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benefits of bioplastics

The Global Market for Bioplastics and Natural Fibers 2023-2033

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Published September 2022 | 634 pages, 111 tables, 186 figures | Download table of contents

Government legislation, consumer trends and environmental concerns are compelling the development of bioplastics and natural fibers in markets including food packaging, automotive, building/construction, textiles, agriculture, sports & leisure and consumer goods. Biocomposites based on these materials offer significant advantages over incumbent synthetic materials including lightweighting, sustainability and reduced carbon footprint. Natural fibers are also abundant and low-cost. The bioplastics and natural fibers market will witness good growth through to 2033, with excellent opportunities for large producers and start ups. 

The report provides an in depth analysis of the bioplastics and natural fibers market by applications and bioplastic and natural fiber type. Report contents include: 

  • Market trends and drivers in the bioplastics and natural fibers market.
  • Production estimates by bioplastics and natural fibers producers, types, market and regions.
  • Challenges for the bioplastics and natural fibers market.
  • Advantages and disadvantages of the bioplastics and natural fibers over synthetic plastics. 
  • Analysis of synthetic biopolymers market including Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA), Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET), Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT), Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF), Polyamides (Bio-PA), Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT), Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers, Polyethylene (Bio-PE), Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
  • Analysis of naturally produced bio-based polymers including Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polysaccharides, Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), Cellulose nanocrystals, Cellulose nanofibers,  Protein-based bioplastics, Algal and fungal. 
  • Analysis of natural fibers including seed fibers (cotton, luffa), bast fibers (jute, hemp, flax, ramie, kenaf), leaf fibers (sisal, abaca). fruit fibers (banana, pineapple, coir), stalk fibers, bamboo, sugarcane, animal proteins, plus alternative wool, leather, silk and down.
  • Profiles of over 500 companies. Companies profiled include Ananas Anam, BASF, Bast Fiber Technologies Inc., Kelheim Fibres GmbH, BComp, Circular Systems, Evrnu, Natural Fiber Welding, Icytos, NatureWorks, Total Corbion, Danimer Scientific, Novamont, Mitsubishi Chemicals, Indorama, Braskem, Avantium, Borealis, Cathay, Dupont, BASF, Arkema, DuPont, AMSilk GmbH, Notpla, Loliware, Bolt Threads, Ecovative, Kraig Biocraft Laboratories, Spiber and many more. 

 

 

1              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   32

  • 1.1          BIOPLASTICS      32
    • 1.1.1      Market trends   33
    • 1.1.2      Global production to 2033            35
    • 1.1.3      Main producers and global production capacities               37
      • 1.1.3.1   Producers           37
      • 1.1.3.2   By biobased and sustainable plastic type               38
      • 1.1.3.3   By region             40
    • 1.1.4      Global demand for biobased and sustainable plastics 2020-21, by market               42
    • 1.1.5      Challenges for bioplastics in packaging    45
  • 1.2          NATURAL FIBERS              47
    • 1.2.1      What are next-gen natural fibers?            47
    • 1.2.2      Benefits of natural fibers over synthetic 50
    • 1.2.3      Markets and applications for next-gen natural fibers        50
    • 1.2.4      Recent commercial activity in next-gen natural fibers      52
    • 1.2.5      Commercially available next-gen natural fiber  products 54
    • 1.2.6      Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers             57
    • 1.2.7      Challenges          58

 

2              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         60

 

3              THE GLOBAL PLASTICS MARKET 61

  • 3.1          Global production of plastics       61
  • 3.2          The importance of plastic              61
  • 3.3          Issues with plastics use  62
  • 3.4          Policy and regulations    62
  • 3.5          The circular economy     63
  • 3.6          Conventional polymer materials used in packaging            65
    • 3.6.1      Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene      66
    • 3.6.2      PET and other polyester polymers            68
    • 3.6.3      Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging             68
  • 3.7          Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers     70
  • 3.8          End-of-life treatment of bioplastics          70

 

4              THE GLOBAL BIOPLASTICS MARKET          72

  • 4.1          Bio-based or renewable plastics 72
    • 4.1.1      Drop-in bio-based plastics            72
    • 4.1.2      Novel bio-based plastics                73
  • 4.2          Biodegradable and compostable plastics                74
    • 4.2.1      Biodegradability               74
    • 4.2.2      Compostability  75
  • 4.3          Advantages and disadvantages  76
  • 4.4          Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics              76
  • 4.5          Market leaders by biobased and/or biodegradable plastic types  78
  • 4.6          SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS            79
    • 4.6.1      Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 79
      • 4.6.1.1   Market analysis 79
      • 4.6.1.2   Producers and production capacities, current and planned            81
        • 4.6.1.2.1               Lactic acid producers and production capacities  81
        • 4.6.1.2.2               PLA producers and production capacities               81
    • 4.6.2      Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)     83
      • 4.6.2.1   Market analysis 83
      • 4.6.2.2   Producers and production capacities       84
    • 4.6.3      Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)             85
      • 4.6.3.1   Market analysis 85
      • 4.6.3.2   Producers and production capacities       85
    • 4.6.4      Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)             86
      • 4.6.4.1   Market analysis 86
      • 4.6.4.2   Comparative properties to PET   87
      • 4.6.4.3   Producers and production capacities       88
        • 4.6.4.3.1               FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities           88
    • 4.6.5      Polyamides (Bio-PA)       89
      • 4.6.5.1   Market analysis 89
      • 4.6.5.2   Producers and production capacities       90
    • 4.6.6      Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters       91
      • 4.6.6.1   Market analysis 91
      • 4.6.6.2   Producers and production capacities       91
    • 4.6.7      Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers     93
      • 4.6.7.1   Market analysis 93
      • 4.6.7.2   Producers and production capacities       94
    • 4.6.8      Polyethylene (Bio-PE)    95
      • 4.6.8.1   Market analysis 95
      • 4.6.8.2   Producers and production capacities       95
    • 4.6.9      Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 96
      • 4.6.9.1   Market analysis 96
      • 4.6.9.2   Producers and production capacities       96
  • 4.7          NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS               97
    • 4.7.1      Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)     97
      • 4.7.1.1   Technology description 97
      • 4.7.1.2   Types    99
        • 4.7.1.2.1               PHB        101
        • 4.7.1.2.2               PHBV     101
      • 4.7.1.3   Synthesis and production processes        103
      • 4.7.1.4   Market analysis 106
      • 4.7.1.5   Commercially available PHAs      107
      • 4.7.1.6   Producers and production capacities       108
      • 4.7.1.7   PHAs in packaging            109
    • 4.7.2      Polysaccharides 113
      • 4.7.2.1   Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 113
        • 4.7.2.1.1               Market analysis 113
        • 4.7.2.1.2               Producers and production capacities       114
      • 4.7.2.2   Nanocellulose   114
        • 4.7.2.2.1               Cellulose nanocrystals    114
          • 4.7.2.2.1.1           Market analysis 114
          • 4.7.2.2.1.2           Producers and production capacities       115
        • 4.7.2.2.2               Cellulose nanofibers       116
          • 4.7.2.2.2.1           Market analysis 116
          • 4.7.2.2.2.2           Producers and production capacities       118
    • 4.7.2.3   Starch   119
      • 4.7.2.3.1               Production          119
        • 4.7.2.3.1.1           Thermoplastic starch (TPS)          119
        • 4.7.2.3.1.2           Producers           120
    • 4.7.3      Protein-based bioplastics             122
      • 4.7.3.1   Types, applications and producers            122
    • 4.8          Mycelium            124
      • 4.8.1      Properties           124
      • 4.8.2      Applications       125
      • 4.8.3      Producers           127
    • 4.9          Chitosan              127
      • 4.9.1      Properties           128
    • 4.10        Alginate               128
      • 4.10.1    Advantages        128
      • 4.10.2    Production          130
      • 4.10.3    Producers           130

 

5              THE GLOBAL BIOPLASTICS MARKET          132

  • 5.1          Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2033             132
  • 5.2          Processes for bioplastics in packaging      133
  • 5.3          Flexible packaging            135
  • 5.3.1      Production volumes 2019-2033   137
  • 5.4          Rigid packaging 138
    • 5.4.1      Production volumes 2019-2033   139
      • 5.4.1.1   By end-use application  140
  • 5.5          Consumer products        141
  • 5.6          Automotive        141
  • 5.7          Building & construction 142
  • 5.8          Textiles 143
  • 5.9          Electronics          144
  • 5.10        Agriculture and horticulture        145

 

6              THE NATURAL FIBERS MARKET   147

  • 6.1          Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers            147
  • 6.2          Advantages of natural fibers       149
  • 6.3          Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose) 150
    • 6.3.1      Seed fibers         150
      • 6.3.1.1   Cotton  150
      • 6.3.1.1.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   151
      • 6.3.1.2   Kapok   151
        • 6.3.1.2.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   152
      • 6.3.1.3   Luffa      153
    • 6.3.2      Bast fibers           154
      • 6.3.2.1   Jute       154
        • 6.3.2.1.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   155
      • 6.3.2.2   Hemp    156
        • 6.3.2.2.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   157
      • 6.3.2.3   Flax        157
        • 6.3.2.3.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   159
      • 6.3.2.4   Ramie   160
        • 6.3.2.4.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   161
      • 6.3.2.5   Kenaf    161
        • 6.3.2.5.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   162
    • 6.3.3      Leaf fibers           163
      • 6.3.3.1   Sisal       163
        • 6.3.3.1.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   164
      • 6.3.3.2   Abaca    164
        • 6.3.3.2.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   165
    • 6.3.4      Fruit fibers          166
        • 6.3.4.1   Coir        166
          • 6.3.4.1.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   166
        • 6.3.4.2   Banana 167
        • 6.3.4.2.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   168
        • 6.3.4.3   Pineapple            169
    • 6.3.5      Stalk fibers from agricultural residues     170
      • 6.3.5.1   Rice fiber             170
      • 6.3.5.2   Corn      171
    • 6.3.6      Cane, grasses and reed  172
      • 6.3.6.1   Switch grass       172
      • 6.3.6.2   Sugarcane (agricultural residues)              172
      • 6.3.6.3   Bamboo               173
        • 6.3.6.3.1               Production volumes 2018-2033   174
      • 6.3.6.4   Fresh grass (green biorefinery)  174
  • 6.4          Animal (fibrous protein) 175
    • 6.4.1      Wool     175
      • 6.4.1.1   Producers           176
    • 6.4.2      Silk fiber              176
      • 6.4.2.1   Producers           177
    • 6.4.3      Leather 178
      • 6.4.3.1   Producers           178
    • 6.4.4      Fur         180
      • 6.4.4.1   Producers           180
    • 6.4.5      Down    180
      • 6.4.5.1   Producers           180
  • 6.5          MARKETS FOR NEXT-GEN NATURAL FIBERS           182
    • 6.5.1      Composites        182
      • 6.5.1.1   Applications       182
      • 6.5.1.2   Natural fiber injection moulding compounds       184
        • 6.5.1.2.1               Properties           184
        • 6.5.1.2.2               Applications       185
      • 6.5.1.3   Non-woven natural fiber mat composites              185
        • 6.5.1.3.1               Automotive        185
        • 6.5.1.3.2               Applications       185
      • 6.5.1.4   Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites        186
      • 6.5.1.5   Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds         186
      • 6.5.1.6   Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats              187
        • 6.5.1.6.1               Flax        187
        • 6.5.1.6.2               Kenaf    187
      • 6.5.1.7   Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites       188
    • 6.5.2      Aerospace          188
      • 6.5.2.1   Market overview             188
    • 6.5.3      Automotive        189
      • 6.5.3.1   Market overview             189
      • 6.5.3.2   Applications of natural fibers      194
    • 6.5.4      Building/construction     195
      • 6.5.4.1   Market overview             195
      • 6.5.4.2   Applications of natural fibers      195
    • 6.5.5      Sports and leisure            196
      • 6.5.5.1   Market overview             196
    • 6.5.6      Textiles 197
      • 6.5.6.1   Market overview             197
      • 6.5.6.2   Consumer apparel           198
      • 6.5.6.3   Geotextiles        199
    • 6.5.7      Packaging            200
      • 6.5.7.1   Market overview             200
  • 6.6          GLOBAL NATURAL FIBERS MARKET           202
    • 6.6.1      Overall global fibers market        202
    • 6.6.2      Plant-based fiber production      204
    • 6.6.3      Animal-based natural fiber production   205

 

7              BIOPLASTICS COMPANY PROFILES            206 (324 company profiles)

 

8              NATURAL FIBER PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPER PROFILES            450 (178 company profiles)

 

9              REFERENCES       627

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Market trends in biobased and sustainable plastics.         33
  • Table 2. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2018-2033, in 1,000 tons.          35
  • Table 3. Global production capacities, by producers.        37
  • Table 4. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019-2033, by type, in 1,000 tons.        38
  • Table 5. Challenges for bioplastics in packaging. 45
  • Table 6. Types of next-gen natural fibers.              47
  • Table 7. Markets and applications for natural fibers.         51
  • Table 8. Recent commercial activity in next-gen natural fibers.    52
  • Table 9. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products. 54
  • Table 10. Market drivers for natural fibers.           57
  • Table 11. Issues related to the use of plastics.      62
  • Table 12. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics             65
  • Table 13. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers. 70
  • Table 14. Type of biodegradation.            75
  • Table 15. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics. 76
  • Table 16. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.               76
  • Table 17. Market leader by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.             78
  • Table 18. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.               79
  • Table 19. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.             81
  • Table 20. PLA producers and production capacities.          81
  • Table 21. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China.         82
  • Table 22. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.              83
  • Table 23. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,           84
  • Table 24. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.       85
  • Table 25. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.   85
  • Table 26. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.                86
  • Table 27. PEF vs. PET.     87
  • Table 28. FDCA and PEF producers.          88
  • Table 29. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.                89
  • Table 30. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.            90
  • Table 31. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.              91
  • Table 32. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.      91
  • Table 33. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.       93
  • Table 34. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.          94
  • Table 35. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.                95
  • Table 36. Leading Bio-PE producers.        95
  • Table 37. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        96
  • Table 38. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.           96
  • Table 39.Types of PHAs and properties. 100
  • Table 40. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers. 102
  • Table 41. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.          104
  • Table 42. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 106
  • Table 43. Commercially available PHAs.  107
  • Table 44. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.           108
  • Table 45. Markets and applications for PHAs.       109
  • Table 46. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.         111
  • Table 47. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.                113
  • Table 48. Leading MFC producers and capacities.               114
  • Table 49. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.               114
  • Table 50: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.          115
  • Table 51. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis.   116
  • Table 52. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.    118
  • Table 53. Starch-based bioplastic producers.       120
  • Table 54. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.             122
  • Table 55. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          124
  • Table 56. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.      127
  • Table 57. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.            128
  • Table 58. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.          129
  • Table 59. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics. 130
  • Table 60. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2033, 1,000 tons. 133
  • Table 61. Processes for bioplastics in packaging. 134
  • Table 62. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.                135
  • Table 63. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.              136
  • Table 64. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.   138
  • Table 65. Global bioplastics packaging by end-use application, 2023–2033 (‘000 tons).     140
  • Table 66. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.        148
  • Table 67. Typical properties of natural fibers.      149
  • Table 68. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 150
  • Table 69. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 152
  • Table 70. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    153
  • Table 71. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     154
  • Table 72. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  156
  • Table 73. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      158
  • Table 74. Overview of ramie fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  160
  • Table 75. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  161
  • Table 76. Overview of sisal fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     163
  • Table 77. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  164
  • Table 78. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      166
  • Table 79. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               167
  • Table 80. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.         169
  • Table 81. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      170
  • Table 82. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    171
  • Table 83. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.             172
  • Table 84. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.           172
  • Table 85. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             173
  • Table 86. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.   175
  • Table 87. Next-gen wool producers.        176
  • Table 88. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.       176
  • Table 89. Next-gen silk producers.            177
  • Table 90. Next-gen leather producers.    178
  • Table 91. Next-gen fur producers.            180
  • Table 92. Next-gen down producers.       180
  • Table 93. Applications of natural fiber composites.           182
  • Table 94. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.       184
  • Table 95. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.               185
  • Table 96. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites. 186
  • Table 97. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.       187
  • Table 98. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.             187
  • Table 99. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.   188
  • Table 100. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.             191
  • Table 101. Natural fibers in the automotive sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.             192
  • Table 102. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.         194
  • Table 103. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.                195
  • Table 104. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.         195
  • Table 105. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.  196
  • Table 106. Natural fibers in the textiles sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.       197
  • Table 107. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 200
  • Table 108. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.      303
  • Table 109. Oji Holdings CNF products.     379
  • Table 110. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.      520
  • Table 111. Oji Holdings CNF products.     573

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Total global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics, all types, 000 tons.        33
  • Figure 2. Global production capacities of bioplastics 2018-2033, in 1,000 tons by biodegradable/non-biodegradable types.   36
  • Figure 3. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2033, by type, in 1,000 tons.  39
  • Figure 4. Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2019-2033, by type.           40
  • Figure 5. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019-2033, by region, tonnes.               41
  • Figure 6. Current and future applications of biobased and sustainable plastics.     42
  • Figure 7. Global demand for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market, 2021  43
  • Figure 8. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019-2033, tons. 44
  • Figure 9. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap. 54
  • Figure 10. Adidas algae-ink tees.               54
  • Figure 11. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle.     55
  • Figure 12. Miratex watch bands. 55
  • Figure 13. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22.           55
  • Figure 14. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker        56
  • Figure 15. Global plastics production 1950-2020, millions of tons.              61
  • Figure 16. The circular plastic economy. 64
  • Figure 17. Routes for synthesizing polymers from fossil-based and bio-based resources.  69
  • Figure 18.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.           73
  • Figure 19. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.              74
  • Figure 20. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.               88
  • Figure 21. PHA family.    100
  • Figure 22. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.     125
  • Figure 23. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.          126
  • Figure 24. Frayme Mylo™️.            126
  • Figure 25. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.           130
  • Figure 26. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2033, 1,000 tons.              133
  • Figure 27. PHA bioplastic packaging products.     135
  • Figure 28. Bioplastics for flexible packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019–2033 (‘000 tons).    137
  • Figure 29. Bioplastics for rigid packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019–2033 (‘000 tons).         139
  • Figure 30. Global bioplastics packaging by end-use application, 2023–2033 (‘000 tons).    140
  • Figure 31. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in consumer products 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.         141
  • Figure 32. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in automotive 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.                142
  • Figure 33. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in building and construction 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.     143
  • Figure 34. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in textiles 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.                144
  • Figure 35. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in electronics 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.                145
  • Figure 36. Biodegradable mulch films.     146
  • Figure 37. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in agriculture 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons.                146
  • Figure 38. Types of natural fibers.             147
  • Figure 39. Cotton production volume 2018-2033 (Million MT).     151
  • Figure 40. Kapok production volume 2018-2033 (MT).     152
  • Figure 41.  Luffa cylindrica fiber. 153
  • Figure 42. Jute production volume 2018-2033 (Million MT).          155
  • Figure 43. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2033 ( MT).          157
  • Figure 44. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).               159
  • Figure 45. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).          161
  • Figure 46. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).           162
  • Figure 47. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).              164
  • Figure 48. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).          165
  • Figure 49. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MILLION MT).            167
  • Figure 50. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT).        168
  • Figure 51. Pineapple fiber.           169
  • Figure 52. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019.         170
  • Figure 53. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MILLION MT).    174
  • Figure 54. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials.   178
  • Figure 55. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.         188
  • Figure 56. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.  190
  • Figure 57. Natural fiber composites in the BMW M4 GT4 racing car.          190
  • Figure 58. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.               191
  • Figure 59. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.         198
  • Figure 60. Coir mats for erosion control. 199
  • Figure 61. Global fiber production in 2021, by fiber type, million MT and %.           202
  • Figure 62. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2033.       203
  • Figure 63. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2033, by fiber type, MT.     204
  • Figure 64. Animal based fiber production 2018-2033, by fiber type, million MT.    205
  • Figure 65. Algiknit yarn. 210
  • Figure 66. Bio-PA rear bumper stay.         226
  • Figure 67. formicobio™ technology.         259
  • Figure 68. nanoforest-S. 261
  • Figure 69. nanoforest-PDP.         261
  • Figure 70. nanoforest-MB.           262
  • Figure 71. CuanSave film.             268
  • Figure 72. ELLEX products.           270
  • Figure 73. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.            270
  • Figure 74. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 271
  • Figure 75. Mushroom leather.    282
  • Figure 76. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).  296
  • Figure 77. PHA production process.         297
  • Figure 78. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.                305
  • Figure 79. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 308
  • Figure 80. CNF gel.           313
  • Figure 81. Block nanocellulose material. 314
  • Figure 82. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.              314
  • Figure 83. Lactips plastic pellets.               332
  • Figure 84. Made of Air's HexChar panels.               342
  • Figure 85. IPA synthesis method.              350
  • Figure 86. MOGU-Wave panels. 351
  • Figure 87. Reishi.              356
  • Figure 88. Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.             369
  • Figure 89. Compostable water pod.         371
  • Figure 90. CNF clear sheets.        379
  • Figure 91. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.          381
  • Figure 92. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.   403
  • Figure 93. Lyocell process.           413
  • Figure 94. Spider silk production.              417
  • Figure 95. Sulapac cosmetics containers.               419
  • Figure 96.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing. 420
  • Figure 97. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles.               427
  • Figure 98. Corbion FDCA production process.      434
  • Figure 99. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process.    442
  • Figure 100. Pluumo.        453
  • Figure 101. Algiknit yarn.              456
  • Figure 102. Amadou leather shoes.          457
  • Figure 103. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.               460
  • Figure 104. MEDICELLU™.            460
  • Figure 105. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.               462
  • Figure 106. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.            463
  • Figure 107. CNF nonwoven fabric.            464
  • Figure 108. Roof frame made of natural fiber.     466
  • Figure 109.Tras Rei chair incorporating ampliTex fibers.  468
  • Figure 110. Natural fibres racing seat.     469
  • Figure 111. Porche Cayman GT4 Clubsport incorporating BComp flax fibers.          469
  • Figure 112. Beyond Leather Materials product.   471
  • Figure 113. Fiber-based screw cap.           479
  • Figure 114. Cellugy materials.     485
  • Figure 115. nanoforest-S.             488
  • Figure 116. nanoforest-PDP.       489
  • Figure 117. nanoforest-MB.        489
  • Figure 118. CuanSave film.           493
  • Figure 119. Celish.           494
  • Figure 120. Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 495
  • Figure 121. ELLEX products.         497
  • Figure 122. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.          497
  • Figure 123. Kirekira! toilet wipes.              498
  • Figure 124. Color CNF.   499
  • Figure 125. Rheocrysta spray.     502
  • Figure 126. DKS CNF products.   503
  • Figure 127. Mushroom leather. 506
  • Figure 128. CNF based on citrus peel.      507
  • Figure 129. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.    507
  • Figure 130. Filler Bank CNC products.      511
  • Figure 131. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.     513
  • Figure 132. Water-repellent cellulose.    514
  • Figure 133. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 516
  • Figure 134. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              517
  • Figure 135. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.            522
  • Figure 136. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).              523
  • Figure 137. CNF gel.        526
  • Figure 138. Block nanocellulose material.              526
  • Figure 139. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.            527
  • Figure 140. Marine leather products.      528
  • Figure 141. Inner Mettle Milk products. 530
  • Figure 142. Dual Graft System.   532
  • Figure 143. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.        533
  • Figure 144. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).           534
  • Figure 145. Kami Shoji CNF products.      534
  • Figure 146. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).     537
  • Figure 147. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.   542
  • Figure 148. BioFlex process.        543
  • Figure 149. TransLeather.             545
  • Figure 150. Chitin nanofiber product.      548
  • Figure 151. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.            549
  • Figure 152. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 550
  • Figure 153. Cellulomix production process.           551
  • Figure 154. Nanobase versus conventional products.       552
  • Figure 155. MOGU-Wave panels.              555
  • Figure 156. CNF slurries.                556
  • Figure 157. Range of CNF products.          557
  • Figure 158. Reishi.           560
  • Figure 159. Natural Fiber Welding, Inc. materials.              563
  • Figure 160. Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.          568
  • Figure 161. Leather made from leaves.   569
  • Figure 162. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.      569
  • Figure 163. CNF clear sheets.      573
  • Figure 164. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       575
  • Figure 165. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk. 582
  • Figure 166. XCNF.            584
  • Figure 167. LOVR hemp leather. 586
  • Figure 168. CNF insulation flat plates.     588
  • Figure 169. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 592
  • Figure 170. 3D printed cellulose shoe.    594
  • Figure 171. Lyocell process.         596
  • Figure 172. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.          598
  • Figure 173. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.         599
  • Figure 174. Spider silk production.            600
  • Figure 175. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.       603
  • Figure 176. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 604
  • Figure 177. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.          604
  • Figure 178. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       605
  • Figure 179. Sulapac cosmetics containers.             607
  • Figure 180. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.     611
  • Figure 181. CNF resin products. 613
  • Figure 182. Vegea production process.   616
  • Figure 183. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.     620
  • Figure 184. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film.        621
  • Figure 185. Worn Again products.             623
  • Figure 186. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.       625

 

 

 

 

 

The Global Market for Bioplastics and Natural Fibers 2023-2033
The Global Market for Bioplastics and Natural Fibers 2023-2033
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The Global Market for Bioplastics and Natural Fibers 2023-2033
The Global Market for Bioplastics and Natural Fibers 2023-2033
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