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The Global Market for Graphene 2025-2035

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  • Published: November 2024
  • Pages: 760
  • Tables: 207
  • Figures: 294

 

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The global graphene market continues to evolve rapidly, driven by advancing manufacturing capabilities and expanding applications across multiple industries. Current production methods are transitioning from laboratory-scale to industrial processes, with companies focusing intensively on quality consistency and cost reduction through methods like chemical vapor deposition (CVD), liquid phase exfoliation, mechanical exfoliation, and reduction of graphene oxide.

The electronics sector currently dominates applications, particularly in flexible electronics, sensors, and transparent conductive films, while energy storage applications, especially in supercapacitors and battery materials, show strong growth potential. Asia-Pacific leads market development, particularly China and South Korea, supported by strong government backing and extensive electronics manufacturing infrastructure, followed by North America and Europe with their significant R&D activities.

Despite promising growth prospects, the industry faces ongoing challenges including production scaling, quality consistency, and the need for standardization. The sector continues to attract significant research attention and industrial investment, particularly in electronics and energy storage applications, with future growth expected to be driven by semiconductor manufacturing, lightweight materials demand, energy storage systems, medical devices, and next-generation electronics. As manufacturing challenges are overcome and production scales up, graphene's unique properties position it to potentially transform multiple industries, particularly in electronics, energy storage, and advanced materials applications.

The Global Market for Graphene provides comprehensive coverage of the commercial market for graphene, analyzing key developments, applications, production methods, and market opportunities across multiple industries. This extensive report examines the entire graphene value chain, from raw materials and production to end-user applications and market dynamics through 2035. The report provides detailed insights into graphene types, including graphene nanoplatelets, CVD graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots. It analyzes manufacturing processes, quality control, scalability challenges, and cost considerations that impact commercial adoption. The research includes extensive coverage of production capacities, pricing trends, and competitive landscape analysis across key geographic regions.

Report contents include: 

  • Current global market size of graphene and projections.
  • Growth Trends: Historical growth rates and projected trends for the next 5–10 years.
  • Market Segmentation: Segmentation by application.
  • Geographic Segmentation: Key regions or countries contributing to market revenue.
  • Cost of Production: cost structure of producing graphene, including raw materials, processing and labour costs.
  • Key Drivers and Challenges: Factors driving market demand, potential barriers, and risk factors.
  • Competitive Landscape: Key players in the market and types of companies (start-ups, SMEs, large corporations).
  • Value Chain Analysis: Overview of key stages in the value chain, from raw material suppliers to end-users.
  • Innovation Trends: Areas of technological advancement and R&D focus.
  • Cost Structure: Average costs involved in production, R&D, distribution, and marketing.
  • Pricing Strategies: Typical pricing for different graphene products and factors influencing price variability.
  • Investment and Funding: Information on venture capital, government funding, and other sources of investment in the sector.
  • Sustainability Metrics: Industry standards or certifications related to environmental performance.
  • Environmental Impact Data: Information on carbon footprint, water usage, waste generation, and recycling rates.
  • Sustainable Production Technologies: Availability and adoption of environmentally-friendly manufacturing techniques.
  • Regulatory Requirements: Applicable regulations and standards for graphene manufacturing and sales (Global and EU)
  • End-User Analysis: Key customer types (e.g., manufacturers, electronics companies) and their needs.
  • Demand Drivers by Segment: Trends and factors influencing demand in different segments 
  • Supply Chain Stability: Information on potential disruptions or risks in raw materials or logistics.
  • Future Market Opportunities and Risks: Insights into upcoming opportunities or potential threats in the industry.

 

Key market segments analyzed in depth include:

  • Batteries and Energy Storage
  • Composites and Polymer Additives
  • Electronics and Semiconductors
  • Sensors and Biosensors
  • Conductive Inks and Coatings
  • Thermal Management Materials
  • Filtration Membranes
  • Construction Materials
  • Automotive Applications
  • Aerospace Components
  • Biomedical Devices
  • Photonics and Optoelectronics

 

The report examines emerging applications across these sectors, providing detailed analysis of technology readiness levels, market opportunities, and commercialization timelines. It includes comprehensive market forecasts with revenue projections and volume estimates through 2035, segmented by application area and geographic region. Production and manufacturing analysis covers:

  • Detailed assessment of graphene production methods
  • Analysis of quality control and standardization challenges
  • Evaluation of manufacturing costs and scalability
  • Coverage of key equipment and process technologies
  • Assessment of raw material suppliers and supply chain
  • Regional manufacturing capabilities and capacity

 

The competitive landscape section provides detailed profiles of over 400 companies involved in graphene production and product development, including:

  • Major graphene producers
  • Material suppliers and processors
  • Product developers and integrators
  • End-users and application developers
  • Equipment manufacturers
  • Research institutions and technology developers

 

Companies profiled include BeDimensional, Bio Graphene Solutions, Black Swan Graphene, Black Semiconductor, Concretene, Danish Graphene, Directa Plus, First Graphene, EnGy, GraphEnergyTech, Graphene Manufacturing Group (GMG), Graphjet Technology, Graphmatech, Haydale Graphene Industries, HydroGraph Clean Power, INBRAIN Neuroelectronics, Levidian, Nanotech Energy, NanoXplore, Premier Graphene, Solidion Technology, Sparc Technologies, Talga Group, Versarien, Zentek and more...

Market forecasts include:

  • Production volumes by graphene type
  • Revenue projections by application
  • Regional market analysis and growth trends
  • Pricing trends and cost analysis
  • Market share analysis of key players
  • Growth drivers and market constraints

 

The report analyzes key trends driving graphene adoption, including:

  • Advances in manufacturing technology
  • Improvements in material quality and consistency
  • Cost reduction and economies of scale
  • New application development
  • Industry partnerships and collaborations
  • Regulatory developments and standardization
  • Investment trends and funding

 

Special focus areas include:

  • Analysis of graphene quantum dots market
  • Evaluation of graphene in energy storage
  • Assessment of electronics applications
  • Coverage of biomedical opportunities
  • Analysis of construction and building materials
  • Review of automotive and aerospace uses

 

Regional analysis covers:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Rest of World

 

The report includes detailed coverage of:

  • Patents and intellectual property landscape
  • Manufacturing processes and technologies
  • Material specifications and quality metrics
  • Regulatory environment and standards
  • Investment and funding trends
  • Industry partnerships and collaborations
  • Company profiles and competitive analysis
  • Market drivers and challenges
  • Future market outlook

 

This comprehensive report also examines other 2D materials, providing comparative analysis and market potential assessment for materials such as:

  • Hexagonal boron nitride
  • MXenes
  • Transition metal dichalcogenides
  • Phosphorene
  • Other emerging 2D materials

 

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            40

  • 1.1        Advanced carbon materials 40
    • 1.1.1    Types   40
  • 1.2        Graphene and other 2D materials    42
  • 1.3        Commercialization    43
  • 1.4        The graphene market in 2024             44
  • 1.5        Graphene market developments 2020-2024           45
  • 1.6        Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024     54
  • 1.7        Publicly listed graphene companies              57
  • 1.8        Global market in tons and revenues               57
    • 1.8.1    Global demand by graphene material (tons)             57
    • 1.8.2    Global demand by end user market                60
    • 1.8.3    Graphene market, by region 62
      • 1.8.3.1 Asia-Pacific    64
        • 1.8.3.1.1           China  64
        • 1.8.3.1.2           Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific   64
      • 1.8.3.2 North America              65
        • 1.8.3.2.1           Main graphene producers in North America              65
      • 1.8.3.3 Europe                66
        • 1.8.3.3.1           Main graphene producers in Europe               66
  • 1.9        Graphene market growth trends       67
  • 1.10     Graphene products    68
  • 1.11     Key market players and competitive landscape     71
  • 1.12     Industrial collaborations and licence agreements                71
  • 1.13     Value chain     78
  • 1.14     Graphene market challenges              80
  • 1.15     Future outlook              81
  • 1.16     Risks and opportunities          82

 

2             OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE   84

  • 2.1        History               84
  • 2.2        Properties         85
  • 2.3        Types of graphene      86
    • 2.3.1    Graphene materials   87
      • 2.3.1.1 CVD Graphene              87
        • 2.3.1.1.1           Single layer      88
        • 2.3.1.1.2           Bilayer 88
        • 2.3.1.1.3           Few Layer          89
        • 2.3.1.1.4           Multilayer          89
        • 2.3.1.1.5           Applications   89
      • 2.3.1.2 Graphene nanoplatelets         90
      • 2.3.1.3 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide        91
      • 2.3.1.4 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)     92
        • 2.3.1.4.1           Composition  93
        • 2.3.1.4.2           Comparison to quantum dots            93
        • 2.3.1.4.3           Properties         94
        • 2.3.1.4.4           Synthesis          94
          • 2.3.1.4.4.1      Top-down method      94
          • 2.3.1.4.4.2      Bottom-up method    95
          • 2.3.1.4.4.3      Comparison of synthesis methods 95
        • 2.3.1.4.5           Applications   97
        • 2.3.1.4.6           Markets for graphene quantum dots              97
          • 2.3.1.4.6.1      Electronics and photonics    97
          • 2.3.1.4.6.2      Energy storage and conversion          98
          • 2.3.1.4.6.3      Sensors             99
          • 2.3.1.4.6.4      Biomedicine and life sciences            100
          • 2.3.1.4.6.5      Anti-counterfeiting     101
        • 2.3.1.4.7           Challenges      102
        • 2.3.1.4.8           Current and projected revenues        102
        • 2.3.1.4.9           Pricing 103
        • 2.3.1.4.10        Companies     103 (14 company profiles)
    • 2.3.2    Intermediate products             114
      • 2.3.2.1 Graphene masterbatches      114
      • 2.3.2.2 Graphene dispersions             114
  • 2.4        Graphene production               114
    • 2.4.1    Quality               116
    • 2.4.2    Graphene production methods         117
    • 2.4.3    Expanded graphite     120
    • 2.4.4    Reduced graphene oxide       121
    • 2.4.5    Direct liquid phase exfoliation process        121
    • 2.4.6    Electrochemical exfoliation 122
    • 2.4.7    Plasma exfoliation      122
    • 2.4.8    Chemical Vapour Deposited (CVD) Graphene         122
      • 2.4.8.1 Roll to roll (R2R) growth          123
      • 2.4.8.2 Novel strategies           123
      • 2.4.8.3 Epitaxial CVD graphene growth         123
  • 2.5        Cost of production     124
  • 2.6        Regulations     125
    • 2.6.1    Environmental, health and safety regulation             125
      • 2.6.1.1 Europe                125
      • 2.6.1.2 United States 126
      • 2.6.1.3 Asia-Pacific    127
    • 2.6.2    Workplace exposure 128

 

3             PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS           129

 

4             PRODUCTION AND PRICING               131

  • 4.1        Commercial production capacities 131
  • 4.2        Graphene production issues and challenges           134
    • 4.2.1    Oversupply      134
    • 4.2.2    Quality               134
    • 4.2.3    Large-volume markets             135
    • 4.2.4    Commoditisation       135
  • 4.2.5    Industrial end-user perspective         136
  • 4.3        Graphene pricing and cost analysis               136
    • 4.3.1    Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene      138
    • 4.3.2    Few-Layer graphene pricing 140
    • 4.3.3    Graphene nanoplatelets pricing        141
    • 4.3.4    Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing             141
    • 4.3.5    Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing 143
    • 4.3.6    Graphene ink 144
  • 4.4        Key graphene market players, by graphene type     144

 

5             MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE    153

  • 5.1        BATTERIES       153
    • 5.1.1    Market overview           154
      • 5.1.1.1 Market drivers and trends      154
      • 5.1.1.2 Applications   157
        • 5.1.1.2.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          159
      • 5.1.1.3 SWOT analysis              160
      • 5.1.1.4 Addressable market size        161
      • 5.1.1.5 Global market                161
        • 5.1.1.5.1           Revenues          161
        • 5.1.1.5.2           Tons, 2018-2035         162
    • 5.1.2    Market players               163
  • 5.2        SUPERCAPACITORS  169
    • 5.2.1    Market overview           169
      • 5.2.1.1 Applications   169
        • 5.2.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          172
      • 5.2.1.2 SWOT analysis              173
      • 5.2.1.3 Addressable market size        174
      • 5.2.1.4 Global market                174
        • 5.2.1.4.1           Revenues          174
        • 5.2.1.4.2           Tons     175
    • 5.2.2    Market players               176
  • 5.3        POLYMER ADDITIVES                178
    • 5.3.1    Market overview           178
      • 5.3.1.1 Applications   178
        • 5.3.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          179
      • 5.3.1.2 Fiber-based     179
        • 5.3.1.2.1           Applications   180
      • 5.3.1.3 Metal matrix composites (MMCs)    182
        • 5.3.1.3.1           Applications   183
      • 5.3.1.4 SWOT analysis              183
      • 5.3.1.5 Addressable market size        184
      • 5.3.1.6 Global market                184
        • 5.3.1.6.1           Revenues          184
        • 5.3.1.6.2           Tons     186
    • 5.3.2    Market players               187
  • 5.4        SENSORS         191
    • 5.4.1    Market overview           192
      • 5.4.1.1 Applications   193
        • 5.4.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          196
      • 5.4.1.2 SWOT analysis              197
      • 5.4.1.3 Addressable market size        198
      • 5.4.1.4 Global market                198
        • 5.4.1.4.1           Revenues          198
        • 5.4.1.4.2           Tons     199
    • 5.4.2    Market players               200
  • 5.5        CONDUCTIVE INKS    204
    • 5.5.1    Market overview           205
      • 5.5.1.1 Applications   205
        • 5.5.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          207
      • 5.5.1.2 SWOT analysis              209
      • 5.5.1.3 Addressable market size        210
      • 5.5.1.4 Global market                210
        • 5.5.1.4.1           Revenues          210
        • 5.5.1.4.2           Tons     211
    • 5.5.2    Market players               212
  • 5.6        TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS          215
    • 5.6.1    Market outlook             215
      • 5.6.1.1 Applications   216
      • 5.6.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          217
      • 5.6.1.2 SWOT analysis              218
      • 5.6.1.3 Addressable market size        218
      • 5.6.1.4 Global market                219
        • 5.6.1.4.1           Revenues          219
        • 5.6.1.4.2           Tons     220
    • 5.6.2    Market players               221
  • 5.7        TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS              223
    • 5.7.1    Market overview           223
      • 5.7.1.1 Applications   224
        • 5.7.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          226
      • 5.7.1.2 SWOT analysis              227
      • 5.7.1.3 Addressable market size        227
      • 5.7.1.4 Global market                228
        • 5.7.1.4.1           Revenues          228
        • 5.7.1.4.2           Tons     229
    • 5.7.2    Market players               230
  • 5.8        FILTRATION MEMBRANES     232
    • 5.8.1    Market overview           232
      • 5.8.1.1 Applications   232
        • 5.8.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          235
      • 5.8.1.2 SWOT analysis              236
      • 5.8.1.3 Addressable market size        237
      • 5.8.1.4 Global market                237
        • 5.8.1.4.1           Revenues          237
        • 5.8.1.4.2           Tons     238
    • 5.8.2    Market players               239
  • 5.9        THERMAL MANAGEMENT      242
    • 5.9.1    Market overview           242
      • 5.9.1.1 Applications   242
        • 5.9.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          242
      • 5.9.1.2 SWOT analysis              243
      • 5.9.1.3 Addressable market size        244
      • 5.9.1.4 Global market                244
        • 5.9.1.4.1           Revenues          244
        • 5.9.1.4.2           Tons     245
    • 5.9.2    Market players               246
  • 5.10     3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING   248
    • 5.10.1 Market overview           248
      • 5.10.1.1            Applications   248
        • 5.10.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          250
      • 5.10.1.2            SWOT analysis              251
      • 5.10.1.3            Addressable market size        252
      • 5.10.1.4            Global market                252
        • 5.10.1.4.1        Revenues          252
        • 5.10.1.4.2        Tons     253
    • 5.10.2 Market players               255
  • 5.11     ADHESIVES     256
    • 5.11.1 Market overview           257
      • 5.11.1.1            Applications   257
        • 5.11.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          259
      • 5.11.1.2            SWOT analysis              260
      • 5.11.1.3            Addressable market size        261
      • 5.11.1.4            Global market                261
        • 5.11.1.4.1        Revenues          261
        • 5.11.1.4.2        Tons     262
    • 5.11.2 Market players               264
  • 5.12     AEROSPACE   265
    • 5.12.1 Market overview           265
      • 5.12.1.1            Applications   265
        • 5.12.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          268
      • 5.12.1.2            SWOT analysis              269
      • 5.12.1.3            Addressable market size        270
      • 5.12.1.4            Global market                270
        • 5.12.1.4.1        Revenues          270
        • 5.12.1.4.2        Tons     271
    • 5.12.2 Market players               273
  • 5.13     AUTOMOTIVE 275
    • 5.13.1 Market overview           275
      • 5.13.1.1            Applications   276
        • 5.13.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          278
      • 5.13.1.2            SWOT analysis              279
      • 5.13.1.3            Addressable market size        280
      • 5.13.1.4            Global market                280
        • 5.13.1.4.1        Revenues          280
        • 5.13.1.4.2        Tons     281
    • 5.13.2 Market players               283
  • 5.14     CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS  287
    • 5.14.1 Market overview           287
      • 5.14.1.1            Applications   287
        • 5.14.1.1.1        Cement              289
        • 5.14.1.1.2        Asphalt bitumen          290
        • 5.14.1.1.3        Aerogels            290
          • 5.14.1.1.3.1   3D printed aerogels   291
          • 5.14.1.1.3.2   Carbon-based aerogel composites 291
        • 5.14.1.1.4        Applications roadmap to 2035          292
      • 5.14.1.2            SWOT analysis              292
      • 5.14.1.3            Addressable market size        293
      • 5.14.1.4            Global market                294
        • 5.14.1.4.1        Revenues          294
        • 5.14.1.4.2        Tons     295
    • 5.14.2 Market players               296
  • 5.15     MEMORY DEVICES     299
    • 5.15.1 Market overview           299
      • 5.15.1.1            Applications   299
        • 5.15.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          301
      • 5.15.1.2            SWOT analysis              301
      • 5.15.1.3            Addressable market size        302
      • 5.15.1.4            Global market                302
        • 5.15.1.4.1        Revenues          302
        • 5.15.1.4.2        Tons     304
    • 5.15.2 Market players               305
  • 5.16     FUEL CELLS    306
    • 5.16.1 Market overview           307
      • 5.16.1.1            Applications   307
        • 5.16.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          310
    • 5.16.1.2            SWOT analysis              311
    • 5.16.1.3            Addressable market size        311
    • 5.16.1.4            Global market                312
      • 5.16.1.4.1        Revenues          312
      • 5.16.1.4.2        Tons     313
    • 5.16.2 Market players               314
  • 5.17     BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE   315
    • 5.17.1 Market overview           316
      • 5.17.1.1            Applications   316
        • 5.17.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          320
      • 5.17.1.2            Drug delivery  320
      • 5.17.1.3            Imaging and diagnostics        320
      • 5.17.1.4            Implants           321
      • 5.17.1.5            Medical biosensors   321
      • 5.17.1.6            Woundcare     322
      • 5.17.1.7            Medical wearables     322
      • 5.17.1.8            Gene delivery 323
      • 5.17.1.9            SWOT analysis              324
      • 5.17.1.10         Addressable market size        325
      • 5.17.1.11         Global market                325
        • 5.17.1.11.1     Revenues          325
        • 5.17.1.11.2     Tons     326
    • 5.17.2 Market players               328
  • 5.18     LIGHTING         331
    • 5.18.1 Market overview           331
      • 5.18.1.1            Applications   332
        • 5.18.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          333
      • 5.18.1.2            SWOT analysis              334
      • 5.18.1.3            Addressable market size        335
      • 5.18.1.4            Global market                335
        • 5.18.1.4.1        Revenues          335
        • 5.18.1.4.2        Tons     336
    • 5.18.2 Market players               338
  • 5.19     LUBRICANTS  339
    • 5.19.1 Market overview           340
      • 5.19.1.1            Applications   340
      • 5.19.1.2            SWOT analysis              342
      • 5.19.1.3            Addressable market size        343
      • 5.19.1.4            Global market                344
        • 5.19.1.4.1        Revenues          344
        • 5.19.1.4.2        Tons     345
    • 5.19.2 Market players               346
  • 5.20     OIL AND GAS  348
    • 5.20.1 Market overview           348
      • 5.20.1.1            Applications   349
        • 5.20.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          351
      • 5.20.1.2            SWOT analysis              352
      • 5.20.1.3            Addressable market size        353
      • 5.20.1.4            Global market                353
        • 5.20.1.4.1        Revenues          353
        • 5.20.1.4.2        Tons     354
    • 5.20.2 Market players               355
  • 5.21     PAINTS AND COATINGS          356
    • 5.21.1 Market overview           357
      • 5.21.1.1            Applications   357
        • 5.21.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          360
      • 5.21.1.2            SWOT analysis              361
      • 5.21.1.3            Addressable market size        362
      • 5.21.1.4            Global market                363
        • 5.21.1.4.1        Revenues          363
        • 5.21.1.4.2        Tons     364
    • 5.21.2 Market players               365
  • 5.22     PHOTONICS    370
    • 5.22.1 Market overview           370
      • 5.22.1.1            Applications   371
        • 5.22.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          372
      • 5.22.1.2            SWOT analysis              374
      • 5.22.1.3            Addressable market size        375
      • 5.22.1.4            Global market                375
        • 5.22.1.4.1        Revenues          375
        • 5.22.1.4.2        Tons     376
    • 5.22.2 Market players               377
  • 5.23     PHOTOVOLTAICS         378
    • 5.23.1 Market overview           379
      • 5.23.1.1            Applications   379
        • 5.23.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          382
      • 5.23.1.2            SWOT analysis              383
      • 5.23.1.3            Addressable market size        384
      • 5.23.1.4            Global market                384
        • 5.23.1.4.1        Revenues          384
        • 5.23.1.4.2        Tons     385
    • 5.23.2 Market players               387
  • 5.24     RUBBER AND TYRES 388
    • 5.24.1 Market overview           388
      • 5.24.1.1            Applications   388
        • 5.24.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          391
      • 5.24.1.2            SWOT analysis              391
      • 5.24.1.3            Addressable market size        392
      • 5.24.1.4            Global market                392
        • 5.24.1.4.1        Revenues          392
        • 5.24.1.4.2        Tons     393
    • 5.24.2 Market players               395
  • 5.25     TEXTILES AND APPAREL          397
    • 5.25.1 Market outlook             398
    • 5.25.1.1            Applications   398
      • 5.25.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          402
    • 5.25.1.2            Addressable market size        403
    • 5.25.1.3            SWOT analysis              403
    • 5.25.1.4            Global market                404
      • 5.25.1.4.1        Revenues          404
      • 5.25.1.4.2        Tons     406
    • 5.25.2 Market players               407
  • 5.26     OTHER MARKETS         412
    • 5.26.1 Audio equipment         412
    • 5.26.2 Sporting goods and apparel 413
    • 5.26.3 Carbon capture and utilization          414
      • 5.26.3.1            CO2 utilization pathways       414
      • 5.26.3.2            Carbon storage            415
        • 5.26.3.2.1.1   Passive storage            415
        • 5.26.3.2.1.2   Enhanced oil recovery              416
      • 5.26.3.3            Transporting CO2        416
        • 5.26.3.3.1        Methods of CO2 transport    416
          • 5.26.3.3.1.1   Pipeline              418
          • 5.26.3.3.1.2   Ship      418
          • 5.26.3.3.1.3   Road    418
          • 5.26.3.3.1.4   Rail       418
          • 5.26.3.3.1.5   Safety  419
      • 5.26.3.4            Costs  419
      • 5.26.3.5            Market map    421
      • 5.26.3.6            Point-source carbon capture for blue hydrogen     423
        • 5.26.3.6.1        Transportation              424
        • 5.26.3.6.2        Global point source CO2 capture capacities           424
        • 5.26.3.6.3        By source          425
        • 5.26.3.6.4        By endpoint     426
        • 5.26.3.6.5        Main carbon capture processes        427
          • 5.26.3.6.5.1   Materials           427
          • 5.26.3.6.5.2   Post-combustion        429
          • 5.26.3.6.5.3   Oxy-fuel combustion                430
          • 5.26.3.6.5.4   Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle  431
          • 5.26.3.6.5.5   Pre-combustion           432
      • 5.26.3.7            Carbon utilization       433
        • 5.26.3.7.1        Benefits of carbon utilization              437
        • 5.26.3.7.2        Market challenges      438
        • 5.26.3.7.3        Co2 utilization pathways        439

 

6             GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES    441 (370 company profiles)

 

7             OTHER 2-D MATERIALS           682

  • 7.1        Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials             685
  • 7.2        2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS   686
    • 7.2.1    Top-down exfoliation 686
      • 7.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method         687
      • 7.2.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method      688
    • 7.2.2    Bottom-up synthesis 689
      • 7.2.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution         689
      • 7.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition  689
  • 7.3        TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS       690
    • 7.3.1    Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)        690
      • 7.3.1.1 Properties         691
      • 7.3.1.2 Applications and markets      692
        • 7.3.1.2.1           Electronics      692
        • 7.3.1.2.2           Fuel cells          692
        • 7.3.1.2.3           Adsorbents      692
        • 7.3.1.2.4           Photodetectors             693
        • 7.3.1.2.5           Textiles               693
        • 7.3.1.2.6           Biomedical      693
    • 7.3.2    MXenes              694
      • 7.3.2.1 Properties         694
      • 7.3.2.2 Applications   695
        • 7.3.2.2.1           Catalysts          695
        • 7.3.2.2.2           Hydrogels         695
        • 7.3.2.2.3           Energy storage devices            695
          • 7.3.2.2.3.1      Supercapacitors          696
          • 7.3.2.2.3.2      Batteries            696
          • 7.3.2.2.3.3      Gas Separation             696
        • 7.3.2.2.4           Liquid Separation        696
        • 7.3.2.2.5           Antibacterials                696
    • 7.3.3    Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD)     696
      • 7.3.3.1 Properties         697
        • 7.3.3.1.1           Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)       697
        • 7.3.3.1.2           Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)  699
      • 7.3.3.2 Applications   699
        • 7.3.3.2.1           Electronics      699
        • 7.3.3.2.2           Optoelectronics           700
        • 7.3.3.2.3           Biomedical      700
        • 7.3.3.2.4           Piezoelectrics                700
        • 7.3.3.2.5           Sensors             700
        • 7.3.3.2.6           Filtration            701
        • 7.3.3.2.7           Batteries and supercapacitors           701
        • 7.3.3.2.8           Fiber lasers     701
    • 7.3.4    Borophene       701
      • 7.3.4.1 Properties         701
      • 7.3.4.2 Applications   702
        • 7.3.4.2.1           Energy storage              702
        • 7.3.4.2.2           Hydrogen storage        703
        • 7.3.4.2.3           Sensors             703
        • 7.3.4.2.4           Electronics      703
    • 7.3.5    Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus     703
      • 7.3.5.1 Properties         704
      • 7.3.5.2 Applications   705
        • 7.3.5.2.1           Electronics      705
        • 7.3.5.2.2           Field effect transistors            705
        • 7.3.5.2.3           Thermoelectrics           705
        • 7.3.5.2.4           Batteries            705
          • 7.3.5.2.4.1      Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)    706
          • 7.3.5.2.4.2      Sodium-ion batteries                706
          • 7.3.5.2.4.3      Lithium–sulfur batteries          706
        • 7.3.5.2.5           Supercapacitors          706
        • 7.3.5.2.6           Photodetectors             706
        • 7.3.5.2.7           Sensors             706
    • 7.3.6    Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)   707
      • 7.3.6.1 Properties         707
      • 7.3.6.2 C2N      707
      • 7.3.6.3 Applications   708
        • 7.3.6.3.1           Electronics      708
        • 7.3.6.3.2           Filtration membranes               708
        • 7.3.6.3.3           Photocatalysts              708
        • 7.3.6.3.4           Batteries            708
        • 7.3.6.3.5           Sensors             709
    • 7.3.7    Germanene     709
      • 7.3.7.1 Properties         709
      • 7.3.7.2 Applications   710
        • 7.3.7.2.1           Electronics      710
        • 7.3.7.2.2           Batteries            710
    • 7.3.8    Graphdiyne     711
      • 7.3.8.1 Properties         711
      • 7.3.8.2 Applications   712
        • 7.3.8.2.1           Electronics      712
        • 7.3.8.2.2           Batteries            712
          • 7.3.8.2.2.1      Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)    712
          • 7.3.8.2.2.2      Sodium ion batteries 712
        • 7.3.8.2.3           Separation membranes          713
        • 7.3.8.2.4           Water filtration              713
        • 7.3.8.2.5           Photocatalysts              713
        • 7.3.8.2.6           Photovoltaics 713
        • 7.3.8.2.7           Gas separation             713
    • 7.3.9    Graphane         713
      • 7.3.9.1 Properties         714
      • 7.3.9.2 Applications   714
        • 7.3.9.2.1           Electronics      714
        • 7.3.9.2.2           Hydrogen storage        714
    • 7.3.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) 715
      • 7.3.10.1            Properties         715
      • 7.3.10.2            Applications   715
    • 7.3.11 Silicene              715
      • 7.3.11.1            Properties         716
      • 7.3.11.2            Applications   716
        • 7.3.11.2.1        Electronics      717
        • 7.3.11.2.2        Thermoelectrics           717
        • 7.3.11.2.3        Batteries            717
        • 7.3.11.2.4        Sensors             717
        • 7.3.11.2.5        Biomedical      718
    • 7.3.12 Stanene/tinene             718
      • 7.3.12.1            Properties         718
      • 7.3.12.2            Applications   719
        • 7.3.12.2.1        Electronics      719
    • 7.3.13 Antimonene    720
      • 7.3.13.1            Properties         720
      • 7.3.13.2            Applications   720
    • 7.3.14 Indium selenide           721
      • 7.3.14.1            Properties         721
      • 7.3.14.2            Applications   721
        • 7.3.14.2.1        Electronics      721
    • 7.3.15 Layered double hydroxides (LDH)    721
      • 7.3.15.1            Properties         722
      • 7.3.15.2            Applications   722
        • 7.3.15.2.1        Adsorbents      722
        • 7.3.15.2.2        Catalyst             722
        • 7.3.15.2.3        Sensors             722
        • 7.3.15.2.4        Electrodes        723
        • 7.3.15.2.5        Flame Retardants       723
        • 7.3.15.2.6        Biosensors      723
        • 7.3.15.2.7        Tissue engineering      723
        • 7.3.15.2.8        Anti-Microbials             723
        • 7.3.15.2.9        Drug Delivery  723
  • 7.4        2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES      724 (19 company profiles)

 

8             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              739

  • 8.1        Technology Readiness Level (TRL)   739

 

9             REFERENCES 741

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Types of advanced carbon materials, properties and applications.       41
  • Table 2. Graphene market developments 2020-2024.       46
  • Table 3. Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024. 56
  • Table 4. Publicly listed graphene companies.          58
  • Table 5. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons).     59
  • Table 6. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons). 61
  • Table 7. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons). 63
  • Table 8. Main graphene producers in North America.         66
  • Table 9. Main graphene producers in Europe.          67
  • Table 10. Graphene market growth trends  68
  • Table 11. Commercial products incorporating graphene. 69
  • Table 12. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.             73
  • Table 13. Graphene market challenges.       81
  • Table 14. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.     86
  • Table 15. Applications of GO and rGO.          92
  • Table 16. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.           94
  • Table 17. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs.         97
  • Table 18. Applications of graphene quantum dots.              98
  • Table 19. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics.             98
  • Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion.   99
  • Table 21. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors.       100
  • Table 22. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences.     101
  • Table 23. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics.                102
  • Table 24. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots.           103
  • Table 25. Prices for graphene quantum dots.           104
  • Table 26. Assessment of graphene production methods. 119
  • Table 27. Methods for reducing graphene oxide.    122
  • Table 28. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe.               127
  • Table 29. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America.              127
  • Table 30. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific.    128
  • Table 31. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2022.          131
  • Table 32. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell into 2023.    133
  • Table 33. Types of graphene and typical prices.      137
  • Table 34. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer.     140
  • Table 35. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.               141
  • Table 36. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer.     142
  • Table 37. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer.    143
  • Table 38. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer.             144
  • Table 39. Graphene ink pricing by producer.              145
  • Table 40. Graphene producers and types produced.           145
  • Table 41. Graphene producers target market matrix.          149
  • Table 42. Graphene product developers target market matrix.     151
  • Table 43. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries.          154
  • Table 44. Market outlook for graphene in batteries.              155
  • Table 45. Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries. 155
  • Table 46. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof.           157
  • Table 47. Market and applications for graphene in batteries.         158
  • Table 48. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             162
  • Table 49. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035.  163
  • Table 50. Markets players in graphene batteries.    164
  • Table 51. Market overviewfor graphene in supercapacitors.           170
  • Table 52: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries.       170
  • Table 53. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors.       171
  • Table 54. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            175
  • Table 55. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035. 176
  • Table 56. Market players in graphene supercapacitors.    177
  • Table 57. Market outlook for graphene in polymer additives.         180
  • Table 58. Market and applications for graphene fiber-based polymer additives.              181
  • Table 59. Market and applications for graphene metal matrix composites.         184
  • Table 60. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).         185
  • Table 61. Global market demand for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035, tons.              187
  • Table 62. Market players in graphene polymer additives. 188
  • Table 63. Market overview for graphene in sensors.             193
  • Table 64. Market and applications for graphene in sensors.           194
  • Table 65. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 199
  • Table 66. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035.    200
  • Table 67. Market players in graphene sensors.        201
  • Table 68. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks.              206
  • Table 69. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks.         206
  • Table 70. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       208
  • Table 71. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              211
  • Table 72. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035.     212
  • Table 73. Product developers in graphene conductive inks.           214
  • Table 74. Market outlook for graphene in transparent conductive films. 216
  • Table 75. Market and applications for graphene in transparent conductive films.           217
  • Table 76. Comparison of ITO replacements.             218
  • Table 77. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              220
  • Table 78. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035.                221
  • Table 79. Market players in graphene transparent conductive films.        222
  • Table 80. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors.  224
  • Table 81. Market outlook for graphene in transistors.         225
  • Table 82. Market and applications for graphene transistors.         225
  • Table 83. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).                229
  • Table 84. Global demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035.          230
  • Table 85. Market players in graphene transistors and integrated circuits.             231
  • Table 86. Market outlook for graphene in filtration membranes.  233
  • Table 87. Market and applications for graphene in filtration membranes.             234
  • Table 88. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  238
  • Table 89. Global demand for graphene in filtration membranes (tons), 2018-2035.       239
  • Table 90. Market players in filtration.             240
  • Table 91. Market and applications for thermal management.       243
  • Table 92. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 245
  • Table 93. Global demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035.     246
  • Table 94. Market players in graphene thermal management.        247
  • Table 95. Market outlook for graphene in additive manufacturing.            249
  • Table 96. Market and applications for graphene in additive manufacturing.       250
  • Table 97. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            253
  • Table 98. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035. 254
  • Table 99. Market players in additive manufacturing.           256
  • Table 100. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives.        258
  • Table 101. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives.   258
  • Table 102. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        262
  • Table 103. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035.             264
  • Table 104. Market players in graphene adhesives. 265
  • Table 105. Market assessment for graphene in aerospace.             266
  • Table 106. Market and applications for graphene in aerospace.  267
  • Table 107. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       271
  • Table 108. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030.           272
  • Table 109: Market players in graphene for aerospace.        274
  • Table 110. Market outlook for graphene in automotive.     277
  • Table 111. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 277
  • Table 112. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 280
  • Table 113. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     281
  • Table 114. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035.          283
  • Table 115. Market players in the graphene automotive market.    284
  • Table 116. Market outlook for graphene in construction.  288
  • Table 117. Applications of graphene in construction and buildings.         288
  • Table 118. Graphene for concrete and cement.      290
  • Table 119. Graphene for asphalt bitumen. 291
  • Table 120. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       295
  • Table 121. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035.      296
  • Table 122: Market players in graphene in construction.     298
  • Table 123. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices.          300
  • Table 124. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices.     300
  • Table 125. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).         303
  • Table 126. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons).              305
  • Table 127. Market players in graphene memory devices.  306
  • Table 128. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells.        308
  • Table 129. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells.      308
  • Table 130. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          313
  • Table 131. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035.               314
  • Table 132. Market players in graphene fuel cells.   316
  • Table 133. Market and applications for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.          317
  • Table 134. Market overview for graphene in drug delivery.                321
  • Table 135. Market overview for graphene in imaging and diagnostics.    321
  • Table 136. Market overview for graphene in medical implants.    322
  • Table 137. Market overview for graphene in medical biosensors.               322
  • Table 138. Market overview for graphene in woundcare.   323
  • Table 139. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).    326
  • Table 140. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035.   327
  • Table 141. Market players in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.  329
  • Table 142. Market overview for graphene in lighting.           332
  • Table 143. Market and applications for graphene in lighting.         333
  • Table 144. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              336
  • Table 145. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons).   337
  • Table 146. Market players in graphene lighting.      339
  • Table 147. Nanomaterial lubricant products.           340
  • Table 148. Market overview for graphene in lubricants.     341
  • Table 149. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants.   341
  • Table 150. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        345
  • Table 151. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035.            346
  • Table 152. Market players in graphene lubricants. 347
  • Table 153. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas.    349
  • Table 154. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas. 350
  • Table 155. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      354
  • Table 156. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035.           355
  • Table 157. Market players in graphene oil and gas.              357
  • Table 158. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings.                358
  • Table 159. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings.              358
  • Table 160. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       364
  • Table 161. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035.       365
  • Table 162. Market players in graphene paints and coatings.           367
  • Table 163. Market overview for graphene in photonics.     371
  • Table 164. Market and applications for graphene in photonics.   372
  • Table 165. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        376
  • Table 166. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035.           377
  • Table 167. Market players in graphene photonics. 378
  • Table 168. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics.             380
  • Table 169. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics.           380
  • Table 170. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 385
  • Table 171. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035.    386
  • Table 172. Marker players in graphene solar.            388
  • Table 173. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tyres.          389
  • Table 174. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tyres.     389
  • Table 175. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).               393
  • Table 176. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035.              394
  • Table 177. Market players in rubber and tyres.         396
  • Table 178. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.   399
  • Table 179. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.               399
  • Table 180. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       405
  • Table 181. Global demand for graphene in textiles & apparel (tons), 2018-2035.            407
  • Table 182. Market players in smart textiles and apparel.  408
  • Table 183. Graphene audio equipment producers and products.               413
  • Table 184. Graphene sporting goods producers and products.    414
  • Table 185. Methods of CO2 transport.          418
  • Table 186. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2               420
  • Table 187. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture.          421
  • Table 188. Point source examples.  424
  • Table 189. Assessment of carbon capture materials           428
  • Table 190. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 431
  • Table 191. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.      434
  • Table 192. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$).              438
  • Table 193. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.                438
  • Table 194. Market challenges for CO2 utilization. 440
  • Table 195. Example CO2 utilization pathways.        440
  • Table 196. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.            679
  • Table 197. 2D materials types.           685
  • Table 198. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.     686
  • Table 199. Comparison of  top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials.    688
  • Table 200. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials.             690
  • Table 201. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).  693
  • Table 202. Markets and applications for 2D molybdenum disulphide.    699
  • Table 203. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 705
  • Table 204. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene.    711
  • Table 205. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs  713
  • Table 206. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene.              720
  • Table 207. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 741

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Asus ROG Swift OLED PG49WCD gaming monitor.         53
  • Figure 2. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons), conservative estimate.          60
  • Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons).              62
  • Figure 4. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons).              64
  • Figure 5. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific.             65
  • Figure 6. TONE Free T90S model.     71
  • Figure 7. Graphene Market Value Chain.     80
  • Figure 8. Graphene layer structure schematic.        85
  • Figure 9. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG.          85
  • Figure 10. Graphite and graphene.  86
  • Figure 11. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 88
  • Figure 12. Types of CVD methods.   89
  • Figure 13. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite.          92
  • Figure 14. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.     93
  • Figure 15. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4).  94
  • Figure 16. Graphene quantum dots.               96
  • Figure 17. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods. 97
  • Figure 18. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2035, millions USD        104
  • Figure 19. Dotz Nano GQD products.            107
  • Figure 20.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.     111
  • Figure 21. Quantag GQDs and sensor.          113
  • Figure 22. Fabrication methods of graphene.           116
  • Figure 23. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.             117
  • Figure 24. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 118
  • Figure 25. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods.   119
  • Figure 26. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2023.         132
  • Figure 27. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil.             140
  • Figure 28. Applications of graphene in batteries.   160
  • Figure 29. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in batteries.          161
  • Figure 30. SWOT analysis for graphene in batteries.             161
  • Figure 31. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).           163
  • Figure 32. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035. 164
  • Figure 33. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank.   165
  • Figure 34. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery.          166
  • Figure 35. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries. 167
  • Figure 36. Real Graphene Powerbank.          168
  • Figure 37. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH.    169
  • Figure 38. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors.  173
  • Figure 39. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in supercapacitors.        174
  • Figure 40. SWOT analysis for graphene in supercapacitors.           174
  • Figure 41. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          176
  • Figure 42. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035.               177
  • Figure 43. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors.     178
  • Figure 44. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor. 179
  • Figure 45. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger.   179
  • Figure 46. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in polymer additives.     180
  • Figure 47. Applications of graphene in polymer additives.              183
  • Figure 48. SWOT analysis for graphene in polymer additives.        185
  • Figure 49. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       186
  • Figure 50. Demand for graphene in polymer additives (tons), 2018-2035.            188
  • Figure 51. Graphene bike.      189
  • Figure 52. Graphene lacrosse equipment. 189
  • Figure 53. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic.            190
  • Figure 54. Aros Create.            191
  • Figure 55. Grays graphene hockey sticks.   192
  • Figure 56. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring.            193
  • Figure 57. Applications of graphene in sensors.     197
  • Figure 58. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in sensors.           198
  • Figure 59. SWOT analysis for graphene in sensors.              198
  • Figure 60. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              200
  • Figure 61. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035.   201
  • Figure 62. AGILE R100 system.          202
  • Figure 63. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector.                203
  • Figure 64. GFET sensors.       203
  • Figure 65. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light.       205
  • Figure 66. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in conductive inks.         209
  • Figure 67. Applications of graphene in conductive inks.   209
  • Figure 68. SWOT analysis for graphene in conductive inks.            210
  • Figure 69. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            212
  • Figure 70. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035.   213
  • Figure 71. BGT Materials graphene ink product.      214
  • Figure 72. Printed graphene conductive ink.             215
  • Figure 73. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink.    215
  • Figure 74. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays.                218
  • Figure 75. SWOT analysis for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays. 219
  • Figure 76. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              221
  • Figure 77. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035.                222
  • Figure 78. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application.        223
  • Figure 79. Applications of graphene transistors.    227
  • Figure 80. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene transistors.          228
  • Figure 81. SWOT analysis for graphene in transistors.        228
  • Figure 82. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  230
  • Figure 83. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035.        231
  • Figure 84. Graphene IC in wafer tester.         232
  • Figure 85. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).             232
  • Figure 86. Applications of graphene in filtration membranes.       236
  • Figure 87. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene filtration membranes.   237
  • Figure 88. SWOT analysis for graphene in filtration membranes. 238
  • Figure 89. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 239
  • Figure 90. Global demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2035. 240
  • Figure 91. Graphene anti-smog mask.          241
  • Figure 92. Graphene filtration membrane. 241
  • Figure 93. Graphene water filer cartridge.   242
  • Figure 94. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in thermal management.           244
  • Figure 95. SWOT analysis for graphene in thermal management.              245
  • Figure 96. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              246
  • Figure 97. Demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035.   247
  • Figure 98. Graphene IC in wafer tester.         248
  • Figure 99. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).             248
  • Figure 100. Applications of graphene in additive manufacturing 251
  • Figure 101. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing.     252
  • Figure 102. SWOT analysis for graphene in additive manufacturing.        253
  • Figure 103. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        254
  • Figure 104. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035.             255
  • Figure 105. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling.             256
  • Figure 106. Applications of graphene in adhesives.             260
  • Figure 107. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in adhesives.   261
  • Figure 108. SWOT analysis for graphene in adhesives.      262
  • Figure 109. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      263
  • Figure 110. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035.           264
  • Figure 111. Graphene Adhesives.     265
  • Figure 112. Applications of graphene in aerospace.            269
  • Figure 113. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in aerospace.  270
  • Figure 114. SWOT analysis for graphene in aerospace.     270
  • Figure 115. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     272
  • Figure 116. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2035.          273
  • Figure 117. Orbex Prime rocket.         275
  • Figure 118: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container.               275
  • Figure 119: Graphene aircraft.            275
  • Figure 120. Applications of graphene in automotive.          279
  • Figure 121. SWOT analysis for graphene in automotive.   280
  • Figure 122. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).   282
  • Figure 123. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035.        284
  • Figure 124. Supercar incorporating graphene.         285
  • Figure 125. Graphene anti-corrosion primer.            286
  • Figure 126. Graphene-R Brake pads.             286
  • Figure 127. Antistatic graphene tire.               287
  • Figure 128. Graphene engine oil additives. 288
  • Figure 129. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete.          289
  • Figure 130. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in construction.             293
  • Figure 131. SWOT analysis for graphene in construction. 294
  • Figure 132. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     296
  • Figure 133. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035.    297
  • Figure 134. Graphene asphalt additives.     298
  • Figure 135. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus.             299
  • Figure 136. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in memory devices.     302
  • Figure 137. SWOT analysis for graphene in memory devices.        303
  • Figure 138. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       304
  • Figure 139. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons).            306
  • Figure 140. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM).    307
  • Figure 141. Applications of graphene in fuel cells. 311
  • Figure 142. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in fuel cells.      311
  • Figure 143. SWOT analysis for graphene in fuel cells.         312
  • Figure 144. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        314
  • Figure 145. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035.             315
  • Figure 146. Graphene-based E-skin patch.                317
  • Figure 147. Applications of graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.    320
  • Figure 148. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.           321
  • Figure 149. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc.       324
  • Figure 150. SWOT analysis for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare.   325
  • Figure 151. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  327
  • Figure 152. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035.  328
  • Figure 153. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing.     330
  • Figure 154. Hememics' handheld reader with a disposable test chip containing a 32-plex graphene-based biosensor.        330
  • Figure 155. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor.    331
  • Figure 156. BioStamp nPoint.             331
  • Figure 157. Applications of graphene in lighting.    334
  • Figure 158. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in lighting.          335
  • Figure 159. SWOT analysis for graphene in lighting.             336
  • Figure 160. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            337
  • Figure 161. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons). 338
  • Figure 162. Graphene LED bulbs.     339
  • Figure 163. Applications of graphene in lubricants.             343
  • Figure 164. SWOT analysis for graphene in lubricants.      344
  • Figure 165. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      346
  • Figure 166. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035.           347
  • Figure 167. Tricolit spray coating.     348
  • Figure 168. Graphenoil products.     348
  • Figure 169. Applications of graphene in oil and gas.            352
  • Figure 170. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in oil and gas.  353
  • Figure 171. SWOT analysis for graphene in oil and gas.     353
  • Figure 172. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).    355
  • Figure 173. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035.         356
  • Figure 174. Directa Plus Grafysorber.             357
  • Figure 175. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings.        361
  • Figure 176. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in paints and coatings.              362
  • Figure 177. SWOT analysis for graphene in paints and coatings. 363
  • Figure 178. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      365
  • Figure 179. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035.     366
  • Figure 180. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating. 367
  • Figure 181. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate.    368
  • Figure 182. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint.               368
  • Figure 183. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand.    369
  • Figure 184. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings.        370
  • Figure 185. Schematic of graphene heat film.          370
  • Figure 186. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in photonics.   374
  • Figure 187. Applications of graphene in photonics.             374
  • Figure 188. SWOT analysis for graphene in photonics.      375
  • Figure 189. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      377
  • Figure 190. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035.         378
  • Figure 191. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel.   379
  • Figure 192. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics.     382
  • Figure 193. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in in photovoltaics.      383
  • Figure 194. SWOT analysis for graphene in photovoltaics.              384
  • Figure 195. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              386
  • Figure 196. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035.   387
  • Figure 197. Graphene coated glass.               388
  • Figure 198. Applications of graphene in rubber and tyres.               391
  • Figure 199. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in rubber and tyres.     392
  • Figure 200. SWOT analysis for graphene in rubber and tyres.        392
  • Figure 201. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              394
  • Figure 202. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035.            396
  • Figure 203. Eagle F1 graphene tyre. 396
  • Figure 204. Graphene floor mats.     397
  • Figure 205. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire.    398
  • Figure 206. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel.         403
  • Figure 207. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in textiles and apparel.              404
  • Figure 208. SWOT analysis for graphene in textiles and apparel. 405
  • Figure 209. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     406
  • Figure 210. Global demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2035. 408
  • Figure 211. 878 Project One jacket display.               409
  • Figure 212. Colmar graphene ski jacket.      409
  • Figure 213. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.   410
  • Figure 214. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.            410
  • Figure 215. Inov-8 graphene shoes. 411
  • Figure 216. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM.         412
  • Figure 217. Graphene jacket.               412
  • Figure 218. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls.     414
  • Figure 219. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.               415
  • Figure 220. Various pathways for CO2 utilization. 416
  • Figure 221. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.       417
  • Figure 222. Transport of CCS technologies.              418
  • Figure 223. Railroad car for liquid CO₂ transport    420
  • Figure 224. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.   422
  • Figure 225. CCUS market map.         424
  • Figure 226. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.       426
  • Figure 227. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2022.          427
  • Figure 228. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030.          427
  • Figure 229. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2022 and 2030.               428
  • Figure 230. Post-combustion carbon capture process.     430
  • Figure 231. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 431
  • Figure 232. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.      432
  • Figure 233. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.               433
  • Figure 234. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.       434
  • Figure 235. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages.            434
  • Figure 236. Applications for CO2.    437
  • Figure 237. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector. 437
  • Figure 238. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.       439
  • Figure 239. Co2 utilization pathways and products.            442
  • Figure 240. Graphene heating films.              443
  • Figure 241. Graphene flake products.           448
  • Figure 242. AIKA Black-T.        452
  • Figure 243. Printed graphene biosensors.  459
  • Figure 244. Prototype of printed memory device.   463
  • Figure 245. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 478
  • Figure 246. Graphene battery schematic.   501
  • Figure 247. Dotz Nano GQD products.          502
  • Figure 248. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.        508
  • Figure 249. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production.      518
  • Figure 250. Wearable sweat sensor.               550
  • Figure 251.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.  556
  • Figure 252. Sensor surface.  570
  • Figure 253. BioStamp nPoint.             585
  • Figure 254. Nanotech Energy battery.            602
  • Figure 255. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.           605
  • Figure 256. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.               606
  • Figure 257. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 607
  • Figure 258. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.       608
  • Figure 259. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445.          624
  • Figure 260. Quantag GQDs and sensor.       626
  • Figure 261. The Sixth Element graphene products.               640
  • Figure 262. Thermal conductive graphene film.      640
  • Figure 263. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.      653
  • Figure 264. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO.             656
  • Figure 265. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions. 684
  • Figure 266. Schematic of 2-D materials.     685
  • Figure 267. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method.          689
  • Figure 268. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method   690
  • Figure 269. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.  692
  • Figure 270. BN nanosheet textiles application.       694
  • Figure 271. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.  696
  • Figure 272.  Types and applications of 2D TMDCs.               698
  • Figure 273. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)  698
  • Figure 274. SEM image of MoS2.       699
  • Figure 275. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor.      701
  • Figure 276. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.   702
  • Figure 277. Borophene schematic.  703
  • Figure 278. Black phosphorus structure.     704
  • Figure 279. Black Phosphorus crystal.          705
  • Figure 280. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation.             706
  • Figure 281: Graphitic carbon nitride.              708
  • Figure 282. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.        709
  • Figure 283. Schematic of germanene.           710
  • Figure 284. Graphdiyne structure.    712
  • Figure 285. Schematic of Graphane crystal.             715
  • Figure 286. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide.         716
  • Figure 287. Silicene structure.            717
  • Figure 288. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate.             717
  • Figure 289. Silicene transistor.           718
  • Figure 290. Crystal structure for stanene.  719
  • Figure 291. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111).               720
  • Figure 292. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 722
  • Figure 293. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor.           723
  • Figure 294. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.        731

 

 

 

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