The Global Market for Electronic Textiles (E-textiles) and Smart Clothing 2023-2033

1              MARKET TERMS AND DEFINITIONS           24

2              MARKET STANDARDIZATION       26

• 2.1          E-textiles             26
• 2.2          Printed electronics          27
• 2.3          E-textile wearables         27
• 2.4          Embroidered e-textiles 28

3              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   29

• 3.1          The evolution of electronic textiles          30
• 3.2          The wearables revolution             33
  • 3.2.1      Wearable electronics market leaders      35
• 3.3          The history of E-textiles 35
• 3.4          Wearable electronics in the textiles industry        38
  • 3.4.1      Textiles in the Internet of Things               40
• 3.5          Types of E-Textile products          45
  • 3.5.1      Embedded e-textiles      46
  • 3.5.2      Laminated e-textiles       46
• 3.6          Market drivers and trends            47
• 3.7          Main markets    49
  • 3.7.1      Healthcare (Biometric monitoring)           50
  • 3.7.2      Entertainment  51
  • 3.7.3      Heated clothing 52
  • 3.7.4      Illuminated textiles         53
• 3.8          Performance requirements for E-textiles               53
• 3.9          Growth prospects and future outlook for electronic textiles          54
• 3.10        E-textiles investments and funding 2020-2023     55

4              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         57

5              MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 58

• 5.1          Integrating electronics for E-Textiles        58
  • 5.1.1      Textile-adapted 60
  • 5.1.2      Textile-integrated           60
  • 5.1.3      Textile-based    60
• 5.2          Manufacturing of E-textiles         60
  • 5.2.1      Integration of conductive polymers and inks        61
  • 5.2.2      Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers    63
  • 5.2.3      Integration of conductive sheets               64
• 5.3          Flexible and stretchable electronics         64
• 5.4          E-textiles materials and components       68
  • 5.4.1      Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns        69
    • 5.4.1.1   Production          72
    • 5.4.1.2   Metals  72
    • 5.4.1.3   Carbon materials and nanofibers              73
      • 5.4.1.3.1               Graphene           76
      • 5.4.1.3.2               Carbon nanotubes           77
      • 5.4.1.3.3               Nanofibers         79
  • 5.4.2      Mxenes 81
  • 5.4.3      Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)        82
  • 5.4.4      Conductive polymers     84
    • 5.4.4.1   PDMS    87
    • 5.4.4.2   PEDOT: PSS         87
    • 5.4.4.3   Polypyrrole (PPy)             88
    • 5.4.4.4   Conductive polymer composites 88
    • 5.4.4.5   Ionic conductive polymers           88
  • 5.4.5      Conductive inks 89
    • 5.4.5.1   Aqueous-Based Ink         91
    • 5.4.5.2   Solvent-Based Ink            92
    • 5.4.5.3   Oil-Based Ink      93
    • 5.4.5.4   Hot-Melt Ink      93
    • 5.4.5.5   UV-Curable Ink 93
    • 5.4.5.6   Metal-based conductive inks      95
      • 5.4.5.6.1               Nanoparticle ink               96
      • 5.4.5.6.2               Silver inks            96
        • 5.4.5.6.2.1           Silver flake          97
        • 5.4.5.6.2.2           Silver nanoparticle ink    98
        • 5.4.5.6.2.3           Formulation       99
        • 5.4.5.6.2.4           Conductivity       99
        • 5.4.5.6.2.5           Particle-Free silver conductive ink             100
      • 5.4.5.6.3               Copper inks        100
        • 5.4.5.6.3.1           Properties           100
        • 5.4.5.6.3.2           Silver-coated copper      102
      • 5.4.5.6.4               Gold (Au) ink      102
        • 5.4.5.6.4.1           Properties           102
    • 5.4.5.7   Carbon-based conductive inks    103
      • 5.4.5.7.1               Carbon nanotubes           103
      • 5.4.5.7.2               Single-walled carbon nanotubes 105
      • 5.4.5.7.3               Graphene           106
    • 5.4.5.8   Liquid metals     110
      • 5.4.5.8.1               Properties           110
  • 5.4.6      Electronic filaments        111
  • 5.4.7      Phase change materials 111
    • 5.4.7.1   Temperature controlled fabrics  112
  • 5.4.8      Shape memory materials              113
  • 5.4.9      Metal halide perovskites              115
  • 5.4.10    Nanocoatings in smart textiles   115
  • 5.4.11    3D printing          119
    • 5.4.11.1                Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)           119
    • 5.4.11.2                Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)     119
    • 5.4.11.3                Products              119
• 5.5          E-textiles components   121
• 5.5.1      Sensors and actuators    121
  • 5.5.1.1   Physiological sensors      123
  • 5.5.1.2   Environmental sensors  123
  • 5.5.1.3   Pressure sensors              124
    • 5.5.1.3.1               Flexible capacitive sensors           124
    • 5.5.1.3.2               Flexible piezoresistive sensors   124
    • 5.5.1.3.3               Flexible piezoelectric sensors      125
  • 5.5.1.4   Activity sensors 125
  • 5.5.1.5   Strain sensors    126
    • 5.5.1.5.1               Resistive sensors              126
    • 5.5.1.5.2               Capacitive strain sensors              127
  • 5.5.1.6   Temperature sensors     127
  • 5.5.1.7   Inertial measurement units (IMUs)          127
• 5.5.2      Electrodes           128
• 5.5.3      Connectors         128

6              APPLICATIONS, MARKETS AND PRODUCTS            129

• 6.1          Current E-textiles and smart clothing products    130
• 6.2          Temperature monitoring and regulation 131
  • 6.2.1      Heated clothing 131
  • 6.2.2      Heated gloves   133
  • 6.2.3      Heated insoles  133
  • 6.2.4      Heated jacket and clothing products        134
  • 6.2.5      Materials used in flexible heaters and applications            135
• 6.3          Stretchable E-fabrics       136
• 6.4          Therapeutic products     137
• 6.5          Sport & fitness  137
  • 6.5.1      Products              139
• 6.6          Smart footwear 142
  • 6.6.1      Companies and products              142
• 6.7          Wearable displays            143
• 6.8          Military 144
• 6.9          Medical and healthcare 145
  • 6.9.1      Smart textiles for personalized healthcare            145
  • 6.9.2      Wearable health monitoring       149
    • 6.9.2.1   Companies and products              155
  • 6.9.3      Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring     161
  • 6.9.4      Pregnancy and newborn monitoring        162
  • 6.9.5      ECG sensors       164
    • 6.9.5.1   Companies and products              165
  • 6.9.6      Smart wound care           166
    • 6.9.6.1   Companies and products              168
• 6.10        Industrial and workplace monitoring       169
  • 6.10.1    Companies and products              170
• 6.11        Textile-based lighting     171
  • 6.11.1    OLEDs   171
• 6.12        Antimicrobial textiles     171
  • 6.12.1    Metallic-based coatings 172
  • 6.12.2    Polymer-based coatings 173
  • 6.12.3    Antimicrobial nanomaterials       173
  • 6.12.4    Organic nanoparticles    176
    • 6.12.4.1                Types and properties     176
  • 6.12.5    Nanosilver          178
  • 6.12.6    Zinc oxide           179
  • 6.12.7    Chitosan              181
  • 6.12.8    Companies and products              182
• 6.13        Smart diapers    184
  • 6.13.1    Companies and products              184
• 6.14        Protective clothing          185
• 6.15        Automotive interiors      190
• 6.16        Smart gloves      191
• 6.17        Exoskeletons     192
  • 6.17.1    Companies and products              192
• 6.18        Powering E-textiles         211
  • 6.18.1    Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles            212
  • 6.18.2    Bio-batteries      213
  • 6.18.3    Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles           214
  • 6.18.4    Textile supercapacitors  215
  • 6.18.5    Energy harvesting            216
    • 6.18.5.1                Photovoltaic solar textiles            217
    • 6.18.5.2                Energy harvesting nanogenerators           219
      • 6.18.5.2.1             TENGs   220
      • 6.18.5.2.2             PENGs  220
    • 6.18.5.3                Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting 221
• 6.19        Motion capture for AR/VR            221
• 6.20        Wearables for animals/pets        223

7              GLOBAL MARKET REVENUES, BY SECTOR                225

8              MARKET AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES FOR E-TEXTILES AND SMART CLOTHING   227

9              ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) COMPANY PROFILES 229 (152 company profiles)

10           REFERENCES       348

List of Tables

• Table 1. Types of wearable devices and applications.        34
• Table 2. Wearable electronics market leaders by market segment.            35
• Table 3. Advanced materials for Electronic textiles-Advantages and disadvantages.            42
• Table 4. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).       44
• Table 5. Commercially available smart clothing products.               45
• Table 6. Market drivers for E-textiles and smart clothing.                47
• Table 7. Example heated apparel products.          52
• Table 8. Performance requirements for E-textiles.             53
• Table 9. E-textiles investments and funding 2020-2023.   55
• Table 10. Types of smart textiles.              59
• Table 11. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods.   61
• Table 12. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles.            61
• Table 13. Methods for integrating conductive compounds.            62
• Table 14. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber.               63
• Table 15. 1D electronic fibers including the conductive materials, fabrication strategies, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and applications.  68
• Table 16. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold.        72
• Table 17. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms.       73
• Table 18. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles.     74
• Table 19. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.  76
• Table 20. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 77
• Table 21. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).  83
• Table 22. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.        85
• Table 23. Typical conductive ink formulation.      89
• Table 24. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       90
• Table 25.  Comparison of pros and cons of various types of conductive ink compositions. 93
• Table 26: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 103
• Table 27. Properties of graphene.             106
• Table 28. Electrical conductivity of different types of graphene.  109
• Table 29. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks. 111
• Table 30. Nanocoatings applied in the smart textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.       116
• Table 31. 3D printed shoes.         120
• Table 32. Sensors used in electronic textiles.        121
• Table 33. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures.      126
• Table 34. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors.        127
• Table 35. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles. 129
• Table 36. Commercially available E-textiles and smart clothing products. 130
• Table 37. Example heated jacket products.           132
• Table 38. Heated jacket and clothing products.   134
• Table 39. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.               135
• Table 40. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications.        139
• Table 41. Example earable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.    140
• Table 42.Companies and products in smart footwear.     142
• Table 43. Wearable electronics applications in the military.           144
• Table 44. Market drivers E-textiles in healthcare.               146
• Table 45. Physiological signals that may be measured using textile-based sensors.              151
• Table 46. Examples of wearable medical device products.              152
• Table 47. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperature monitoring and analysis.            161
• Table 48. Pregnancy and newborn monitoring pregnancy products.           163
• Table 49. Companies and products in smart wound care.                168
• Table 50. Wearable workplace products.               170
• Table 51: Nanomaterials used in nanocoatings and applications. 174
• Table 52. Types of organic nanoparticles and application in antimicrobials.             176
• Table 53. Antibacterial effects of ZnO NPs in different bacterial species.  180
• Table 54. Companies and products in advanced antimicrobial textiles.     182
• Table 55. Companies developing smart diaper products. 184
• Table 56: Applications in textiles, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           186
• Table 57: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.       187
• Table 58. Companies developing wearable exoskeletons.               192
• Table 59. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles.           212
• Table 60. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance.  214
• Table 61. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles.           216
• Table 62. Teslasuit.          223
• Table 63. Pet wearable companies and products.               223
• Table 64. Global electronic textiles and smart clothing market 2017-2033, revenues by sector (billions USD).          225
• Table 65. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing.          227

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Evolution of electronics.             31
• Figure 2. Wearable technology inventions.           32
• Figure 3. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles.        36
• Figure 4. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles.         36
• Figure 5. (a) Total research papers and patents yearly publications in past 10 years in area of e-textiles and smart textiles or intelligent garments. (b) Total research articles and patents published in the area of e-textiles, smart textiles and intelligent garments. (b) Total research articles and patents published in the area of e-textiles, smart textiles and intelligent garments for healthcare and fitness applications. 38
• Figure 6. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts.    39
• Figure 7. Systemization of wearable electronic systems. 40
• Figure 8. Conductive yarns.          42
• Figure 9. E-textile applications.   49
• Figure 10. Baby Monitor.              50
• Figure 11. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.      51
• Figure 12. Electronics integration in textiles: (a) textile-adapted, (b) textile-integrated (c) textile-basd.      58
• Figure 13. Stretchable polymer encapsulation microelectronics on textiles.            65
• Figure 14. Wove Band.   66
• Figure 15. Wearable graphene medical sensor.   67
• Figure 16. Conductive yarns.       69
• Figure 17. Classification of conductive materials and process technology.               71
• Figure 18. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.                82
• Figure 19. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 83
• Figure 20. BN nanosheet textiles application.       84
• Figure 21. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating.   86
• Figure 22. Schematic of inkjet-printed processes.              92
• Figure 23: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components. 98
• Figure 24. Schematic summary of the formulation of silver conductive inks.           99
• Figure 25. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.           101
• Figure 26: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube. 105
• Figure 27. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.               106
• Figure 28. Graphene layer structure schematic.  107
• Figure 29. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 109
• Figure 30. PCM cooling vest.       112
• Figure 31. SMPU-treated cotton fabrics. 113
• Figure 32. Schematics of DIAPLEX membrane.     114
• Figure 33. SMP energy storage textiles.  115
• Figure 34. Nike x Acronym Blazer Sneakers.          120
• Figure 35. Adidas 3D Runner Pump.         120
• Figure 36. Under Armour Archi-TechFuturist.      120
• Figure 37. Reebok Reebok Liquid Speed. 120
• Figure 38. Radiate sports vest.   121
• Figure 39. Adidas smart insole.   125
• Figure 40. Applications of E-textiles.        129
• Figure 41. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket.    132
• Figure 42. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper.              133
• Figure 43. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles.        134
• Figure 44. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat.  136
• Figure 45. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products. 137
• Figure 46. iStimUweaR . 138
• Figure 47. Digitsole Smartshoe. 142
• Figure 48. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.              143
• Figure 49. Wearable medical technology.              150
• Figure 50.Connected human body and product examples.             152
• Figure 51. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.           155
• Figure 52. Bloomlife.      163
• Figure 53. VitalPatch.     164
• Figure 54. Wearable ECG-textile.              165
• Figure 55. Wearable ECG recorder.           166
• Figure 56. Nexkin™.        166
• Figure 57. Schematic of smart wound dressing.  167
• Figure 58. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.    168
• Figure 59: Anti-bacterial sol-gel nanoparticle silver coating.           179
• Figure 60. Schematic of antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs.               180
• Figure 61. ABENA Nova smart diaper.      184
• Figure 62: Omniphobic-coated fabric.     185
• Figure 63. Textile-based car seat heaters.              191
• Figure 64. A mechanical glove, Robo-Glove, with pressure sensors and other sensors jointly developed by General Motors and NASA.           191
• Figure 65. Honda Walking Assist.               192
• Figure 66. ABLE Exoskeleton.      192
• Figure 67. ANGEL-LEGS-M10.      193
• Figure 68. AGADEXO Shoulder.  193
• Figure 69. Enyware.        193
• Figure 70. AWN-12 occupational powered hip exoskeleton.          194
• Figure 71. CarrySuit passive upper-body exoskeleton.     194
• Figure 72. Axosuit lower body medical exoskeleton.         194
• Figure 73. FreeGait.        194
• Figure 74. InMotion Arm.             195
• Figure 75. Biomotum SPARK.      195
• Figure 76. PowerWalk energy.   195
• Figure 77. Keeogo™.       196
• Figure 78. MATE-XT.       196
• Figure 79. CDYS passive shoulder support exoskeleton.   196
• Figure 80. ALDAK.            196
• Figure 81. HAL® Lower Limb.       197
• Figure 82. DARWING PA.              197
• Figure 83. Dephy ExoBoot.           197
• Figure 84. EksoNR.          197
• Figure 85. Emovo Assist.               198
• Figure 86. HAPO.              198
• Figure 87. Atlas passive modular exoskeleton.    198
• Figure 88. ExoAtlet II.     199
• Figure 89. ExoHeaver.    199
• Figure 90. Exy ONE.         199
• Figure 91. ExoArm.          200
• Figure 92. ExoMotus.     200
• Figure 93. Gloreha Sinfonia.        200
• Figure 94. BELK Knee Exoskeleton.           200
• Figure 95. Apex exosuit. 201
• Figure 96. Honda Walking Assist.               201
• Figure 97. BionicBack.    202
• Figure 98. Muscle Suit.   202
• Figure 99.Japet.W powered exoskeleton.              202
• Figure 100.Ski~Mojo.     203
• Figure 101. AIRFRAME passive shoulder. 203
• Figure 102.FORTIS passive tool holding exoskeleton.        203
• Figure 103. Integrated Soldier Exoskeleton (UPRISE®).     204
• Figure 104.UNILEXA passive exoskeleton.             204
• Figure 105.HandTutor.   204
• Figure 106.MyoPro®.      205
• Figure 107.Myosuit.        205
• Figure 108. archelis wearable chair.          205
• Figure 109.Chairless Chair.           205
• Figure 110.Indego.          206
• Figure 111. Polyspine.    206
• Figure 112. Hercule powered lower body exoskeleton.   206
• Figure 113. ReStore Soft Exo-Suit.             207
• Figure 114. Hand of Hope.           207
• Figure 115. REX powered exoskeleton.   207
• Figure 116. Elevate Ski Exoskeleton.        208
• Figure 117. UGO210 exoskeleton.            208
• Figure 118. EsoGLOVE Pro.           208
• Figure 119. Roki.               209
• Figure 120. Powered Clothing.   209
• Figure 121. Againer shock absorbing exoskeleton.             209
• Figure 122. EasyWalk Assistive Soft Exoskeleton Walker. 209
• Figure 123. Skel-Ex.         209
• Figure 124. EXO-H3 lower limbs robotic exoskeleton.      210
• Figure 125. Ikan Tilta Max Armor-Man 2 210
• Figure 126. AMADEO hand and finger robotic rehabilitation device.          210
• Figure 127.Atalante autonomous lower-body exoskeleton.           211
• Figure 128. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables.        212
• Figure 129. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques.  216
• Figure 130. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.               218
• Figure 131. 3D printed piezoelectric material.      220
• Figure 132. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR.    222
• Figure 133. Global electronic textiles and smart clothing market 2017-2033, revenues by sector (billions USD).     226
• Figure 134. BioMan+.     231
• Figure 135. EXO Glove.  232
• Figure 136. LED hooded jacket.  236
• Figure 137. Heated element module.      237
• Figure 138. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.        245
• Figure 139. Cionic Neural Sleeve.              248
• Figure 140. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.           251
• Figure 141. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.        253
• Figure 142. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.    254
• Figure 143. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.            264
• Figure 144. KiTT motion tracking knee sleeve.     267
• Figure 145. Healables app-controlled electrotherapy device.        273
• Figure 146. LumeoLoop device. 289
• Figure 147. Electroskin integration schematic.     296
• Figure 148. Nextiles’ compression garments.       298
• Figure 149. Nextiles e-fabric.      299
• Figure 150 .Nuada.          302
• Figure 151. Palarum PUP smart socks.     307
• Figure 152. Smardii smart diaper.              321
• Figure 153. Softmatter compression garment.    323
• Figure 154. Softmatter sports bra with a woven ECG sensor.         324
• Figure 155. MoCap Pro Glove.    326
• Figure 156. Teslasuit.      330
• Figure 157. ZOZOFIT wearable at-home 3D body scanner.              345
• Figure 158. YouCare smart shirt. 346

The Global Market for Electronic Textiles (E-textiles) and Smart Clothing 2023-2033

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The Global Market for Electronic Textiles (E-textiles) and Smart Clothing 2023-2033

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