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The Global Market for Graphene 2025-2035

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  • Published: November 2024
  • Pages: 745
  • Tables: 210
  • Figures: 294

 

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The global graphene market continues to evolve rapidly, driven by advancing manufacturing capabilities and expanding applications across multiple industries. Current production methods are transitioning from laboratory-scale to industrial processes, with companies focusing intensively on quality consistency and cost reduction through methods like chemical vapor deposition (CVD), liquid phase exfoliation, mechanical exfoliation, and reduction of graphene oxide.

The electronics sector currently dominates applications, particularly in flexible electronics, sensors, and transparent conductive films, while energy storage applications, especially in supercapacitors and battery materials, show strong growth potential. Asia-Pacific leads market development, particularly China and South Korea, supported by strong government backing and extensive electronics manufacturing infrastructure, followed by North America and Europe with their significant R&D activities.

Despite promising growth prospects, the industry faces ongoing challenges including production scaling, quality consistency, and the need for standardization. The sector continues to attract significant research attention and industrial investment, particularly in electronics and energy storage applications, with future growth expected to be driven by semiconductor manufacturing, lightweight materials demand, energy storage systems, medical devices, and next-generation electronics. As manufacturing challenges are overcome and production scales up, graphene's unique properties position it to potentially transform multiple industries, particularly in electronics, energy storage, and advanced materials applications.

The Global Market for Graphene provides comprehensive coverage of the commercial market for graphene, analyzing key developments, applications, production methods, and market opportunities across multiple industries. This extensive report examines the entire graphene value chain, from raw materials and production to end-user applications and market dynamics through 2035. The report provides detailed insights into graphene types, including graphene nanoplatelets, CVD graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots. It analyzes manufacturing processes, quality control, scalability challenges, and cost considerations that impact commercial adoption. The research includes extensive coverage of production capacities, pricing trends, and competitive landscape analysis across key geographic regions.

Report contents include: 

  • Current global market size of graphene and projections.
  • Growth Trends: Historical growth rates and projected trends for the next 5–10 years.
  • Market Segmentation: Segmentation by application.
  • Geographic Segmentation: Key regions or countries contributing to market revenue.
  • Cost of Production: cost structure of producing graphene, including raw materials, processing and labour costs.
  • Key Drivers and Challenges: Factors driving market demand, potential barriers, and risk factors.
  • Competitive Landscape: Key players in the market and types of companies (start-ups, SMEs, large corporations).
  • Value Chain Analysis: Overview of key stages in the value chain, from raw material suppliers to end-users.
  • Innovation Trends: Areas of technological advancement and R&D focus.
  • Cost Structure: Average costs involved in production, R&D, distribution, and marketing.
  • Pricing Strategies: Typical pricing for different graphene products and factors influencing price variability.
  • Investment and Funding: Information on venture capital, government funding, and other sources of investment in the sector.
  • Sustainability Metrics: Industry standards or certifications related to environmental performance.
  • Environmental Impact Data: Information on carbon footprint, water usage, waste generation, and recycling rates.
  • Sustainable Production Technologies: Availability and adoption of environmentally-friendly manufacturing techniques.
  • Regulatory Requirements: Applicable regulations and standards for graphene manufacturing and sales (Global and EU)
  • End-User Analysis: Key customer types (e.g., manufacturers, electronics companies) and their needs.
  • Demand Drivers by Segment: Trends and factors influencing demand in different segments 
  • Supply Chain Stability: Information on potential disruptions or risks in raw materials or logistics.
  • Future Market Opportunities and Risks: Insights into upcoming opportunities or potential threats in the industry.

 

Key market segments analyzed in depth include:

  • Batteries and Energy Storage
  • Composites and Polymer Additives
  • Electronics and Semiconductors
  • Sensors and Biosensors
  • Conductive Inks and Coatings
  • Thermal Management Materials
  • Filtration Membranes
  • Construction Materials
  • Automotive Applications
  • Aerospace Components
  • Biomedical Devices
  • Photonics and Optoelectronics

 

The report examines emerging applications across these sectors, providing detailed analysis of technology readiness levels, market opportunities, and commercialization timelines. It includes comprehensive market forecasts with revenue projections and volume estimates through 2035, segmented by application area and geographic region. Production and manufacturing analysis covers:

  • Detailed assessment of graphene production methods
  • Analysis of quality control and standardization challenges
  • Evaluation of manufacturing costs and scalability
  • Coverage of key equipment and process technologies
  • Assessment of raw material suppliers and supply chain
  • Regional manufacturing capabilities and capacity

 

The competitive landscape section provides detailed profiles of over 400 companies involved in graphene production and product development, including:

  • Major graphene producers
  • Material suppliers and processors
  • Product developers and integrators
  • End-users and application developers
  • Equipment manufacturers
  • Research institutions and technology developers

 

Companies profiled include BeDimensional, Bio Graphene Solutions, Black Swan Graphene, Black Semiconductor, Concretene, Danish Graphene, Directa Plus, First Graphene, EnGy, GraphEnergyTech, Graphene Manufacturing Group (GMG), Graphjet Technology, Graphmatech, Haydale Graphene Industries, HydroGraph Clean Power, INBRAIN Neuroelectronics, Levidian, Nanotech Energy, NanoXplore, Premier Graphene, Solidion Technology, Sparc Technologies, Talga Group, Versarien, Zentek and more...

Market forecasts include:

  • Production volumes by graphene type
  • Revenue projections by application
  • Regional market analysis and growth trends
  • Pricing trends and cost analysis
  • Market share analysis of key players
  • Growth drivers and market constraints

 

The report analyzes key trends driving graphene adoption, including:

  • Advances in manufacturing technology
  • Improvements in material quality and consistency
  • Cost reduction and economies of scale
  • New application development
  • Industry partnerships and collaborations
  • Regulatory developments and standardization
  • Investment trends and funding

 

Special focus areas include:

  • Analysis of graphene quantum dots market
  • Evaluation of graphene in energy storage
  • Assessment of electronics applications
  • Coverage of biomedical opportunities
  • Analysis of construction and building materials
  • Review of automotive and aerospace uses

 

Regional analysis covers:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Rest of World

 

The report includes detailed coverage of:

  • Patents and intellectual property landscape
  • Manufacturing processes and technologies
  • Material specifications and quality metrics
  • Regulatory environment and standards
  • Investment and funding trends
  • Industry partnerships and collaborations
  • Company profiles and competitive analysis
  • Market drivers and challenges
  • Future market outlook

 

This comprehensive report also examines other 2D materials, providing comparative analysis and market potential assessment for materials such as:

  • Hexagonal boron nitride
  • MXenes
  • Transition metal dichalcogenides
  • Phosphorene
  • Other emerging 2D materials

 

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            40

  • 1.1        Advanced carbon materials 40
    • 1.1.1    Types   40
  • 1.2        Graphene and other 2D materials    42
  • 1.3        Commercialization    43
  • 1.4        The graphene market in 2024             44
  • 1.5        Graphene market developments 2020-2024           45
  • 1.6        Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024     55
  • 1.7        Publicly listed graphene companies              57
  • 1.8        Global market in tons and revenues               57
    • 1.8.1    Global demand by graphene material (tons)             57
    • 1.8.2    Global demand by end user market                60
    • 1.8.3    Graphene market, by region 62
      • 1.8.3.1 Asia-Pacific    64
        • 1.8.3.1.1           China  64
        • 1.8.3.1.2           Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific   64
      • 1.8.3.2 North America              65
        • 1.8.3.2.1           Main graphene producers in North America              65
      • 1.8.3.3 Europe                66
        • 1.8.3.3.1           Main graphene producers in Europe               66
  • 1.9        Graphene market growth trends       67
  • 1.10     Graphene products    68
  • 1.11     Key market players and competitive landscape     71
  • 1.12     Industrial collaborations and licence agreements                71
  • 1.13     Value chain     78
  • 1.14     Innovation Trends       80
  • 1.15     Graphene market challenges              80
  • 1.16     Historical growth rates and projected trends for the next 5–10 years        81
  • 1.17     Risks and opportunities          83

 

2             OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE   84

  • 2.1        History               84
  • 2.2        Properties         86
  • 2.3        Types of graphene      87
  • 2.3.1    Graphene materials   89
    • 2.3.1.1 CVD Graphene              89
      • 2.3.1.1.1           Single layer      90
      • 2.3.1.1.2           Bilayer 90
      • 2.3.1.1.3           Few Layer          91
      • 2.3.1.1.4           Multilayer          91
      • 2.3.1.1.5           Applications   91
    • 2.3.1.2 Graphene nanoplatelets         92
    • 2.3.1.3 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide        93
    • 2.3.1.4 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)     94
      • 2.3.1.4.1           Composition  95
      • 2.3.1.4.2           Comparison to quantum dots            95
      • 2.3.1.4.3           Properties         96
      • 2.3.1.4.4           Synthesis          96
        • 2.3.1.4.4.1      Top-down method      96
        • 2.3.1.4.4.2      Bottom-up method    97
        • 2.3.1.4.4.3      Comparison of synthesis methods 97
      • 2.3.1.4.5           Applications   99
      • 2.3.1.4.6           Markets for graphene quantum dots              99
        • 2.3.1.4.6.1      Electronics and photonics    99
        • 2.3.1.4.6.2      Energy storage and conversion          100
        • 2.3.1.4.6.3      Sensors             101
        • 2.3.1.4.6.4      Biomedicine and life sciences            102
        • 2.3.1.4.6.5      Anti-counterfeiting     103
      • 2.3.1.4.7           Challenges      104
      • 2.3.1.4.8           Current and projected revenues        104
      • 2.3.1.4.9           Pricing 105
      • 2.3.1.4.10        Companies     105
        • 2.3.1.4.10.1   American Elements   105
        • 2.3.1.4.10.2   Biographene, Inc.        106
        • 2.3.1.4.10.3   Carbon Upcycling Technologies        106
        • 2.3.1.4.10.4   Dotz Nano Ltd.              107
        • 2.3.1.4.10.5   ENano Tec Co., Ltd.   109
        • 2.3.1.4.10.6   GoLeafe             109
        • 2.3.1.4.10.7   Graphene Square        110
        • 2.3.1.4.10.8   Graphensic AB              111
        • 2.3.1.4.10.9   Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd.      111
        • 2.3.1.4.10.10 KRI, Inc.             113
        • 2.3.1.4.10.11 Quantag Nanotechnologies 113
        • 2.3.1.4.10.12 Qurv Technologies S.L.            114
        • 2.3.1.4.10.13 Shanghai Simbatt Energy Technology Co., Ltd.       115
        • 2.3.1.4.10.14 Sigma-Aldrich                115
  • 2.3.2    Intermediate products             116
    • 2.3.2.1 Graphene masterbatches      116
    • 2.3.2.2 Graphene dispersions             116
  • 2.4        Graphene production               116
    • 2.4.1    Quality               118
    • 2.4.2    Graphene production methods         119
    • 2.4.3    Expanded graphite     122
    • 2.4.4    Reduced graphene oxide       123
    • 2.4.5    Direct liquid phase exfoliation process        123
    • 2.4.6    Electrochemical exfoliation 124
    • 2.4.7    Plasma exfoliation      124
    • 2.4.8    Chemical Vapour Deposited (CVD) Graphene         124
      • 2.4.8.1 Roll to roll (R2R) growth          125
      • 2.4.8.2 Novel strategies           125
      • 2.4.8.3 Epitaxial CVD graphene growth         125
  • 2.5        Cost of production     126
  • 2.6        Regulations     128
    • 2.6.1    Environmental, health and safety regulation             128
      • 2.6.1.1 Europe                128
      • 2.6.1.2 United States 129
      • 2.6.1.3 Asia-Pacific    130
    • 2.6.2    Sustainability metrics              131
    • 2.6.3    Environmental Impact Data 132
    • 2.6.4    Sustainable Production Technologies           133
    • 2.6.5    Workplace exposure 133

 

3             PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS           134

 

4             PRODUCTION AND PRICING               136

  • 4.1        Commercial production capacities 136
  • 4.2        Graphene production issues and challenges           139
    • 4.2.1    Oversupply      139
    • 4.2.2    Quality               139
    • 4.2.3    Large-volume markets             140
    • 4.2.4    Commoditisation       140
    • 4.2.5    Industrial end-user perspective         141
  • 4.3        Graphene pricing and cost analysis               141
    • 4.3.1    Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene      141
    • 4.3.2    Few-Layer graphene pricing 143
    • 4.3.3    Graphene nanoplatelets pricing        144
    • 4.3.4    Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing             145
    • 4.3.5    Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing 146
    • 4.3.6    Graphene ink 147
  • 4.4        Key graphene market players, by graphene type     147

 

5             MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE    156

  • 5.1        BATTERIES       156
    • 5.1.1    Market overview           157
      • 5.1.1.1 Market drivers and trends      158
      • 5.1.1.2 Applications   160
        • 5.1.1.2.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          162
      • 5.1.1.3 SWOT analysis              163
      • 5.1.1.4 Addressable market size        164
      • 5.1.1.5 Global market                164
        • 5.1.1.5.1           Revenues          164
        • 5.1.1.5.2           Tons, 2018-2035         165
    • 5.1.2    Market players               166
  • 5.2        SUPERCAPACITORS  172
    • 5.2.1    Market overview           172
      • 5.2.1.1 Applications   172
        • 5.2.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          175
      • 5.2.1.2 SWOT analysis              176
      • 5.2.1.3 Addressable market size        177
      • 5.2.1.4 Global market                177
        • 5.2.1.4.1           Revenues          177
        • 5.2.1.4.2           Tons     178
    • 5.2.2    Market players               179
  • 5.3        POLYMER ADDITIVES                181
    • 5.3.1    Market overview           181
      • 5.3.1.1 Applications   181
        • 5.3.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          182
      • 5.3.1.2 Fiber-based     182
        • 5.3.1.2.1           Applications   183
      • 5.3.1.3 Metal matrix composites (MMCs)    185
        • 5.3.1.3.1           Applications   186
      • 5.3.1.4 SWOT analysis              186
      • 5.3.1.5 Addressable market size        187
      • 5.3.1.6 Global market                187
        • 5.3.1.6.1           Revenues          187
        • 5.3.1.6.2           Tons     189
    • 5.3.2    Market players               190
  • 5.4        SENSORS         194
    • 5.4.1    Market overview           195
      • 5.4.1.1 Applications   196
        • 5.4.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          199
      • 5.4.1.2 SWOT analysis              200
      • 5.4.1.3 Addressable market size        201
      • 5.4.1.4 Global market                201
        • 5.4.1.4.1           Revenues          201
        • 5.4.1.4.2           Tons     202
    • 5.4.2    Market players               203
  • 5.5        CONDUCTIVE INKS    207
    • 5.5.1    Market overview           208
      • 5.5.1.1 Applications   208
        • 5.5.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          210
      • 5.5.1.2 SWOT analysis              212
      • 5.5.1.3 Addressable market size        213
      • 5.5.1.4 Global market                213
        • 5.5.1.4.1           Revenues          213
        • 5.5.1.4.2           Tons     214
    • 5.5.2    Market players               215
  • 5.6        TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS          218
    • 5.6.1    Market outlook             218
      • 5.6.1.1 Applications   219
        • 5.6.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          220
      • 5.6.1.2 SWOT analysis              221
        • 5.6.1.3 Addressable market size        221
    • 5.6.1.4 Global market                222
        • 5.6.1.4.1           Revenues          222
        • 5.6.1.4.2           Tons     223
    • 5.6.2    Market players               224
  • 5.7        TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS              226
    • 5.7.1    Market overview           226
      • 5.7.1.1 Applications   227
        • 5.7.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          229
      • 5.7.1.2 SWOT analysis              230
      • 5.7.1.3 Addressable market size        230
      • 5.7.1.4 Global market                231
        • 5.7.1.4.1           Revenues          231
        • 5.7.1.4.2           Tons     232
    • 5.7.2    Market players               233
  • 5.8        FILTRATION MEMBRANES     235
    • 5.8.1    Market overview           235
      • 5.8.1.1 Applications   235
        • 5.8.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          238
      • 5.8.1.2 SWOT analysis              239
      • 5.8.1.3 Addressable market size        240
      • 5.8.1.4 Global market                240
        • 5.8.1.4.1           Revenues          240
        • 5.8.1.4.2           Tons     241
    • 5.8.2    Market players               242
  • 5.9        THERMAL MANAGEMENT      245
    • 5.9.1    Market overview           245
      • 5.9.1.1 Applications   245
        • 5.9.1.1.1           Applications roadmap to 2035          245
      • 5.9.1.2 SWOT analysis              246
      • 5.9.1.3 Addressable market size        247
      • 5.9.1.4 Global market                247
        • 5.9.1.4.1           Revenues          247
        • 5.9.1.4.2           Tons     248
    • 5.9.2    Market players               249
  • 5.10     3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING   251
    • 5.10.1 Market overview           251
      • 5.10.1.1            Applications   251
        • 5.10.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          253
      • 5.10.1.2            SWOT analysis              254
      • 5.10.1.3            Addressable market size        255
      • 5.10.1.4            Global market                255
        • 5.10.1.4.1        Revenues          255
        • 5.10.1.4.2        Tons     256
    • 5.10.2 Market players               258
  • 5.11     ADHESIVES     259
    • 5.11.1 Market overview           260
      • 5.11.1.1            Applications   260
        • 5.11.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          262
      • 5.11.1.2            SWOT analysis              263
      • 5.11.1.3            Addressable market size        264
      • 5.11.1.4            Global market                264
        • 5.11.1.4.1        Revenues          264
        • 5.11.1.4.2        Tons     265
    • 5.11.2 Market players               267
  • 5.12     AEROSPACE   268
    • 5.12.1 Market overview           268
      • 5.12.1.1            Applications   268
        • 5.12.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          271
      • 5.12.1.2            SWOT analysis              272
      • 5.12.1.3            Addressable market size        273
      • 5.12.1.4            Global market                273
        • 5.12.1.4.1        Revenues          273
        • 5.12.1.4.2        Tons     274
    • 5.12.2 Market players               276
  • 5.13     AUTOMOTIVE 278
    • 5.13.1 Market overview           278
      • 5.13.1.1            Applications   279
        • 5.13.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          281
      • 5.13.1.2            SWOT analysis              282
      • 5.13.1.3            Addressable market size        283
      • 5.13.1.4            Global market                283
        • 5.13.1.4.1        Revenues          283
        • 5.13.1.4.2        Tons     284
    • 5.13.2 Market players               286
  • 5.14     CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS  290
    • 5.14.1 Market overview           290
      • 5.14.1.1            Applications   290
        • 5.14.1.1.1        Cement              292
        • 5.14.1.1.2        Asphalt bitumen          293
        • 5.14.1.1.3        Aerogels            293
          • 5.14.1.1.3.1   3D printed aerogels   294
          • 5.14.1.1.3.2   Carbon-based aerogel composites 294
        • 5.14.1.1.4        Applications roadmap to 2035          295
      • 5.14.1.2            SWOT analysis              295
      • 5.14.1.3            Addressable market size        296
      • 5.14.1.4            Global market                297
      • 5.14.1.4.1        Revenues          297
      • 5.14.1.4.2        Tons     298
    • 5.14.2 Market players               299
  • 5.15     MEMORY DEVICES     302
    • 5.15.1 Market overview           302
      • 5.15.1.1            Applications   302
        • 5.15.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          304
      • 5.15.1.2            SWOT analysis              304
      • 5.15.1.3            Addressable market size        305
      • 5.15.1.4            Global market                305
        • 5.15.1.4.1        Revenues          305
        • 5.15.1.4.2        Tons     307
    • 5.15.2 Market players               308
  • 5.16     FUEL CELLS    309
    • 5.16.1 Market overview           310
      • 5.16.1.1            Applications   310
        • 5.16.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          313
      • 5.16.1.2            SWOT analysis              314
      • 5.16.1.3            Addressable market size        314
      • 5.16.1.4            Global market                315
        • 5.16.1.4.1        Revenues          315
        • 5.16.1.4.2        Tons     316
    • 5.16.2 Market players               317
  • 5.17     BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE   318
    • 5.17.1 Market overview           319
      • 5.17.1.1            Applications   319
        • 5.17.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          323
      • 5.17.1.2            Drug delivery  323
      • 5.17.1.3            Imaging and diagnostics        323
      • 5.17.1.4            Implants           324
      • 5.17.1.5            Medical biosensors   324
      • 5.17.1.6            Woundcare     325
      • 5.17.1.7            Medical wearables     325
      • 5.17.1.8            Gene delivery 326
      • 5.17.1.9            SWOT analysis              327
      • 5.17.1.10         Addressable market size        328
      • 5.17.1.11         Global market                328
        • 5.17.1.11.1     Revenues          328
        • 5.17.1.11.2     Tons     329
    • 5.17.2 Market players               331
  • 5.18     LIGHTING         334
    • 5.18.1 Market overview           334
      • 5.18.1.1            Applications   335
        • 5.18.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          336
      • 5.18.1.2            SWOT analysis              337
      • 5.18.1.3            Addressable market size        338
      • 5.18.1.4            Global market                338
        • 5.18.1.4.1        Revenues          338
        • 5.18.1.4.2        Tons     339
    • 5.18.2 Market players               341
  • 5.19     LUBRICANTS  342
    • 5.19.1 Market overview           343
      • 5.19.1.1            Applications   343
      • 5.19.1.2            SWOT analysis              345
      • 5.19.1.3            Addressable market size        346
      • 5.19.1.4            Global market                347
        • 5.19.1.4.1        Revenues          347
        • 5.19.1.4.2        Tons     348
    • 5.19.2 Market players               349
  • 5.20     OIL AND GAS  351
    • 5.20.1 Market overview           351
      • 5.20.1.1            Applications   352
        • 5.20.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          354
      • 5.20.1.2            SWOT analysis              355
      • 5.20.1.3            Addressable market size        356
      • 5.20.1.4            Global market                356
        • 5.20.1.4.1        Revenues          356
        • 5.20.1.4.2        Tons     357
    • 5.20.2 Market players               358
  • 5.21     PAINTS AND COATINGS          359
    • 5.21.1 Market overview           360
      • 5.21.1.1            Applications   360
        • 5.21.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          363
      • 5.21.1.2            SWOT analysis              364
      • 5.21.1.3            Addressable market size        365
      • 5.21.1.4            Global market                366
        • 5.21.1.4.1        Revenues          366
        • 5.21.1.4.2        Tons     367
    • 5.21.2 Market players               368
  • 5.22     PHOTONICS    373
    • 5.22.1 Market overview           373
      • 5.22.1.1            Applications   374
        • 5.22.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          375
      • 5.22.1.2            SWOT analysis              377
      • 5.22.1.3            Addressable market size        378
      • 5.22.1.4            Global market                378
        • 5.22.1.4.1        Revenues          378
        • 5.22.1.4.2        Tons     379
    • 5.22.2 Market players               380
  • 5.23     PHOTOVOLTAICS         381
    • 5.23.1 Market overview           382
      • 5.23.1.1            Applications   382
        • 5.23.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          385
      • 5.23.1.2            SWOT analysis              386
      • 5.23.1.3            Addressable market size        387
      • 5.23.1.4            Global market                387
        • 5.23.1.4.1        Revenues          387
        • 5.23.1.4.2        Tons     388
    • 5.23.2 Market players               390
  • 5.24     RUBBER AND TYRES 391
    • 5.24.1 Market overview           391
      • 5.24.1.1            Applications   391
        • 5.24.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          394
      • 5.24.1.2            SWOT analysis              394
      • 5.24.1.3            Addressable market size        395
      • 5.24.1.4            Global market                395
        • 5.24.1.4.1        Revenues          395
        • 5.24.1.4.2        Tons     396
    • 5.24.2 Market players               398
  • 5.25     TEXTILES AND APPAREL          400
    • 5.25.1 Market outlook             401
      • 5.25.1.1            Applications   401
        • 5.25.1.1.1        Applications roadmap to 2035          405
      • 5.25.1.2            Addressable market size        406
      • 5.25.1.3            SWOT analysis              406
      • 5.25.1.4            Global market                407
        • 5.25.1.4.1        Revenues          407
        • 5.25.1.4.2        Tons     409
    • 5.25.2 Market players               410
  • 5.26     OTHER MARKETS         415
    • 5.26.1 Audio equipment         415
    • 5.26.2 Sporting goods and apparel 416
    • 5.26.3 Carbon capture and utilization          417
      • 5.26.3.1            CO2 utilization pathways       418
      • 5.26.3.2            Carbon storage            418
        • 5.26.3.2.1.1   Passive storage            418
        • 5.26.3.2.1.2   Enhanced oil recovery              419
      • 5.26.3.3            Transporting CO2        419
        • 5.26.3.3.1        Methods of CO2 transport    419
          • 5.26.3.3.1.1   Pipeline              421
          • 5.26.3.3.1.2   Ship      421
          • 5.26.3.3.1.3   Road    421
          • 5.26.3.3.1.4   Rail       422
          • 5.26.3.3.1.5   Safety  422
      • 5.26.3.4            Costs  422
      • 5.26.3.5            Market map    424
      • 5.26.3.6            Point-source carbon capture for blue hydrogen     426
        • 5.26.3.6.1        Transportation              427
        • 5.26.3.6.2        Global point source CO2 capture capacities           427
        • 5.26.3.6.3        By source          428
        • 5.26.3.6.4        By endpoint     429
        • 5.26.3.6.5        Main carbon capture processes        430
          • 5.26.3.6.5.1   Materials           430
          • 5.26.3.6.5.2   Post-combustion        432
          • 5.26.3.6.5.3   Oxy-fuel combustion                433
          • 5.26.3.6.5.4   Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle  434
          • 5.26.3.6.5.5   Pre-combustion           435
      • 5.26.3.7            Carbon utilization       436
        • 5.26.3.7.1        Benefits of carbon utilization              440
        • 5.26.3.7.2        Market challenges      441
        • 5.26.3.7.3        Co2 utilization pathways        442

 

6             GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES    444 (370 company profiles)

 

7             OTHER 2-D MATERIALS           686

  • 7.1        Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials             689
  • 7.2        2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS   690
    • 7.2.1    Top-down exfoliation 690
      • 7.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method         691
      • 7.2.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method      692
    • 7.2.2    Bottom-up synthesis 693
      • 7.2.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution         693
      • 7.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition  693
  • 7.3        TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS       694
    • 7.3.1    Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)        694
      • 7.3.1.1 Properties         695
        • 7.3.1.2 Applications and markets      696
          • 7.3.1.2.1           Electronics      696
          • 7.3.1.2.2           Fuel cells          696
          • 7.3.1.2.3           Adsorbents      696
          • 7.3.1.2.4           Photodetectors             697
          • 7.3.1.2.5           Textiles               697
          • 7.3.1.2.6           Biomedical      697
    • 7.3.2    MXenes              698
      • 7.3.2.1 Properties         698
      • 7.3.2.2 Applications   699
        • 7.3.2.2.1           Catalysts          699
        • 7.3.2.2.2           Hydrogels         699
        • 7.3.2.2.3           Energy storage devices            699
          • 7.3.2.2.3.1      Supercapacitors          700
          • 7.3.2.2.3.2      Batteries            700
          • 7.3.2.2.3.3      Gas Separation             700
        • 7.3.2.2.4           Liquid Separation        700
        • 7.3.2.2.5           Antibacterials                700
    • 7.3.3    Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD)     700
      • 7.3.3.1 Properties         701
        • 7.3.3.1.1           Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)       701
        • 7.3.3.1.2           Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)  703
      • 7.3.3.2 Applications   703
        • 7.3.3.2.1           Electronics      703
        • 7.3.3.2.2           Optoelectronics           704
        • 7.3.3.2.3           Biomedical      704
        • 7.3.3.2.4           Piezoelectrics                704
        • 7.3.3.2.5           Sensors             704
        • 7.3.3.2.6           Filtration            705
        • 7.3.3.2.7           Batteries and supercapacitors           705
        • 7.3.3.2.8           Fiber lasers     705
    • 7.3.4    Borophene       705
      • 7.3.4.1 Properties         705
      • 7.3.4.2 Applications   706
        • 7.3.4.2.1           Energy storage              706
        • 7.3.4.2.2           Hydrogen storage        707
        • 7.3.4.2.3           Sensors             707
        • 7.3.4.2.4           Electronics      707
    • 7.3.5    Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus     707
      • 7.3.5.1 Properties         708
      • 7.3.5.2 Applications   709
        • 7.3.5.2.1           Electronics      709
        • 7.3.5.2.2           Field effect transistors            709
        • 7.3.5.2.3           Thermoelectrics           709
        • 7.3.5.2.4           Batteries            709
          • 7.3.5.2.4.1      Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)    710
          • 7.3.5.2.4.2      Sodium-ion batteries                710
          • 7.3.5.2.4.3      Lithium–sulfur batteries          710
        • 7.3.5.2.5           Supercapacitors          710
        • 7.3.5.2.6           Photodetectors             710
        • 7.3.5.2.7           Sensors             710
    • 7.3.6    Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)   711
      • 7.3.6.1 Properties         711
      • 7.3.6.2 C2N      711
      • 7.3.6.3 Applications   712
        • 7.3.6.3.1           Electronics      712
        • 7.3.6.3.2           Filtration membranes               712
        • 7.3.6.3.3           Photocatalysts              712
        • 7.3.6.3.4           Batteries            712
        • 7.3.6.3.5           Sensors             713
    • 7.3.7    Germanene     713
      • 7.3.7.1 Properties         713
      • 7.3.7.2 Applications   714
        • 7.3.7.2.1           Electronics      714
        • 7.3.7.2.2           Batteries            714
    • 7.3.8    Graphdiyne     715
      • 7.3.8.1 Properties         715
      • 7.3.8.2 Applications   716
        • 7.3.8.2.1           Electronics      716
        • 7.3.8.2.2           Batteries            716
          • 7.3.8.2.2.1      Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)    716
          • 7.3.8.2.2.2      Sodium ion batteries 716
        • 7.3.8.2.3           Separation membranes          717
        • 7.3.8.2.4           Water filtration              717
        • 7.3.8.2.5           Photocatalysts              717
        • 7.3.8.2.6           Photovoltaics 717
        • 7.3.8.2.7           Gas separation             717
    • 7.3.9    Graphane         717
      • 7.3.9.1 Properties         718
      • 7.3.9.2 Applications   718
        • 7.3.9.2.1           Electronics      718
        • 7.3.9.2.2           Hydrogen storage        718
    • 7.3.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) 719
      • 7.3.10.1            Properties         719
      • 7.3.10.2            Applications   719
    • 7.3.11 Silicene              719
      • 7.3.11.1            Properties         720
      • 7.3.11.2            Applications   720
        • 7.3.11.2.1        Electronics      721
        • 7.3.11.2.2        Thermoelectrics           721
        • 7.3.11.2.3        Batteries            721
        • 7.3.11.2.4        Sensors             721
        • 7.3.11.2.5        Biomedical      722
    • 7.3.12 Stanene/tinene             722
      • 7.3.12.1            Properties         722
      • 7.3.12.2            Applications   723
      • 7.3.12.2.1        Electronics      723
    • 7.3.13 Antimonene    724
      • 7.3.13.1            Properties         724
      • 7.3.13.2            Applications   724
    • 7.3.14 Indium selenide           725
      • 7.3.14.1            Properties         725
      • 7.3.14.2            Applications   725
        • 7.3.14.2.1        Electronics      725
    • 7.3.15 Layered double hydroxides (LDH)    725
      • 7.3.15.1            Properties         726
      • 7.3.15.2            Applications   726
        • 7.3.15.2.1        Adsorbents      726
        • 7.3.15.2.2        Catalyst             726
        • 7.3.15.2.3        Sensors             726
        • 7.3.15.2.4        Electrodes        727
        • 7.3.15.2.5        Flame Retardants       727
        • 7.3.15.2.6        Biosensors      727
        • 7.3.15.2.7        Tissue engineering      727
        • 7.3.15.2.8        Anti-Microbials             727
        • 7.3.15.2.9        Drug Delivery  727
  • 7.4        2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES      728 (19 company profiles)

 

8             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              743

  • 8.1        Technology Readiness Level (TRL)   743

 

9             REFERENCES 745

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Types of advanced carbon materials, properties and applications.       40
  • Table 2. Graphene market developments 2020-2024.       45
  • Table 3. Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024. 55
  • Table 4. Publicly listed graphene companies.          57
  • Table 5. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons).     58
  • Table 6. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons). 60
  • Table 7. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons). 62
  • Table 8. Main graphene producers in North America.         65
  • Table 9. Main graphene producers in Europe.          66
  • Table 10. Graphene market growth trends  67
  • Table 11. Commercial products incorporating graphene. 68
  • Table 12. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.             72
  • Table 13. Graphene market challenges.       80
  • Table 14. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.     86
  • Table 15. Different Types of Graphene and Use Cases.     88
  • Table 16. Applications of GO and rGO.          93
  • Table 17. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.           95
  • Table 18. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs.         98
  • Table 19. Applications of graphene quantum dots.              99
  • Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics.             99
  • Table 21. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion.   100
  • Table 22. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors.       101
  • Table 23. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences.     102
  • Table 24. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics.                103
  • Table 25. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots.           104
  • Table 26. Prices for graphene quantum dots.           105
  • Table 27. Assessment of graphene production methods. 120
  • Table 28. Methods for reducing graphene oxide.    123
  • Table 29. Cost Structure for Graphene Production.              126
  • Table 30. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe.               128
  • Table 31. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America.              129
  • Table 32. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific.    130
  • Table 33. Sustainability Metrics and Standards.    131
  • Table 34. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2022.          135
  • Table 35. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell into 2023.    137
  • Table 36. Types of graphene and typical prices.      141
  • Table 37. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer.     142
  • Table 38. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.               144
  • Table 39. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer.     144
  • Table 40. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer.    145
  • Table 41. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer.             146
  • Table 42. Graphene ink pricing by producer.              147
  • Table 43. Graphene producers and types produced.           148
  • Table 44. Graphene producers target market matrix.          151
  • Table 45. Graphene product developers target market matrix.     153
  • Table 46. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries.          157
  • Table 47. Market outlook for graphene in batteries.              157
  • Table 48. Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries. 158
  • Table 49. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof.           160
  • Table 50. Market and applications for graphene in batteries.         160
  • Table 51. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             164
  • Table 52. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035.  165
  • Table 53. Markets players in graphene batteries.    166
  • Table 54. Market overviewfor graphene in supercapacitors.           172
  • Table 55: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries.       172
  • Table 56. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors.       173
  • Table 57. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            177
  • Table 58. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035. 178
  • Table 59. Market players in graphene supercapacitors.    179
  • Table 60. Market outlook for graphene in polymer additives.         182
  • Table 61. Market and applications for graphene fiber-based polymer additives.              183
  • Table 62. Market and applications for graphene metal matrix composites.         186
  • Table 63. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).         187
  • Table 64. Global market demand for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035, tons.              189
  • Table 65. Market players in graphene polymer additives. 190
  • Table 66. Market overview for graphene in sensors.             195
  • Table 67. Market and applications for graphene in sensors.           196
  • Table 68. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 201
  • Table 69. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035.    202
  • Table 70. Market players in graphene sensors.        203
  • Table 71. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks.              208
  • Table 72. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks.         208
  • Table 73. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       210
  • Table 74. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              213
  • Table 75. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035.     214
  • Table 76. Product developers in graphene conductive inks.           216
  • Table 77. Market outlook for graphene in transparent conductive films. 218
  • Table 78. Market and applications for graphene in transparent conductive films.           219
  • Table 79. Comparison of ITO replacements.             220
  • Table 80. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              222
  • Table 81. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035.                223
  • Table 82. Market players in graphene transparent conductive films.        224
  • Table 83. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors.  226
  • Table 84. Market outlook for graphene in transistors.         227
  • Table 85. Market and applications for graphene transistors.         227
  • Table 86. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).                231
  • Table 87. Global demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035.          232
  • Table 88. Market players in graphene transistors and integrated circuits.             233
  • Table 89. Market outlook for graphene in filtration membranes.  235
  • Table 90. Market and applications for graphene in filtration membranes.             236
  • Table 91. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  240
  • Table 92. Global demand for graphene in filtration membranes (tons), 2018-2035.       241
  • Table 93. Market players in filtration.             242
  • Table 94. Market and applications for thermal management.       245
  • Table 95. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 247
  • Table 96. Global demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035.     248
  • Table 97. Market players in graphene thermal management.        249
  • Table 98. Market outlook for graphene in additive manufacturing.            251
  • Table 99. Market and applications for graphene in additive manufacturing.       252
  • Table 100. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          255
  • Table 101. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035.               256
  • Table 102. Market players in additive manufacturing.        258
  • Table 103. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives.        260
  • Table 104. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives.   260
  • Table 105. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        264
  • Table 106. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035.             266
  • Table 107. Market players in graphene adhesives. 267
  • Table 108. Market assessment for graphene in aerospace.             268
  • Table 109. Market and applications for graphene in aerospace.  269
  • Table 110. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       273
  • Table 111. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030.           274
  • Table 112: Market players in graphene for aerospace.        276
  • Table 113. Market outlook for graphene in automotive.     279
  • Table 114. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 279
  • Table 115. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 282
  • Table 116. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     283
  • Table 117. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035.          285
  • Table 118. Market players in the graphene automotive market.    286
  • Table 119. Market outlook for graphene in construction.  290
  • Table 120. Applications of graphene in construction and buildings.         290
  • Table 121. Graphene for concrete and cement.      292
  • Table 122. Graphene for asphalt bitumen. 293
  • Table 123. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       297
  • Table 124. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035.      298
  • Table 125: Market players in graphene in construction.     300
  • Table 126. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices.          302
  • Table 127. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices.     302
  • Table 128. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).         305
  • Table 129. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons).              307
  • Table 130. Market players in graphene memory devices.  308
  • Table 131. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells.        310
  • Table 132. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells.      310
  • Table 133. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          315
  • Table 134. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035.               316
  • Table 135. Market players in graphene fuel cells.   318
  • Table 136. Market and applications for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.          319
  • Table 137. Market overview for graphene in drug delivery.                323
  • Table 138. Market overview for graphene in imaging and diagnostics.    323
  • Table 139. Market overview for graphene in medical implants.    324
  • Table 140. Market overview for graphene in medical biosensors.               324
  • Table 141. Market overview for graphene in woundcare.   325
  • Table 142. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).    328
  • Table 143. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035.   329
  • Table 144. Market players in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.  331
  • Table 145. Market overview for graphene in lighting.           334
  • Table 146. Market and applications for graphene in lighting.         335
  • Table 147. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              338
  • Table 148. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons).   339
  • Table 149. Market players in graphene lighting.      341
  • Table 150. Nanomaterial lubricant products.           342
  • Table 151. Market overview for graphene in lubricants.     343
  • Table 152. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants.   343
  • Table 153. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        347
  • Table 154. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035.            348
  • Table 155. Market players in graphene lubricants. 349
  • Table 156. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas.    351
  • Table 157. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas. 352
  • Table 158. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      356
  • Table 159. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035.           357
  • Table 160. Market players in graphene oil and gas.              359
  • Table 161. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings.                360
  • Table 162. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings.              360
  • Table 163. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       366
  • Table 164. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035.       367
  • Table 165. Market players in graphene paints and coatings.           369
  • Table 166. Market overview for graphene in photonics.     373
  • Table 167. Market and applications for graphene in photonics.   374
  • Table 168. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        378
  • Table 169. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035.           379
  • Table 170. Market players in graphene photonics. 380
  • Table 171. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics.             382
  • Table 172. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics.           382
  • Table 173. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 387
  • Table 174. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035.    388
  • Table 175. Marker players in graphene solar.            390
  • Table 176. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tyres.          391
  • Table 177. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tyres.     391
  • Table 178. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).               395
  • Table 179. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035.              396
  • Table 180. Market players in rubber and tyres.         398
  • Table 181. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.   401
  • Table 182. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.               401
  • Table 183. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       407
  • Table 184. Global demand for graphene in textiles & apparel (tons), 2018-2035.            409
  • Table 185. Market players in smart textiles and apparel.  410
  • Table 186. Graphene audio equipment producers and products.               415
  • Table 187. Graphene sporting goods producers and products.    416
  • Table 188. Methods of CO2 transport.          420
  • Table 189. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2               422
  • Table 190. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture.          423
  • Table 191. Point source examples.  426
  • Table 192. Assessment of carbon capture materials           430
  • Table 193. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 433
  • Table 194. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.      436
  • Table 195. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$).              440
  • Table 196. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.                440
  • Table 197. Market challenges for CO2 utilization. 442
  • Table 198. Example CO2 utilization pathways.        442
  • Table 199. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.            682
  • Table 200. 2D materials types.           688
  • Table 201. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.     689
  • Table 202. Comparison of  top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials.    691
  • Table 203. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials.             693
  • Table 204. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).  696
  • Table 205. Markets and applications for 2D molybdenum disulphide.    702
  • Table 206. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 708
  • Table 207. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene.    714
  • Table 208. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs  716
  • Table 209. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene.              723
  • Table 210. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 744

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Asus ROG Swift OLED PG49WCD gaming monitor.         52
  • Figure 2. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons), conservative estimate.          59
  • Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons).              61
  • Figure 4. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons).              63
  • Figure 5. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific.             64
  • Figure 6. TONE Free T90S model.     70
  • Figure 7. Graphene Market Value Chain.     79
  • Figure 8. Graphene layer structure schematic.        85
  • Figure 9. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG.          85
  • Figure 10. Graphite and graphene.  86
  • Figure 11. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 88
  • Figure 12. Types of CVD methods.   90
  • Figure 13. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite.          93
  • Figure 14. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.     94
  • Figure 15. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4).  95
  • Figure 16. Graphene quantum dots.               97
  • Figure 17. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods. 98
  • Figure 18. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2035, millions USD        105
  • Figure 19. Dotz Nano GQD products.            108
  • Figure 20.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.     112
  • Figure 21. Quantag GQDs and sensor.          114
  • Figure 22. Fabrication methods of graphene.           117
  • Figure 23. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.             118
  • Figure 24. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 119
  • Figure 25. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods.   120
  • Figure 26. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2023.         136
  • Figure 27. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil.             142
  • Figure 28. Applications of graphene in batteries.   162
  • Figure 29. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in batteries.          163
  • Figure 30. SWOT analysis for graphene in batteries.             164
  • Figure 31. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).           165
  • Figure 32. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035. 166
  • Figure 33. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank.   167
  • Figure 34. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery.          168
  • Figure 35. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries. 169
  • Figure 36. Real Graphene Powerbank.          170
  • Figure 37. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH.    171
  • Figure 38. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors.  175
  • Figure 39. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in supercapacitors.        176
  • Figure 40. SWOT analysis for graphene in supercapacitors.           176
  • Figure 41. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          178
  • Figure 42. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035.               179
  • Figure 43. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors.     180
  • Figure 44. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor. 181
  • Figure 45. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger.   181
  • Figure 46. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in polymer additives.     182
  • Figure 47. Applications of graphene in polymer additives.              185
  • Figure 48. SWOT analysis for graphene in polymer additives.        187
  • Figure 49. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       188
  • Figure 50. Demand for graphene in polymer additives (tons), 2018-2035.            190
  • Figure 51. Graphene bike.      191
  • Figure 52. Graphene lacrosse equipment. 191
  • Figure 53. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic.            192
  • Figure 54. Aros Create.            193
  • Figure 55. Grays graphene hockey sticks.   194
  • Figure 56. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring.            195
  • Figure 57. Applications of graphene in sensors.     199
  • Figure 58. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in sensors.           200
  • Figure 59. SWOT analysis for graphene in sensors.              200
  • Figure 60. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              202
  • Figure 61. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035.   203
  • Figure 62. AGILE R100 system.          204
  • Figure 63. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector.                205
  • Figure 64. GFET sensors.       205
  • Figure 65. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light.       207
  • Figure 66. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in conductive inks.         211
  • Figure 67. Applications of graphene in conductive inks.   211
  • Figure 68. SWOT analysis for graphene in conductive inks.            212
  • Figure 69. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            214
  • Figure 70. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035.   215
  • Figure 71. BGT Materials graphene ink product.      216
  • Figure 72. Printed graphene conductive ink.             217
  • Figure 73. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink.    217
  • Figure 74. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays.                220
  • Figure 75. SWOT analysis for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays. 221
  • Figure 76. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              223
  • Figure 77. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035.                224
  • Figure 78. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application.        225
  • Figure 79. Applications of graphene transistors.    229
  • Figure 80. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene transistors.          230
  • Figure 81. SWOT analysis for graphene in transistors.        230
  • Figure 82. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  232
  • Figure 83. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035.        233
  • Figure 84. Graphene IC in wafer tester.         234
  • Figure 85. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).             234
  • Figure 86. Applications of graphene in filtration membranes.       238
  • Figure 87. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene filtration membranes.   239
  • Figure 88. SWOT analysis for graphene in filtration membranes. 240
  • Figure 89. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 241
  • Figure 90. Global demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2035. 242
  • Figure 91. Graphene anti-smog mask.          243
  • Figure 92. Graphene filtration membrane. 243
  • Figure 93. Graphene water filer cartridge.   244
  • Figure 94. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in thermal management.           246
  • Figure 95. SWOT analysis for graphene in thermal management.              247
  • Figure 96. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              248
  • Figure 97. Demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035.   249
  • Figure 98. Graphene IC in wafer tester.         250
  • Figure 99. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).             250
  • Figure 100. Applications of graphene in additive manufacturing 253
  • Figure 101. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing.     254
  • Figure 102. SWOT analysis for graphene in additive manufacturing.        255
  • Figure 103. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        256
  • Figure 104. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035.             257
  • Figure 105. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling.             258
  • Figure 106. Applications of graphene in adhesives.             262
  • Figure 107. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in adhesives.   263
  • Figure 108. SWOT analysis for graphene in adhesives.      264
  • Figure 109. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      265
  • Figure 110. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035.           266
  • Figure 111. Graphene Adhesives.     267
  • Figure 112. Applications of graphene in aerospace.            271
  • Figure 113. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in aerospace.  272
  • Figure 114. SWOT analysis for graphene in aerospace.     272
  • Figure 115. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     274
  • Figure 116. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2035.          275
  • Figure 117. Orbex Prime rocket.         277
  • Figure 118: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container.               277
  • Figure 119: Graphene aircraft.            277
  • Figure 120. Applications of graphene in automotive.          281
  • Figure 121. SWOT analysis for graphene in automotive.   282
  • Figure 122. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).   284
  • Figure 123. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035.        286
  • Figure 124. Supercar incorporating graphene.         287
  • Figure 125. Graphene anti-corrosion primer.            288
  • Figure 126. Graphene-R Brake pads.             288
  • Figure 127. Antistatic graphene tire.               289
  • Figure 128. Graphene engine oil additives. 290
  • Figure 129. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete.          291
  • Figure 130. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in construction.             295
  • Figure 131. SWOT analysis for graphene in construction. 296
  • Figure 132. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     298
  • Figure 133. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035.    299
  • Figure 134. Graphene asphalt additives.     300
  • Figure 135. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus.             301
  • Figure 136. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in memory devices.     304
  • Figure 137. SWOT analysis for graphene in memory devices.        305
  • Figure 138. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       306
  • Figure 139. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons).            308
  • Figure 140. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM).    309
  • Figure 141. Applications of graphene in fuel cells. 313
  • Figure 142. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in fuel cells.      313
  • Figure 143. SWOT analysis for graphene in fuel cells.         314
  • Figure 144. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        316
  • Figure 145. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035.             317
  • Figure 146. Graphene-based E-skin patch.                319
  • Figure 147. Applications of graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.    322
  • Figure 148. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.           323
  • Figure 149. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc.       326
  • Figure 150. SWOT analysis for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare.   327
  • Figure 151. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  329
  • Figure 152. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035.  330
  • Figure 153. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing.     332
  • Figure 154. Hememics' handheld reader with a disposable test chip containing a 32-plex graphene-based biosensor.        332
  • Figure 155. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor.    333
  • Figure 156. BioStamp nPoint.             333
  • Figure 157. Applications of graphene in lighting.    336
  • Figure 158. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in lighting.          337
  • Figure 159. SWOT analysis for graphene in lighting.             338
  • Figure 160. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            339
  • Figure 161. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons). 340
  • Figure 162. Graphene LED bulbs.     341
  • Figure 163. Applications of graphene in lubricants.             345
  • Figure 164. SWOT analysis for graphene in lubricants.      346
  • Figure 165. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      348
  • Figure 166. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035.           349
  • Figure 167. Tricolit spray coating.     350
  • Figure 168. Graphenoil products.     350
  • Figure 169. Applications of graphene in oil and gas.            354
  • Figure 170. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in oil and gas.  355
  • Figure 171. SWOT analysis for graphene in oil and gas.     355
  • Figure 172. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).    357
  • Figure 173. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035.         358
  • Figure 174. Directa Plus Grafysorber.             359
  • Figure 175. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings.        363
  • Figure 176. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in paints and coatings.              364
  • Figure 177. SWOT analysis for graphene in paints and coatings. 365
  • Figure 178. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      367
  • Figure 179. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035.     368
  • Figure 180. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating. 369
  • Figure 181. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate.    370
  • Figure 182. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint.               370
  • Figure 183. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand.    371
  • Figure 184. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings.        372
  • Figure 185. Schematic of graphene heat film.          372
  • Figure 186. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in photonics.   376
  • Figure 187. Applications of graphene in photonics.             376
  • Figure 188. SWOT analysis for graphene in photonics.      377
  • Figure 189. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      379
  • Figure 190. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035.         380
  • Figure 191. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel.   381
  • Figure 192. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics.     384
  • Figure 193. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in in photovoltaics.      385
  • Figure 194. SWOT analysis for graphene in photovoltaics.              386
  • Figure 195. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              388
  • Figure 196. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035.   389
  • Figure 197. Graphene coated glass.               390
  • Figure 198. Applications of graphene in rubber and tyres.               393
  • Figure 199. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in rubber and tyres.     394
  • Figure 200. SWOT analysis for graphene in rubber and tyres.        394
  • Figure 201. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              396
  • Figure 202. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035.            398
  • Figure 203. Eagle F1 graphene tyre. 398
  • Figure 204. Graphene floor mats.     399
  • Figure 205. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire.    400
  • Figure 206. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel.         405
  • Figure 207. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in textiles and apparel.              406
  • Figure 208. SWOT analysis for graphene in textiles and apparel. 407
  • Figure 209. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     408
  • Figure 210. Global demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2035. 410
  • Figure 211. 878 Project One jacket display.               411
  • Figure 212. Colmar graphene ski jacket.      411
  • Figure 213. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.   412
  • Figure 214. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.            412
  • Figure 215. Inov-8 graphene shoes. 413
  • Figure 216. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM.         414
  • Figure 217. Graphene jacket.               414
  • Figure 218. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls.     416
  • Figure 219. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.               418
  • Figure 220. Various pathways for CO2 utilization. 418
  • Figure 221. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.       419
  • Figure 222. Transport of CCS technologies.              420
  • Figure 223. Railroad car for liquid CO₂ transport    422
  • Figure 224. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.   424
  • Figure 225. CCUS market map.         426
  • Figure 226. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.       428
  • Figure 227. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2022.          429
  • Figure 228. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030.          429
  • Figure 229. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2022 and 2030.               430
  • Figure 230. Post-combustion carbon capture process.     432
  • Figure 231. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 433
  • Figure 232. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.      434
  • Figure 233. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.               435
  • Figure 234. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.       436
  • Figure 235. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages.            436
  • Figure 236. Applications for CO2.    439
  • Figure 237. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector. 439
  • Figure 238. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.       441
  • Figure 239. Co2 utilization pathways and products.            444
  • Figure 240. Graphene heating films.              445
  • Figure 241. Graphene flake products.           450
  • Figure 242. AIKA Black-T.        454
  • Figure 243. Printed graphene biosensors.  461
  • Figure 244. Prototype of printed memory device.   465
  • Figure 245. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 480
  • Figure 246. Graphene battery schematic.   503
  • Figure 247. Dotz Nano GQD products.          504
  • Figure 248. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.        511
  • Figure 249. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production.      521
  • Figure 250. Wearable sweat sensor.               552
  • Figure 251.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.  558
  • Figure 252. Sensor surface.  572
  • Figure 253. BioStamp nPoint.             588
  • Figure 254. Nanotech Energy battery.            605
  • Figure 255. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.           608
  • Figure 256. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.               609
  • Figure 257. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 610
  • Figure 258. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.       611
  • Figure 259. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445.          627
  • Figure 260. Quantag GQDs and sensor.       629
  • Figure 261. The Sixth Element graphene products.               643
  • Figure 262. Thermal conductive graphene film.      643
  • Figure 263. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.      656
  • Figure 264. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO.             659
  • Figure 265. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions. 687
  • Figure 266. Schematic of 2-D materials.     688
  • Figure 267. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method.          692
  • Figure 268. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method   693
  • Figure 269. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.  695
  • Figure 270. BN nanosheet textiles application.       697
  • Figure 271. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.  699
  • Figure 272.  Types and applications of 2D TMDCs.               701
  • Figure 273. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)  701
  • Figure 274. SEM image of MoS2.       702
  • Figure 275. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor.      704
  • Figure 276. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.   705
  • Figure 277. Borophene schematic.  706
  • Figure 278. Black phosphorus structure.     707
  • Figure 279. Black Phosphorus crystal.          708
  • Figure 280. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation.             709
  • Figure 281: Graphitic carbon nitride.              711
  • Figure 282. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.        712
  • Figure 283. Schematic of germanene.           713
  • Figure 284. Graphdiyne structure.    715
  • Figure 285. Schematic of Graphane crystal.             718
  • Figure 286. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide.         719
  • Figure 287. Silicene structure.            720
  • Figure 288. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate.             720
  • Figure 289. Silicene transistor.           721
  • Figure 290. Crystal structure for stanene.  722
  • Figure 291. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111).               723
  • Figure 292. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 725
  • Figure 293. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor.           726
  • Figure 294. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.        734

 

 

 

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