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The Global Market for Graphene 2024-2035

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  • Published: May 2025
  • Pages: 869
  • Tables: 206
  • Figures: 294

 

Future Markets produced the first graphene market report in 2009 and has been at the forefront of market information covering the topic since.  The Global Market for Graphene 2024-2035 is the latest edition, a comprehensive report that explores the evolving landscape of graphene materials, technologies, and applications. This in-depth analysis covers key sectors such as batteries, supercapacitors, polymer additives, sensors, conductive inks, transparent conductive films, transistors, filtration membranes, and more, providing insights into market trends, growth drivers, competitive landscapes, and future outlooks.

The report offers a detailed overview of graphene production methods, types of graphene materials, and their unique properties, highlighting the importance of this revolutionary nanomaterial in various industries. It covers the commercialization of graphene, including recent market developments, funding and investments, and profiles of publicly listed graphene companies. With market revenue and demand projections spanning from 2024 to 2035, the report segments the global graphene market by material type, end-user market, and region. 

Key topics covered include:

  • Types of graphene materials, including CVD graphene, graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots
  • Graphene production methods, regulations, and pricing analysis
  • Patent landscape and publication trends
  • Comprehensive analysis of graphene applications in energy storage, composites, electronics, sensors, and more
  • Market drivers, challenges, and opportunities for each application segment
  • Regional market insights for Asia-Pacific, North America, and Europe

 

The report also explores emerging opportunities for graphene in industries such as aerospace, automotive, construction, healthcare, and textiles. It analyzes the supply chain, industrial collaborations, and the competitive landscape, providing a holistic view of the graphene market. Report contents include: 

  • Advanced carbon materials market analysis
  • Graphene market developments 2020-2024
  • Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024
  • Global market in tons and revenues
  • Graphene products
  • Key market players and competitive landscape
  • Industrial collaborations and licence agreements
  • Supply chain
  • Graphene market challenges
  • Future outlook
  • Risks and opportunities
  • Overview of Graphene
  • Regulations
  • Patents and Publications
  • Production and Pricing
    • Commercial production capacities
    • Graphene production issues and challenges
    • Graphene pricing and cost analysis
    • Key graphene market players, by graphene type
  • Markets for Graphene including Batteries, Supercapacitors, Polymer additives, Sensors, Conductive inks, Transparent conductive films and displays, Transistors and integrated circuits, Filtration membranes, Thermal management, 3D printing and additive manufacturing, Adhesives, Aerospace, Automotive, Construction and buildings, Memory devices, Fuel cells, Biomedicine and healthcare, Lighting, Lubricants, Oil and gas, Paints and coatings, Photonics, Photovoltaics, Rubber and tyres, Textiles and apparel, Other markets.
  • Graphene Company Profiles. The report features profiles of over 375 companies at the forefront of graphene innovation, offering valuable insights into their technologies, products, and strategic initiatives. Companies profiled include Advanced Material Development (AMD), Alterbiota, Archer Materials, Avadain, BeDimensional, Black Swan Graphene, Directa Plus, Evercloak, First Graphene, General Graphene, Gerdau Graphene, GIT Coatings, Graphenea, Graphene Star, Graphene Trace, Granode Materials, GRAFTA Nanotech, Haydale, Hydrograph, INBRAIN Neuroelectronics, Levidian, Lyten, NanoXplore, Paragraf, Premier Graphene, Rimere, Solidion Technology, Sparc Technologies, Tenutec, Turquoise Group and Universal Matter (Full list of companies in the table of contents).
  • Graphene Ex-Producers and Product Developers
  • Other 2-D Materials
    • Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials
    • 2D materials production methods
    • Types of 2D materials
    • 2D materials producer and supplier profiles

 

Whether you are an industry stakeholder, investor, or researcher, "The Global Market for Graphene 2024-2035" provides the critical insights needed to navigate this transformative and rapidly growing field. 

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

  • 1.1         Advanced carbon materials     45
    • 1.1.1     Types    45
  • 1.2         Graphene and other 2D materials         47
  • 1.3         Commercialization       48
  • 1.4         The graphene market in 2023   49
  • 1.5         Graphene market developments 2020-2024    51
  • 1.6         Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024              62
  • 1.7         Publicly listed graphene companies     64
  • 1.8         Global market in tons and revenues     65
    • 1.8.1     Global demand by graphene material (tons)     65
    • 1.8.2     Global demand by end user market      68
    • 1.8.3     Graphene market, by region     70
      • 1.8.3.1 Asia-Pacific      72
        • 1.8.3.1.1             China   72
      • 1.8.3.1.2             Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific          72
      • 1.8.3.2 North America 73
        • 1.8.3.2.1             Main graphene producers in North America     74
      • 1.8.3.3 Europe 74
        • 1.8.3.3.1             Main graphene producers in Europe     75
  • 1.9         Graphene products       76
  • 1.10       Key market players and competitive landscape             79
  • 1.11       Industrial collaborations and licence agreements        80
  • 1.12       Supply chain     88
  • 1.13       Graphene market challenges   89
  • 1.14       Future outlook 90
  • 1.15       Risks and opportunities              92

 

2             OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE      

  • 2.1         History 94
  • 2.2         Properties          95
  • 2.3         Types of graphene          96
    • 2.3.1     Graphene materials     97
      • 2.3.1.1 CVD Graphene 97
        • 2.3.1.1.1             Single layer       98
        • 2.3.1.1.2             Bilayer 99
        • 2.3.1.1.3             Few Layer          99
        • 2.3.1.1.4             Multilayer          99
        • 2.3.1.1.5             Applications     100
      • 2.3.1.2 Graphene nanoplatelets            100
      • 2.3.1.3 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide               101
      • 2.3.1.4 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)            103
        • 2.3.1.4.1             Composition    103
        • 2.3.1.4.2             Comparison to quantum dots  104
        • 2.3.1.4.3             Properties          105
        • 2.3.1.4.4             Synthesis           105
          • 2.3.1.4.4.1         Top-down method         105
          • 2.3.1.4.4.2         Bottom-up method        105
          • 2.3.1.4.4.3         Comparison of synthesis methods        106
        • 2.3.1.4.5             Applications     108
        • 2.3.1.4.6             Markets for graphene quantum dots     109
          • 2.3.1.4.6.1         Electronics and photonics         109
          • 2.3.1.4.6.2         Energy storage and conversion               109
          • 2.3.1.4.6.3         Sensors               111
          • 2.3.1.4.6.4         Biomedicine and life sciences 112
          • 2.3.1.4.6.5         Anti-counterfeiting        112
        • 2.3.1.4.7             Challenges        113
        • 2.3.1.4.8             Current and projected revenues             114
        • 2.3.1.4.9             Pricing 115
        • 2.3.1.4.10           Companies       115
          • 2.3.1.4.10.1       American Elements      115
          • 2.3.1.4.10.2       Biographene, Inc.           116
          • 2.3.1.4.10.3       Carbon Upcycling Technologies             116
          • 2.3.1.4.10.4       Dotz Nano Ltd. 118
          • 2.3.1.4.10.5       ENano Tec Co., Ltd.      119
          • 2.3.1.4.10.6       GoLeafe             120
          • 2.3.1.4.10.7       Graphene Square           120
          • 2.3.1.4.10.8       Graphensic AB 121
          • 2.3.1.4.10.9       Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd.            122
          • 2.3.1.4.10.10    KRI, Inc.               123
          • 2.3.1.4.10.11    Quantag Nanotechnologies      124
          • 2.3.1.4.10.12    Qurv Technologies S.L.               125
          • 2.3.1.4.10.13    Shanghai Simbatt Energy Technology Co., Ltd.               125
          • 2.3.1.4.10.14    Sigma-Aldrich 126
    • 2.3.2     Intermediate products 127
      • 2.3.2.1 Graphene masterbatches         127
      • 2.3.2.2 Graphene dispersions 127
  • 2.4         Graphene production   128
    • 2.4.1     Quality 130
    • 2.4.2     Graphene production methods               131
    • 2.4.3     Expanded graphite        134
    • 2.4.4     Reduced graphene oxide            135
    • 2.4.5     Direct liquid phase exfoliation process               136
    • 2.4.6     Electrochemical exfoliation     136
    • 2.4.7     Plasma exfoliation        136
    • 2.4.8     Chemical Vapour Deposited (CVD) Graphene 137
      • 2.4.8.1 Roll to roll (R2R) growth               137
      • 2.4.8.2 Novel strategies             137
      • 2.4.8.3 Epitaxial CVD graphene growth               138
  • 2.5         Regulations       139
    • 2.5.1     Environmental, health and safety regulation    139
      • 2.5.1.1 Europe 139
      • 2.5.1.2 United States   140
      • 2.5.1.3 Asia-Pacific      142
    • 2.5.2     Workplace exposure     142

 

3             PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS 144

 

4             PRODUCTION AND PRICING   

  • 4.1         Commercial production capacities      146
  • 4.2         Graphene production issues and challenges   149
    • 4.2.1     Oversupply        149
    • 4.2.2     Quality 149
    • 4.2.3     Large-volume markets 150
    • 4.2.4     Commoditisation          150
    • 4.2.5     Industrial end-user perspective              151
  • 4.3         Graphene pricing and cost analysis      151
    • 4.3.1     Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene              154
    • 4.3.2     Few-Layer graphene pricing     156
    • 4.3.3     Graphene nanoplatelets pricing             157
    • 4.3.4     Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing         158
    • 4.3.5     Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing      159
    • 4.3.6     Graphene ink    160
  • 4.4         Key graphene market players, by graphene type             161

 

5             MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE       

  • 5.1         BATTERIES         171
    • 5.1.1     Market overview             172
      • 5.1.1.1 Market drivers and trends          173
      • 5.1.1.2 Applications     176
        • 5.1.1.2.1             Applications roadmap to 2035 178
      • 5.1.1.3 SWOT analysis 179
      • 5.1.1.4 Addressable market size            180
      • 5.1.1.5 Global market  180
        • 5.1.1.5.1             Revenues           180
        • 5.1.1.5.2             Tons, 2018-2035             181
    • 5.1.2     Market players 183
  • 5.2         SUPERCAPACITORS    189
    • 5.2.1     Market overview             189
      • 5.2.1.1 Applications     189
        • 5.2.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035 192
      • 5.2.1.2 SWOT analysis 193
      • 5.2.1.3 Addressable market size            194
      • 5.2.1.4 Global market  194
        • 5.2.1.4.1             Revenues           194
        • 5.2.1.4.2             Tons      195
    • 5.2.2     Market players 197
  • 5.3         POLYMER ADDITIVES  200
    • 5.3.1     Market overview             200
      • 5.3.1.1 Applications     200
        • 5.3.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035 200
      • 5.3.1.2 Fiber-based      200
        • 5.3.1.2.1             Applications     201
      • 5.3.1.3 Metal matrix composites (MMCs)          204
        • 5.3.1.3.1             Applications     204
      • 5.3.1.4 SWOT analysis 205
      • 5.3.1.5 Addressable market size            206
      • 5.3.1.6 Global market  207
        • 5.3.1.6.1             Revenues           207
        • 5.3.1.6.2             Tons      208
    • 5.3.2     Market players 210
  • 5.4         SENSORS          214
    • 5.4.1     Market overview             215
      • 5.4.1.1 Applications     216
        • 5.4.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035 219
      • 5.4.1.2 SWOT analysis 220
      • 5.4.1.3 Addressable market size            221
      • 5.4.1.4 Global market  221
        • 5.4.1.4.1             Revenues           221
        • 5.4.1.4.2             Tons      223
    • 5.4.2     Market players 224
  • 5.5         CONDUCTIVE INKS      229
    • 5.5.1     Market overview             229
      • 5.5.1.1 Applications     230
        • 5.5.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035 232
      • 5.5.1.2 SWOT analysis 234
      • 5.5.1.3 Addressable market size            235
      • 5.5.1.4 Global market  235
        • 5.5.1.4.1             Revenues           235
        • 5.5.1.4.2             Tons      236
    • 5.5.2     Market players 238
  • 5.6         TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS  240
    • 5.6.1     Market outlook 240
      • 5.6.1.1 Applications     241
        • 5.6.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035 243
      • 5.6.1.2 SWOT analysis 243
      • 5.6.1.3 Addressable market size            244
      • 5.6.1.4 Global market  245
        • 5.6.1.4.1             Revenues           245
        • 5.6.1.4.2             Tons      246
    • 5.6.2     Market players 248
  • 5.7         TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS    250
    • 5.7.1     Market overview             250
    • 5.7.1.1 Applications     251
      • 5.7.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035 253
    • 5.7.1.2 SWOT analysis 254
    • 5.7.1.3 Addressable market size            255
    • 5.7.1.4 Global market  255
      • 5.7.1.4.1             Revenues           255
      • 5.7.1.4.2             Tons      257
  • 5.7.2     Market players 258
  • 5.8         FILTRATION MEMBRANES         260
    • 5.8.1     Market overview             260
      • 5.8.1.1 Applications     261
        • 5.8.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035 264
      • 5.8.1.2 SWOT analysis 265
      • 5.8.1.3 Addressable market size            266
      • 5.8.1.4 Global market  266
        • 5.8.1.4.1             Revenues           266
        • 5.8.1.4.2             Tons      268
    • 5.8.2     Market players 269
  • 5.9         THERMAL MANAGEMENT          272
    • 5.9.1     Market overview             272
      • 5.9.1.1 Applications     272
        • 5.9.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035 272
      • 5.9.1.2 SWOT analysis 273
      • 5.9.1.3 Addressable market size            274
      • 5.9.1.4 Global market  274
        • 5.9.1.4.1             Revenues           274
        • 5.9.1.4.2             Tons      276
    • 5.9.2     Market players 277
  • 5.10       3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING           279
    • 5.10.1   Market overview             279
      • 5.10.1.1               Applications     280
        • 5.10.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 282
      • 5.10.1.2               SWOT analysis 282
      • 5.10.1.3               Addressable market size            283
      • 5.10.1.4               Global market  284
        • 5.10.1.4.1           Revenues           284
        • 5.10.1.4.2           Tons      285
    • 5.10.2   Market players 286
  • 5.11       ADHESIVES      289
    • 5.11.1   Market overview             289
    • 5.11.1.1               Applications     290
      • 5.11.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 292
    • 5.11.1.2               SWOT analysis 292
    • 5.11.1.3               Addressable market size            293
    • 5.11.1.4               Global market  294
      • 5.11.1.4.1           Revenues           294
      • 5.11.1.4.2           Tons      295
    • 5.11.2   Market players 296
  • 5.12       AEROSPACE     298
    • 5.12.1   Market overview             298
    • 5.12.1.1               Applications     298
      • 5.12.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 302
    • 5.12.1.2               SWOT analysis 302
    • 5.12.1.3               Addressable market size            303
    • 5.12.1.4               Global market  304
      • 5.12.1.4.1           Revenues           304
      • 5.12.1.4.2           Tons      305
    • 5.12.2   Market players 307
  • 5.13       AUTOMOTIVE   310
    • 5.13.1   Market overview             310
      • 5.13.1.1               Applications     310
        • 5.13.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 313
      • 5.13.1.2               SWOT analysis 314
      • 5.13.1.3               Addressable market size            315
      • 5.13.1.4               Global market  316
        • 5.13.1.4.1           Revenues           316
        • 5.13.1.4.2           Tons      317
    • 5.13.2   Market players 319
  • 5.14       CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS       323
    • 5.14.1   Market overview             323
      • 5.14.1.1               Applications     323
        • 5.14.1.1.1           Cement               325
        • 5.14.1.1.2           Asphalt bitumen             326
        • 5.14.1.1.3           Aerogels             327
          • 5.14.1.1.3.1       3D printed aerogels       327
          • 5.14.1.1.3.2       Carbon-based aerogel composites       328
          • 5.14.1.1.4           Applications roadmap to 2035 328
      • 5.14.1.2               SWOT analysis 329
      • 5.14.1.3               Addressable market size            330
      • 5.14.1.4               Global market  330
        • 5.14.1.4.1           Revenues           330
        • 5.14.1.4.2           Tons      332
    • 5.14.2   Market players 333
  • 5.15       MEMORY DEVICES        336
    • 5.15.1   Market overview             336
      • 5.15.1.1               Applications     337
        • 5.15.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 338
      • 5.15.1.2               SWOT analysis 339
      • 5.15.1.3               Addressable market size            340
      • 5.15.1.4               Global market  340
        • 5.15.1.4.1           Revenues           340
        • 5.15.1.4.2           Tons      342
    • 5.15.2   Market players 343
  • 5.16       FUEL CELLS      345
    • 5.16.1   Market overview             345
      • 5.16.1.1               Applications     346
        • 5.16.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 348
      • 5.16.1.2               SWOT analysis 349
      • 5.16.1.3               Addressable market size            350
      • 5.16.1.4               Global market  350
        • 5.16.1.4.1           Revenues           350
        • 5.16.1.4.2           Tons      352
    • 5.16.2   Market players 353
  • 5.17       BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE        354
    • 5.17.1   Market overview             355
      • 5.17.1.1               Applications     355
        • 5.17.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 359
      • 5.17.1.2               Drug delivery    359
      • 5.17.1.3               Imaging and diagnostics             360
      • 5.17.1.4               Implants             360
      • 5.17.1.5               Medical biosensors       361
      • 5.17.1.6               Woundcare       361
      • 5.17.1.7               Medical wearables        362
      • 5.17.1.8               Gene delivery   363
      • 5.17.1.9               SWOT analysis 364
      • 5.17.1.10            Addressable market size            365
      • 5.17.1.11            Global market  365
        • 5.17.1.11.1        Revenues           365
        • 5.17.1.11.2        Tons      366
    • 5.17.2   Market players 368
  • 5.18       LIGHTING          372
    • 5.18.1   Market overview             372
      • 5.18.1.1               Applications     372
        • 5.18.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 374
      • 5.18.1.2               SWOT analysis 375
      • 5.18.1.3               Addressable market size            376
      • 5.18.1.4               Global market  377
        • 5.18.1.4.1           Revenues           377
        • 5.18.1.4.2           Tons      378
    • 5.18.2   Market players 380
  • 5.19       LUBRICANTS   381
    • 5.19.1   Market overview             382
      • 5.19.1.1               Applications     382
      • 5.19.1.2               SWOT analysis 384
      • 5.19.1.3               Addressable market size            385
      • 5.19.1.4               Global market  386
        • 5.19.1.4.1           Revenues           386
        • 5.19.1.4.2           Tons      387
    • 5.19.2   Market players 388
  • 5.20       OIL AND GAS   391
    • 5.20.1   Market overview             391
      • 5.20.1.1               Applications     391
        • 5.20.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 394
      • 5.20.1.2               SWOT analysis 394
      • 5.20.1.3               Addressable market size            395
      • 5.20.1.4               Global market  396
        • 5.20.1.4.1           Revenues           396
        • 5.20.1.4.2           Tons      397
    • 5.20.2   Market players 399
  • 5.21       PAINTS AND COATINGS             400
    • 5.21.1   Market overview             400
      • 5.21.1.1               Applications     400
        • 5.21.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 404
      • 5.21.1.2               SWOT analysis 405
      • 5.21.1.3               Addressable market size            406
      • 5.21.1.4               Global market  406
        • 5.21.1.4.1           Revenues           406
        • 5.21.1.4.2           Tons      408
    • 5.21.2   Market players 409
  • 5.22       PHOTONICS    415
    • 5.22.1   Market overview             415
      • 5.22.1.1               Applications     415
        • 5.22.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 417
      • 5.22.1.2               SWOT analysis 419
      • 5.22.1.3               Addressable market size            420
      • 5.22.1.4               Global market  420
        • 5.22.1.4.1           Revenues           420
        • 5.22.1.4.2           Tons      421
    • 5.22.2   Market players 423
  • 5.23       PHOTOVOLTAICS          424
    • 5.23.1   Market overview             424
      • 5.23.1.1               Applications     425
        • 5.23.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 428
      • 5.23.1.2               SWOT analysis 429
      • 5.23.1.3               Addressable market size            430
      • 5.23.1.4               Global market  430
        • 5.23.1.4.1           Revenues           430
        • 5.23.1.4.2           Tons      432
    • 5.23.2   Market players 433
  • 5.24       RUBBER AND TYRES     435
    • 5.24.1   Market overview             435
      • 5.24.1.1               Applications     435
        • 5.24.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 438
      • 5.24.1.2               SWOT analysis 438
      • 5.24.1.3               Addressable market size            439
      • 5.24.1.4               Global market  440
        • 5.24.1.4.1           Revenues           440
        • 5.24.1.4.2           Tons      441
    • 5.24.2   Market players 443
  • 5.25       TEXTILES AND APPAREL             446
    • 5.25.1   Market outlook 446
      • 5.25.1.1               Applications     447
        • 5.25.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035 450
      • 5.25.1.2               Addressable market size            451
      • 5.25.1.3               SWOT analysis 452
      • 5.25.1.4               Global market  453
        • 5.25.1.4.1           Revenues           453
        • 5.25.1.4.2           Tons      454
    • 5.25.2   Market players 456
  • 5.26       OTHER MARKETS           461
    • 5.26.1   Audio equipment           461
    • 5.26.2   Sporting goods and apparel      461
    • 5.26.3   Carbon capture and utilization               463
      • 5.26.3.1               CO2 utilization pathways          463
      • 5.26.3.2               Carbon storage               464
        • 5.26.3.2.1.1       Passive storage               464
        • 5.26.3.2.1.2       Enhanced oil recovery 465
      • 5.26.3.3               Transporting CO2           465
        • 5.26.3.3.1           Methods of CO2 transport         465
          • 5.26.3.3.1.1       Pipeline              467
          • 5.26.3.3.1.2       Ship      467
          • 5.26.3.3.1.3       Road     468
          • 5.26.3.3.1.4       Rail        468
          • 5.26.3.3.1.5       Safety  468
      • 5.26.3.4               Costs    469
      • 5.26.3.5               Market map       470
      • 5.26.3.6               Point-source carbon capture for blue hydrogen              473
        • 5.26.3.6.1           Transportation 474
        • 5.26.3.6.2           Global point source CO2 capture capacities   474
        • 5.26.3.6.3           By source           476
        • 5.26.3.6.4           By endpoint       477
        • 5.26.3.6.5           Main carbon capture processes             477
          • 5.26.3.6.5.1       Materials            477
          • 5.26.3.6.5.2       Post-combustion           479
          • 5.26.3.6.5.3       Oxy-fuel combustion   481
          • 5.26.3.6.5.4       Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle         482
          • 5.26.3.6.5.5       Pre-combustion             483
      • 5.26.3.7               Carbon utilization          484
        • 5.26.3.7.1           Benefits of carbon utilization   488
        • 5.26.3.7.2           Market challenges         490
        • 5.26.3.7.3           Co2 utilization pathways          

 

6             GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES        

  • 6.1         2D Carbon Graphene Material Co., Ltd.              494
  • 6.2         2D fab AB           495
  • 6.3         2D Fluidics Pty Ltd         496
  • 6.4         2-DTech Limited             497
  • 6.5         2D Materials Pte. Ltd. (2DM)     498
  • 6.6         Adeka Corporation        498
  • 6.7         Advanced Graphene Products  z o.o.    499
  • 6.8         Advanced Material Development (AMD)             500
  • 6.9         AEH Innovative Hydrogel Limited (AEH)              502
  • 6.10       Aerogel Core Ltd             502
  • 6.11       Agar Scientific 503
  • 6.12       AIKA Innovative Technology Co., Ltd.   504
  • 6.13       AirMembrane Corporation        504
  • 6.14       Akkolab               506
  • 6.15       AlterBiota          506
  • 6.16       AMO GmbH      507
  • 6.17       Amalyst              507
  • 6.18       Anaphite Limited           508
  • 6.19       Appear, Inc.      508
  • 6.20       Applied Nanolayers BV                509
  • 6.21       Applied Nanotech, Inc.                509
  • 6.22       ApplyNanosolutions S.L.            510
  • 6.23       AR Brown Co. Ltd           511
  • 6.24       Archer Materials Ltd.    511
  • 6.25       Arvia Technology            512
  • 6.26       Asbury Carbons              514
  • 6.27       Atomic Mechanics Ltd.               514
  • 6.28       Atrago  515
  • 6.29       Australian Advanced Materials               515
  • 6.30       Avadain Inc.      517
  • 6.31       AVANSA Technology & Services             518
  • 6.32       Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica S.L. 518
  • 6.33       AVIC BIAM New Materials Technology Engineering Co., Ltd.    519
  • 6.34       Aztrong, Inc.      520
  • 6.35       Baotailong New Materials Co., Ltd.       520
  • 6.36       BASF AG             521
  • 6.37       Bass Metals Limited     521
  • 6.38       Bee Energy         522
  • 6.39       Bee Graphene  522
  • 6.40       Bedimensional S.p.A    523
  • 6.41       Beijing Carbon Century Technology Co., Ltd.   524
  • 6.42       BestGraphene 525
  • 6.43       BGT Materials Ltd.         525
  • 6.44       BioGraph Solutions       526
  • 6.45       Biographene, Inc.           527
  • 6.46       Bio Graphene Solutions, Inc.    527
  • 6.47       BioGraph Sense Inc.     528
  • 6.48       Biolin Scientific AB        528
  • 6.49       BioMed X GmbH             529
  • 6.50       Blackleaf SAS  530
  • 6.51       Black Semiconductor GmbH   530
  • 6.52       Black Swan Graphene 531
  • 6.53       Boomatech       531
  • 6.54       Bright Day Graphene AB             532
  • 6.55       Brain Scientific 532
  • 6.56       Breton spa         534
  • 6.57       BTR New Energy Materials, Inc.               534
  • 6.58       C's Techno, Inc.              535
  • 6.59       C2CNT LLC/Capital Power        535
  • 6.60       Cabot Corporation        536
  • 6.61       California Lithium Battery         537
  • 6.62       Cambridge Graphene Ltd.         538
  • 6.63       CamGraphIC Ltd.           538
  • 6.64       Cambridge Raman Imaging Limited     539
  • 6.65       Carborundum Universal Ltd  (CUMI)     540
  • 6.66       Carbon-2D Graphene, Inc.        540
  • 6.67       Carbon Gates Technologies LLC            541
  • 6.68       Carbon Nano-Material Technology Co., Ltd.     542
  • 6.69       Carbon Research and Development Company (CRDC)               542
  • 6.70       Carbon Upcycling Technologies             543
  • 6.71       CarbonUP          544
  • 6.72       Carbon Rivers, Inc,        544
  • 6.73       Carbon Waters 545
  • 6.74       Cealtech AS      546
  • 6.75       CellsX  547
  • 6.76       Ceylon Graphene Technologies Pvt Ltd               548
  • 6.77       Charm Graphene Co., Ltd.        549
  • 6.78       China Carbon Graphite Group, Inc.       550
  • 6.79       China Telecommunications Corporation           550
  • 6.80       Chongqing Moxi Science and Technology Co., Ltd.       551
  • 6.81       CVD Equipment Corporation    551
  • 6.82       Colloids Ltd.     552
  • 6.83       Comet Resources Ltd. 553
  • 6.84       COnovate          553
  • 6.85       Concrene Limited          554
  • 6.86       CrayoNano AS 554
  • 6.87       CRRC Corporation         555
  • 6.88       Danubia NanoTech s.r.o.            556
  • 6.89       Das-Nano          556
  • 6.90       Deyang Carbonene Technology              557
  • 6.91       Directa Plus plc               557
  • 6.92       DJ Nanotech, Inc.           558
  • 6.93       Dongxu Optoelectronic Technology Co.,  Ltd   559
  • 6.94       Dotz Nano Ltd. 560
  • 6.95       Dreamfly Innovations  562
  • 6.96       Dycotec Materials Ltd. 562
  • 6.97       DZP Technologies          563
  • 6.98       Earthdas             564
  • 6.99       Earthasia International Holdings Ltd    564
  • 6.100    Elcora Advanced Materials Corp.           565
  • 6.101    Emberion Oy     565
  • 6.102    ENano Tec Co., Ltd.      566
  • 6.103    EnyGy  567
  • 6.104    Evercloak, Inc. 567
  • 6.105    Evove   569
  • 6.106    Fangda Carbon New Material Co., Ltd.                569
  • 6.107    FGV Cambridge Nanosystems 570
  • 6.108    First Graphene Ltd.       571
  • 6.109    FlexeGRAPH    573
  • 6.110    Flextrapower    574
  • 6.111    Fujian Huafeng Industry Co., Ltd.           575
  • 6.112    Fujitsu Laboratories     576
  • 6.113    Fuyang Sineva Material Technology Co., Ltd.   576
  • 6.114    G6 Materials Corp.        577
  • 6.115    Garmor, Inc.     578
  • 6.116    General Graphene         579
  • 6.117    Gerdau Graphene          580
  • 6.118    Glaren 581
  • 6.119    Global Graphene Group              581
  • 6.120    Gnanomat S.L. 582
  • 6.121    GoLeafe             583
  • 6.122    Golden Formula              584
  • 6.123    Goodheat (NDT Engineering & Aerospace Co., Ltd.)     584
  • 6.124    GQenergy srl    585
  • 6.125    Grafentek          585
  • 6.126    Grafine Ltd.       586
  • 6.127    GRAFTA Nanotech        586
  • 6.128    Grafren AB         587
  • 6.129    GrafTech International 587
  • 6.130    Grafoid, Inc.      588
  • 6.131    Grahope New Materials Technologies Inc.        589
  • 6.132    Granode Materials        590
  • 6.133    GraphAudio      590
  • 6.134    Graphenaton Technologies SA 591
  • 6.135    GrapheneCR    591
  • 6.136    Graphenano s.l.              592
  • 6.137    Graphene-XT S.r.l.         594
  • 6.138    Grapheal            595
  • 6.139    Graphenall Co., Ltd.     596
  • 6.140    Graphenix Development Inc. (GDI)        597
  • 6.141    Graphene Batteries AS 598
  • 6.142    Graphene Composites Limited               598
  • 6.143    GrapheneDx     599
  • 6.144    Graphene Enabled Systems Ltd             599
  • 6.145    Graphene Industries Ltd.            600
  • 6.146    Graphene Layers            601
  • 6.147    Graphene Leaders Canada (GLC) Inc. 601
  • 6.148    Graphene Lighting PLC               602
  • 6.149    Graphene Manufacturing Group Pty Ltd             603
  • 6.150    Graphene Master NL    604
  • 6.151    Graphene NanoChem Plc          604
  • 6.152    Graphene One LLC        606
  • 6.153    Graphene Platform Corp            607
  • 6.154    Graphene Production  607
  • 6.155    Graphene Star Ltd         608
  • 6.156    Graphene Square           608
  • 6.157    Graphene Trace              610
  • 6.158    GrapheneUP    610
  • 6.159    Graphenetech S.L.        611
  • 6.160    Graphenea Nanomaterials       611
  • 6.161    Graphensic AB 612
  • 6.162    Graphitene        613
  • 6.163    Graphjet Technology Sdn. Bhd.               614
  • 6.164    GraphWear Technologies          614
  • 6.165    Graphite Innovation and Technologies Inc.       616
  • 6.166    GraphenicaLab S.L.      616
  • 6.167    Graphenglass  617
  • 6.168    Graphenemex 617
  • 6.169    GrapheneX Pty Ltd.       618
  • 6.170    Graphex Group Ltd        618
  • 6.171    Graphmatech AB           619
  • 6.172    Gratomic, Inc. 620
  • 6.173    Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd.            621
  • 6.174    Grenoble Green Graphenofluid              622
  • 6.175    GRIP Molecular Technologies  623
  • 6.176    Grolltex, Inc.     623
  • 6.177    Grupo Antolin Ingenieria S.A.   624
  • 6.178    Guangzhou Automobile Group Co. Ltd.              625
  • 6.179    Haike Group     625
  • 6.180    Hangzhou Cable Co., Ltd.          626
  • 6.181    Hangzhou Gaoxi Technology Co., Ltd. 626
  • 6.182    Haydale Graphene Industries Plc          627
  • 6.183    Hefeikaier Nanometer Energy & Technology Co., Ltd.  628
  • 6.184    HQ Graphene   629
  • 6.185    Heraeus              629
  • 6.186    Hexalayer LLC 630
  • 6.187    HexagonFab     630
  • 6.188    Hexorp 631
  • 6.189    Highbery New Nano Materials Technology        631
  • 6.190    HRL Laboratories, LLC 632
  • 6.191    H Quest Vanguard         632
  • 6.192    Hub Nanotech 633
  • 6.193    Huvis    634
  • 6.194    Hybrid Kinetic Group    634
  • 6.195    HydroGraph Clean Power          635
  • 6.196    Hygraner S.r.l.  635
  • 6.197    Iceni Labs          636
  • 6.198    Imagine Intelligent Materials Pty Ltd    637
  • 6.199    Imerys Graphite & Carbon         638
  • 6.200    INBRAIN Neuroelectronics       638
  • 6.201    Incubation Alliance, Inc.             639
  • 6.202    Integrated Graphene Ltd.           640
  • 6.203    Infinoil 641
  • 6.204    Ionic Industries Ltd.      642
  • 6.205    JCNANo Tech Co., Ltd. 642
  • 6.206    Jiangsu Yueda New Material Technology Co., Ltd.         643
  • 6.207    Jinan Moxi New Material Technology Co., Ltd. 643
  • 6.208    Jikantechno Corporation            644
  • 6.209    JMC       645
  • 6.210    KB Element       646
  • 6.211    KNV’S Inc.         646
  • 6.212    KoreaGraph      647
  • 6.213    KRI, Inc.               647
  • 6.214    Kukil Graphene Co., Ltd.            648
  • 6.215    LayerOne (Abalonyx AS)             648
  • 6.216    LeaderNano Tech LLC 650
  • 6.217    Leading Edge Materials Corp.  650
  • 6.218    Levidian Nanosystems 651
  • 6.219    LIGC Application Ltd.   651
  • 6.220    Log 9 Materials 652
  • 6.221    Lyten, Inc.          653
  • 6.222    Mag7 Technologies LLC              654
  • 6.223    MC10, Inc.         654
  • 6.224    MCK Tech Co., Ltd.        655
  • 6.225    Meijo Nano Carbon Co., Ltd.    656
  • 6.226    Merck   656
  • 6.227    Metalysis Limited          657
  • 6.228    MExplorer Co., Ltd         658
  • 6.229    MICC TEC Co., Ltd.       658
  • 6.230    Micro-Composite, Inc. 659
  • 6.231    Micro Powders, Inc.      659
  • 6.232    Millennial Scientific, Inc.            660
  • 6.233    Mingshuo (Beijing) Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.       661
  • 6.234    MITO Material Solutions             661
  • 6.235    Morion NanoTech          662
  • 6.236    Morrow Batteries           662
  • 6.237    mPhase Technologies 663
  • 6.238    Nanjing JCNano Co., Ltd.           663
  • 6.239    Nanjing SCF Nanotech, Ltd.     664
  • 6.240    Nanesa S.r.l.     664
  • 6.241    Nano4  665
  • 6.242    NanoAffix Science LLC 665
  • 6.243    Nanocarbon Sp. z o.o.  666
  • 6.244    nanoEMI Sp. z o.o.         667
  • 6.245    NanoGraf Corporation 667
  • 6.246    Nanografi Nanotechnology       668
  • 6.247    Nano Graphene, Inc.    669
  • 6.248    Nanoinnova Technologies SL   670
  • 6.249    Nanoloom Limited        670
  • 6.250    Nanomatrix Materials (NM Materials)  671
  • 6.251    Nanopinturas   672
  • 6.252    NanoPlexus Ltd              672
  • 6.253    Nanoquimia S.L.            673
  • 6.254    Nanotech Energy Inc.   673
  • 6.255    NanoXplore, Inc.             676
  • 6.256    Nawa Techonologies    676
  • 6.257    NEC Corporation            679
  • 6.258    NematiQ            681
  • 6.259    NeoGraf Solutions, LLC              681
  • 6.260    Newtec Engineering A/S             683
  • 6.261    Ningbo Morsh Technology Co., Ltd.      683
  • 6.262    Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.         684
  • 6.263    NiSiNa materials Co. Ltd.          684
  • 6.264    Nitronix               685
  • 6.265    Nordische Technologies             686
  • 6.266    NORgraphene Technologies Ltd.            686
  • 6.267    Nova Graphene,Inc.     687
  • 6.268    Novusterra, Inc.              688
  • 6.269    Ntherma Corporation  688
  • 6.270    Orbex   689
  • 6.271    Oros Apparel    689
  • 6.272    Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd.              690
  • 6.273    Ossila Limited 691
  • 6.274    Paragraf Ltd.     691
  • 6.275    Paragraf USA (Cardea Bio, Inc.)               693
  • 6.276    Payper Technologies    694
  • 6.277    Perpetuus Advanced Materials Plc       694
  • 6.278    Planartech LLC               695
  • 6.279    Plenesys             696
  • 6.280    PolyJoule            696
  • 6.281    Premier Graphene, Inc.               697
  • 6.282    Promethient, Inc            697
  • 6.283    Provexa Technology AB               698
  • 6.284    Pure Hydrogen Corporation Limited     699
  • 6.285    Qingdao DT Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. 700
  • 6.286    Quantag Nanotechnologies      700
  • 6.287    Qurv Technologies S.L.               702
  • 6.288    QV Bioelectronics         702
  • 6.289    Raymor NanoIntegris   703
  • 6.290    Radiant Panel Technologies     703
  • 6.291    Real Graphene USA LLC             704
  • 6.292    Resilient Energi               704
  • 6.293    Ressinea            705
  • 6.294    Rimere 705
  • 6.295    Ritedia Corp.    706
  • 6.296    Rusgraphene    707
  • 6.297    Saint Jean Carbon, Inc.                708
  • 6.298    SaltX Technology AB     708
  • 6.299    Sangbo Corporation     709
  • 6.300    Senergy Innovations Ltd             710
  • 6.301    SensFit Technologies   710
  • 6.302    Shanghai Simbatt Energy Technology Co., Ltd.               711
  • 6.303    Shenzhen Danbond Technology Co Ltd               711
  • 6.304    S Graphene Co., Ltd.    712
  • 6.305    SHT Smart High Tech AB             712
  • 6.306    Sigma-Aldrich Corporation       713
  • 6.307    Signet Graphene Technologies, Inc.     714
  • 6.308    Sixonia Tech GmbH      715
  • 6.309    The Sixth Element (Changzhou) Materials Technology Co., Ltd.              716
  • 6.310    Skeleton Technologies OÜ        718
  • 6.311    SmartIR Ltd.     720
  • 6.312    Soft Carbon Electronics             721
  • 6.313    Solerial Matusions AB  721
  • 6.314    Solidion Technology     722
  • 6.315    SoundCell          722
  • 6.316    Source Graphene           723
  • 6.317    SP Nano              723
  • 6.318    SpaceBlue Ltd. 724
  • 6.319    Sparc Technologies Ltd.             725
  • 6.320    Standard Graphene      725
  • 6.321    SuperC Technology Limited     726
  • 6.322    Surwon Technology       727
  • 6.323    Strem Chemicals, Inc. 727
  • 6.324    Sunrise Energy Metals Limited 728
  • 6.325    Suzhou Graphene Nanotechnology Co., Ltd.   729
  • 6.326    Tachmed Ltd.   729
  • 6.327    Taiwan Carbon Nanotube Technology 730
  • 6.328    Talga Resources             731
  • 6.329    Targray 733
  • 6.330    Tata Steel           733
  • 6.331    Team Group, Inc.            734
  • 6.332    Technow SA      735
  • 6.333    Tenutec AB        736
  • 6.334    Textile Two Dimensional Ltd.   736
  • 6.335    Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd.             737
  • 6.336    Tianjin Pulan Nano Technologies Ltd.  738
  • 6.337    Tirupati Graphite            739
  • 6.338    Topsen Technology       739
  • 6.339    Toraphene         740
  • 6.340    Toray Industries              741
  • 6.341    Tribonex              742
  • 6.342    Triton Mineral Limited 743
  • 6.343    True 2 Materials Pte, Ltd.           743
  • 6.344    Turquoise Group             744
  • 6.345    UC Bacon Company Limited    744
  • 6.346    Ugent Tech Sdn Bhd      745
  • 6.347    Urbix Resources LLC    746
  • 6.348    Universal Matter             746
  • 6.349    Universal Matter GBR  748
  • 6.350    UpCatalyst        749
  • 6.351    Vaulta  750
  • 6.352    Versarien plc    751
  • 6.353    Via Separations              754
  • 6.354    Volexion, Inc.   754
  • 6.355    Vorbeck              755
  • 6.356    Watercycle Technologies          756
  • 6.357    William Blythe Limited 757
  • 6.358    WuXi YuanWen Graphene Technology Co., Ltd.             757
  • 6.359    XFNANO Materials Tech Co., Ltd.          758
  • 6.360    Xiamen G-CVD Material Technology Co., Ltd.  759
  • 6.361    Xiamen Knano Graphene Technology Co., Ltd.               759
  • 6.362    YUYAO PGS New Material Technology Co., Ltd               760
  • 6.363    ZapGo Ltd.         761
  • 6.364    Zextec Nano     762
  • 6.365    Zentek 762
  • 6.366    Zero Emissions Developments (ZED)   764
  • 6.367    ZNSHINE PV-Tech Co., Ltd.       764
  • 6.368    Zoxcell Limited 765

 

7             GRAPHENE EX-PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS   766

 

8             OTHER 2-D MATERIALS              782

  • 8.1         Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials      785
  • 8.2         2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS          787
    • 8.2.1     Top-down exfoliation   787
      • 8.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method              788
      • 8.2.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method          788
    • 8.2.2     Bottom-up synthesis    789
      • 8.2.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution               789
      • 8.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition       789
  • 8.3         TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS           791
    • 8.3.1     Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)    791
      • 8.3.1.1 Properties          791
      • 8.3.1.2 Applications and markets          792
        • 8.3.1.2.1             Electronics        792
        • 8.3.1.2.2             Fuel cells            793
        • 8.3.1.2.3             Adsorbents        793
        • 8.3.1.2.4             Photodetectors               793
        • 8.3.1.2.5             Textiles               793
        • 8.3.1.2.6             Biomedical       794
    • 8.3.2     MXenes               795
      • 8.3.2.1 Properties          795
      • 8.3.2.2 Applications     796
        • 8.3.2.2.1             Catalysts            796
        • 8.3.2.2.2             Hydrogels          796
        • 8.3.2.2.3             Energy storage devices               796
        • 8.3.2.2.3.1         Supercapacitors            796
        • 8.3.2.2.3.2         Batteries            797
        • 8.3.2.2.3.3         Gas Separation               797
        • 8.3.2.2.4             Liquid Separation          797
        • 8.3.2.2.5             Antibacterials  797
    • 8.3.3     Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD)            797
      • 8.3.3.1 Properties          798
        • 8.3.3.1.1             Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)             798
        • 8.3.3.1.2             Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)      800
      • 8.3.3.2 Applications     800
        • 8.3.3.2.1             Electronics        800
        • 8.3.3.2.2             Optoelectronics             801
        • 8.3.3.2.3             Biomedical       801
        • 8.3.3.2.4             Piezoelectrics 802
        • 8.3.3.2.5             Sensors               802
        • 8.3.3.2.6             Filtration            802
        • 8.3.3.2.7             Batteries and supercapacitors 803
        • 8.3.3.2.8             Fiber lasers       803
    • 8.3.4     Borophene         803
      • 8.3.4.1 Properties          803
      • 8.3.4.2 Applications     804
        • 8.3.4.2.1             Energy storage 804
        • 8.3.4.2.2             Hydrogen storage           804
        • 8.3.4.2.3             Sensors               805
        • 8.3.4.2.4             Electronics        805
    • 8.3.5     Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus           805
      • 8.3.5.1 Properties          805
      • 8.3.5.2 Applications     807
        • 8.3.5.2.1             Electronics        807
        • 8.3.5.2.2             Field effect transistors 807
        • 8.3.5.2.3             Thermoelectrics             807
        • 8.3.5.2.4             Batteries            807
          • 8.3.5.2.4.1         Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)         808
          • 8.3.5.2.4.2         Sodium-ion batteries   808
          • 8.3.5.2.4.3         Lithium–sulfur batteries             808
        • 8.3.5.2.5             Supercapacitors            808
        • 8.3.5.2.6             Photodetectors               809
        • 8.3.5.2.7             Sensors               809
    • 8.3.6     Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)          809
      • 8.3.6.1 Properties          809
      • 8.3.6.2 C2N      810
      • 8.3.6.3 Applications     810
        • 8.3.6.3.1             Electronics        810
        • 8.3.6.3.2             Filtration membranes  811
        • 8.3.6.3.3             Photocatalysts 811
        • 8.3.6.3.4             Batteries            811
        • 8.3.6.3.5             Sensors               811
    • 8.3.7     Germanene      811
      • 8.3.7.1 Properties          812
      • 8.3.7.2 Applications     813
        • 8.3.7.2.1             Electronics        813
        • 8.3.7.2.2             Batteries            813
    • 8.3.8     Graphdiyne       814
      • 8.3.8.1 Properties          814
      • 8.3.8.2 Applications     815
        • 8.3.8.2.1             Electronics        815
        • 8.3.8.2.2             Batteries            815
          • 8.3.8.2.2.1         Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)         815
          • 8.3.8.2.2.2         Sodium ion batteries    815
        • 8.3.8.2.3             Separation membranes              816
        • 8.3.8.2.4             Water filtration 816
        • 8.3.8.2.5             Photocatalysts 816
        • 8.3.8.2.6             Photovoltaics  816
        • 8.3.8.2.7             Gas separation                816
    • 8.3.9     Graphane           817
      • 8.3.9.1 Properties          817
      • 8.3.9.2 Applications     817
        • 8.3.9.2.1             Electronics        818
        • 8.3.9.2.2             Hydrogen storage           818
    • 8.3.10   Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)         818
      • 8.3.10.1               Properties          818
      • 8.3.10.2               Applications     819
    • 8.3.11   Silicene              819
      • 8.3.11.1               Properties          819
      • 8.3.11.2               Applications     820
        • 8.3.11.2.1           Electronics        820
        • 8.3.11.2.2           Thermoelectrics             821
        • 8.3.11.2.3           Batteries            821
        • 8.3.11.2.4           Sensors               821
        • 8.3.11.2.5           Biomedical       821
    • 8.3.12   Stanene/tinene               822
      • 8.3.12.1               Properties          822
      • 8.3.12.2               Applications     823
        • 8.3.12.2.1           Electronics        823
    • 8.3.13   Antimonene      824
      • 8.3.13.1               Properties          824
      • 8.3.13.2               Applications     824
    • 8.3.14   Indium selenide              825
      • 8.3.14.1               Properties          825
      • 8.3.14.2               Applications     825
        • 8.3.14.2.1           Electronics        825
    • 8.3.15   Layered double hydroxides (LDH)          826
      • 8.3.15.1               Properties          826
      • 8.3.15.2               Applications     826
      • 8.3.15.2.1           Adsorbents        826
      • 8.3.15.2.2           Catalyst              826
      • 8.3.15.2.3           Sensors               826
      • 8.3.15.2.4           Electrodes         827
      • 8.3.15.2.5           Flame Retardants          827
      • 8.3.15.2.6           Biosensors        827
      • 8.3.15.2.7           Tissue engineering        828
      • 8.3.15.2.8           Anti-Microbials               828
      • 8.3.15.2.9           Drug Delivery   828
  • 8.4         2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES               829
    • 8.4.1     2D fab AB           829
    • 8.4.2     2D Fluidics Pty Ltd         829
    • 8.4.3     2D Layer             830
    • 8.4.4     2D Semiconductors     831
    • 8.4.5     Advanced Material Development (AMD)             832
    • 8.4.6     Applied Nanolayers BV                832
    • 8.4.7     Bedimensional S.p.A    833
    • 8.4.8     Cambridge Graphene Ltd.         834
    • 8.4.9     Evercloak, Inc. 835
    • 8.4.10   FlexeGRAPH    837
    • 8.4.11   HQ Graphene   838
    • 8.4.12   Merck   838
    • 8.4.13   Ossila Limited 839
    • 8.4.14   Paragraf Ltd.     840
    • 8.4.15   Planartech LLC               842
    • 8.4.16   Rusgraphene    843
    • 8.4.17   Smart Elements GmbH               843
    • 8.4.18   SPI Supplies     844
    • 8.4.19   XlynX Materials Inc.      844

 

9             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY   846

  • 9.1         Technology Readiness Level (TRL)         846

 

10           REFERENCES   849

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Types of advanced carbon materials, properties and applications.    45
  • Table 2. Graphene market developments 2020-2024. 51
  • Table 3. Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024.           62
  • Table 4. Publicly listed graphene companies.  65
  • Table 5. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons).     66
  • Table 6. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons).            68
  • Table 7. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons).            70
  • Table 8. Main graphene producers in North America.  74
  • Table 9. Main graphene producers in Europe.  75
  • Table 10. Commercial products incorporating graphene.          76
  • Table 11. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.            80
  • Table 12. Graphene market challenges.             89
  • Table 13. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.   95
  • Table 14. Applications of GO and rGO. 102
  • Table 15. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.       104
  • Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs.      107
  • Table 17. Applications of graphene quantum dots.       108
  • Table 18. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics.              109
  • Table 19. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion.    110
  • Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors.    111
  • Table 21. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences.      112
  • Table 22. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics.             112
  • Table 23. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots.        114
  • Table 24. Prices for graphene quantum dots.   115
  • Table 25. Assessment of graphene production methods.          132
  • Table 26. Methods for reducing graphene oxide.            135
  • Table 27. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe.          139
  • Table 28. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America.          140
  • Table 29. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific. 142
  • Table 30. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2022.        144
  • Table 31. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell into 2023.           147
  • Table 32. Types of graphene and typical prices.              152
  • Table 33. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer.              155
  • Table 34. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.       156
  • Table 35. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer.              157
  • Table 36. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. 158
  • Table 37. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer.     159
  • Table 38. Graphene ink pricing by producer.     160
  • Table 39. Graphene producers and types produced.    161
  • Table 40. Graphene producers target market matrix.  165
  • Table 41. Graphene product developers target market matrix.               168
  • Table 42. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries.  171
  • Table 43. Market outlook for graphene in batteries.      172
  • Table 44. Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries.          173
  • Table 45. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof.               175
  • Table 46. Market and applications for graphene in batteries.   176
  • Table 47. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            180
  • Table 48. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035.               181
  • Table 49. Markets players in graphene batteries.           183
  • Table 50. Market overviewfor graphene in supercapacitors.     189
  • Table 51: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries.     189
  • Table 52. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors.   190
  • Table 53. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            194
  • Table 54. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035.              195
  • Table 55. Market players in graphene supercapacitors.              197
  • Table 56. Market outlook for graphene in polymer additives.   201
  • Table 57. Market and applications for graphene fiber-based polymer additives.            201
  • Table 58. Market and applications for graphene metal matrix composites.      204
  • Table 59. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).         207
  • Table 60. Global market demand for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035, tons.              208
  • Table 61. Market players in graphene polymer additives.           210
  • Table 62. Market overview for graphene in sensors.      215
  • Table 63. Market and applications for graphene in sensors.     216
  • Table 64. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              221
  • Table 65. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035. 223
  • Table 66. Market players in graphene sensors.                224
  • Table 67. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks.        229
  • Table 68. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks.     230
  • Table 69. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 231
  • Table 70. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             235
  • Table 71. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035.   236
  • Table 72. Product developers in graphene conductive inks.     238
  • Table 73. Market outlook for graphene in transparent conductive films.            240
  • Table 74. Market and applications for graphene in transparent conductive films.         241
  • Table 75. Comparison of ITO replacements.    242
  • Table 76. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).                245
  • Table 77. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035.          246
  • Table 78. Market players in graphene transparent conductive films.   248
  • Table 79. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors.              250
  • Table 80. Market outlook for graphene in transistors.  250
  • Table 81. Market and applications for graphene transistors.    251
  • Table 82. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       255
  • Table 83. Global demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035.           257
  • Table 84. Market players in graphene transistors and integrated circuits.         258
  • Table 85. Market outlook for graphene in filtration membranes.            260
  • Table 86. Market and applications for graphene in filtration membranes.         261
  • Table 87. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  266
  • Table 88. Global demand for graphene in filtration membranes (tons), 2018-2035.     268
  • Table 89. Market players in filtration.   269
  • Table 90. Market and applications for thermal management.  272
  • Table 91. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 274
  • Table 92. Global demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035.    276
  • Table 93. Market players in graphene thermal management.  277
  • Table 94. Market outlook for graphene in additive manufacturing.        279
  • Table 95. Market and applications for graphene in additive manufacturing.    280
  • Table 96. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             284
  • Table 97. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035. 285
  • Table 98. Market players in additive manufacturing.    286
  • Table 99. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives.    289
  • Table 100. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives.              290
  • Table 101. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       294
  • Table 102. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035.          295
  • Table 103. Market players in graphene adhesives.        296
  • Table 104. Market assessment for graphene in aerospace.      298
  • Table 105. Market and applications for graphene in aerospace.             299
  • Table 106. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     304
  • Table 107. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030.         305
  • Table 108: Market players in graphene for aerospace. 307
  • Table 109. Market outlook for graphene in automotive.              310
  • Table 110. Market and applications for graphene in automotive.           311
  • Table 111. Market and applications for graphene in automotive.           314
  • Table 112. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).    316
  • Table 113. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035.       317
  • Table 114. Market players in the graphene automotive market.              319
  • Table 115. Market outlook for graphene in construction.           323
  • Table 116. Applications of graphene in construction and buildings.     323
  • Table 117. Graphene for concrete and cement.              325
  • Table 118. Graphene for asphalt bitumen.        326
  • Table 119. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        330
  • Table 120. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035.    332
  • Table 121: Market players in graphene in construction.              333
  • Table 122. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices.   336
  • Table 123. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices. 337
  • Table 124. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).         340
  • Table 125. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons).             342
  • Table 126. Market players in graphene memory devices.           343
  • Table 127. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells. 345
  • Table 128. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells. 346
  • Table 129. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).         350
  • Table 130. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035.            352
  • Table 131. Market players in graphene fuel cells.           353
  • Table 132. Market and applications for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.        355
  • Table 133. Market overview for graphene in drug delivery.         359
  • Table 134. Market overview for graphene in imaging and diagnostics. 360
  • Table 135. Market overview for graphene in medical implants.               360
  • Table 136. Market overview for graphene in medical biosensors.          361
  • Table 137. Market overview for graphene in woundcare.            361
  • Table 138. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     365
  • Table 139. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035.    366
  • Table 140. Market players in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.              368
  • Table 141. Market overview for graphene in lighting.    372
  • Table 142. Market and applications for graphene in lighting.    372
  • Table 143. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             377
  • Table 144. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons). 378
  • Table 145. Market players in graphene lighting.              380
  • Table 146. Nanomaterial lubricant products.  381
  • Table 147. Market overview for graphene in lubricants.              382
  • Table 148. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants.              382
  • Table 149. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      386
  • Table 150. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035.          387
  • Table 151. Market players in graphene lubricants.        388
  • Table 152. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas.              391
  • Table 153. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas.             391
  • Table 154. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     396
  • Table 155. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035.         397
  • Table 156. Market players in graphene oil and gas.        399
  • Table 157. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings.           400
  • Table 158. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings.          400
  • Table 159. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       406
  • Table 160. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035.      408
  • Table 161. Market players in graphene paints and coatings.     409
  • Table 162. Market overview for graphene in photonics.               415
  • Table 163. Market and applications for graphene in photonics.              415
  • Table 164. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       420
  • Table 165. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035.      422
  • Table 166. Market players in graphene photonics.         423
  • Table 167. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics.       424
  • Table 168. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics.      425
  • Table 169. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).               430
  • Table 170. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035.  432
  • Table 171. Marker players in graphene solar.   433
  • Table 172. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tyres.    435
  • Table 173. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tyres. 435
  • Table 174. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              440
  • Table 175. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035.             441
  • Table 176. Market players in rubber and tyres. 443
  • Table 177. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.                446
  • Table 178. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.            447
  • Table 179. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       453
  • Table 180. Global demand for graphene in textiles & apparel (tons), 2018-2035.           454
  • Table 181. Market players in smart textiles and apparel.            456
  • Table 182. Graphene audio equipment producers and products.          461
  • Table 183. Graphene sporting goods producers and products.               462
  • Table 184. Methods of CO2 transport. 466
  • Table 185. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2            469
  • Table 186. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture.      469
  • Table 187. Point source examples.       473
  • Table 188. Assessment of carbon capture materials   478
  • Table 189. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion.           481
  • Table 190. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.     484
  • Table 191. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$).         488
  • Table 192. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.       488
  • Table 193. Market challenges for CO2 utilization.         490
  • Table 194. Example CO2 utilization pathways.               491
  • Table 195. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.     761
  • Table 196. 2D materials types. 784
  • Table 197. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.  785
  • Table 198. Comparison of  top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials.   787
  • Table 199. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials.            790
  • Table 200. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).           792
  • Table 201. Markets and applications for 2D molybdenum disulphide. 799
  • Table 202. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2.  806
  • Table 203. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene. 812
  • Table 204. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs           815
  • Table 205. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene.        823
  • Table 206. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples.           847

 

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Asus ROG Swift OLED PG49WCD gaming monitor.   58
  • Figure 2. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons), conservative estimate. 67
  • Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons).          69
  • Figure 4. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons).           71
  • Figure 5. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific.      72
  • Figure 6. TONE Free T90S model.           78
  • Figure 7. Graphene Supply Chain.         89
  • Figure 8. Graphene layer structure schematic.               94
  • Figure 9. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG.          94
  • Figure 10. Graphite and graphene.        95
  • Figure 11. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 97
  • Figure 12. Types of CVD methods.         98
  • Figure 13. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite.        101
  • Figure 14. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.               103
  • Figure 15. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4).           104
  • Figure 16. Graphene quantum dots.     106
  • Figure 17. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods.             107
  • Figure 18. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2035, millions USD      115
  • Figure 19. Dotz Nano GQD products.   118
  • Figure 20.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.      122
  • Figure 21. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 124
  • Figure 22. Fabrication methods of graphene.   128
  • Figure 23. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.           129
  • Figure 24. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd.  130
  • Figure 25. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods. 131
  • Figure 26. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2023.     145
  • Figure 27. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil.   154
  • Figure 28. Applications of graphene in batteries.           178
  • Figure 29. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in batteries.     179
  • Figure 30. SWOT analysis for graphene in batteries.     180
  • Figure 31. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          181
  • Figure 32. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035.             182
  • Figure 33. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank.   184
  • Figure 34. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery. 184
  • Figure 35. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries.         185
  • Figure 36. Real Graphene Powerbank. 187
  • Figure 37. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH.            188
  • Figure 38. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors.            192
  • Figure 39. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in supercapacitors.     193
  • Figure 40. SWOT analysis for graphene in supercapacitors.     194
  • Figure 41. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          195
  • Figure 42. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035.            197
  • Figure 43. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors.             198
  • Figure 44. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor.        199
  • Figure 45. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger.           199
  • Figure 46. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in polymer additives.  200
  • Figure 47. Applications of graphene in polymer additives.         204
  • Figure 48. SWOT analysis for graphene in polymer additives.  206
  • Figure 49. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       208
  • Figure 50. Demand for graphene in polymer additives (tons), 2018-2035.         209
  • Figure 51. Graphene bike.          210
  • Figure 52. Graphene lacrosse equipment.         211
  • Figure 53. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic.       211
  • Figure 54. Aros Create.                212
  • Figure 55. Grays graphene hockey sticks.          214
  • Figure 56. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring.      215
  • Figure 57. Applications of graphene in sensors.              219
  • Figure 58. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in sensors.       220
  • Figure 59. SWOT analysis for graphene in sensors.       221
  • Figure 60. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            222
  • Figure 61. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035.                224
  • Figure 62. AGILE R100 system.                225
  • Figure 63. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector.        226
  • Figure 64. GFET sensors.            226
  • Figure 65. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light.   228
  • Figure 66. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in conductive inks.       232
  • Figure 67. Applications of graphene in conductive inks.             233
  • Figure 68. SWOT analysis for graphene in conductive inks.       234
  • Figure 69. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            236
  • Figure 70. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035. 237
  • Figure 71. BGT Materials graphene ink product.              238
  • Figure 72. Printed graphene conductive ink.     239
  • Figure 73. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink.             239
  • Figure 74. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays.                243
  • Figure 75. SWOT analysis for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays.                244
  • Figure 76. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).                246
  • Figure 77. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035.        247
  • Figure 78. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application.   248
  • Figure 79. Applications of graphene transistors.            253
  • Figure 80. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene transistors.      254
  • Figure 81. SWOT analysis for graphene in transistors. 255
  • Figure 82. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      256
  • Figure 83. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035.        258
  • Figure 84. Graphene IC in wafer tester.               259
  • Figure 85. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).               259
  • Figure 86. Applications of graphene in filtration membranes. 264
  • Figure 87. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene filtration membranes. 265
  • Figure 88. SWOT analysis for graphene in filtration membranes.           266
  • Figure 89. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 267
  • Figure 90. Global demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2035.              269
  • Figure 91. Graphene anti-smog mask. 269
  • Figure 92. Graphene filtration membrane.        270
  • Figure 93. Graphene water filer cartridge.         270
  • Figure 94. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in thermal management.          273
  • Figure 95. SWOT analysis for graphene in thermal management.          274
  • Figure 96. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).               275
  • Figure 97. Demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035. 277
  • Figure 98. Graphene IC in wafer tester.               278
  • Figure 99. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).               278
  • Figure 100. Applications of graphene in additive manufacturing            281
  • Figure 101. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing.    282
  • Figure 102. SWOT analysis for graphene in additive manufacturing.    283
  • Figure 103. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).         285
  • Figure 104. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035.             286
  • Figure 105. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling.         287
  • Figure 106. Applications of graphene in adhesives.      291
  • Figure 107. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in adhesives.                292
  • Figure 108. SWOT analysis for graphene in adhesives. 293
  • Figure 109. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     295
  • Figure 110. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035.        296
  • Figure 111. Graphene Adhesives.          297
  • Figure 112. Applications of graphene in aerospace.     301
  • Figure 113. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in aerospace.               302
  • Figure 114. SWOT analysis for graphene in aerospace.               303
  • Figure 115. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).    305
  • Figure 116. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2035.       306
  • Figure 117. Orbex Prime rocket.             308
  • Figure 118: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container.        308
  • Figure 119: Graphene aircraft. 309
  • Figure 120. Applications of graphene in automotive.   313
  • Figure 121. SWOT analysis for graphene in automotive.             315
  • Figure 122. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  317
  • Figure 123. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035.      318
  • Figure 124. Supercar incorporating graphene. 319
  • Figure 125. Graphene anti-corrosion primer.   320
  • Figure 126. Graphene-R Brake pads.    321
  • Figure 127. Antistatic graphene tire.     321
  • Figure 128. Graphene engine oil additives.       322
  • Figure 129. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete.                324
  • Figure 130. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in construction.          328
  • Figure 131. SWOT analysis for graphene in construction.          329
  • Figure 132. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       331
  • Figure 133. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035.   333
  • Figure 134. Graphene asphalt additives.            334
  • Figure 135. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus.        335
  • Figure 136. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in memory devices.  339
  • Figure 137. SWOT analysis for graphene in memory devices.  339
  • Figure 138. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       341
  • Figure 139. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons).           343
  • Figure 140. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM).            344
  • Figure 141. Applications of graphene in fuel cells.         348
  • Figure 142. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in fuel cells.  349
  • Figure 143. SWOT analysis for graphene in fuel cells.  349
  • Figure 144. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       351
  • Figure 145. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035.           353
  • Figure 146. Graphene-based E-skin patch.       354
  • Figure 147. Applications of graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 358
  • Figure 148. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.          359
  • Figure 149. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc.                363
  • Figure 150. SWOT analysis for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare.              364
  • Figure 151. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).    366
  • Figure 152. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035.   367
  • Figure 153. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing. 369
  • Figure 154. Hememics' handheld reader with a disposable test chip containing a 32-plex graphene-based biosensor.          369
  • Figure 155. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor.            370
  • Figure 156. BioStamp nPoint.  371
  • Figure 157. Applications of graphene in lighting.            374
  • Figure 158. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in lighting.      375
  • Figure 159. SWOT analysis for graphene in lighting.      376
  • Figure 160. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).           378
  • Figure 161. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons).               379
  • Figure 162. Graphene LED bulbs.           380
  • Figure 163. Applications of graphene in lubricants.      384
  • Figure 164. SWOT analysis for graphene in lubricants.                385
  • Figure 165. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     387
  • Figure 166. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035.        388
  • Figure 167. Tricolit spray coating.          389
  • Figure 168. Graphenoil products.           389
  • Figure 169. Applications of graphene in oil and gas.     393
  • Figure 170. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in oil and gas.               394
  • Figure 171. SWOT analysis for graphene in oil and gas.               395
  • Figure 172. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).    397
  • Figure 173. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035.       398
  • Figure 174. Directa Plus Grafysorber.  399
  • Figure 175. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings.  403
  • Figure 176. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in paints and coatings.            404
  • Figure 177. SWOT analysis for graphene in paints and coatings.            405
  • Figure 178. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      407
  • Figure 179. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035.    409
  • Figure 180. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating.            410
  • Figure 181. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate.               411
  • Figure 182. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint.        411
  • Figure 183. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand.   412
  • Figure 184. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings.    413
  • Figure 185. Schematic of graphene heat film. 414
  • Figure 186. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in photonics. 418
  • Figure 187. Applications of graphene in photonics.       418
  • Figure 188. SWOT analysis for graphene in photonics. 419
  • Figure 189. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     421
  • Figure 190. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035.    422
  • Figure 191. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel.             423
  • Figure 192. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics.               427
  • Figure 193. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in in photovoltaics.   428
  • Figure 194. SWOT analysis for graphene in photovoltaics.        429
  • Figure 195. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             431
  • Figure 196. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035. 433
  • Figure 197. Graphene coated glass.      434
  • Figure 198. Applications of graphene in rubber and tyres.         437
  • Figure 199. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in rubber and tyres.   438
  • Figure 200. SWOT analysis for graphene in rubber and tyres.   439
  • Figure 201. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              441
  • Figure 202. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035.           442
  • Figure 203. Eagle F1 graphene tyre.      443
  • Figure 204. Graphene floor mats.           444
  • Figure 205. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire.          445
  • Figure 206. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel.     450
  • Figure 207. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in textiles and apparel.            451
  • Figure 208. SWOT analysis for graphene in textiles and apparel.            452
  • Figure 209. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      454
  • Figure 210. Global demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2035.              455
  • Figure 211. 878 Project One jacket display.      456
  • Figure 212. Colmar graphene ski jacket.            457
  • Figure 213. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.  457
  • Figure 214. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey. 458
  • Figure 215. Inov-8 graphene shoes.       459
  • Figure 216. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM.   460
  • Figure 217. Graphene jacket.   460
  • Figure 218. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls.  462
  • Figure 219. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.        463
  • Figure 220. Various pathways for CO2 utilization.         464
  • Figure 221. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage. 465
  • Figure 222. Transport of CCS technologies.      466
  • Figure 223. Railroad car for liquid CO₂ transport            468
  • Figure 224. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.  470
  • Figure 225. CCUS market map.               473
  • Figure 226. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.     475
  • Figure 227. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2022.       476
  • Figure 228. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030.       477
  • Figure 229. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2022 and 2030.              477
  • Figure 230. Post-combustion carbon capture process.              480
  • Figure 231. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.            480
  • Figure 232. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.                482
  • Figure 233. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.          483
  • Figure 234. Pre-combustion carbon capture process. 484
  • Figure 235. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages.             485
  • Figure 236. Applications for CO2.          487
  • Figure 237. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector.           488
  • Figure 238. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services. 490
  • Figure 239. Co2 utilization pathways and products.     493
  • Figure 240. Graphene heating films.     494
  • Figure 241. Graphene flake products.  500
  • Figure 242. AIKA Black-T.           504
  • Figure 243. Printed graphene biosensors.          512
  • Figure 244. Prototype of printed memory device.           516
  • Figure 245. Brain Scientific electrode schematic.         533
  • Figure 246. Graphene battery schematic.         559
  • Figure 247. Dotz Nano GQD products. 561
  • Figure 248. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.   568
  • Figure 249. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 579
  • Figure 250. Wearable sweat sensor.     615
  • Figure 251.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.   621
  • Figure 252. Sensor surface.      637
  • Figure 253. BioStamp nPoint.  655
  • Figure 254. Nanotech Energy battery.  674
  • Figure 255. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.      677
  • Figure 256. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.          678
  • Figure 257. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 679
  • Figure 258. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 680
  • Figure 259. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445.        698
  • Figure 260. Quantag GQDs and sensor.              701
  • Figure 261. The Sixth Element graphene products.        716
  • Figure 262. Thermal conductive graphene film.              717
  • Figure 263. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.              732
  • Figure 264. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO.   735
  • Figure 265. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions.             782
  • Figure 266. Schematic of 2-D materials.            784
  • Figure 267. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method.    788
  • Figure 268. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method          789
  • Figure 269. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.          791
  • Figure 270. BN nanosheet textiles application.              794
  • Figure 271. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.         795
  • Figure 272.  Types and applications of 2D TMDCs.        798
  • Figure 273. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 799
  • Figure 274. SEM image of MoS2.             799
  • Figure 275. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor.     801
  • Figure 276. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.           802
  • Figure 277. Borophene schematic.       804
  • Figure 278. Black phosphorus structure.            805
  • Figure 279. Black Phosphorus crystal. 806
  • Figure 280. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. 807
  • Figure 281: Graphitic carbon nitride.    810
  • Figure 282. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.    810
  • Figure 283. Schematic of germanene. 812
  • Figure 284. Graphdiyne structure.         814
  • Figure 285. Schematic of Graphane crystal.    817
  • Figure 286. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide.    818
  • Figure 287. Silicene structure. 819
  • Figure 288. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate.       820
  • Figure 289. Silicene transistor. 821
  • Figure 290. Crystal structure for stanene.          822
  • Figure 291. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111).            823
  • Figure 292. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe).         825
  • Figure 293. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor.    827
  • Figure 294. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.   836

 

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