Market for Flexible, Printed, and Thin Film Batteries

Published March 2022 | 305 pages, 129 figures, 35 tables | Download table of contents

Demand for advanced batteries has increased greatly in recent years and the market for Flexible, Printed, and Solid-State Thin Film batteries will explode in the next decade in Internet of Things (IoT), wearables, flexible electronics, sensors and electric vehicle applications.

Given the increasing demands for flexible and wearable electronics, it is necessary to develop corresponding energy storage devices that are mechanically flexible, foldable and even stretchable. These emerging energy storage devices also need to be lightweight and have high electrochemical performance with a high energy density, high rate capability, and long cycling life.

Mass manufacturing of solid-state batteries, while in its infancy, will have a huge impact on the market for electric vehicles, allowing for enhanced safety, range and performance. As well as requiring characteristics such as low cost and high energy density and power density, battery requirements for new technologies include:

small footprint (conventional batteries take up to 40% of the space of wearables and mobile phones)
flexibility
various form factors
shape conformability
easy integration with devices.

The Global Market for Flexible, Printed, and Thin Film Batteries 2022 covers all the latest developments, key player activities, end user market applications and current and future trends.

Report content includes:

State of market and technology developments for Flexible, Printed, and Solid-State Thin Film batteries, applications, future trends & opportunities and global players products and activities.
Technologies covered include printed batteries, solid-state batteries, thin-film lithium batteries, 2D and 3D Micro-batteries, carbon-zinc batteries, stretchable batteries, rollable batteries, Fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries, foldable batteries, cable-shaped batteries, thin flexible supercapacitors, transparent batteries.
Global revenues by battery types and markets 2020-2032
Markets covered include wearables, electronic textiles, medical devices, diagnostics, implantables and skin patches, cosmetic, portable electronics, internet of things wireless sensor and connected device, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, smart cards, and smart labels for food packaging, supply-chain logistics etc.
121 in depth company profiles. Companies profiled include Addionics, Ateios Systems, Blackstone Resources AG, Blue Solutions, Blue Spark Technologies, Inc., Britishvolt, Factorial Energy, Ilika, ProLogium, QuantumScape, Sakuu, Solid Power, and Sparkz.

1 RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 17

1.1 Report scope 17
1.2 Market coverage 17
1.3 Research methodology 17
1.4 Primary research 18
1.5 Secondary research 18

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 19

2.1 Current market for batteries 19
2.2 Market drivers 22
2.3 Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics 24
2.4 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors 28
2.5 Battery market megatrends 29
2.6 The global market for thin film, printed, flexible & stretchable, batteries 32
- 2.6.1 Global market to 2032, by types and markets (revenues) 32
  - 2.6.1.1 Solid-state batteries segment 33
2.7 Market challenges 34
2.8 Industry developments 2020-2022 35

3 SOLID-STATE THIN FILM BATTERIES 37

3.1 Introduction 37
- 3.1.1 Features and advantages 38
- 3.1.2 Technical specifications 39
- 3.1.3 Types 40
- 3.1.4 Microbatteries 42
  - 3.1.4.1 Introduction 42
  - 3.1.4.2 Materials 43
  - 3.1.4.3 Applications 43
  - 3.1.4.4 3D designs 43
- 3.1.5 Bulk type solid-state batteries 44
3.2 Shortcomings and market challenges for solid-state thin film batteries 45

4 FLEXIBLE BATTERIES (including stretchable, rollable, bendable and foldable) 47

4.1 Technical specifications 48
- 4.1.1 Approaches to flexibility 49
4.2 Flexible electronics 52
- 4.2.1 Flexible materials 53
4.3 Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries 54
4.4 Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries 55
4.5 Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries 55
- 4.5.1 Electrode designs 58
- 4.5.2 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries 61
- 4.5.3 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries 62
- 4.5.4 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries 64
4.6 Flexible Li/S batteries 65
- 4.6.1 Components 65
- 4.6.2 Carbon nanomaterials 65
4.7 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 66
4.8 Flexible zinc-based batteries 67
- 4.8.1 Components 67
  - 4.8.1.1 Anodes 67
  - 4.8.1.2 Cathodes 68
- 4.8.2 Challenges 68
- 4.8.3 Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries 69
- 4.8.4 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries 70
- 4.8.5 Flexible Zn–Air batteries 70
- 4.8.6 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries 71
4.9 Fiber-shaped batteries 72
- 4.9.1 Carbon nanotubes 72
- 4.9.2 Types 72
- 4.9.3 Applications 74
- 4.9.4 Challenges 74
4.10 Transparent batteries 75
- 4.10.1 Components 76
4.11 Degradable batteries 77
- 4.11.1 Components 78
4.12 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors 79
- 4.12.1 Nanomaterials for electrodes 80
4.13 Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices 82

5 PRINTED BATTERIES 85

5.1 Technical specifications 85
- 5.1.1 Components 86
  - 5.1.1.1 Design 87
- 5.1.2 Key features 88
- 5.1.3 Materials 89
- 5.1.4 Printing techniques 89
- 5.1.5 Applications 91
5.2 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries 91
5.3 Zinc-based printed batteries 92
5.4 3D Printed batteries 95
- 5.4.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing 97
- 5.4.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries 98
  - 5.4.2.1 Electrode materials 98
  - 5.4.2.2 Electrolyte Materials 99
5.5 Printed supercapacitors 99
- 5.5.1 Electrode materials 101
- 5.5.2 Electrolytes 102

6 MARKETS FOR FLEXIBLE, PRINTED AND THIN FILM BATTERIES 107

6.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 107
6.2 Health and wellness monitoring devices 109
6.3 Medical implantables 119
6.4 Skin patches 120
- 6.4.1 Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products 121
- 6.4.2 Cardiovascular monitoring 125
- 6.4.3 Temperature monitoring 127
6.5 Smart Cards 129
6.6 RFID tags 130
- 6.6.1 Low-frequency (LF) RFID tags: 30 KHz to 300 KHz 131
- 6.6.2 High-frequency (HF) RFID tags: 3 to 30 MHz 131
- 6.6.3 Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags: 300 MHz to 3GHz 131
- 6.6.4 Active, passive and semi-passive RFID tags 132
6.7 Wearables 133
- 6.7.1 Energy sources for wearable sensors 137
- 6.7.2 Wrist-worn wearables 138
- 6.7.3 Smart watches 138
  - 6.7.3.1 Health monitoring 138
  - 6.7.3.2 Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches 139
  - 6.7.3.3 Main smart watch producers and products 139
- 6.7.4 Sports and fitness trackers 140
  - 6.7.4.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers 143
- 6.7.5 Foot-worn wearables 143
- 6.7.5.1 Companies and products 144
6.8 E-textiles 145
- 6.8.1 Textile-based batteries 145
- 6.8.2 Energy harvesting 145
- 6.8.3 Powering E-textiles 146
- 6.8.4 Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles 147
- 6.8.5 Bio-batteries 147
- 6.8.6 Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles 148
6.9 Automotive, Transport 149
6.10 Micro/Nano Electromechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS) 150
6.11 Smart packaging 151
6.12 Foldable smartphones and displays 151

7 COMPANY PROFILES 158

8 REFERENCES 279

List of Tables

Table 1. Market drivers for use of advanced technologies in batteries. 22
Table 2. Battery market megatrends. 29
Table 3. Market challenges for flexible, printed and thin film batteries. 34
Table 4. Flexible, printed and thin film batteries industry developments 2020-2022. 35
Table 5. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries. 37
Table 6. Shortcoming of solid-state thin film batteries. 45
Table 7. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements. 48
Table 8. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes. 56
Table 9. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries. 58
Table 10. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries. 61
Table 11. Types of fiber-shaped batteries. 72
Table 12. Components of transparent batteries. 76
Table 13. Components of degradable batteries. 78
Table 14. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 81
Table 15. Main components and properties of different printed battery types. 86
Table 16.2D and 3D printing techniques. 89
Table 17. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries. 91
Table 18. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries. 91
Table 19. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types. 93
Table 20. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing. 97
Table 21. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries. 98
Table 22. Methods for printing supercapacitors. 100
Table 23. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors. 101
Table 24. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors. 102
Table 25. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors. 103
Table 26. Devices for IoT power sources. 107
Table 27. Examples of wearable medical device products. 110
Table 28. Wearable bio-signal monitoring devices. 112
Table 29. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products. 122
Table 30. Types of RFID tags. 130
Table 31. Market requirements for energy storage in wearables. 135
Table 32. Flexible batteries types in wearable sensors. 138
Table 33. Wearable health monitors. 138
Table 34. Main smart watch producers and products. 139
Table 35. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance. 141
Table 36. Companies and products in smart footwear. 144
Table 37. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles. 147
Table 38. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 148
Table 39. Foldable smartphones, laptops and tablets, on or near market. 153
Table 40. 3DOM separator. 161
Table 41. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries. 223

List of Figures

Figure 1. Annual sales of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. 20
Figure 2. Global battery market 2015-2032, billions USD. 22
Figure 3. Flexible batteries on the market. 25
Figure 4. Examples of flexible electronics devices. 27
Figure 5. Stretchable graphene supercapacitor. 28
Figure 6. Costs of batteries to 2030. 31
Figure 7. Revenues for thin film, flexible and printed batteries 2021-2032, by market, millions USD (excluding thin film solid-state batteries). 33
Figure 8. The global market for solid-state batteries, 2018-2032, millions USD. 33
Figure 9. ULTRALIFE thin film battery. 37
Figure 10. Examples of applications of thin film batteries. 39
Figure 11. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials. 40
Figure 12. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right). 42
Figure 13. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB. 44
Figure 14. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries. 48
Figure 15. Flexible, rechargeable battery. 49
Figure 16. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage. 50
Figure 17. Types of flexible batteries. 52
Figure 18. Flexible label and printed paper battery. 52
Figure 19. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries. 56
Figure 20. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures. 58
Figure 21. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs. 59
Figure 22. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs. 59
Figure 23. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs. 62
Figure 24. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f) 63
Figure 25. Origami disposable battery. 64
Figure 26. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt. 67
Figure 27. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries. 69
Figure 28. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark. 69
Figure 29. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy. 70
Figure 30. Transparent batteries. 75
Figure 31. Degradable batteries. 77
Figure 32. Schematic of supercapacitors in wearables. 79
Figure 33. (A) Schematic overview of a flexible supercapacitor as compared to conventional supercapacitor. 80
Figure 34. Stretchable graphene supercapacitor. 81
Figure 35. Wearable self-powered devices. 83
Figure 36. Various applications of printed paper batteries. 85
Figure 37.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery. 86
Figure 38. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together. 88
Figure 39. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III). 96
Figure 40. Main printing methods for supercapacitors. 100
Figure 41. Capacitech Energy cable-based capacitor. 108
Figure 42. Cable-Based Capacitor integrated with wiring of an indoor solar cell. 109
Figure 43. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products. 114
Figure 44. Flexible, implantable battery concept. 119
Figure 45. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor. 122
Figure 46. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor. 122
Figure 47. VitalPatch. 125
Figure 48. Wearable ECG-textile. 126
Figure 49. Wearable ECG recorder. 127
Figure 50. Nexkin™. 127
Figure 51. Enfucell wearable temperature tag. 129
Figure 52. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer. 129
Figure 53. Smart card incorporating an ultra-thin battery. 130
Figure 54. RFID ultra micro battery. 132
Figure 55. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts. 133
Figure 56. Stretchable transistor. 135
Figure 57. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition. 136
Figure 58. Connected human body and product examples. 137
Figure 59. Schematic flow chart of self-powering smart wearable sensors. 137
Figure 60. Digitsole Smartshoe. 144
Figure 61. E-textile flexible, printed and thin film battery applications. 146
Figure 62. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables. 147
Figure 63. Toyota sports EV concept incorporating solid-state batteries. 150
Figure 64. Samsung foldable battery patent schematic. 152
Figure 65. LG Chem foldable display. 152
Figure 66. Asus Foldable Phone. 153
Figure 67. Dell Concept Ori. 153
Figure 68. Intel Foldable phone. 154
Figure 69. ThinkPad X1 Fold. 154
Figure 70. Motorola Razr. 154
Figure 71. Oppo Find N folding phone. 155
Figure 72. Royole FlexPai 2. 155
Figure 73. Galaxy Fold 3. 155
Figure 74. Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3 156
Figure 75. TCL Tri-Fold Foldable Phone 156
Figure 76. TCL rollable phone. 156
Figure 77. Xiaomi Mi MIX Flex. 157
Figure 78. 24M battery. 158
Figure 79. 3DOM battery. 160
Figure 80. AC biode prototype. 162
Figure 81. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm). 166
Figure 82. Amprius battery products. 168
Figure 83. All-polymer battery schematic. 170
Figure 84. All Polymer Battery Module. 170
Figure 85. Resin current collector. 170
Figure 86. Ateios thin-film, printed battery. 172
Figure 87. 3D printed lithium-ion battery. 175
Figure 88. Blue Solution module. 177
Figure 89. TempTraq wearable patch. 178
Figure 90. Cymbet EnerChip™ 185
Figure 91. E-magy nano sponge structure. 187
Figure 92. SoftBattery®. 188
Figure 93. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate. 189
Figure 94. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials. 191
Figure 95. 40 Ah battery cell. 192
Figure 96. FDK Corp battery. 194
Figure 97. 2D paper batteries. 198
Figure 98. 3D Custom Format paper batteries. 199
Figure 99. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 200
Figure 100. Gelion Endure battery. 202
Figure 101. Portable desalination plant. 203
Figure 102. Grepow flexible battery. 208
Figure 103. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery. 214
Figure 104. Ilika solid-state batteries. 217
Figure 105. ZincPoly™ technology. 218
Figure 106. Ionic Materials battery cell. 220
Figure 107. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure. 221
Figure 108. ITEN micro batteries. 222
Figure 109. LiBEST flexible battery. 227
Figure 110. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology. 229
Figure 111. Lyten batteries. 231
Figure 112. Nanotech Energy battery. 237
Figure 113. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 238
Figure 114. NBD battery. 240
Figure 115. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 241
Figure 116. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 242
Figure 117. EnerCerachip. 245
Figure 118. Cambrian battery. 248
Figure 119. Printed battery. 251
Figure 120. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery. 252
Figure 121. Printed Energy flexible battery. 253
Figure 122. ProLogium solid-state battery. 254
Figure 123. QingTao solid-state batteries. 255
Figure 124. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery. 257
Figure 125. SES Apollo batteries. 262
Figure 126. Sionic Energy battery cell. 266
Figure 127. Solid Power battery pouch cell. 268
Figure 128.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery 273

The Global Market for Flexible, Printed, and Thin Film Batteries 2022-2032

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The Global Market for Flexible, Printed, and Thin Film Batteries 2022-2032

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