The Global Market for Carbon Nanomaterials 2024-2033

Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibers, Fullerenes, Nanodiamonds, Graphene Quantum Dots, 2D Materials.

Published: January 2024
Pages: 728
Tables: 80
Figures: 126

Carbon possesses different allotropic forms (graphite and diamond) and has the capability to generate a range of nanostructures including graphene single sheets, single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene quantum dots, fullerenes, and nanodiamonds. Due to their unique structural dimensions and excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and chemical properties carbon-based nanomaterials are widely utilized in many sectors.

The Global Market for Carbon Nanomaterials 2024-2033 provides a comprehensive analysis of advanced carbon nanomaterials including graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphene quantum dots, and nanomaterials from carbon capture and utilization. The report examines global demand, production capacities, pricing, main producers, and applications across major end-user markets such as electronics, energy storage, membranes, coatings, polymers, biomedical devices, and sensors.

Regional demand across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of World is forecast from 2018 to 2034 for graphene and other key nanomaterials. The report profiles over 590 leading producers, highlighting their products, production methods, capacities, pricing, and target markets.

Multiple alternative 2D materials beyond graphene are analyzed including boron nitride, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, graphitic carbon nitride, germanene, graphdiyne, graphane, rhenium diselenide, silicene, stanene, antimonene and indium selenide. Latest developments in carbon capture and utilization for producing carbon nanomaterials are assessed as well as progress with graphene/nanomaterial-enhanced batteries, biosensors, electronics, catalysts, polymer composites, and filters/membranes.

Report contents include:

Global demand forecasts for graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, nanodiamonds to 2034
Assessment of graphene types - production capacities, pricing, producers, applications
Analysis of carbon nanotube types - capacities, pricing, producers, end markets
Review of carbon nanofiber synthesis methods and market opportunities
Fullerene product analysis, pricing, demand, producers, technology readiness
Evaluation of nanodiamond types, production methods pricing, demand, main producers
Emerging opportunities in graphene quantum dots - synthesis, pricing, applications
Role of carbon capture in producing carbon nanomaterials
Profiles of 590+ leading producers/suppliers of carbon nanomaterials. Companies profiled include BeDimensional, BestGraphene, Black Swan Graphene, DexMat, Graphenest, Graphene Leaders Canada, Graphene Manufacturing Group Limited, HydroGraph Clean Power, JEIO, Kumho Petrochemical, KB Element, LG Chem, Nano Diamond Battery, Novusterra, OCSiAl, Paragraf and Zeon Corporation.
Analysis of properties, production and applications of 2D materials beyond graphene - hexagonal boron nitride, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus etc.
Regional demand forecasts across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Rest of World
Impact of graphene and nanomaterials on batteries, electronics, membranes, coatings
Assessment of technology readiness levels for different nanomaterials by application

1 THE ADVANCED CARBON NANOMATERIALS MARKET 36

1.1 Market overview 36
1.2 Role of advanced carbon nanomaterials in the green transition 37

2 GRAPHENE 38

2.1 Types of graphene 38
2.2 Properties 39
2.3 Graphene market challenges 40
2.4 Graphene producers 41
2.4.1 Production capacities 42
2.5 Price and price drivers 44
- 2.5.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 47
- 2.5.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 48
- 2.5.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 49
- 2.5.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 50
- 2.5.5 Multilayer graphene (MLG) pricing 52
- 2.5.6 Graphene ink 52
2.6 Global demand 2018-2034, tons 53
- 2.6.1 Global demand by graphene material (tons) 53
- 2.6.2 Global demand by end user market 56
- 2.6.3 Graphene market, by region 57
- 2.6.4 Global graphene revenues, by market, 2018-2034 59
2.7 Company profiles 60 (360 company profiles)

3 CARBON NANOTUBES 352

3.1 Properties 353
- 3.1.1 Comparative properties of CNTs 354
3.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 354
- 3.2.1 Applications and TRL 355
- 3.2.2 Producers 359
  - 3.2.2.1 Production capacities 359
- 3.2.3 Price and price drivers 360
- 3.2.4 Global market demand 361
- 3.2.5 Company profiles 364 (140 company profiles)
3.3 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) 479
- 3.3.1 Properties 479
- 3.3.2 Applications 480
- 3.3.3 Prices 482
- 3.3.4 Production capacities 483
- 3.3.5 Global market demand 484
- 3.3.6 Company profiles 485 (16 company profiles)
3.4 Other types 506
- 3.4.1 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) 506
  - 3.4.1.1 Properties 506
  - 3.4.1.2 Applications 507
- 3.4.2 Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs) 508
  - 3.4.2.1 Properties 508
  - 3.4.2.2 Applications 508
- 3.4.3 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) 509
  - 3.4.3.1 Properties 509
  - 3.4.3.2 Applications 510
- 3.4.4 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs) 511
  - 3.4.4.1 Properties 511
  - 3.4.4.2 Applications 511
- 3.4.5 Carbon Onions 512
  - 3.4.5.1 Properties 512
  - 3.4.5.2 Applications 513
- 3.4.6 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) 514
  - 3.4.6.1 Properties 514
  - 3.4.6.2 Applications 515
  - 3.4.6.3 Production 516
- 3.4.7 Companies 516 (6 company profiles)

4 CARBON NANOFIBERS 521

4.1 Properties 521
4.2 Synthesis 521
- 4.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition 521
- 4.2.2 Electrospinning 521
- 4.2.3 Template-based 522
- 4.2.4 From biomass 522
4.3 Markets 523
- 4.3.1 Batteries 523
- 4.3.2 Supercapacitors 523
- 4.3.3 Fuel cells 523
- 4.3.4 CO2 capture 524
4.4 Companies 525 (10 company profiles)

5 FULLERENES 532

5.1 Properties 532
5.2 Products 533
5.3 Markets and applications 534
5.4 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 535
5.5 Global market demand 535
5.6 Prices 536
5.7 Producers 538 (20 company profiles)

6 NANODIAMONDS 550

6.1 Types 550
- 6.1.1 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) 554
6.2 Applications 554
6.3 Price and price drivers 558
6.4 Global demand 2018-2033, tonnes 559
6.5 Company profiles 561 (30 company profiles)

7 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS 590

7.1 Comparison to quantum dots 591
7.2 Properties 592
7.3 Synthesis 592
- 7.3.1 Top-down method 592
- 7.3.2 Bottom-up method 593
7.4 Applications 595
7.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing 596
7.6 Graphene quantum dot producers 597 (9 company profiles)

8 CARBON NANOMATERIALS FROM CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION 606

8.1 CO2 capture from point sources 607
- 8.1.1 Transportation 608
- 8.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities 609
- 8.1.3 By source 610
- 8.1.4 By endpoint 611
8.2 Main carbon capture processes 612
- 8.2.1 Materials 612
- 8.2.2 Post-combustion 614
- 8.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion 616
- 8.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 617
- 8.2.5 Pre-combustion 618
8.3 Carbon separation technologies 619
- 8.3.1 Absorption capture 621
- 8.3.2 Adsorption capture 625
- 8.3.3 Membranes 627
- 8.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture 629
- 8.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture 630
- 8.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner 631
- 8.3.7 Other technologies 632
  - 8.3.7.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 633
- 8.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies 634
- 8.3.9 Electrochemical conversion of CO2 634
  - 8.3.9.1 Process overview 635
8.4 Direct air capture (DAC) 638
- 8.4.1 Description 638
8.5 Companies 640 (4 company profiles)

9 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS 644

9.1 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials 647
9.2 2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS 649
- 9.2.1 Top-down exfoliation 649
  - 9.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method 650
  - 9.2.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method 650
- 9.2.2 Bottom-up synthesis 651
- 9.2.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution 651
- 9.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition 652
9.3 TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS 653
- 9.3.1 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 653
  - 9.3.1.1 Properties 653
  - 9.3.1.2 Applications and markets 655
    - 9.3.1.2.1 Electronics 655
    - 9.3.1.2.2 Fuel cells 655
    - 9.3.1.2.3 Adsorbents 655
    - 9.3.1.2.4 Photodetectors 655
    - 9.3.1.2.5 Textiles 655
    - 9.3.1.2.6 Biomedical 656
- 9.3.2 MXenes 657
  - 9.3.2.1 Properties 657
  - 9.3.2.2 Applications 658
    - 9.3.2.2.1 Catalysts 658
    - 9.3.2.2.2 Hydrogels 658
    - 9.3.2.2.3 Energy storage devices 658
      - 9.3.2.2.3.1 Supercapacitors 659
      - 9.3.2.2.3.2 Batteries 659
      - 9.3.2.2.3.3 Gas Separation 659
    - 9.3.2.2.4 Liquid Separation 659
    - 9.3.2.2.5 Antibacterials 659
- 9.3.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 660
  - 9.3.3.1 Properties 660
    - 9.3.3.1.1 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) 661
    - 9.3.3.1.2 Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 662
  - 9.3.3.2 Applications 662
    - 9.3.3.2.1 Electronics 662
    - 9.3.3.2.2 Optoelectronics 663
    - 9.3.3.2.3 Biomedical 663
    - 9.3.3.2.4 Piezoelectrics 663
    - 9.3.3.2.5 Sensors 664
    - 9.3.3.2.6 Filtration 664
    - 9.3.3.2.7 Batteries and supercapacitors 664
    - 9.3.3.2.8 Fiber lasers 665
- 9.3.4 Borophene 665
  - 9.3.4.1 Properties 665
  - 9.3.4.2 Applications 665
    - 9.3.4.2.1 Energy storage 665
    - 9.3.4.2.2 Hydrogen storage 666
    - 9.3.4.2.3 Sensors 666
    - 9.3.4.2.4 Electronics 666
- 9.3.5 Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus 667
  - 9.3.5.1 Properties 667
  - 9.3.5.2 Applications 668
    - 9.3.5.2.1 Electronics 668
    - 9.3.5.2.2 Field effect transistors 668
    - 9.3.5.2.3 Thermoelectrics 669
    - 9.3.5.2.4 Batteries 669
      - 9.3.5.2.4.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) 669
      - 9.3.5.2.4.2 Sodium-ion batteries 670
      - 9.3.5.2.4.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries 670
    - 9.3.5.2.5 Supercapacitors 670
    - 9.3.5.2.6 Photodetectors 670
    - 9.3.5.2.7 Sensors 670
- 9.3.6 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) 671
  - 9.3.6.1 Properties 671
  - 9.3.6.2 C2N 672
  - 9.3.6.3 Applications 672
    - 9.3.6.3.1 Electronics 672
    - 9.3.6.3.2 Filtration membranes 672
    - 9.3.6.3.3 Photocatalysts 672
    - 9.3.6.3.4 Batteries 673
    - 9.3.6.3.5 Sensors 673
- 9.3.7 Germanene 673
  - 9.3.7.1 Properties 674
  - 9.3.7.2 Applications 675
    - 9.3.7.2.1 Electronics 675
    - 9.3.7.2.2 Batteries 675
- 9.3.8 Graphdiyne 676
  - 9.3.8.1 Properties 676
  - 9.3.8.2 Applications 677
    - 9.3.8.2.1 Electronics 677
    - 9.3.8.2.2 Batteries 677
      - 9.3.8.2.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) 677
      - 9.3.8.2.2.2 Sodium ion batteries 677
    - 9.3.8.2.3 Separation membranes 678
    - 9.3.8.2.4 Water filtration 678
    - 9.3.8.2.5 Photocatalysts 678
    - 9.3.8.2.6 Photovoltaics 678
    - 9.3.8.2.7 Gas separation 678
- 9.3.9 Graphane 679
  - 9.3.9.1 Properties 679
  - 9.3.9.2 Applications 679
    - 9.3.9.2.1 Electronics 680
    - 9.3.9.2.2 Hydrogen storage 680
- 9.3.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) 680
  - 9.3.10.1 Properties 680
  - 9.3.10.2 Applications 681
- 9.3.11 Silicene 681
  - 9.3.11.1 Properties 681
  - 9.3.11.2 Applications 682
    - 9.3.11.2.1 Electronics 682
    - 9.3.11.2.2 Thermoelectrics 683
    - 9.3.11.2.3 Batteries 683
    - 9.3.11.2.4 Sensors 683
    - 9.3.11.2.5 Biomedical 683
- 9.3.12 Stanene/tinene 684
  - 9.3.12.1 Properties 684
  - 9.3.12.2 Applications 685
    - 9.3.12.2.1 Electronics 685
- 9.3.13 Antimonene 686
  - 9.3.13.1 Properties 686
  - 9.3.13.2 Applications 686
- 9.3.14 Indium selenide 687
  - 9.3.14.1 Properties 687
  - 9.3.14.2 Applications 687
    - 9.3.14.2.1 Electronics 687
- 9.3.15 Layered double hydroxides (LDH) 688
  - 9.3.15.1 Properties 688
  - 9.3.15.2 Applications 688
    - 9.3.15.2.1 Adsorbents 688
    - 9.3.15.2.2 Catalyst 688
    - 9.3.15.2.3 Sensors 688
    - 9.3.15.2.4 Electrodes 689
    - 9.3.15.2.5 Flame Retardants 689
    - 9.3.15.2.6 Biosensors 689
    - 9.3.15.2.7 Tissue engineering 690
    - 9.3.15.2.8 Anti-Microbials 690
    - 9.3.15.2.9 Drug Delivery 690
9.4 2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES 691 (19 company profiles)

10 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 708

10.1 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 708

11 REFERENCES 711

List of Tables

Table 1. Advanced carbon nanomaterials. 36
Table 2. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 39
Table 3. Graphene market challenges. 40
Table 4. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell into 2023. 42
Table 5. Types of graphene and typical prices. 45
Table 6. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 47
Table 7. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 48
Table 8. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 49
Table 9. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. 50
Table 10. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 52
Table 11. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 52
Table 12. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2034 (tons). 54
Table 13. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2034 (tons). 57
Table 14. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 346
Table 15. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT. 353
Table 16. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 354
Table 17. Applications of MWCNTs. 355
Table 18. Annual production capacity of the key MWCNT producers in 2023 (MT). 359
Table 19. Carbon nanotubes pricing (MWCNTS, SWCNT etc.) by producer. 360
Table 20. Properties of carbon nanotube paper. 466
Table 21. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT. 479
Table 22. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. 480
Table 23. SWCNTs pricing. 482
Table 24. Annual production capacity of SWCNT producers. 483
Table 25. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018-2033. 484
Table 26. Chasm SWCNT products. 486
Table 27. Thomas Swan SWCNT production. 503
Table 28. Applications of Double-walled carbon nanotubes. 507
Table 29. Markets and applications for Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs). 508
Table 30. Markets and applications for few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs). 510
Table 31. Markets and applications for carbon nanohorns. 511
Table 32. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs. 514
Table 33. Applications of BNNTs. 515
Table 34. Comparison of synthesis methods for carbon nanofibers. 522
Table 35. Market overview for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 532
Table 36. Types of fullerenes and applications. 533
Table 37. Products incorporating fullerenes. 533
Table 38. Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes. 534
Table 39. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2033 (tons). 535
Table 40. Example prices of fullerenes. 536
Table 41. Properties of nanodiamonds. 552
Table 42. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages. 553
Table 43. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds. 554
Table 44. Pricing of nanodiamonds, by producer/distributor. 558
Table 45. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2033. 559
Table 46. Production methods, by main ND producers. 561
Table 47. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list. 563
Table 48. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list. 567
Table 49. Daicel nanodiamond product list. 570
Table 50. FND Biotech Nanodiamond product list. 572
Table 51. JSC Sinta nanodiamond product list. 576
Table 52. Plasmachem product list and applications. 584
Table 53. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list. 586
Table 54. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis. 587
Table 55. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 591
Table 56. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 594
Table 57. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 595
Table 58. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 596
Table 59. Point source examples. 607
Table 60. Assessment of carbon capture materials 613
Table 61. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 616
Table 62. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 619
Table 63. Main capture processes and their separation technologies. 619
Table 64. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 621
Table 65. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption. 623
Table 66. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 625
Table 67. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview. 627
Table 68. Comparison of main separation technologies. 634
Table 69. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages. 635
Table 70. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 639
Table 71. 2D materials types. 646
Table 72. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 647
Table 73. Comparison of top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials. 649
Table 74. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials. 652
Table 75. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 654
Table 76. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 668
Table 77. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene. 674
Table 78. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs 677
Table 79. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene. 685
Table 80. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 709

List of Figures

Figure 1. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 39
Figure 2. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2034 (tons). 55
Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2034 (tons). 56
Figure 4. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2034 (tons). 58
Figure 5. Global graphene revenues, by market, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 59
Figure 6. Graphene heating films. 60
Figure 7. Graphene flake products. 66
Figure 8. AIKA Black-T. 71
Figure 9. Printed graphene biosensors. 79
Figure 10. Prototype of printed memory device. 84
Figure 11. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 102
Figure 12. Graphene battery schematic. 131
Figure 13. Dotz Nano GQD products. 133
Figure 14. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 141
Figure 15. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 153
Figure 16. Wearable sweat sensor. 192
Figure 17. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 199
Figure 18. BioStamp nPoint. 236
Figure 19. Nanotech Energy battery. 257
Figure 20. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 260
Figure 21. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 261
Figure 22. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 262
Figure 23. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 263
Figure 24. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445. 283
Figure 25. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 286
Figure 26. Thermal conductive graphene film. 302
Figure 27. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 315
Figure 28. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO. 319
Figure 29. Demand for MWCNT by application in 2022. 362
Figure 30. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by market, 2018-2033 (metric tons). 363
Figure 31. AWN Nanotech water harvesting prototype. 368
Figure 32. Large transparent heater for LiDAR. 382
Figure 33. Carbonics, Inc.’s carbon nanotube technology. 384
Figure 34. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 397
Figure 35. Cup Stacked Type Carbon Nano Tubes schematic. 400
Figure 36. CSCNT composite dispersion. 401
Figure 37. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays. 406
Figure 38. Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co. Ltd CNT product. 411
Figure 39. NAWACap. 433
Figure 40. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 434
Figure 41. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 435
Figure 42. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 436
Figure 43. CNT film. 439
Figure 44. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product. 454
Figure 45. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018-2033. 484
Figure 46. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process. 487
Figure 47. Carbon nanotube paint product. 492
Figure 48. MEIJO eDIPS product. 493
Figure 49. HiPCO® Reactor. 497
Figure 50. Smell iX16 multi-channel gas detector chip. 501
Figure 51. The Smell Inspector. 501
Figure 52. Toray CNF printed RFID. 504
Figure 53. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model. 507
Figure 54. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment. 509
Figure 55. TEM image of FWNTs. 509
Figure 56. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns. 511
Figure 57. TEM image of carbon onion. 513
Figure 58. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red. 514
Figure 59. Conceptual diagram of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (A) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (B) showing typical dimensions of length, width, and separation distance between graphene layers in MWCNTs (Source: JNM). 515
Figure 60. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet. 519
Figure 61. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes. 535
Figure 62. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2033 (tons). 536
Figure 63. Detonation Nanodiamond. 550
Figure 64. DND primary particles and properties. 551
Figure 65. Functional groups of Nanodiamonds. 552
Figure 66. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2033. 560
Figure 67. NBD battery. 579
Figure 68. Neomond dispersions. 581
Figure 69. Visual representation of graphene oxide sheets (black layers) embedded with nanodiamonds (bright white points). 583
Figure 70. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 590
Figure 71. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 591
Figure 72. Graphene quantum dots. 593
Figure 73. Top-down and bottom-up methods. 594
Figure 74. Dotz Nano GQD products. 597
Figure 75. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 601
Figure 76. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 602
Figure 77. CO2 capture and separation technology. 607
Figure 78. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities. 609
Figure 79. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2022. 610
Figure 80. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030. 611
Figure 81. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2022 and 2030. 612
Figure 82. Post-combustion carbon capture process. 615
Figure 83. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 615
Figure 84. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process. 617
Figure 85. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process. 618
Figure 86. Pre-combustion carbon capture process. 619
Figure 87. Amine-based absorption technology. 622
Figure 88. Pressure swing absorption technology. 627
Figure 89. Membrane separation technology. 629
Figure 90. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation. 630
Figure 91. Process schematic of chemical looping. 631
Figure 92. Calix advanced calcination reactor. 632
Figure 93. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram. 633
Figure 94. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products. 635
Figure 95. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 639
Figure 96. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 639
Figure 97. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions. 644
Figure 98. Schematic of 2-D materials. 646
Figure 99. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method. 650
Figure 100. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method 651
Figure 101. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 653
Figure 102. BN nanosheet textiles application. 656
Figure 103. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx. 658
Figure 104. Types and applications of 2D TMDCs. 660
Figure 105. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 661
Figure 106. SEM image of MoS2. 662
Figure 107. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 663
Figure 108. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge. 664
Figure 109. Borophene schematic. 665
Figure 110. Black phosphorus structure. 667
Figure 111. Black Phosphorus crystal. 668
Figure 112. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. 669
Figure 113: Graphitic carbon nitride. 671
Figure 114. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 672
Figure 115. Schematic of germanene. 673
Figure 116. Graphdiyne structure. 676
Figure 117. Schematic of Graphane crystal. 679
Figure 118. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide. 680
Figure 119. Silicene structure. 681
Figure 120. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate. 682
Figure 121. Silicene transistor. 683
Figure 122. Crystal structure for stanene. 684
Figure 123. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111). 685
Figure 124. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 687
Figure 125. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor. 689
Figure 126. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 698

The Global Market for Carbon Nanomaterials 2024-2033

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