The Global Market for Carbon Nanomaterials in Energy Storage 2022-2032

June 2022 | 275 pages, 64 tables, 68 figures | Download table of contents

With global energy demands ever increasing, allied to efforts to reduce the use of fossil fuel and eliminate air pollutions, it is now essential to provide efficient, cost-effective, and environmental friendly energy storage devices. The growing market for smart grit networks, electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is also driving the market for improving the energy density of rechargeable batteries.

Rechargeable battery technologies (such as Li-ion, Li-S, Na-ion, Li-O2 batteries) and supercapacitors are among the most promising power storage and supply systems in terms of their widespread applicability, and tremendous potential owing to their high energy and power densities. LIBs are currently the dominant mobile power sources for portable electronic devices used in cell phones and laptops.

Although great advances have been made, each type of battery still suffers from problems that seriously hinder the practical applications for example in commercial EVs and PHEVs. The performance of these devices is inherently tied to the properties of materials used to build them. Carbon nanomaterials will play an important role in all aspects of the energy sector:

Lithium-ion batteries have shown great promise in portable electronics and electric vehicles due to their long lifespan and high safety. However, hurdles relating to the sluggish dynamics and poor cycling stability restrict the practical application. Carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), due to their significantly decreased particles size, effectively address these issues. Advantages of nanomaterials include:

Nanoscale shortens lithium-ion diffusion length.
New reactions at nanoscale are not possible with bulk materials.
Nanoscale combining with electronic conductive coating improves electronic transport.
Decreased mechanical stresses due to volume change lead to increased cyclability and lifetime.
Nanoscale enhances the electrode capability of Li storage.
Ordered mesoporous structure favours both Li storage and fast electrode kinetic.
Nano-structure enhances cycle stability.

Carbon nanomaterials are also finding application in Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, sodium-ion batteries, lithium-air batteries, magnesium batteries and paper, flexible and stretchable batteries. Carbon nanomaterials have been widely investigated as effective electrodes in supercapacitors due to their high specific surface area, excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Applications of Carbon nanomaterials in batteries and supercapacitors include:

Electrodes in batteries and capacitors.
Anodes, cathodes and electrolytes in Li-ion (LIB) batteries.
Inks printable batteries and supercapacitors.
LIB cathodes.
Anode coatings to prevent corrosion.
Nanofiber-based polymeric battery separators.
Biodegradable green batteries.

Carbon nanomaterials covered in this report include:

Graphene
Multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNT)
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
Graphene quantum dots.
Nanodiamonds.
Carbon Nanofibers.

Report contents include:

Battery and supercapacitor market megatrends and market drivers.
Types of Carbon nanomaterials utilized in batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells.
Global market for in tons and revenues, historical and forecast to 2032, by Carbon nanomaterials types
Markets for Carbon nanomaterials in batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells including electric vehicles, UAVs, medical wearables, consumer wearables and electronics.
126 in depth company profiles. Companies profiled include CHASM, LG Energy Solution, Nanotech Energy, NAWA Technologies, NBD, OCSiAl and many more.

1 GRAPHENE IN ENERGY STORAGE 15

1.1 Market overview 15
- 1.1.1 Graphene properties 15
- 1.1.2 Commercialization 16
- 1.1.3 The graphene market to date 17
- 1.1.4 Market outlook for 2022 and beyond 18
- 1.1.5 The market in 2021 19
- 1.1.6 Graphene global production capacities, in tons and by type 20
- 1.1.7 Global demand for graphene 22
  - 1.1.7.1 Global graphene demand, to 2032, tons 22
  - 1.1.7.2 Global graphene demand, by end user market to 2032 25
1.2 Types of graphene 28
- 1.2.1 Graphene materials 29
  - 1.2.1.1 CVD Graphene 29
  - 1.2.1.2 Graphene nanoplatelets 30
  - 1.2.1.3 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide 31
  - 1.2.1.4 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) 32
- 1.2.2 Intermediate products 38
  - 1.2.2.1 Graphene masterbatches 38
  - 1.2.2.2 Graphene dispersions 38
1.3 Graphene in Batteries 40
- 1.3.1 Current market 40
- 1.3.2 Market outlook 42
- 1.3.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 45
- 1.3.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 49
1.4 Graphene in Fuel cells 51
- 1.4.1 Current market 51
- 1.4.2 Market outlook 51
- 1.4.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 52
- 1.4.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 55
1.5 Graphene in Supercapacitors 57
- 1.5.1 Current market 57
- 1.5.2 Market outlook 57
- 1.5.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 58
- 1.5.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 61
- 1.5.5 Product developers 62
1.6 Graphene energy storage company profiles 65 (85 company profiles)

2 CARBON NANOTUBES IN ENERGY STORAGE 143

2.1 Market overview 143
- 2.1.1 The global market for carbon nanotubes in 2021 144
- 2.1.2 Exceptional properties 147
- 2.1.3 Market outlook in 2022 148
- 2.1.4 Commercial CNT-based products 148
- 2.1.5 MWCNTs 148
  - 2.1.5.1 Applications 149
  - 2.1.5.2 Key players 154
  - 2.1.5.3 Production capacities in 2021 154
  - 2.1.5.4 Market demand, metric tons (MT) 155
- 2.1.6 SWCNTs 156
  - 2.1.6.1 Applications 157
  - 2.1.6.2 Global SWCNT market consumption 159
  - 2.1.6.3 Production capacities 160
2.2 Carbon nanotube materials 160
- 2.2.1 Multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNT) 160
  - 2.2.1.1 Properties 160
  - 2.2.1.2 Applications 160
- 2.2.2 Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) 161
  - 2.2.2.1 Properties 161
  - 2.2.2.2 Applications 162
  - 2.2.2.3 Comparison between MWCNTs and SWCNTs 164
- 2.2.3 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) 164
  - 2.2.3.1 Properties 164
  - 2.2.3.2 Applications 165
- 2.2.4 Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs) 165
  - 2.2.4.1 Properties 165
  - 2.2.4.2 Synthesis of VACNTs 165
  - 2.2.4.3 Applications 166
- 2.2.5 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) 167
  - 2.2.5.1 Properties 167
  - 2.2.5.2 Applications 168
- 2.2.6 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs) 168
  - 2.2.6.1 Properties 168
  - 2.2.6.2 Applications 169
- 2.2.7 Carbon Onions 169
  - 2.2.7.1 Properties 169
  - 2.2.7.2 Applications 170
- 2.2.8 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) 170
  - 2.2.8.1 Properties 170
  - 2.2.8.2 Applications 171
2.3 Intermediate products 172
- 2.3.1 CNT yarns 172
- 2.3.2 CNT films 173
2.4 Carbon nanotubes in batteries 174
- 2.4.1 Market overview 174
- 2.4.2 Applications 174
  - 2.4.2.1 CNTs in Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries 177
  - 2.4.2.2 CNTs in Nanomaterials in Sodium-ion batteries 177
  - 2.4.2.3 CNTs in Nanomaterials in Lithium-air batteries 178
  - 2.4.2.4 CNTs in Flexible and stretchable batteries in electronics 180
  - 2.4.2.5 CNTs in Flexible and stretchable LIBs 180
  - 2.4.2.6 CNTs in Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors 185
- 2.4.3 Market outlook 188
- 2.4.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 192
2.5 Carbon nanotubes in Supercapacitors 194
- 2.5.1 Market overview 194
- 2.5.2 Applications 194
- 2.5.3 Market outlook 195
  - 2.5.3.1 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 197
2.6 Carbon nanotubes in Fuel cells 198
- 2.6.1 Market overview 198
- 2.6.2 Applications 199
- 2.6.3 Market outlook 200
- 2.6.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2032 202
2.7 Carbon nanotubes energy storage company profiles 204 (32 company profiles)

3 CARBON NANOFIBERS IN ENERGY STORAGE 234

3.1 Properties 234
3.2 Carbon nanofibers in Batteries 234
3.3 Carbon nanofibers in Supercapacitors 234
3.4 Carbon nanofibers in Fuel cells 234
3.5 Carbon nanofibers energy storage company profiles 236 (7 company profiles)

4 NANODIAMONDS IN ENERGY STORAGE 240

4.1 Types 240
- 4.1.1 Commercial nanodiamonds 240
4.2 Applications 242
4.3 Nanodiamonds in Batteries 246
- 4.3.1 Market for nanodiamonds in batteries 246
- 4.3.2 Global market demand for nanodiamonds in batteries to 2032 (tons) 248
4.4 Nanodiamonds in Supercapacitors 249
- 4.4.1 Market for nanodiamonds in supercapacitors 249
- 4.4.2 Global market demand for nanodiamonds in supercapacitors to 2032 (tons) 252
4.5 Nanodiamond energy storage company profiles 253 (3 company profiles)

5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 258

5.1 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 258

6 REFERENCES 261

List of Tables

Table 1. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell to. 20
Table 2. Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2032. 23
Table 3. Applications of GO and rGO. 32
Table 4. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 34
Table 5. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 35
Table 6. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage. 36
Table 7. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries. 40
Table 8. Market overview for graphene in batteries. 41
Table 9. Market outlook for graphene in batteries. 42
Table 10. Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries. 42
Table 11. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof. 44
Table 12. Market and applications for graphene in batteries. 45
Table 13. Estimated demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2032. 49
Table 14. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells. 51
Table 15. Market outlook for graphene in fuel cells. 51
Table 16. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells. 52
Table 17. Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2032. 55
Table 18. Market overview for graphene in supercapacitors. 57
Table 19. Market outlook for graphene in supercapacitors. 57
Table 20: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 58
Table 21. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors. 58
Table 22. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2032. 61
Table 23. Product developers in graphene supercapacitors. 62
Table 24. Chasm SWCNT products. 86
Table 25. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 140
Table 26. Market summary for carbon nanotubes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 143
Table 27. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT. 147
Table 28. Applications of MWCNTs. 149
Table 29. Annual production capacity of the key MWCNT producers in 2021 (MT). 154
Table 30. Demand for MWCNT by region in 2020, 2031. 156
Table 31: Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. 157
Table 32. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018-2032. 159
Table 33. Annual production capacity of SWCNT producers in 2021 (KG). 160
Table 34. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. 162
Table 35. Comparison between single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. 164
Table 36. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs. 170
Table 37. Applications of BNNTs. 171
Table 38. Market overview for carbon nanotubes in batteries. 174
Table 39. Applications of carbon nanotubes in batteries. 174
Table 40. Applications in sodium-ion batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof. 177
Table 41. Applications in lithium-air batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof. 179
Table 42. Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 187
Table 43. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in batteries. 188
Table 44. Estimated demand for carbon nanotubes in batteries (tons), 2018-2032. 192
Table 45. Market overview for carbon nanotubes in supercapacitors. 194
Table 46. Applications of carbon nanotubes in supercapacitors. 194
Table 47. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in supercapacitors. 195
Table 48. Demand for carbon nanotubes in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2032. 197
Table 49. Electrical conductivity of different catalyst supports compared to carbon nanotubes. 198
Table 50. Market overview for carbon nanotubes in fuel cells. 199
Table 51. Applications of carbon nanotubes in fuel cells. 199
Table 52. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in fuel cells. 200
Table 53. Demand for carbon nanotubes in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2032. 202
Table 54. Properties of nanodiamonds. 241
Table 55. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds. 242
Table 56. Market overview for nanodiamonds in batteries -market maturity, market demand, competitive landscape. 246
Table 57. Market and applications for NDs in batteries- applications, benefits, market megatrends, market drivers for use of nanodiamonds, technology challenges, competing materials, market demand. 246
Table 58. Global market demand for nanodiamonds in batteries to 2032 (tons). 248
Table 59. Market overview for nanodiamonds in supercapacitors-market maturity, market demand, competitive landscape. 249
Table 60. Market and applications for nanodiamonds in supercapacitors- applications, benefits, market megatrends, market drivers for use of nanodiamonds, technology challenges, competing materials, market demand. 250
Table 61. Global market demand for nanodiamonds in supercapacitors to 2032 (tons) 252
Table 62. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list. 256
Table 63. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis. 257
Table 64. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 259

List of Figures

Figure 1. Demand for graphene, by market, 2021. 20
Figure 2. Demand for graphene, 2018-2032, tons. 24
Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2032 (tons), conservative estimate. 26
Figure 4. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2032 (tons). Medium estimate. 27
Figure 5. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2032 (tons). High estimate. 28
Figure 6. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 28
Figure 7. Types of CVD methods. 29
Figure 8. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite. 31
Figure 9. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 33
Figure 10. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 33
Figure 11. Graphene quantum dots. 35
Figure 12. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2032, millions USD 37
Figure 13. Applications of graphene in batteries. 49
Figure 14. Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2032. 50
Figure 15. Applications of graphene in fuel cells. 55
Figure 16. Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2032. 56
Figure 17. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors. 61
Figure 18. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2032. 62
Figure 19. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors. 63
Figure 20. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor. 64
Figure 21. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger. 64
Figure 22. Graphene heating films. 65
Figure 23. Graphene flake products. 70
Figure 24. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process. 87
Figure 25. Graphene battery schematic. 91
Figure 26. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 99
Figure 27. Nanotech Energy battery. 122
Figure 28. The Sixth Element graphene products. 124
Figure 29. Thermal conductive graphene film. 125
Figure 30. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 132
Figure 31. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by market, 2018-2032 (tons). 146
Figure 32. Demand for MWCNT by application in 2021. 153
Figure 33. Demand for MWCNT by application in 2021. 155
Figure 34. Demand for MWCNT by region in 2021. 156
Figure 35. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018-2032. 160
Figure 36. Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube. 161
Figure 37. TIM sheet developed by Zeon Corporation. 162
Figure 38. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model. 165
Figure 39. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment. 167
Figure 40. TEM image of FWNTs. 168
Figure 41. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns. 168
Figure 42. TEM image of carbon onion. 169
Figure 43. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red. 170
Figure 44. Process flow chart from CNT thin film formation to device fabrication for solution and dry processes. 173
Figure 45. Electrochemical performance of nanomaterials in LIBs. 175
Figure 46. Theoretical energy densities of different rechargeable batteries. 179
Figure 47. Printed 1.5V battery. 180
Figure 48. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries. 180
Figure 49. LiBEST flexible battery. 181
Figure 50. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs. 181
Figure 51. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs. 182
Figure 52. Carbon nanotubes incorporated into flexible, rechargeable yarn batteries. 184
Figure 53. (A) Schematic overview of a flexible supercapacitor as compared to conventional supercapacitor. 186
Figure 54. Stretchable graphene supercapacitor. 188
Figure 55. Demand for carbon nanomaterials in batteries (tons), 2018-2032. 193
Figure 56. Demand for carbon nanotubes in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2032. 198
Figure 57. Demand for carbon nanotubes in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2032. 203
Figure 58. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 210
Figure 59. MEIJO eDIPS product. 222
Figure 60. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 226
Figure 61. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 227
Figure 62. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 228
Figure 63. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 229
Figure 64. Detonation Nanodiamond. 241
Figure 65. DND primary particles and properties. 241
Figure 66. Global market demand for nanodiamonds in batteries to 2032 (tons). 249
Figure 67. Global market demand for nanodiamonds in supercapacitors to 2032 (tons) 253
Figure 68. NBD battery. 254

The Global Market for Carbon Nanomaterials in Energy Storage

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