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graphenespin cropped 7530ed96722155b485e0f503adacb323

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2024-2035

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  • Published: February 2023
  • Pages: 843
  • Tables: 206
  • Figures: 292

 

Graphene continues to be one of the most promising advanced materials with exceptional electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. While adoption is rapidly increasing, the global graphene market remains in a formative stage with commercial production ramping up. However the market is projected to grow at an accelerated rate, heightened deployment across sectors like energy storage, electronics and composites manufacturing. Applications currently leading demand include conductive components, transistors for RF equipment, biosensors for pathogen detection and thermal management solutions. Larger scale markets like automotive composites and construction materials incorporating graphene for structural reinforcement are forecast to contribute significantly to growth over the next decade. Production scale up continues with major capacity additions announced across North America, Europe and Asia to serve rising interest from downstream industries. This is promoting improved availability at reduced prices - further aiding penetration of graphene into polymer, metal-matrix composites and coatings. While the industry has faced prior oversupply and quality control concerns, end-user feedback indicates increasing product reliability and measurement process standardization.

The Global Market for Graphene 2024-2035 provides a comprehensive analysis of the global graphene market including granular demand forecasts in tons and revenue projections in millions USD across key application segments like batteries, sensors, transistors, composites, construction, lighting and biomedical.

The report offers insights into latest product developments, manufacturing processes, prices and commercialization progress for graphene variants like nanoplatelets, quantum dots, oxides and graphene conductive inks. It profiles over 350 company activities, production capacities, strategic partnerships and industry expansion plans.

Regional demand trends are quantified for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Rest of World. Accurate 11-year forecasts help anticipate expansion potential in electric vehicles, 5G equipment, green energy systems, aircraft components, microelectronics and smart textiles. Report contents include:

  • Commercialization Progress
  • Global Demand Forecasts
  • Key Applications Driving Growth
  • Graphene Types: Materials Analysis
  • Comparative Assessment of Properties and Performance
  • Manufacturing Processes
  • Strategic Partnerships and Licensing Agreements
  • Patent Publication Trends Illustrating Innovations
  • Pricing Analysis for Graphene
  • Producer Profiles and Capacity Investments
  • Market Analysis and Forecasts including Granular Demand Quantification from 2018-2035
  • Regional Trends: APAC, North America, Europe, RoW
  • Technology Roadmap for Emerging Applications
  • Comparative Assessment of 2D Alternatives-MXenes, Borophene, Silicene, Phosphorene and More
  • Profiles of Over 300 producers, product developers and start-ups. Companies profiled include Advanced Material Development (AMD), Avadain, Black Swan Graphene, Carbon Waters, Directa Plus, First Graphene, G6 Materials Corporation, Gerdau Graphene, Graphene Manufacturing Group (GMG), Haydale, HydroGraph Clean Power, Lyten, Nanografi, Nanoxplore, Nanotech Energy, Paragraf, Sparc Technologies, Universal Matter and Versarien. 

 

 

1              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   44

  • 1.1          Advanced carbon materials          44
    • 1.1.1      Types    44
  • 1.2          Graphene and other 2D materials             45
  • 1.3          Commercialization           46
  • 1.4          The graphene market in 2023      47
  • 1.5          Graphene market developments 2020-2024         49
  • 1.6          Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024    59
  • 1.7          Publicly listed graphene companies         61
  • 1.8          Global market in tons and revenues        62
    • 1.8.1      Global demand by graphene material (tons)        62
    • 1.8.2      Global demand by end user market         65
    • 1.8.3      Graphene market, by region       67
      • 1.8.3.1   Asia-Pacific         69
        • 1.8.3.1.1               China     69
        • 1.8.3.1.2               Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific 69
      • 1.8.3.2   North America   70
        • 1.8.3.2.1               Main graphene producers in North America         71
      • 1.8.3.3   Europe 71
        • 1.8.3.3.1               Main graphene producers in Europe        72
  • 1.9          Graphene products         73
  • 1.10        Industrial collaborations and licence agreements              76
  • 1.11        Graphene market challenges      83

 

2              OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE            85

  • 2.1          History  85
  • 2.2          Properties           86
  • 2.3          Types of graphene           87
    • 2.3.1      Graphene materials        88
      • 2.3.1.1   CVD Graphene  88
        • 2.3.1.1.1               Applications       89
      • 2.3.1.2   Graphene nanoplatelets               90
      • 2.3.1.3   Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide    91
      • 2.3.1.4   Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)               92
        • 2.3.1.4.1               Composition      93
        • 2.3.1.4.2               Comparison to quantum dots     94
        • 2.3.1.4.3               Properties           94
        • 2.3.1.4.4               Synthesis             95
          • 2.3.1.4.4.1           Top-down method          95
          • 2.3.1.4.4.2           Bottom-up method         95
          • 2.3.1.4.4.3           Comparison of synthesis methods            96
        • 2.3.1.4.5               Applications       97
        • 2.3.1.4.6               Markets for graphene quantum dots       98
          • 2.3.1.4.6.1           Electronics and photonics             98
          • 2.3.1.4.6.2           Energy storage and conversion  99
          • 2.3.1.4.6.3           Sensors 100
          • 2.3.1.4.6.4           Biomedicine and life sciences     101
          • 2.3.1.4.6.5           Anti-counterfeiting         102
        • 2.3.1.4.7               Challenges          103
        • 2.3.1.4.8               Current and projected revenues 104
        • 2.3.1.4.9               Pricing   105
        • 2.3.1.4.10             Companies         105 (14 company profiles)
    • 2.3.2      Intermediate products  117
      • 2.3.2.1   Graphene masterbatches             117
      • 2.3.2.2   Graphene dispersions    117
  • 2.4          Graphene production    118
    • 2.4.1      Quality  120
    • 2.4.2      Graphene production methods 121
    • 2.4.3      Expanded graphite          124
    • 2.4.4      Reduced graphene oxide              125
    • 2.4.5      Direct liquid phase exfoliation process    126
    • 2.4.6      Electrochemical exfoliation          126
    • 2.4.7      Plasma exfoliation           126
    • 2.4.8      Chemical Vapour Deposited (CVD) Graphene      127
      • 2.4.8.1   Roll to roll (R2R) growth 127
      • 2.4.8.2   Novel strategies               127
      • 2.4.8.3   Epitaxial CVD graphene growth  128
  • 2.5          Regulations        129
    • 2.5.1      Environmental, health and safety regulation        129
      • 2.5.1.1   Europe 129
      • 2.5.1.2   United States     130
      • 2.5.1.3   Asia-Pacific         132
    • 2.5.2      Workplace exposure      132

 

3              PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS     134

 

4              PRODUCTION AND PRICING        136

  • 4.1          Commercial production capacities            136
  • 4.2          Graphene production issues and challenges         139
    • 4.2.1      Oversupply         139
    • 4.2.2      Quality  139
    • 4.2.3      Large-volume markets   140
    • 4.2.4      Commoditisation             140
    • 4.2.5      Industrial end-user perspective 141
  • 4.3          Graphene pricing 2023   141
    • 4.3.1      Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene  144
    • 4.3.2      Few-Layer graphene pricing        145
    • 4.3.3      Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 146
    • 4.3.4      Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing               147
    • 4.3.5      Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing         148
    • 4.3.6      Graphene ink     148
  • 4.4          Graphene market players             150

 

5              MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE            160

  • 5.1          BATTERIES           160
    • 5.1.1      Market overview             161
      • 5.1.1.1   Market drivers and trends            162
      • 5.1.1.2   Applications       165
        • 5.1.1.2.1               Applications roadmap to 2035     167
      • 5.1.1.3   SWOT analysis   168
      • 5.1.1.4   Global market   169
        • 5.1.1.4.1               Revenues            169
        • 5.1.1.4.2               Tons, 2018-2035                170
    • 5.1.2      Market players  172
  • 5.2          SUPERCAPACITORS         178
    • 5.2.1      Market overview             178
      • 5.2.1.1   Applications       178
        • 5.2.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2035     181
      • 5.2.1.2   SWOT analysis   182
      • 5.2.1.3   Global market   183
        • 5.2.1.3.1               Revenues            183
        • 5.2.1.3.2               Tons      184
    • 5.2.2      Market players  186
  • 5.3          POLYMER ADDITIVES      189
    • 5.3.1      Market overview             189
      • 5.3.1.1   Applications       189
        • 5.3.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2035     189
      • 5.3.1.2   Fiber-based        189
        • 5.3.1.2.1               Applications       190
      • 5.3.1.3   Metal matrix composites (MMCs)             193
        • 5.3.1.3.1               Applications       193
      • 5.3.1.4   SWOT analysis   194
      • 5.3.1.5   Global market   195
        • 5.3.1.5.1               Revenues            195
        • 5.3.1.5.2               Tons      197
    • 5.3.2      Market players  198
  • 5.4          SENSORS             203
    • 5.4.1      Market overview             204
      • 5.4.1.1   Applications       205
        • 5.4.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2035     208
      • 5.4.1.2   SWOT analysis   209
      • 5.4.1.3   Global market   210
        • 5.4.1.3.1               Revenues            210
        • 5.4.1.3.2               Tons      211
    • 5.4.2      Market players  213
  • 5.5          CONDUCTIVE INKS          217
    • 5.5.1      Market overview             217
      • 5.5.1.1   Applications       218
        • 5.5.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2035     220
      • 5.5.1.2   SWOT analysis   222
      • 5.5.1.3   Global market   223
        • 5.5.1.3.1               Revenues            223
        • 5.5.1.3.2               Tons      224
    • 5.5.2      Market players  226
  • 5.6          TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS            228
    • 5.6.1      Market outlook 228
      • 5.6.1.1   Applications       229
        • 5.6.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2035     231
      • 5.6.1.2   SWOT analysis   231
      • 5.6.1.3   Global market   233
        • 5.6.1.3.1               Revenues            233
        • 5.6.1.3.2               Tons      234
    • 5.6.2      Market players  236
  • 5.7          TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS            238
    • 5.7.1      Market overview             238
      • 5.7.1.1   Applications       239
        • 5.7.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2035     241
      • 5.7.1.2   SWOT analysis   242
      • 5.7.1.3   Global market   243
        • 5.7.1.3.1               Revenues            243
        • 5.7.1.3.2               Tons      244
    • 5.7.2      Market players  246
  • 5.8          FILTRATION MEMBRANES            248
    • 5.8.1      Market overview             248
      • 5.8.1.1   Applications       249
        • 5.8.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2035     252
      • 5.8.1.2   SWOT analysis   252
      • 5.8.1.3   Global market   253
        • 5.8.1.3.1               Revenues            253
        • 5.8.1.3.2               Tons      255
    • 5.8.2      Market players  256
  • 5.9          THERMAL MANAGEMENT            259
    • 5.9.1      Market overview             259
      • 5.9.1.1   Applications       259
        • 5.9.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2035     259
      • 5.9.1.2   SWOT analysis   260
      • 5.9.1.3   Global market   261
        • 5.9.1.3.1               Revenues            261
        • 5.9.1.3.2               Tons      262
    • 5.9.2      Market players  263
  • 5.10       3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING       266
    • 5.10.1    Market overview             266
      • 5.10.1.1                Applications          267
        • 5.10.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     269
      • 5.10.1.2                SWOT analysis   269
      • 5.10.1.3                Global market   270
        • 5.10.1.3.1             Revenues            270
        • 5.10.1.3.2             Tons      272
    • 5.10.2    Market players  273
  • 5.11        ADHESIVES         276
    • 5.11.1    Market overview             276
      • 5.11.1.1                Applications       277
        • 5.11.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     279
      • 5.11.1.2                SWOT analysis   279
      • 5.11.1.3                Global market   280
        • 5.11.1.3.1             Revenues            280
        • 5.11.1.3.2             Tons      282
    • 5.11.2    Market players  283
  • 5.12        AEROSPACE        285
    • 5.12.1    Market overview             285
      • 5.12.1.1                Applications       285
        • 5.12.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     289
      • 5.12.1.2                SWOT analysis   289
      • 5.12.1.3                Global market   290
        • 5.12.1.3.1             Revenues            290
        • 5.12.1.3.2             Tons      291
    • 5.12.2    Market players  293
  • 5.13        AUTOMOTIVE   295
    • 5.13.1    Market overview             296
      • 5.13.1.1                Applications       296
        • 5.13.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     299
      • 5.13.1.2                SWOT analysis   300
      • 5.13.1.3                Global market   301
        • 5.13.1.3.1             Revenues            301
        • 5.13.1.3.2             Tons      302
    • 5.13.2    Market players  304
  • 5.14        CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS              308
    • 5.14.1    Market overview             308
      • 5.14.1.1                Applications       308
        • 5.14.1.1.1             Cement 310
        • 5.14.1.1.2             Asphalt bitumen               311
        • 5.14.1.1.3             Aerogels              312
          • 5.14.1.1.3.1         3D printed aerogels        312
          • 5.14.1.1.3.2         Carbon-based aerogel composites           313
        • 5.14.1.1.4             Applications roadmap to 2035     313
      • 5.14.1.2                SWOT analysis   314
      • 5.14.1.3                Global market   315
        • 5.14.1.3.1             Revenues            315
        • 5.14.1.3.2             Tons      316
    • 5.14.2    Market players  318
  • 5.15        MEMORY DEVICES           320
    • 5.15.1    Market overview             320
      • 5.15.1.1                Applications       321
        • 5.15.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     322
      • 5.15.1.2                SWOT analysis   323
      • 5.15.1.3                Global market   324
        • 5.15.1.3.1             Revenues            324
        • 5.15.1.3.2             Tons      325
    • 5.15.2    Market players  327
  • 5.16        FUEL CELLS          328
    • 5.16.1    Market overview             328
      • 5.16.1.1                Applications       329
        • 5.16.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     331
      • 5.16.1.2                SWOT analysis   332
      • 5.16.1.3                Global market   333
        • 5.16.1.3.1             Revenues            333
        • 5.16.1.3.2             Tons      334
    • 5.16.2    Market players  336
  • 5.17        BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE               337
    • 5.17.1    Market overview             338
      • 5.17.1.1                Applications       338
        • 5.17.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     342
      • 5.17.1.2                Drug delivery     342
      • 5.17.1.3                Imaging and diagnostics 343
      • 5.17.1.4                Implants              343
      • 5.17.1.5                Medical biosensors         344
      • 5.17.1.6                Woundcare        344
      • 5.17.1.7                Medical wearables          345
      • 5.17.1.8                Gene delivery    346
      • 5.17.1.9                SWOT analysis   347
      • 5.17.1.10              Global market   348
        • 5.17.1.10.1          Revenues            348
        • 5.17.1.10.2          Tons      349
    • 5.17.2    Market players  351
  • 5.18        LIGHTING            355
    • 5.18.1    Market overview             355
      • 5.18.1.1                Applications       355
        • 5.18.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     357
      • 5.18.1.2                SWOT analysis   358
      • 5.18.1.3                Global market   359
        • 5.18.1.3.1             Revenues            359
        • 5.18.1.3.2             Tons      360
    • 5.18.2    Market players  362
  • 5.19        LUBRICANTS      363
  • 5.19.1    Market overview             364
    • 5.19.1.1                Applications       364
    • 5.19.1.2                SWOT analysis   366
    • 5.19.1.3                Global market   367
      • 5.19.1.3.1             Revenues            367
      • 5.19.1.3.2             Tons      368
  • 5.19.2    Market players  370
  • 5.20        OIL AND GAS      372
    • 5.20.1    Market overview             372
      • 5.20.1.1                Applications       372
        • 5.20.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     375
      • 5.20.1.2                SWOT analysis   375
      • 5.20.1.3                Global market   376
        • 5.20.1.3.1             Revenues            376
        • 5.20.1.3.2             Tons      377
    • 5.20.2    Market players  379
  • 5.21        PAINTS AND COATINGS 380
    • 5.21.1    Market overview             380
      • 5.21.1.1                Applications       380
        • 5.21.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     384
      • 5.21.1.2                SWOT analysis   385
      • 5.21.1.3                Global market   386
        • 5.21.1.3.1             Revenues            386
        • 5.21.1.3.2             Tons      387
    • 5.21.2    Market players  389
  • 5.22        PHOTONICS        394
    • 5.22.1    Market overview             394
      • 5.22.1.1                Applications       394
        • 5.22.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     396
      • 5.22.1.2                SWOT analysis   398
      • 5.22.1.3                Global market   399
        • 5.22.1.3.1             Revenues            399
        • 5.22.1.3.2             Tons      400
    • 5.22.2    Market players  402
  • 5.23        PHOTOVOLTAICS             403
    • 5.23.1    Market overview             403
      • 5.23.1.1                Applications       404
        • 5.23.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     407
      • 5.23.1.2                SWOT analysis   408
      • 5.23.1.3                Global market   409
        • 5.23.1.3.1             Revenues            409
        • 5.23.1.3.2             Tons      410
    • 5.23.2    Market players  411
  • 5.24        RUBBER AND TYRES         413
    • 5.24.1    Market overview             413
      • 5.24.1.1                Applications       413
        • 5.24.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     416
      • 5.24.1.2                SWOT analysis   416
      • 5.24.1.3                Global market   417
        • 5.24.1.3.1             Revenues            417
        • 5.24.1.3.2             Tons      418
    • 5.24.2    Market players  420
  • 5.25        TEXTILES AND APPAREL 422
    • 5.25.1    Market outlook 422
    • 5.25.1.1                Applications       423
      • 5.25.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2035     427
    • 5.25.1.2                SWOT analysis   427
    • 5.25.1.3                Global market   428
      • 5.25.1.3.1             Revenues            428
      • 5.25.1.3.2             Tons      429
    • 5.25.2    Market players  431
  • 5.26        OTHER MARKETS              436
    • 5.26.1    Audio equipment             436
    • 5.26.2    Sporting goods and apparel         436
    • 5.26.3    Carbon capture and utilization    438
      • 5.26.3.1                CO2 utilization pathways              438
      • 5.26.3.2                Carbon storage 439
        • 5.26.3.2.1.1         Passive storage 439
        • 5.26.3.2.1.2         Enhanced oil recovery   440
      • 5.26.3.3                Transporting CO2             441
        • 5.26.3.3.1             Methods of CO2 transport           441
          • 5.26.3.3.1.1         Pipeline 442
          • 5.26.3.3.1.2         Ship       443
          • 5.26.3.3.1.3         Road      443
          • 5.26.3.3.1.4         Rail         443
        • 5.26.3.3.1.5         Safety   444
      • 5.26.3.4                Costs     444
      • 5.26.3.5                Market map       446
      • 5.26.3.6                Point-source carbon capture for blue hydrogen  448
        • 5.26.3.6.1             Transportation  449
        • 5.26.3.6.2             Global point source CO2 capture capacities          450
        • 5.26.3.6.3             By source            451
        • 5.26.3.6.4             By endpoint       452
        • 5.26.3.6.5             Main carbon capture processes 452
          • 5.26.3.6.5.1         Materials             452
          • 5.26.3.6.5.2         Post-combustion             454
          • 5.26.3.6.5.3         Oxy-fuel combustion      456
          • 5.26.3.6.5.4         Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 457
          • 5.26.3.6.5.5         Pre-combustion 458
      • 5.26.3.7                Carbon utilization             459
        • 5.26.3.7.1             Benefits of carbon utilization       463
        • 5.26.3.7.2             Market challenges           465
        • 5.26.3.7.3             Co2 utilization pathways               466

 

6              GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES 469 (360 company profiles)

 

7              GRAPHENE EX-PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS 736

 

8              OTHER 2-D MATERIALS  752

  • 8.1          Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials              755
  • 8.2          2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS 757
    • 8.2.1      Top-down exfoliation     757
      • 8.2.1.1   Mechanical exfoliation method 758
      • 8.2.1.2   Liquid exfoliation method            758
    • 8.2.2      Bottom-up synthesis      759
      • 8.2.2.1   Chemical synthesis in solution    759
      • 8.2.2.2   Chemical vapor deposition           759
  • 8.3          TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS              761
    • 8.3.1      Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)           761
      • 8.3.1.1   Properties           761
      • 8.3.1.2   Applications and markets             762
        • 8.3.1.2.1               Electronics          762
        • 8.3.1.2.2               Fuel cells              763
        • 8.3.1.2.3               Adsorbents        763
        • 8.3.1.2.4               Photodetectors 763
        • 8.3.1.2.5               Textiles 763
        • 8.3.1.2.6               Biomedical          764
    • 8.3.2      MXenes               765
      • 8.3.2.1   Properties           765
      • 8.3.2.2   Applications       766
        • 8.3.2.2.1               Catalysts              766
        • 8.3.2.2.2               Hydrogels            766
        • 8.3.2.2.3               Energy storage devices  766
          • 8.3.2.2.3.1           Supercapacitors 766
          • 8.3.2.2.3.2           Batteries              767
          • 8.3.2.2.3.3           Gas Separation  767
          • 8.3.2.2.4               Liquid Separation             767
          • 8.3.2.2.5               Antibacterials    767
    • 8.3.3      Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 767
      • 8.3.3.1   Properties           768
        • 8.3.3.1.1               Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)               768
        • 8.3.3.1.2               Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)        769
      • 8.3.3.2   Applications       770
        • 8.3.3.2.1               Electronics          770
        • 8.3.3.2.2               Optoelectronics 771
        • 8.3.3.2.3               Biomedical          771
        • 8.3.3.2.4               Piezoelectrics    771
        • 8.3.3.2.5               Sensors 771
        • 8.3.3.2.6               Filtration              772
        • 8.3.3.2.7               Batteries and supercapacitors    772
        • 8.3.3.2.8               Fiber lasers         772
    • 8.3.4      Borophene         772
      • 8.3.4.1   Properties           772
      • 8.3.4.2   Applications       773
        • 8.3.4.2.1               Energy storage  773
        • 8.3.4.2.2               Hydrogen storage            774
        • 8.3.4.2.3               Sensors 774
        • 8.3.4.2.4               Electronics          774
    • 8.3.5      Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus              774
      • 8.3.5.1   Properties           775
      • 8.3.5.2   Applications       776
        • 8.3.5.2.1               Electronics          776
        • 8.3.5.2.2               Field effect transistors   776
        • 8.3.5.2.3               Thermoelectrics               777
        • 8.3.5.2.4               Batteries              777
          • 8.3.5.2.4.1           Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)            777
          • 8.3.5.2.4.2           Sodium-ion batteries      777
          • 8.3.5.2.4.3           Lithium–sulfur batteries 777
        • 8.3.5.2.5               Supercapacitors 778
        • 8.3.5.2.6               Photodetectors 778
        • 8.3.5.2.7               Sensors 778
    • 8.3.6      Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)             779
      • 8.3.6.1   Properties           779
      • 8.3.6.2   C2N        779
      • 8.3.6.3   Applications       780
        • 8.3.6.3.1               Electronics          780
        • 8.3.6.3.2               Filtration membranes    780
        • 8.3.6.3.3               Photocatalysts  780
        • 8.3.6.3.4               Batteries              780
        • 8.3.6.3.5               Sensors 780
    • 8.3.7      Germanene       781
      • 8.3.7.1   Properties           781
      • 8.3.7.2   Applications       782
        • 8.3.7.2.1               Electronics          783
        • 8.3.7.2.2               Batteries              783
    • 8.3.8      Graphdiyne        783
      • 8.3.8.1   Properties           784
      • 8.3.8.2   Applications       784
        • 8.3.8.2.1               Electronics          784
        • 8.3.8.2.2               Batteries              784
          • 8.3.8.2.2.1           Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)            784
          • 8.3.8.2.2.2           Sodium ion batteries      785
      • 8.3.8.2.3               Separation membranes 785
      • 8.3.8.2.4               Water filtration 785
      • 8.3.8.2.5               Photocatalysts  786
      • 8.3.8.2.6               Photovoltaics     786
      • 8.3.8.2.7               Gas separation  786
    • 8.3.9      Graphane            786
      • 8.3.9.1   Properties           787
      • 8.3.9.2   Applications       787
        • 8.3.9.2.1               Electronics          787
        • 8.3.9.2.2               Hydrogen storage            787
    • 8.3.10    Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)               788
      • 8.3.10.1                Properties           788
      • 8.3.10.2                Applications       788
    • 8.3.11    Silicene 789
      • 8.3.11.1                Properties           789
      • 8.3.11.2                Applications       790
        • 8.3.11.2.1             Electronics          790
        • 8.3.11.2.2             Thermoelectrics               791
        • 8.3.11.2.3             Batteries              791
        • 8.3.11.2.4             Sensors 791
        • 8.3.11.2.5             Biomedical          791
    • 8.3.12    Stanene/tinene 792
      • 8.3.12.1                Properties           792
      • 8.3.12.2                Applications       793
        • 8.3.12.2.1             Electronics          793
    • 8.3.13    Antimonene      794
      • 8.3.13.1                Properties           794
      • 8.3.13.2                Applications       794
    • 8.3.14    Indium selenide 795
      • 8.3.14.1                Properties           795
      • 8.3.14.2                Applications       795
        • 8.3.14.2.1             Electronics          795
    • 8.3.15    Layered double hydroxides (LDH)             796
      • 8.3.15.1                Properties           796
      • 8.3.15.2                Applications       796
        • 8.3.15.2.1             Adsorbents        796
        • 8.3.15.2.2             Catalyst 796
        • 8.3.15.2.3             Sensors 796
        • 8.3.15.2.4             Electrodes           797
        • 8.3.15.2.5             Flame Retardants            797
        • 8.3.15.2.6             Biosensors          797
        • 8.3.15.2.7             Tissue engineering          798
        • 8.3.15.2.8             Anti-Microbials 798
        • 8.3.15.2.9             Drug Delivery     798
  • 8.4          2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES         799 (19 company profiles)

 

9              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         816

  • 9.1          Technology Readiness Level (TRL)             816

 

10           REFERENCES       819

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Types of advanced carbon materials.      44
  • Table 2. Graphene market developments 2020-2024.       49
  • Table 3. Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024.  59
  • Table 4. Publicly listed graphene companies.       61
  • Table 5. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons).           62
  • Table 6. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons). 65
  • Table 7. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons). 67
  • Table 8. Main graphene producers in North America.       71
  • Table 9. Main graphene producers in Europe.      72
  • Table 10. Commercial products incorporating graphene. 73
  • Table 11. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.      76
  • Table 12. Graphene market challenges. 83
  • Table 13. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.            86
  • Table 14. Applications of GO and rGO.    92
  • Table 15. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 94
  • Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs.              96
  • Table 17. Applications of graphene quantum dots.            97
  • Table 18. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics.        98
  • Table 19. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion.             99
  • Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors.           100
  • Table 21. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences. 101
  • Table 22. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics.     102
  • Table 23. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots.              103
  • Table 24. Prices for graphene quantum dots.       105
  • Table 25. Assessment of graphene production methods. 122
  • Table 26. Methods for reducing graphene oxide. 125
  • Table 27. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe. 129
  • Table 28. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America. 130
  • Table 29. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific.        132
  • Table 30. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2022. 134
  • Table 31. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell into 2023.     136
  • Table 32. Types of graphene and typical prices.   142
  • Table 33. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer.   145
  • Table 34. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.           145
  • Table 35. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer.   146
  • Table 36. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer.        147
  • Table 37. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer.         148
  • Table 38. Graphene ink pricing by producer.        148
  • Table 39. Graphene producers and types produced.         150
  • Table 40. Graphene producers target market matrix.       154
  • Table 41. Graphene product developers target market matrix.     157
  • Table 42. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries.        160
  • Table 43. Market outlook for graphene in batteries.         161
  • Table 44. Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries.              162
  • Table 45. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof.                164
  • Table 46. Market and applications for graphene in batteries.        165
  • Table 47. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).   169
  • Table 48. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035.      170
  • Table 49. Markets players in graphene batteries.               172
  • Table 50. Market overviewfor graphene in supercapacitors.          178
  • Table 51: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries.               178
  • Table 52. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors.          179
  • Table 53. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     183
  • Table 54. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035.      184
  • Table 55. Market players in graphene supercapacitors.   186
  • Table 56. Market outlook for graphene in polymer additives.       190
  • Table 57. Market and applications for graphene fiber-based polymer additives.   190
  • Table 58. Market and applications for graphene metal matrix composites.             193
  • Table 59. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 195
  • Table 60. Global market demand for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035, tons.      197
  • Table 61. Market players in graphene polymer additives.               198
  • Table 62. Market overview for graphene in sensors.         204
  • Table 63. Market and applications for graphene in sensors.           205
  • Table 64. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      210
  • Table 65. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035.         211
  • Table 66. Market players in graphene sensors.   213
  • Table 67. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks.            217
  • Table 68. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks.           218
  • Table 69. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       219
  • Table 70. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      223
  • Table 71. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035.           224
  • Table 72. Product developers in graphene conductive inks.           226
  • Table 73. Market outlook for graphene in transparent conductive films.  228
  • Table 74. Market and applications for graphene in transparent conductive films. 229
  • Table 75. Comparison of ITO replacements.         230
  • Table 76. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  233
  • Table 77. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035.      234
  • Table 78. Market players in graphene transparent conductive films.          236
  • Table 79. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors.      238
  • Table 80. Market outlook for graphene in transistors.      238
  • Table 81. Market and applications for graphene transistors.         239
  • Table 82. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  243
  • Table 83. Global demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035.     244
  • Table 84. Market players in graphene transistors and integrated circuits. 246
  • Table 85. Market outlook for graphene in filtration membranes. 248
  • Table 86. Market and applications for graphene in filtration membranes.               249
  • Table 87. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          253
  • Table 88. Global demand for graphene in filtration membranes (tons), 2018-2035.              255
  • Table 89. Market players in filtration.      256
  • Table 90. Market and applications for thermal management.       259
  • Table 91. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).         261
  • Table 92. Global demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035.             262
  • Table 93. Market players in graphene thermal management.       263
  • Table 94. Market outlook for graphene in additive manufacturing.             266
  • Table 95. Market and applications for graphene in additive manufacturing.           267
  • Table 96. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      270
  • Table 97. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035.          272
  • Table 98. Market players in additive manufacturing.         273
  • Table 99. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives.       276
  • Table 100. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives.   277
  • Table 101. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).               280
  • Table 102. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035.  282
  • Table 103. Market players in graphene adhesives.            283
  • Table 104. Market assessment for graphene in aerospace.            285
  • Table 105. Market and applications for graphene in aerospace.   286
  • Table 106. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              290
  • Table 107. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030. 291
  • Table 108: Market players in graphene for aerospace.     293
  • Table 109. Market outlook for graphene in automotive. 296
  • Table 110. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 296
  • Table 111. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 300
  • Table 112. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).           301
  • Table 113. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035.               302
  • Table 114. Market players in the graphene automotive market.  304
  • Table 115. Market outlook for graphene in construction. 308
  • Table 116. Applications of graphene in construction and buildings.            308
  • Table 117. Graphene for concrete and cement.  310
  • Table 118. Graphene for asphalt bitumen.            311
  • Table 119. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  315
  • Table 120. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035.             316
  • Table 121: Market players in graphene in construction.   318
  • Table 122. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices.        320
  • Table 123. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices.      321
  • Table 124. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 324
  • Table 125. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons).    325
  • Table 126. Market players in graphene memory devices. 327
  • Table 127. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells.     328
  • Table 128. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells.      329
  • Table 129. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 333
  • Table 130. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035.    334
  • Table 131. Market players in graphene fuel cells.               336
  • Table 132. Market and applications for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 338
  • Table 133. Market overview for graphene in drug delivery.           342
  • Table 134. Market overview for graphene in imaging and diagnostics.      343
  • Table 135. Market overview for graphene in medical implants.    343
  • Table 136. Market overview for graphene in medical biosensors. 344
  • Table 137. Market overview for graphene in woundcare.               344
  • Table 138. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).               348
  • Table 139. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035.              349
  • Table 140. Market players in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.    351
  • Table 141. Market overview for graphene in lighting.       355
  • Table 142. Market and applications for graphene in lighting.         355
  • Table 143. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).   359
  • Table 144. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons).      360
  • Table 145. Market players in graphene lighting.  362
  • Table 146. Nanomaterial lubricant products.        363
  • Table 147. Market overview for graphene in lubricants.  364
  • Table 148. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants.    364
  • Table 149. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              367
  • Table 150. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035.  368
  • Table 151. Market players in graphene lubricants.             370
  • Table 152. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas. 372
  • Table 153. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas.  372
  • Table 154. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             376
  • Table 155. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035. 377
  • Table 156. Market players in graphene oil and gas.            379
  • Table 157. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings.                380
  • Table 158. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings. 380
  • Table 159. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 386
  • Table 160. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035.               387
  • Table 161. Market players in graphene paints and coatings.          389
  • Table 162. Market overview for graphene in photonics.  394
  • Table 163. Market and applications for graphene in photonics.    394
  • Table 164. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              399
  • Table 165. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035.             400
  • Table 166. Market players in graphene photonics.             402
  • Table 167. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics.           403
  • Table 168. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics.            404
  • Table 169. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).       409
  • Table 170. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035.           410
  • Table 171. Marker players in graphene solar.       411
  • Table 172. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tyres.       413
  • Table 173. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tyres.      413
  • Table 174. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     417
  • Table 175. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035.     418
  • Table 176. Market players in rubber and tyres.   420
  • Table 177. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.     422
  • Table 178. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.    423
  • Table 179. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).               428
  • Table 180. Global demand for graphene in textiles & apparel (tons), 2018-2035.   429
  • Table 181. Market players in smart textiles and apparel. 431
  • Table 182. Graphene audio equipment producers and products. 436
  • Table 183. Graphene sporting goods producers and products.      437
  • Table 184. Methods of CO2 transport.    442
  • Table 185. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2    444
  • Table 186. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture. 445
  • Table 187. Point source examples.           448
  • Table 188. Assessment of carbon capture materials          453
  • Table 189. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion.  456
  • Table 190. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 459
  • Table 191. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$). 463
  • Table 192. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.             463
  • Table 193. Market challenges for CO2 utilization.               465
  • Table 194. Example CO2 utilization pathways.     466
  • Table 195. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.           731
  • Table 196. 2D materials types.   754
  • Table 197. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.           755
  • Table 198. Comparison of  top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials.            757
  • Table 199. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials.      760
  • Table 200. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 762
  • Table 201. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2.            775
  • Table 202. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene.       782
  • Table 203. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs   785
  • Table 204. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene.              793
  • Table 205. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples.  817
  •  

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Asus ROG Swift OLED PG49WCD gaming monitor.           56
  • Figure 2. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons), conservative estimate.           64
  • Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons). 66
  • Figure 4. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons). 68
  • Figure 5. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific.            69
  • Figure 6. Graphene layer structure schematic.     85
  • Figure 7. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG.       85
  • Figure 8. Graphite and graphene.             86
  • Figure 9. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene.   88
  • Figure 10. Types of CVD methods.            89
  • Figure 11. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite. 91
  • Figure 12. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.    93
  • Figure 13. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4).      93
  • Figure 14. Graphene quantum dots.        96
  • Figure 15. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods.    96
  • Figure 16. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2035, millions USD              104
  • Figure 17. Dotz Nano GQD products.       108
  • Figure 18.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 112
  • Figure 19. Quantag GQDs and sensor.     114
  • Figure 20. Fabrication methods of graphene.       118
  • Figure 21. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.         119
  • Figure 22. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 120
  • Figure 23. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods.        121
  • Figure 24. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2022.             135
  • Figure 25. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil.        144
  • Figure 26. Applications of graphene in batteries. 167
  • Figure 27. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in batteries.           168
  • Figure 28. SWOT analysis for graphene in batteries.          169
  • Figure 29. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 170
  • Figure 30. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035.     171
  • Figure 31. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank.          173
  • Figure 32. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery.      173
  • Figure 33. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries.             174
  • Figure 34. Real Graphene Powerbank.    176
  • Figure 35. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH.   177
  • Figure 36. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors.  181
  • Figure 37. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in supercapacitors.             182
  • Figure 38. SWOT analysis for graphene in supercapacitors.            183
  • Figure 39. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).   184
  • Figure 40. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035.     185
  • Figure 41. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors.    187
  • Figure 42. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor.              187
  • Figure 43. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger. 188
  • Figure 44. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in polymer additives.         189
  • Figure 45. Applications of graphene in polymer additives.              193
  • Figure 46. SWOT analysis for graphene in polymer additives.        195
  • Figure 47. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).               196
  • Figure 48. Demand for graphene in polymer additives (tons), 2018-2035.                 198
  • Figure 49. Graphene bike.            199
  • Figure 50. Graphene lacrosse equipment.             199
  • Figure 51. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic. 200
  • Figure 52. Aros Create.  201
  • Figure 53. Grays graphene hockey sticks.               202
  • Figure 54. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring.            204
  • Figure 55. Applications of graphene in sensors.  208
  • Figure 56. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in sensors.             209
  • Figure 57. SWOT analysis for graphene in sensors.            210
  • Figure 58. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).    211
  • Figure 59. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035.        212
  • Figure 60. AGILE R100 system.   213
  • Figure 61. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector.              214
  • Figure 62. GFET sensors.               214
  • Figure 63. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light.           216
  • Figure 64. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in conductive inks.              220
  • Figure 65. Applications of graphene in conductive inks.   221
  • Figure 66. SWOT analysis for graphene in conductive inks.             222
  • Figure 67. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).    224
  • Figure 68. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035.          225
  • Figure 69. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 226
  • Figure 70. Printed graphene conductive ink.         227
  • Figure 71. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink.  227
  • Figure 72. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays.          231
  • Figure 73. SWOT analysis for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays.         232
  • Figure 74. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 234
  • Figure 75. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035.    235
  • Figure 76. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application.         236
  • Figure 77. Applications of graphene transistors. 241
  • Figure 78. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene transistors.            242
  • Figure 79. SWOT analysis for graphene in transistors.       243
  • Figure 80. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 244
  • Figure 81. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035. 245
  • Figure 82. Graphene IC in wafer tester.  246
  • Figure 83. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).      247
  • Figure 84. Applications of graphene in filtration membranes.       252
  • Figure 85. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene filtration membranes.       252
  • Figure 86. SWOT analysis for graphene in filtration membranes. 253
  • Figure 87. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).         254
  • Figure 88. Global demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2035.     256
  • Figure 89. Graphene anti-smog mask.     256
  • Figure 90. Graphene filtration membrane.            257
  • Figure 91. Graphene water filer cartridge.             257
  • Figure 92. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in thermal management. 260
  • Figure 93. SWOT analysis for graphene in thermal management. 261
  • Figure 94. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).        262
  • Figure 95. Demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035.         263
  • Figure 96. Graphene IC in wafer tester.  264
  • Figure 97. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).      265
  • Figure 98. Applications of graphene in additive manufacturing     268
  • Figure 99. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing.              269
  • Figure 100. SWOT analysis for graphene in additive manufacturing.           270
  • Figure 101. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  271
  • Figure 102. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035.      273
  • Figure 103. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling.                274
  • Figure 104. Applications of graphene in adhesives.           278
  • Figure 105. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in adhesives.      279
  • Figure 106. SWOT analysis for graphene in adhesives.     280
  • Figure 107. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             281
  • Figure 108. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035. 283
  • Figure 109. Graphene Adhesives.              284
  • Figure 110. Applications of graphene in aerospace.           288
  • Figure 111. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in aerospace.     289
  • Figure 112. SWOT analysis for graphene in aerospace.     290
  • Figure 113. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).            291
  • Figure 114. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2035.                293
  • Figure 115. Orbex Prime rocket. 294
  • Figure 116: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container.               294
  • Figure 117: Graphene aircraft.    295
  • Figure 118. Applications of graphene in automotive.        299
  • Figure 119. SWOT analysis for graphene in automotive.  301
  • Figure 120. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).          302
  • Figure 121. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035.             303
  • Figure 122. Supercar incorporating graphene.     304
  • Figure 123. Graphene anti-corrosion primer.       305
  • Figure 124. Graphene-R Brake pads.        306
  • Figure 125. Antistatic graphene tire.        306
  • Figure 126. Graphene engine oil additives.            307
  • Figure 127. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete.     309
  • Figure 128. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in construction. 313
  • Figure 129. SWOT analysis for graphene in construction. 314
  • Figure 130. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 316
  • Figure 131. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035.           317
  • Figure 132. Graphene asphalt additives. 318
  • Figure 133. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus.              319
  • Figure 134. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in memory devices.         323
  • Figure 135. SWOT analysis for graphene in memory devices.        324
  • Figure 136. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 325
  • Figure 137. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons).  326
  • Figure 138. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM).             327
  • Figure 139. Applications of graphene in fuel cells.              331
  • Figure 140. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in fuel cells.         332
  • Figure 141. SWOT analysis for graphene in fuel cells.        332
  • Figure 142. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).               334
  • Figure 143. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035.   335
  • Figure 144. Graphene-based E-skin patch.            337
  • Figure 145. Applications of graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.        341
  • Figure 146. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.  342
  • Figure 147. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc.        346
  • Figure 148. SWOT analysis for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare.      347
  • Figure 149. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             349
  • Figure 150. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035.             350
  • Figure 151. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing.       352
  • Figure 152. Hememics' handheld reader with a disposable test chip containing a 32-plex graphene-based biosensor.                352
  • Figure 153. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor. 353
  • Figure 154. BioStamp nPoint.      354
  • Figure 155. Applications of graphene in lighting. 357
  • Figure 156. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in lighting.            358
  • Figure 157. SWOT analysis for graphene in lighting.           359
  • Figure 158. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).  360
  • Figure 159. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons).    361
  • Figure 160. Graphene LED bulbs.               362
  • Figure 161. Applications of graphene in lubricants.            366
  • Figure 162. SWOT analysis for graphene in lubricants.      367
  • Figure 163. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             368
  • Figure 164. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035.                 369
  • Figure 165. Tricolit spray coating.              370
  • Figure 166. Graphenoil products.              371
  • Figure 167. Applications of graphene in oil and gas.          374
  • Figure 168. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in oil and gas.     375
  • Figure 169. SWOT analysis for graphene in oil and gas.    376
  • Figure 170. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).           377
  • Figure 171. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035.               378
  • Figure 172. Directa Plus Grafysorber.      379
  • Figure 173. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings.         383
  • Figure 174. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in paints and coatings.    384
  • Figure 175. SWOT analysis for graphene in paints and coatings.   385
  • Figure 176. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).              387
  • Figure 177. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035.              388
  • Figure 178. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating.   389
  • Figure 179. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate.      390
  • Figure 180. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint.              391
  • Figure 181. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand.            391
  • Figure 182. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings.         392
  • Figure 183. Schematic of graphene heat film.       393
  • Figure 184. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in photonics.      397
  • Figure 185. Applications of graphene in photonics.            397
  • Figure 186. SWOT analysis for graphene in photonics.      398
  • Figure 187. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             400
  • Figure 188. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035.           401
  • Figure 189. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel.                402
  • Figure 190. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics.    406
  • Figure 191. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in in photovoltaics.          407
  • Figure 192. SWOT analysis for graphene in photovoltaics.              408
  • Figure 193. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).      410
  • Figure 194. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035.         411
  • Figure 195. Graphene coated glass.          412
  • Figure 196. Applications of graphene in rubber and tyres.              415
  • Figure 197. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in rubber and tyres.         416
  • Figure 198. SWOT analysis for graphene in rubber and tyres.        417
  • Figure 199. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres 2018-2035 (Millions USD).     418
  • Figure 200. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035.   419
  • Figure 201. Eagle F1 graphene tyre.         420
  • Figure 202. Graphene floor mats.              421
  • Figure 203. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire.             421
  • Figure 204. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel.           426
  • Figure 205. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in textiles and apparel.   427
  • Figure 206. SWOT analysis for graphene in textiles and apparel.  428
  • Figure 207. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD).             429
  • Figure 208. Global demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2035.      430
  • Figure 209. 878 Project One jacket display.           431
  • Figure 210. Colmar graphene ski jacket. 432
  • Figure 211. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.           432
  • Figure 212. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.    433
  • Figure 213. Inov-8 graphene shoes.         433
  • Figure 214. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM.        434
  • Figure 215. Graphene jacket.      435
  • Figure 216. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls.          437
  • Figure 217. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.               438
  • Figure 218. Various pathways for CO2 utilization.               439
  • Figure 219. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.       440
  • Figure 220. Transport of CCS technologies.           441
  • Figure 221. Railroad car for liquid CO₂ transport 444
  • Figure 222. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.           446
  • Figure 223. CCUS market map.   448
  • Figure 224. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.                450
  • Figure 225. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2022.                451
  • Figure 226. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030.                452
  • Figure 227. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2022 and 2030.        452
  • Figure 228. Post-combustion carbon capture process.     455
  • Figure 229. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.      455
  • Figure 230. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.      457
  • Figure 231. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.   458
  • Figure 232. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.       459
  • Figure 233. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages.        460
  • Figure 234. Applications for CO2.              462
  • Figure 235. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector. 463
  • Figure 236. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.         465
  • Figure 237. Co2 utilization pathways and products.           468
  • Figure 238. Graphene heating films.        469
  • Figure 239. Graphene flake products.     475
  • Figure 240. AIKA Black-T.              479
  • Figure 241. Printed graphene biosensors.             486
  • Figure 242. Prototype of printed memory device.              490
  • Figure 243. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 507
  • Figure 244. Graphene battery schematic.              533
  • Figure 245. Dotz Nano GQD products.     535
  • Figure 246. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.           542
  • Figure 247. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production.      553
  • Figure 248. Wearable sweat sensor.        588
  • Figure 249.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.               594
  • Figure 250. Sensor surface.          610
  • Figure 251. BioStamp nPoint.      628
  • Figure 252. Nanotech Energy battery.     647
  • Figure 253. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.             650
  • Figure 254. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 651
  • Figure 255. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.          652
  • Figure 256. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.    653
  • Figure 257. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445.  671
  • Figure 258. Quantag GQDs and sensor.  674
  • Figure 259. The Sixth Element graphene products.            688
  • Figure 260. Thermal conductive graphene film.   689
  • Figure 261. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.  702
  • Figure 262. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO.         705
  • Figure 263. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions.    752
  • Figure 264. Schematic of 2-D materials.  754
  • Figure 265. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method.          758
  • Figure 266. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method               759
  • Figure 267. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.              761
  • Figure 268. BN nanosheet textiles application.    764
  • Figure 269. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.              765
  • Figure 270.  Types and applications of 2D TMDCs.              768
  • Figure 271. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)       769
  • Figure 272. SEM image of MoS2.               769
  • Figure 273. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor.              771
  • Figure 274. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.            772
  • Figure 275. Borophene schematic.           773
  • Figure 276. Black phosphorus structure. 775
  • Figure 277. Black Phosphorus crystal.      775
  • Figure 278. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation.                776
  • Figure 279: Graphitic carbon nitride.        779
  • Figure 280. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.         780
  • Figure 281. Schematic of germanene.     781
  • Figure 282. Graphdiyne structure.            784
  • Figure 283. Schematic of Graphane crystal.           786
  • Figure 284. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide.          788
  • Figure 285. Silicene structure.    789
  • Figure 286. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate.            790
  • Figure 287. Silicene transistor.    790
  • Figure 288. Crystal structure for stanene.              792
  • Figure 289. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111).   793
  • Figure 290. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe).               795
  • Figure 291. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor.           797
  • Figure 292. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.           806

 

 

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