25. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation. 112
Figure 26. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process. 113
Figure 27. Biomethanol prices. 113
Figure 28. Bioethanol prices. 121
Figure 29. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres). 122
Figure 30. Properties of petrol and biobutanol. 124
Figure 31. Biobutanol production route. 125
Figure 32. Biobutanol prices. 126
Figure 33. Overview of biogas utilization. 129
Figure 34. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 131
Figure 35. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production. 132
Figure 36. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production. 133
Figure 37. Biomethane prices. 141
Figure 38. Bio-LNG from anaerobic digestion total cost range in 2020, 2030 and 2050, compared with fossil LNG. 141
Figure 39. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021. 145
Figure 40. Biosyngas prices. 145
Figure 41. Metabolic pathways of biohydrogen production by micro-algal biomass. 147
Figure 42. Process steps in the production of electrofuels. 156
Figure 43. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics. 157
Figure 44. Production process for green hydrogen. 159
Figure 45. E-liquids production routes. 161
Figure 46. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products. 161
Figure 47. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production. 162
Figure 48. E-fuel prices. 166
Figure 49. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels. 166
Figure 50. Cost breakdown for e-fuels. 168
Figure 51. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels. 170
Figure 52. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production. 172
Figure 53. Algal biofuels prices. 173
Figure 54. Algal biofuel selling prices. 174
Figure 55. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production. 177
Figure 56. Green ammonia production and use. 178
Figure 57. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction. 180
Figure 58. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation. 180
Figure 59. Estimated production cost of green ammonia. 186
Figure 60. Green ammonia prices. 186
Figure 61. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons. 187
Figure 62. Bio-oil prices. 193
Figure 63. Circular economy concept for the management of WLO. 194
Figure 64. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline 195
Figure 65. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires. 197
Figure 66. Used tires conversion process. 198
Figure 67. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021. 200
Figure 68. Overview of biogas utilization. 202
Figure 69. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 203
Figure 70. CO2 capture and separation technology. 206
Figure 71. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates. 208
Figure 72. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel. 209
Figure 73. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process. 213
Figure 74. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 218
Figure 75. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 219
Figure 76. DAC technologies. 221
Figure 77. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system. 222
Figure 78. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland. 223
Figure 79. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC. 223
Figure 80. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering. 224
Figure 81. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities. 229
Figure 82. Global map of DAC and CCS plants. 235
Figure 83. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies. 237
Figure 84. DAC cost breakdown and comparison. 238
Figure 85. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems. 240
Figure 86. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol. 243
Figure 87. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c 245
Figure 88. Audi synthetic fuels. 246
Figure 89. Standard components of an RDF plant. 251
Figure 90. Woody biomass for energy in the wood value chain 253
Figure 91. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 264
Figure 92. ChemCyclingTM prototypes. 270
Figure 93. ChemCycling circle by BASF. 271
Figure 94. FBPO process 283
Figure 95. Direct Air Capture Process. 287
Figure 96. CRI process. 289
Figure 97. Cassandra Oil process. 292
Figure 98. Colyser process. 299
Figure 99. Domsjö process. 303
Figure 100. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic. 306
Figure 101. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer. 307
Figure 102. FuelPositive system. 321
Figure 103. INERATEC unit. 337
Figure 104. Infinitree swing method. 338
Figure 105. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 372
Figure 106: Plantrose process. 379
Figure 107. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production. 396
Figure 108. O12 Reactor. 403
Figure 109. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials. 403
Figure 110. CO2 made car part. 403
Figure 111. The Velocys process. 406
Figure 112. Goldilocks process and applications. 409
Figure 113. The Proesa® Process. 410

The Global Market for Bioenergy 2023-2033

PDF download.