The Global Market for Bioplastics and Advanced (Chemical) Plastics Recycling 2024-2034

1              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         53

2              INTRODUCTION 55

• 2.1          Global production of plastics       55
• 2.2          The importance of plastic              55
• 2.3          Issues with plastics use  56
• 2.4          Bio-based or renewable plastics 56
  • 2.4.1      Drop-in bio-based plastics            57
  • 2.4.2      Novel bio-based plastics                58
• 2.5          Biodegradable and compostable plastics                58
  • 2.5.1      Biodegradability               59
  • 2.5.2      Compostability  60
• 2.6          Plastic pollution 60
• 2.7          Policy and regulations    61
• 2.8          The circular economy     62
• 2.9          Plastic recycling 63
  • 2.9.1      Mechanical recycling      66
    • 2.9.1.1   Closed-loop mechanical recycling              66
    • 2.9.1.2   Open-loop mechanical recycling 67
    • 2.9.1.3   Polymer types, use, and recovery             67
  • 2.9.2      Advanced recycling (molecular recycling, chemical recycling)        68
    • 2.9.2.1   Main streams of plastic waste    68
    • 2.9.2.2   Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling         69
• 2.10        Life cycle assessment     70

3              BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES MARKET  71

• 3.1          BIOREFINERIES  71
• 3.2          BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE   72
• 3.3          PLANT-BASED    75
  • 3.3.1      STARCH 75
    • 3.3.1.1   Overview            75
    • 3.3.1.2   Sources 75
    • 3.3.1.3   Global production            76
    • 3.3.1.4   Lysine   76
      • 3.3.1.4.1               Source  77
      • 3.3.1.4.2               Applications       77
      • 3.3.1.4.3               Global production            78
    • 3.3.1.5   Glucose 79
      • 3.3.1.5.1               HMDA   80
        • 3.3.1.5.1.1           Overview            80
        • 3.3.1.5.1.2           Sources 80
        • 3.3.1.5.1.3           Applications       81
        • 3.3.1.5.1.4           Global production            81
      • 3.3.1.5.2               1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)          82
        • 3.3.1.5.2.1           Overview            82
        • 3.3.1.5.2.2           Sources 82
        • 3.3.1.5.2.3           Applications       83
        • 3.3.1.5.2.4           Global production            83
      • 3.3.1.5.3               Sorbitol 84
        • 3.3.1.5.3.1           Isosorbide           84
          • 3.3.1.5.3.1.1        Overview            84
          • 3.3.1.5.3.1.2        Sources 84
          • 3.3.1.5.3.1.3        Applications       85
          • 3.3.1.5.3.1.4        Global production            86
      • 3.3.1.5.4               Lactic acid            86
        • 3.3.1.5.4.1           Overview            86
        • 3.3.1.5.4.2           D-lactic acid        87
        • 3.3.1.5.4.3           L-lactic acid         87
        • 3.3.1.5.4.4           Lactide  87
      • 3.3.1.5.5               Itaconic acid       89
        • 3.3.1.5.5.1           Overview            89
        • 3.3.1.5.5.2           Sources 89
        • 3.3.1.5.5.3           Applications       90
        • 3.3.1.5.5.4           Global production            90
      • 3.3.1.5.6               3-HP      91
        • 3.3.1.5.6.1           Overview            91
        • 3.3.1.5.6.2           Sources 91
        • 3.3.1.5.6.3           Applications       91
        • 3.3.1.5.6.4           Global production            92
        • 3.3.1.5.6.5           Acrylic acid          93
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.1        Overview            93
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.2        Applications       93
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.3        Global production            94
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6           1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)           94
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.1        Overview            94
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.2        Applications       94
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.3        Global production            95
      • 3.3.1.5.7               Succinic Acid      96
        • 3.3.1.5.7.1           Overview            96
        • 3.3.1.5.7.2           Sources 96
        • 3.3.1.5.7.3           Applications       96
        • 3.3.1.5.7.4           Global production            97
        • 3.3.1.5.7.5           1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)              98
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.1        Overview            98
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.2        Applications       98
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.3        Gobal production             98
        • 3.3.1.5.7.6           Tetrahydrofuran (THF)   99
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.1        Overview            99
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.2        Applications       100
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.3        Global production            100
      • 3.3.1.5.8               Adipic acid           101
        • 3.3.1.5.8.1           Overview            101
        • 3.3.1.5.8.2           Applications       101
        • 3.3.1.5.8.3           Caprolactame    102
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.1        Overview            102
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.2        Applications       102
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.3        Global production            103
      • 3.3.1.5.9               Isobutanol          104
        • 3.3.1.5.9.1           Overview            104
        • 3.3.1.5.9.2           Sources 105
        • 3.3.1.5.9.3           Applications       105
        • 3.3.1.5.9.4           Global production            106
        • 3.3.1.5.9.5           p-Xylene              106
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.1        Overview            106
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.2        Sources 107
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.3        Applications       107
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.4        Global production            108
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.5        Terephthalic acid              108
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.6        Overview            108
            • 3.3.1.5.9.5.6.1    Applications       109
            • 3.3.1.5.9.5.6.2    Global production            109
      • 3.3.1.5.10             1,3 Proppanediol             110
        • 3.3.1.5.10.1.1     Overview            110
        • 3.3.1.5.10.2         Sources 110
        • 3.3.1.5.10.3         Applications       110
        • 3.3.1.5.10.4         Global production            111
      • 3.3.1.5.11             Monoethylene glycol (MEG)       111
        • 3.3.1.5.11.1         Overview            111
        • 3.3.1.5.11.2         Sources 112
        • 3.3.1.5.11.3         Applications       112
        • 3.3.1.5.11.4         Global production            112
      • 3.3.1.5.12             Ethanol 113
        • 3.3.1.5.12.1         Overview            113
        • 3.3.1.5.12.2         Sources 113
        • 3.3.1.5.12.3         Applications       114
        • 3.3.1.5.12.4         Global production            114
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5         Ethylene              115
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5.1     Overview            115
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5.2     Applications       115
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5.3     Global production            116
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4     Propylene           116
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4.1  Overview            116
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4.2  Applications       117
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4.3  Global production            118
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5     Vinyl chloride     118
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5.1  Overview            118
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5.2  Applications       119
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5.3  Global production            120
        • 3.3.1.5.12.6         Methly methacrylate      120
          • 3.3.1.5.12.6.1.1  Overview            120
          • 3.3.1.5.12.6.1.2  Applications       120
          • 3.3.1.5.12.6.1.3  Global production            121
  • 3.3.2      SUGAR CROPS   122
    • • 3.3.2.1   Saccharose         122
        • 3.3.2.1.1               Aniline  122
          • 3.3.2.1.1.1           Overview            122
          • 3.3.2.1.1.2           Applications       122
          • 3.3.2.1.1.3           Global production            123
      • 3.3.2.1.2               Fructose              123
        • 3.3.2.1.2.1           Overview            123
        • 3.3.2.1.2.2           Applications       124
        • 3.3.2.1.2.3           Global production            124
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4           5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)            124
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.1        Overview            124
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.2        Applications       125
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.3        Global production            125
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5           5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF) 126
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.1        Overview            126
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.2        Applications       126
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.3        Global production            127
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6           Levulinic Acid     127
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.1        Overview            127
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.2        Applications       127
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.3        Global production            128
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7           FDME    129
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.1        Overview            129
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.2        Applications       129
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.3        Global production            129
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8           2,5-FDCA             130
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.1        Overview            130
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.2        Applications       130
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.3        Global production            131
  • 3.3.3      LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS       131
    • 3.3.3.1   Levoglucosenone             131
      • 3.3.3.1.1               Overview            131
      • 3.3.3.1.2               Applications       132
      • 3.3.3.1.3               Global production            132
    • 3.3.3.2   Hemicellulose    133
      • 3.3.3.2.1               Overview            133
      • 3.3.3.2.2               Biochemicals from hemicellulose              133
      • 3.3.3.2.3               Global production            134
      • 3.3.3.2.4               Furfural 135
        • 3.3.3.2.4.1           Overview            135
        • 3.3.3.2.4.2           Applications       135
        • 3.3.3.2.4.3           Global production            135
        • 3.3.3.2.4.4           Furfuyl alcohol   136
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.1        Overview            136
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.2        Applications       137
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.3        Global production            137
    • 3.3.3.3   Lignin    138
      • 3.3.3.3.1               Overview            138
      • 3.3.3.3.2               Sources 138
      • 3.3.3.3.3               Applications       140
        • 3.3.3.3.3.1           Aromatic compounds     140
          • 3.3.3.3.3.1.1        Benzene, toluene and xylene      140
          • 3.3.3.3.3.1.2        Phenol and phenolic resins          141
          • 3.3.3.3.3.1.3        Vanillin 141
        • 3.3.3.3.3.2           Polymers             142
      • 3.3.3.3.4               Global production            143
  • 3.3.4      PLANT OILS         144
    • 3.3.4.1   Overview            144
    • 3.3.4.2   Glycerol               144
      • 3.3.4.2.1               Overview            144
      • 3.3.4.2.2               Applications       144
      • 3.3.4.2.3               Global production            145
      • 3.3.4.2.4               MPG      145
        • 3.3.4.2.4.1           Overview            145
        • 3.3.4.2.4.2           Applications       146
        • 3.3.4.2.4.3           Global production            147
      • 3.3.4.2.5               ECH        147
        • 3.3.4.2.5.1           Overview            147
        • 3.3.4.2.5.2           Applications       147
        • 3.3.4.2.5.3           Global production            148
    • 3.3.4.3   Fatty acids           148
      • 3.3.4.3.1               Overview            148
      • 3.3.4.3.2               Applications       149
      • 3.3.4.3.3               Global production            149
    • 3.3.4.4   Castor oil             150
      • 3.3.4.4.1               Overview            150
      • 3.3.4.4.2               Sebacic acid        150
        • 3.3.4.4.2.1           Overview            150
        • 3.3.4.4.2.2           Applications       150
        • 3.3.4.4.2.3           Global production            151
      • 3.3.4.4.3               11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)            151
        • 3.3.4.4.3.1           Overview            151
        • 3.3.4.4.3.2           Applications       152
        • 3.3.4.4.3.3           Global production            152
    • 3.3.4.5   Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)         153
      • 3.3.4.5.1               Overview            153
      • 3.3.4.5.2               Applications       153
      • 3.3.4.5.3               Global production            154
    • 3.3.4.6   Pentamethylene diisocyanate    154
      • 3.3.4.6.1               Overview            154
      • 3.3.4.6.2               Applications       155
      • 3.3.4.6.3               Global production            155
  • 3.3.5      NON-EDIBIBLE MILK        156
    • 3.3.5.1   Casein   156
      • 3.3.5.1.1               Overview            156
      • 3.3.5.1.2               Applications       156
      • 3.3.5.1.3               Global production            157
• 3.4          WASTE  157
  • 3.4.1      Food waste         157
    • 3.4.1.1   Overview            157
    • 3.4.1.2   Products and applications             158
      • 3.4.1.2.1               Global production            158
  • 3.4.2      Agricultural waste           159
    • 3.4.2.1   Overview            159
    • 3.4.2.2   Products and applications             159
    • 3.4.2.3   Global production            160
  • 3.4.3      Forestry waste  160
    • 3.4.3.1   Overview            160
    • 3.4.3.2   Products and applications             161
    • 3.4.3.3   Global production            161
  • 3.4.4      Aquaculture/fishing waste           161
    • 3.4.4.1   Overview            161
    • 3.4.4.2   Products and applications             162
    • 3.4.4.3   Global production            162
  • 3.4.5      Municipal solid waste    162
    • 3.4.5.1   Overview            162
    • 3.4.5.2   Products and applications             163
    • 3.4.5.3   Global production            163
  • 3.4.6      Industrial waste 164
    • 3.4.6.1   Overview            164
  • 3.4.7      Waste oils            164
    • 3.4.7.1   Overview            164
    • 3.4.7.2   Products and applications             164
    • 3.4.7.3   Global production            165
• 3.5          MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES             165
  • 3.5.1      Microalgae          165
    • 3.5.1.1   Overview            165
    • 3.5.1.2   Products and applications             165
    • 3.5.1.3   Global production            166
  • 3.5.2      Macroalgae        166
    • 3.5.2.1   Overview            166
    • 3.5.2.2   Products and applications             167
    • 3.5.2.3   Global production            168
  • 3.5.3      Mineral sources 168
    • 3.5.3.1   Overview            168
    • 3.5.3.2   Products and applications             169
• 3.6          GASEOUS            169
  • 3.6.1      Biogas   170
    • 3.6.1.1   Overview            170
    • 3.6.1.2   Products and applications             171
    • 3.6.1.3   Global production            171
  • 3.6.2      Syngas  172
    • 3.6.2.1   Overview            172
    • 3.6.2.2   Products and applications             173
    • 3.6.2.3   Global production            174
  • 3.6.3      Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO              174
    • 3.6.3.1   Overview            174
    • 3.6.3.2   Products and applications             175
• 3.7          COMPANY PROFILES       176 (115 company profiles)

4              BIO-BASED PLASTICS MARKET    258

• 4.1          BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS      258
  • 4.1.1      Drop-in bio-based plastics            258
  • 4.1.2      Novel bio-based plastics                259
• 4.2          BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS 260
  • 4.2.1      Biodegradability               260
  • 4.2.2      Compostability  261
• 4.3          TYPES    262
• 4.4          KEY MARKET PLAYERS    264
• 4.5          SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS            265
  • 4.5.1      Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 265
    • 4.5.1.1   Market analysis 266
    • 4.5.1.2   Production          267
    • 4.5.1.3   Producers and production capacities, current and planned            267
      • 4.5.1.3.1               Lactic acid producers and production capacities  267
      • 4.5.1.3.2               PLA producers and production capacities               268
      • 4.5.1.3.3               Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)    269
  • 4.5.2      Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)     270
    • 4.5.2.1   Market analysis 270
    • 4.5.2.2   Producers and production capacities       271
    • 4.5.2.3   Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)          272
  • 4.5.3      Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)             272
    • 4.5.3.1   Market analysis 272
    • 4.5.3.2   Producers and production capacities       273
    • 4.5.3.3   Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)         273
  • 4.5.4      Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)             274
    • 4.5.4.1   Market analysis 274
    • 4.5.4.2   Comparative properties to PET   275
    • 4.5.4.3   Producers and production capacities       276
      • 4.5.4.3.1               FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities           276
      • 4.5.4.3.2               Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes). 277
  • 4.5.5      Polyamides (Bio-PA)       277
    • 4.5.5.1   Market analysis 278
    • 4.5.5.2   Producers and production capacities       279
    • 4.5.5.3   Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)           279
  • 4.5.6      Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)        280
    • 4.5.6.1   Market analysis 280
    • 4.5.6.2   Producers and production capacities       280
    • 4.5.6.3   Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)             281
  • 4.5.7      Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers     282
    • 4.5.7.1   Market analysis 282
    • 4.5.7.2   Producers and production capacities       283
    • 4.5.7.3   Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)          283
  • 4.5.8      Polyethylene (Bio-PE)    284
    • 4.5.8.1   Market analysis 284
    • 4.5.8.2   Producers and production capacities       285
    • 4.5.8.3   Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).       285
  • 4.5.9      Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 286
    • 4.5.9.1   Market analysis 286
    • 4.5.9.2   Producers and production capacities       286
    • 4.5.9.3   Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)      287
• 4.6          NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS               288
  • 4.6.1      Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)     288
    • 4.6.1.1   Technology description 288
    • 4.6.1.2   Types    290
      • 4.6.1.2.1               PHB        292
      • 4.6.1.2.2               PHBV     292
    • 4.6.1.3   Synthesis and production processes        294
    • 4.6.1.4   Market analysis 297
    • 4.6.1.5   Commercially available PHAs      298
    • 4.6.1.6   Markets for PHAs             299
      • 4.6.1.6.1               Packaging            300
      • 4.6.1.6.2               Cosmetics           302
        • 4.6.1.6.2.1           PHA microspheres           302
      • 4.6.1.6.3               Medical 302
        • 4.6.1.6.3.1           Tissue engineering          302
        • 4.6.1.6.3.2           Drug delivery     303
      • 4.6.1.6.4               Agriculture          303
        • 4.6.1.6.4.1           Mulch film           303
        • 4.6.1.6.4.2           Grow bags           303
    • 4.6.1.7   Producers and production capacities       304
    • 4.6.1.8   PHA production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)      305
  • 4.6.2      Cellulose              306
    • 4.6.2.1   Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 306
      • 4.6.2.1.1               Market analysis 306
      • 4.6.2.1.2               Producers and production capacities       307
    • 4.6.2.2   Nanocellulose   307
      • 4.6.2.2.1               Cellulose nanocrystals    307
        • 4.6.2.2.1.1           Synthesis             308
        • 4.6.2.2.1.2           Properties           309
        • 4.6.2.2.1.3           Production          311
        • 4.6.2.2.1.4           Applications       311
        • 4.6.2.2.1.5           Market analysis 312
        • 4.6.2.2.1.6           Producers and production capacities       314
      • 4.6.2.2.2               Cellulose nanofibers       314
        • 4.6.2.2.2.1           Applications       315
        • 4.6.2.2.2.2           Market analysis 316
        • 4.6.2.2.2.3           Producers and production capacities       317
      • 4.6.2.2.3               Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)    318
        • 4.6.2.2.3.1           Production          318
        • 4.6.2.2.3.2           Applications       321
  • 4.6.3      Protein-based bioplastics             322
    • 4.6.3.1   Types, applications and producers            323
  • 4.6.4      Algal and fungal 324
    • 4.6.4.1   Algal      324
      • 4.6.4.1.1               Advantages        324
      • 4.6.4.1.2               Production          326
      • 4.6.4.1.3               Producers           326
    • 4.6.4.2   Mycelium            327
      • 4.6.4.2.1               Properties           327
      • 4.6.4.2.2               Applications       328
      • 4.6.4.2.3               Commercialization           329
  • 4.6.5      Chitosan              329
    • 4.6.5.1   Technology description 330
• 4.7          PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION 331
  • 4.7.1      North America   332
  • 4.7.2      Europe 332
  • 4.7.3      Asia-Pacific         333
    • 4.7.3.1   China     333
    • 4.7.3.2   Japan    333
    • 4.7.3.3   Thailand               333
    • 4.7.3.4   Indonesia            334
  • 4.7.4      Latin America    334
• 4.8          MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS           335
  • 4.8.1      Packaging            336
    • 4.8.1.1   Processes for bioplastics in packaging      336
    • 4.8.1.2   Applications       337
    • 4.8.1.3   Flexible packaging            338
      • 4.8.1.3.1               Production volumes 2019-2034   340
    • 4.8.1.4   Rigid packaging 340
      • 4.8.1.4.1               Production volumes 2019-2034   342
  • 4.8.2      Consumer products        342
    • 4.8.2.1   Applications       342
    • 4.8.2.2   Production volumes 2019-2034   343
  • 4.8.3      Automotive        344
    • 4.8.3.1   Applications       344
    • 4.8.3.2   Production volumes 2019-2034   345
  • 4.8.4      Building & construction 345
    • 4.8.4.1   Applications       345
    • 4.8.4.2   Production volumes 2019-2034   346
  • 4.8.5      Textiles 347
    • 4.8.5.1   Apparel 347
    • 4.8.5.2   Footwear            348
    • 4.8.5.3   Medical textiles 349
    • 4.8.5.4   Production volumes 2019-2034   349
  • 4.8.6      Electronics          350
    • 4.8.6.1   Applications       350
      • 4.8.6.1.1               Bioplastics in injection moulded electronics parts              350
      • 4.8.6.1.2               Biodegradable substrates             353
      • 4.8.6.1.3               Sustainable Chemistry   354
    • 4.8.6.2   Production volumes 2019-2034   355
  • 4.8.7      Agriculture and horticulture        356
    • 4.8.7.1   Production volumes 2019-2034   356
• 4.9          NATURAL FIBERS IN BIOPLASTICS              357
  • 4.9.1      Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers            360
  • 4.9.2      Advantages of natural fibers       362
  • 4.9.3      Natural fiber biopolymer markets             363
    • 4.9.3.1   Composites        363
    • 4.9.3.2   Applications       363
    • 4.9.3.3   Natural fiber injection moulding compounds       364
      • 4.9.3.3.1               Properties           365
      • 4.9.3.3.2               Applications       365
    • 4.9.3.4   Non-woven natural fiber mat composites              365
      • 4.9.3.4.1               Automotive        365
      • 4.9.3.4.2               Applications       366
    • 4.9.3.5   Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites        366
    • 4.9.3.6   Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds         367
    • 4.9.3.7   Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats              367
      • 4.9.3.7.1               Flax        367
      • 4.9.3.7.2               Kenaf    368
    • 4.9.3.8   Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites       368
    • 4.9.3.9   Aerospace          369
      • 4.9.3.9.1               Market overview             369
    • 4.9.3.10                Automotive        370
      • 4.9.3.10.1             Market overview             370
      • 4.9.3.10.2             Applications of natural fibers      374
    • 4.9.3.11                Packaging            374
      • 4.9.3.11.1             Market overview             375
  • 4.9.4      Global production of natural fibers           376
    • 4.9.4.1   Overall global fibers market        376
    • 4.9.4.2   Plant-based fiber production      379
    • 4.9.4.3   Animal-based natural fiber production   380
• 4.10        COMPANY PROFILES       381 (517 company profiles)

5              ADVANCED (CHEMICAL) PLASTICS RECYCLING MARKET   792

• 5.1          Classification of recycling technologies   792
• 5.2          Market drivers and trends            793
• 5.3          Industry news, funding and developments 2020-2023      793
• 5.4          Capacities            802
• 5.5          Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology 805
• 5.5.1      PE           805
• 5.5.2      PP           807
• 5.5.3      PET         808
• 5.5.4      PS           810
• 5.5.5      Nylon    811
• 5.5.6      Others  813
• 5.6          Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology, by region            814
• 5.6.1      Europe 814
• 5.6.2      North America   816
• 5.6.3      South America   817
• 5.6.4      Asia        819
• 5.6.5      Oceania                820
• 5.6.6      Africa    822
• 5.7          Chemically recycled plastic products        824
• 5.8          Market map       826
• 5.9          Value chain         827
• 5.10        Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of advanced plastics recycling processes      828
• 5.10.1    PE           829
• 5.10.2    PP           829
• 5.10.3    PET         830
• 5.11        Recycled plastic yield and cost    830
• 5.11.1    Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies        830
• 5.11.2    Prices    831
• 5.12        Market challenges           831

6              THE ADVANCED (CHEMICAL) RECYCLING MARKET             833

• 6.1          Applications       833
• 6.2          Pyrolysis              834
  • 6.2.1      Non-catalytic     835
  • 6.2.2      Catalytic               836
    • 6.2.2.1   Polystyrene pyrolysis     838
    • 6.2.2.2   Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel           838
    • 6.2.2.3   Used tires pyrolysis         842
      • 6.2.2.3.1               Conversion to biofuel     843
    • 6.2.2.4   Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes           844
  • 6.2.3      SWOT analysis   845
  • 6.2.4      Companies and capacities             846
• 6.3          Gasification        847
  • 6.3.1      Technology overview     847
    • 6.3.1.1   Syngas conversion to methanol 848
    • 6.3.1.2   Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation    852
    • 6.3.1.3   Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion        852
  • 6.3.2      SWOT analysis   853
  • 6.3.3      Companies and capacities (current and planned)               854
• 6.4          Dissolution          854
  • 6.4.1      Technology overview     854
  • 6.4.2      SWOT analysis   855
  • 6.4.3      Companies and capacities (current and planned)               856
• 6.5          Depolymerisation            857
  • 6.5.1      Hydrolysis           859
    • 6.5.1.1   Technology overview     859
    • 6.5.1.2   SWOT analysis   860
  • 6.5.2      Enzymolysis        861
    • 6.5.2.1   Technology overview     861
    • 6.5.2.2   SWOT analysis   862
  • 6.5.3      Methanolysis     862
    • 6.5.3.1   Technology overview     862
    • 6.5.3.2   SWOT analysis   864
  • 6.5.4      Glycolysis            864
    • 6.5.4.1   Technology overview     864
    • 6.5.4.2   SWOT analysis   866
  • 6.5.5      Aminolysis          867
    • 6.5.5.1   Technology overview     867
    • 6.5.5.2   SWOT analysis   867
  • 6.5.6      Companies and capacities (current and planned)               868
• 6.6          Other advanced chemical recycling technologies 869
  • 6.6.1      Hydrothermal cracking   869
  • 6.6.2      Pyrolysis with in-line reforming  870
  • 6.6.3      Microwave-assisted pyrolysis     870
  • 6.6.4      Plasma pyrolysis               871
  • 6.6.5      Plasma gasification          872
  • 6.6.6      Supercritical fluids           872
  • 6.6.7      Carbon fiber recycling    873
    • 6.6.7.1   Processes            873
    • 6.6.7.2   Companies         876
• 6.8            COMPANY PROFILES       877 (164 company profiles)

8              GLOSSARY OF TERMS      1016

9              REFERENCES       1018

List of Tables

• Table 1. Issues related to the use of plastics.        56
• Table 2. Type of biodegradation.               59
• Table 3. Overview of the recycling technologies. 66
• Table 4. Polymer types, use, and recovery.           67
• Table 5. Composition of plastic waste streams.   69
• Table 6. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling.       69
• Table 7. Life cycle assessment of virgin plastic production, mechanical recycling and chemical recycling.   70
• Table 8. Life cycle assessment of chemical recycling technologies (pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerization and dissolution).       70
• Table 9. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.       72
• Table 10. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.   73
• Table 11. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.   74
• Table 12. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.      75
• Table 13. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.       77
• Table 14. Applications of  lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals. 78
• Table 15. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.         81
• Table 16. Applications of bio-based HDMA.          81
• Table 17. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).   82
• Table 18. Applications of DN5.    83
• Table 19. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.     85
• Table 20. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.   85
• Table 21. Lactide applications.    88
• Table 22. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.    89
• Table 23. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.               90
• Table 24. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.  91
• Table 25. Applications of 3-HP.   92
• Table 26. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.  93
• Table 27. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO).   95
• Table 28. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid.   96
• Table 29. Applications of succinic acid.    97
• Table 30. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).             98
• Table 31. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).          100
• Table 32. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.   101
• Table 33. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.               103
• Table 34. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.       105
• Table 35. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.  105
• Table 36. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.          107
• Table 37. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.      107
• Table 38. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).         109
• Table 39. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.          110
• Table 40. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.     110
• Table 41. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.  112
• Table 42. Applications of bio-based MEG.              112
• Table 43. Biobased MEG producers capacities.    112
• Table 44. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.            113
• Table 45. Applications of bio-based ethanol.        114
• Table 46. Applications of bio-based ethylene.     115
• Table 47. Applications of bio-based propylene.   117
• Table 48. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.             119
• Table 49. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.             120
• Table 50. Applications of bio-based aniline.          122
• Table 51. Applications of biobased fructose.        124
• Table 52. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF).    125
• Table 53. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).             126
• Table 54. Applications of Levulinic acid.  128
• Table 55. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME. 129
• Table 56. Applications of FDCA.  130
• Table 57. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.          132
• Table 58. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose           133
• Table 59. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose  134
• Table 60. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.              137
• Table 61. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes  138
• Table 62. Lignin aromatic compound products.   140
• Table 63. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.            140
• Table 64. Lignin products in polymeric materials.               142
• Table 65. Application of lignin in plastics and composites.              142
• Table 66. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.             144
• Table 67. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG.  146
• Table 68. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.          147
• Table 69. Mineral source products and applications.         169
• Table 70. Type of biodegradation.            261
• Table 71. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics. 262
• Table 72. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.               262
• Table 73. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.    264
• Table 74. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.               266
• Table 75. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.             267
• Table 76. PLA producers and production capacities.          268
• Table 77. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China.         268
• Table 78. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.              270
• Table 79. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,           271
• Table 80. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.       272
• Table 81. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.   273
• Table 82. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.                274
• Table 83. PEF vs. PET.     275
• Table 84. FDCA and PEF producers.          276
• Table 85. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.                278
• Table 86. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.            279
• Table 87. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.              280
• Table 88. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.      280
• Table 89. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.       282
• Table 90. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.          283
• Table 91. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.                284
• Table 92. Leading Bio-PE producers.        285
• Table 93. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        286
• Table 94. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.           286
• Table 95.Types of PHAs and properties. 291
• Table 96. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers. 293
• Table 97. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.          295
• Table 98. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 297
• Table 99. Commercially available PHAs.  298
• Table 100. Markets and applications for PHAs.    299
• Table 101. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.       300
• Table 102. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.        304
• Table 103. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.                306
• Table 104. Leading MFC producers and capacities.             307
• Table 105. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).   308
• Table 106. CNC sources, size and yield.   309
• Table 107. CNC properties.          310
• Table 108. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials.       310
• Table 109. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).            312
• Table 110. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.            312
• Table 111: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.        314
• Table 112. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).     315
• Table 113. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis. 316
• Table 114. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.  317
• Table 115. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).               321
• Table 116. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.           323
• Table 117. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.          324
• Table 118. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.        325
• Table 119. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.              326
• Table 120. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.       327
• Table 121. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.   329
• Table 122. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      330
• Table 123. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2034, by region, 1,000 tonnes.                332
• Table 124. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.              332
• Table 125. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.             332
• Table 126. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific.     334
• Table 127. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America. 335
• Table 128. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.              336
• Table 129. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.           338
• Table 130. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.           339
• Table 131. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging. 341
• Table 132. Bio-based and non-toxic materials in sustainable electronics. 351
• Table 133. Biodegradable substrates for PCBs.    353
• Table 134. Types of next-gen natural fibers.         357
• Table 135. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.     361
• Table 136. Typical properties of natural fibers.    362
• Table 137. Applications of natural fiber composites.         363
• Table 138. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.     365
• Table 139. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.            366
• Table 140. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.             366
• Table 141. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.     367
• Table 142. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.           368
• Table 143. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 369
• Table 144. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.             371
• Table 145. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 372
• Table 146. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.         374
• Table 147. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 375
• Table 148. Lactips plastic pellets.              586
• Table 149. Oji Holdings CNF products.     657
• Table 150. Types of recycling.     792
• Table 151. Market drivers and trends in the advanced chemical recycling market.               793
• Table 152. Advanced chemical recycling industry news, funding and developments 2020-2023.     793
• Table 153. Advanced plastics recycling capacities, by technology.               803
• Table 154. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tonnes).            805
• Table 155. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tonnes).           807
• Table 156. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tonnes).         808
• Table 157. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tonnes).            810
• Table 158. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tonnes).     811
• Table 159. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tonnes).*                813
• Table 160. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).            814
• Table 161. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).             816
• Table 162. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).             817
• Table 163. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).  819
• Table 164. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).          820
• Table 165. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).              822
• Table 166. Example chemically recycled plastic products.               824
• Table 167. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of Advanced Chemical Recycling Processes.          828
• Table 168. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polyethylene (PE).   829
• Table 169. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polypropylene (PP). 829
• Table 170. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET).    830
• Table 171. Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies. 830
• Table 172. Chemically recycled plastics prices in USD.      831
• Table 173. Challenges in the advanced chemical recycling market.             831
• Table 174. Applications of chemically recycled materials.                833
• Table 175. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies.        835
• Table 176. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies. 836
• Table 177. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.              840
• Table 178. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.         841
• Table 179. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.   842
• Table 180. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned.             846
• Table 181. Summary of gasification technologies.              847
• Table 182. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies. 854
• Table 183. Summary of dissolution technologies.               854
• Table 184. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies  856
• Table 185. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields.          858
• Table 186. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.        859
• Table 187. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.        861
• Table 188. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.        862
• Table 189. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.        864
• Table 190. Summary of aminolysis technologies. 867
• Table 191. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned).          868
• Table 192. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.  869
• Table 193. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling. 870
• Table 194. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.     870
• Table 195. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.              871
• Table 196. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling.         872
• Table 197. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages. 874
• Table 198. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.            875
• Table 199. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.      876

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Global plastics production 1950-2021, millions of tonnes.            55
• Figure 2.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.             57
• Figure 3. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics. 58
• Figure 4. Global production, use, and fate of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives.          61
• Figure 5. The circular plastic economy.   63
• Figure 6. Current management systems for waste plastics.            64
• Figure 7. Overview of the different circular pathways for plastics.               65
• Figure 8. Schematic of biorefinery processes.      71
• Figure 9. Global production of starch for biobased chemicals and intermediates, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).                76
• Figure 10. Global production of biobased lysine, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).         79
• Figure 11. Global glucose production for bio-based chemicals and intermediates 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).                80
• Figure 12. Global production volumes of bio-HMDA, 2018 to 2034 in metric tonnes.          82
• Figure 13. Global production of bio-based DN5, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).          84
• Figure 14. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).              86
• Figure 15. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).       87
• Figure 16. Global lactide production, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).               89
• Figure 17. Global production of bio-itaconic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).       91
• Figure 18. Global production of 3-HP,  2018-2034 (metric tonnes).             92
• Figure 19. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid,  2018-2034 (metric tonnes).           94
• Figure 20. Global production of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).              95
• Figure 21. Global production of bio-based Succinic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).         97
• Figure 22. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).             99
• Figure 23. Global production of bio-based tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).       100
• Figure 24. Overview of Toray process.     101
• Figure 25. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).          104
• Figure 26. Global production of bio-based isobutanol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).             106
• Figure 27. Global production of bio-based p-xylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes). 108
• Figure 28. Global production of biobased terephthalic acid (TPA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).       109
• Figure 29. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).  111
• Figure 30. Global production of biobased MEG, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).          113
• Figure 31. Global production of biobased ethanol, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).      115
• Figure 32. Global production of biobased ethylene, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).    116
• Figure 33. Global production of biobased propylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes). 118
• Figure 34. Global production of biobased vinyl chloride, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).         120
• Figure 35. Global production of bio-based Methly methacrylate, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).         121
• Figure 36. Global production of biobased aniline, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).       123
• Figure 37. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).    124
• Figure 38. Global production of biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes). 125
• Figure 39. Global production of biobased 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).      127
• Figure 40. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).         128
• Figure 41. Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).        130
• Figure 42. Global production of biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes). 131
• Figure 43. Global production projections for bio-based levoglucosenone from 2018 to 2034 in metric tonnes:       132
• Figure 44. Global production of hemicellulose, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).            134
• Figure 45. Global production of biobased furfural, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).     136
• Figure 46. Global production of biobased furfuryl alcohol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).      137
• Figure 47. Schematic of WISA plywood home.     141
• Figure 48. Global production of biobased lignin, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).         143
• Figure 49. Global production of biobased glycerol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).    145
• Figure 50. Global production of Bio-MPG, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).      147
• Figure 51. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).            148
• Figure 52. Global production of biobased fatty acids, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes). 149
• Figure 53. Global production of biobased sebacic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).            151
• Figure 54. Global production of biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes). 152
• Figure 55. Global production of biobased Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).             154
• Figure 56. Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).         155
• Figure 57. Global production of biobased casein, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).       157
• Figure 58. Global production of food waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes). 159
• Figure 59. Global production of agricultural waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).   160
• Figure 60. Global production of forestry waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).          161
• Figure 61. Global production of aquaculture/fishing waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).   162
• Figure 62. Global production of municipal solid waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).            163
• Figure 63. Global production of waste oils for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).   165
• Figure 64. Global microalgae production, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).        166
• Figure 65. Global macroalgae production, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).      168
• Figure 66. Global production of biogas, 2018-2034 (billion m3).   172
• Figure 67. Global production of syngas, 2018-2034 (billion m3).   174
• Figure 68. formicobio™ technology.         195
• Figure 69. Domsjö process.          199
• Figure 70.  TMP-Bio Process.       204
• Figure 71. Lignin gel.       224
• Figure 72. BioFlex process.           227
• Figure 73. LX Process.    229
• Figure 74. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology. 233
• Figure 75. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.               240
• Figure 76.  Precision Photosynthesis™ technology.            242
• Figure 77. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.    243
• Figure 78. UPM biorefinery process.        253
• Figure 79. The Proesa® Process. 254
• Figure 80. Goldilocks process and applications.   256
• Figure 81.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.           259
• Figure 82. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.              260
• Figure 83. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).              270
• Figure 84. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)     272
• Figure 85. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).   274
• Figure 86. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.               276
• Figure 87. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).           277
• Figure 88. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).     279
• Figure 89. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).       282
• Figure 90. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).    284
• Figure 91. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).  285
• Figure 92. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).           287
• Figure 93. PHA family.    291
• Figure 94. PHA production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes). 305
• Figure 95. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals. 308
• Figure 96. CNC preparation.        308
• Figure 97. Extracting CNC from trees.      309
• Figure 98. CNC slurry.     311
• Figure 99. CNF gel.           314
• Figure 100. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes           320
• Figure 101. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.        325
• Figure 102. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.   328
• Figure 103. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.       329
• Figure 104. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2034, 1,000 tonnes.      331
• Figure 105. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2034, 1,000 tonnes.      335
• Figure 106. PHA bioplastics products.      337
• Figure 107. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019–2033 (‘000 tonnes).                340
• Figure 108. Production volumes for bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019–2033 (‘000 tonnes).        342
• Figure 109. Global production for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes. 343
• Figure 110. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes. 345
• Figure 111. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.   346
• Figure 112. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.                349
• Figure 113. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes. 355
• Figure 114. Biodegradable mulch films.  356
• Figure 115. Global production volulmes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes. 357
• Figure 116. Types of natural fibers.          360
• Figure 117. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.       368
• Figure 118. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.               370
• Figure 119. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.            371
• Figure 120. Global fiber production in 2022, by fiber type, million MT and %.        377
• Figure 121. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2034.     378
• Figure 122. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2034, by fiber type, MT.   379
• Figure 123. Animal based fiber production 2018-2034, by fiber type, million MT. 380
• Figure 124. Pluumo.        385
• Figure 125. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.    394
• Figure 126. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.               396
• Figure 127. MEDICELLU™.            397
• Figure 128. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.               406
• Figure 129. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.            406
• Figure 130. CNF nonwoven fabric.            407
• Figure 131. Roof frame made of natural fiber.     417
• Figure 132. Beyond Leather Materials product.   421
• Figure 133. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.          427
• Figure 134. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc. 429
• Figure 135. Fiber-based screw cap.           442
• Figure 136. formicobio™ technology.      462
• Figure 137. nanoforest-S.             465
• Figure 138. nanoforest-PDP.       465
• Figure 139. nanoforest-MB.        466
• Figure 140. sunliquid® production process.           474
• Figure 141. CuanSave film.           477
• Figure 142. Celish.           478
• Figure 143. Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 480
• Figure 144. ELLEX products.         481
• Figure 145. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.          482
• Figure 146. Kirekira! toilet wipes.              482
• Figure 147. Color CNF.   484
• Figure 148. Rheocrysta spray.     489
• Figure 149. DKS CNF products.   490
• Figure 150. Domsjö process.       492
• Figure 151. Mushroom leather. 501
• Figure 152. CNF based on citrus peel.      503
• Figure 153. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.    503
• Figure 154. Filler Bank CNC products.      515
• Figure 155. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.     518
• Figure 156.  TMP-Bio Process.    520
• Figure 157. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.          521
• Figure 158. Water-repellent cellulose.    523
• Figure 159. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 525
• Figure 160. PHA production process.       526
• Figure 161. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              527
• Figure 162. AVAPTM process.     538
• Figure 163. GreenPower+™ process.       538
• Figure 164. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.            542
• Figure 165. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).              544
• Figure 166. CNF gel.        552
• Figure 167. Block nanocellulose material.              552
• Figure 168. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.            553
• Figure 169. Marine leather products.      556
• Figure 170. Inner Mettle Milk products. 560
• Figure 171. Soluboard immersed in water.            571
• Figure 172. Infineon PCB before and after immersion.     571
• Figure 173. Kami Shoji CNF products.      574
• Figure 174. Dual Graft System.   576
• Figure 175. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.        577
• Figure 176. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).           578
• Figure 177. Kel Labs yarn.             579
• Figure 178. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).     583
• Figure 179. Lignin gel.    592
• Figure 180. BioFlex process.        596
• Figure 181. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.   597
• Figure 182. LX Process.  601
• Figure 183. Made of Air's HexChar panels.            604
• Figure 184. TransLeather.             605
• Figure 185. Chitin nanofiber product.      610
• Figure 186. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.            611
• Figure 187. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 612
• Figure 188. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.              616
• Figure 189. IPA synthesis method.            620
• Figure 190. MOGU-Wave panels.              623
• Figure 191. CNF slurries.                624
• Figure 192. Range of CNF products.          624
• Figure 193. Reishi.           628
• Figure 194. Compostable water pod.       646
• Figure 195. Leather made from leaves.   647
• Figure 196. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.      647
• Figure 197. CNF clear sheets.      657
• Figure 198. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       659
• Figure 199. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.            673
• Figure 200. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk. 678
• Figure 201. XCNF.            686
• Figure 202: Plantrose process.    687
• Figure 203. LOVR hemp leather. 690
• Figure 204. CNF insulation flat plates.     693
• Figure 205. Hansa lignin.               700
• Figure 206. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 704
• Figure 207. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 708
• Figure 208. 3D printed cellulose shoe.    716
• Figure 209. Lyocell process.         719
• Figure 210. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.          724
• Figure 211. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.         724
• Figure 212. Spider silk production.            726
• Figure 213. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.   730
• Figure 214. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.       731
• Figure 215. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 732
• Figure 216. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.          732
• Figure 217. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       733
• Figure 218. Sulapac cosmetics containers.             735
• Figure 219.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.              736
• Figure 220. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins.    737
• Figure 221. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles.             747
• Figure 222. Corbion FDCA production process.    755
• Figure 223. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.     756
• Figure 224. CNF resin products. 760
• Figure 225. UPM biorefinery process.     762
• Figure 226. Vegea production process.   767
• Figure 227. The Proesa® Process.              769
• Figure 228. Goldilocks process and applications. 770
• Figure 229. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 774
• Figure 230. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.     777
• Figure 231. Worn Again products.             782
• Figure 232. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.       786
• Figure 233. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tonnes).          807
• Figure 234. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tonnes).          808
• Figure 235. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tonnes).        809
• Figure 236. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tonnes).          811
• Figure 237. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tonnes).   812
• Figure 238. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tonnes).                814
• Figure 239. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).          815
• Figure 240. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).           817
• Figure 241. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).           818
• Figure 242. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes). 820
• Figure 243. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).        821
• Figure 244. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).             823
• Figure 245. Market map for advanced plastics recycling. 827
• Figure 246. Value chain for advanced plastics recycling market.   828
• Figure 247. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.               834
• Figure 248. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline         839
• Figure 249. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.              843
• Figure 250. Used tires conversion process.            844
• Figure 251. SWOT analysis-pyrolysis for advanced recycling.          845
• Figure 252. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.             849
• Figure 253. Overview of biogas utilization.             850
• Figure 254. Biogas and biomethane pathways.   851
• Figure 255. SWOT analysis-gasification for advanced recycling.    853
• Figure 256. SWOT analysis-dissoluton for advanced recycling.      856
• Figure 257. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.         857
• Figure 258. SWOT analysis-Hydrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.    860
• Figure 259. SWOT analysis-Enzymolysis for advanced chemical recycling. 862
• Figure 260. SWOT analysis-Methanolysis for advanced chemical recycling.              864
• Figure 261. SWOT analysis-Glycolysis for advanced chemical recycling.     866
• Figure 262. SWOT analysis-Aminolysis for advanced chemical recycling.   867
• Figure 263. NewCycling process.               884
• Figure 264. ChemCyclingTM prototypes. 888
• Figure 265. ChemCycling circle by BASF. 889
• Figure 266. Recycled carbon fibers obtained through the R3FIBER process.            890
• Figure 267. Cassandra Oil  process.           901
• Figure 268. CuRe Technology process.    909
• Figure 269. MoReTec.    949
• Figure 270. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.         952
• Figure 271. OMV ReOil process. 964
• Figure 272. Schematic Process of Plastic Energy’s TAC Chemical Recycling.              968
• Figure 273. Easy-tear film material from recycled material.            986
• Figure 274. Polyester fabric made from recycled monomers.        989
• Figure 275. A sheet of acrylic resin made from conventional, fossil resource-derived MMA monomer (left) and a sheet of acrylic resin made from chemically recycled MMA monomer (right).    1000
• Figure 276. Teijin Frontier Co., Ltd. Depolymerisation process.    1004
• Figure 277. The Velocys process.               1011
• Figure 278. The Proesa® Process.              1012
• Figure 279. Worn Again products.             1014

The Global Market for Bioplastics and Advanced (Chemical) Plastics Recycling 2024-2034

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