The Global Market for Graphene and 2-D Materials in Electronics

Published April 2018 | 221 pages | 54 tables, 93 figures | Price £550 | Table of contents

There is great interest in developing 2-D electronic devices to overcome the performance limitations of currently used materials. Graphene and other 2-D materials are key candidates for new and future electronics, including flexible and stretchable electronics, wearables, sensors and photonics. These materials possess a combination of high electron mobility, high thermal conductivity, high specific surface area, high optical transparency, excellent mechanical flexibility, and environmental stability. Applications include:

Flexible e-paper.
Flexible touchscreens.
Wearable devices for physiological monitoring.
Wearable medical devices.
Flexible digital x-ray technology.
Smart plastics.
Electronic components on flexible substrates for distributed media.
Sensors on flexible substrates.
Wearable gas sensors.
Wearable strain sensors.
Wearable tactile sensors.
Smart footwear.
Smart labels.
Printable sensors and electronics.

Report contents include:

The market for graphene and other 2D materials in flexible and stretchable electronics, wearable sensors, conductive films, displays, industrial monitoring, wearable and mobile health monitoring, skin sensors and tattoos, conductive ink, transistors and integrated circuits, photonics, memory devices etc.
Market drivers and trends.
Applications.
Market challenges.
Analysis of the material properties of graphene and other 2D materials relevant to electronics.
55 company profiles.

The Global Market for Graphene and Other 2-D Materials in Electronics

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The Global Market for Graphene and 2-D Materials in Electronics

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1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………… 21

1.1 Market opportunity analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
1.1 Market challenges rating system……………………………………………………………………………………. 23

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………. 26

2.1 The evolution of electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
- 2.1.1 The wearables revolution……………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
- 2.1.2 Flexible, thin, and large-area form factors………………………………………………………………. 28
2.2 What are flexible and stretchable electronics?……………………………………………………………….. 29
- 2.2.1 From rigid to flexible and stretchable……………………………………………………………………… 29
- 2.2.2 Organic and printed electronics……………………………………………………………………………… 31
- 2.2.3 New conductive materials………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
2.3 Growth in flexible and stetchable electronics market……………………………………………………… 35
- 2.3.1 Recent growth in printable, flexible and stretchable products………………………………… 35
- 2.3.2 Future growth…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
- 2.3.3 Nanotechnology as a market driver……………………………………………………………………….. 37
- 2.3.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics……………………………………………… 37
2.4 Two-dimensional (2D) materials…………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
2.5 Graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40

3 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE…………………………………………………… 41

3.1 History……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
3.2 Forms of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 42
3.3 Properties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
3.4 3D Graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
- 3.5.1 Synthesis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
- 3.5.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
- 3.5.2.1 Optoelectronics, electronics and photonics……………………………………………………. 47
- 3.5.2.2 Energy…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
- 3.5.2.3 Biomedicine and healthcare…………………………………………………………………………… 48
- 3.5.2.4 Other……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
3.5.3 Producers………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49

4 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE…………………………. 51

4.1 Comparative properties………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
4.2 Cost and production……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
4.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids……………………………………………………………………………….. 54
4.4 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene………………………………………………. 55

5 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS………………………………………………………… 57

5.1 Beyond moore’s law……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
5.2 Batteries…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 59
5.3 PHOSPHORENE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 60
- 5.3.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 60
  - 5.3.1.1 Fabrication methods………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
  - 5.3.1.2 Challenges for the use of phosphorene in devices………………………………………… 62
- 5.3.2 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
  - 5.3.2.1 Field effect transistors……………………………………………………………………………………. 63
  - 5.3.2.2 Photodetectors………………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
5.4 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4)…………………………………………………………………….. 63
- 5.4.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
- 5.4.2 Synthesis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
- 5.4.3 C₂N………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
- 5.4.4 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
5.5 GERMANENE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 65
- 5.5.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 66
- 5.5.2 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………………. 66
5.6 GRAPHDIYNE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
- 5.6.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67
- 5.6.2 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………………. 67
5.7 GRAPHANE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 68
- 5.7.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 68
- 5.7.2 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………………. 68
5.8 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE……………………………………………………………………………………. 69
- 5.8.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 69
- 5.8.2 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………………. 70
  - 5.8.2.1 Photodetectors………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70
5.9 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS₂)………………………………………………………………………………. 70
- 5.9.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
- 5.9.2 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………………. 72
5.10 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2)……………………………………… 73
- 5.10.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73
- 5.10.2 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
5.11 SILICENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 74
- 5.11.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 74
- 5.11.2 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
5.12 STANENE/TINENE……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
- 5.12.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
- 5.12.2 Applications in eectronics…………………………………………………………………………………… 77
5.13 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE…………………………………………………………………………………………. 77
- 5.13.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78
- 5.13.2 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 78
5.14 ANTIMONENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79
- 5.14.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79
- 5.14.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
5.15 INDIUM SELENIDE……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
- 5.15.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79
- 5.15.2 Applications in electronics………………………………………………………………………………….. 80
5.16 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS…………… 80

6 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS……………………………………………………….. 82

6.1 Production directly from natural graphite ore………………………………………………………………….. 82
6.2 Alternative starting materials………………………………………………………………………………………….. 82
6.3 Quality……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 83
6.4 Synthesis and production by types of graphene…………………………………………………………….. 84
- 6.4.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)……………………………………………………………………………. 84
- 6.4.2 Graphene nanoribbons…………………………………………………………………………………………… 85
- 6.4.3 Large-area graphene films……………………………………………………………………………………… 86
- 6.4.4 Graphene oxide (GO)…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86

7 GRAPHENE PRICING………………………………………………………………….. 88

7.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing……………………………………………………………………………………. 89
7.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90
7.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing…………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
7.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
7.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing……………………………………………………………………………………. 93
7.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing……………………………………………………………………………… 94
7.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing………………………………………………………………………………… 94
7.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials……………………………………………………… 95
7.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce………………………………………………………………. 95
7.10 Bulk supply…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 96
7.11 Commoditisation………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 97

8 GRAPHENE ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS MARKET ANALYSIS 98

8.1 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, WEARABLES, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS…….. 98
- 8.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………….. 98
- 8.1.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 100
  - 8.1.2.1 Transparent electrodes in flexible electronics………………………………………………. 104
  - 8.1.2.2 Electronic paper…………………………………………………………………………………………… 106
  - 8.1.2.3 Wearable electronics…………………………………………………………………………………… 106
  - 8.1.2.4 Wearable sensors………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
  - 8.1.2.5 Industrial monitoring…………………………………………………………………………………….. 116
  - 8.1.2.6 Wearable and mobile health monitoring………………………………………………………. 116
  - 8.1.2.7 Military…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 126
- 8.1.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………… 127
  - 8.1.3.1 Wearable electronics…………………………………………………………………………………… 130
  - 8.1.3.2 Transparent conductive electrodes……………………………………………………………… 131
  - 8.1.3.3 Wearable healthcare……………………………………………………………………………………. 132
- 8.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………… 134
- 8.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………….. 137-150 (24 company profiles)
8.2 CONDUCTIVE INKS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 151
8.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………… 151
8.2.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 153
- 8.2.2.1 RFID…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 155
- 8.2.2.2 Smart labels…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 157
- 8.2.2.3 Smart clothing……………………………………………………………………………………………… 158
- 8.2.2.4 Printable sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………. 158
- 8.2.2.5 Printed batteries…………………………………………………………………………………………… 159
- 8.2.2.6 Printable antennas………………………………………………………………………………………. 160
8.2.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………… 161
8.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………… 167
8.2.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………….. 168-175 (14 company profiles)
8.3 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS………………………………………………………….. 176
8.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………… 176
8.3.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 177
- 8.3.2.1 Integrated circuits………………………………………………………………………………………… 177
- 8.3.2.2 Transistors…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 179
- 8.3.2.3 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits…………………………………………………….. 179
- 8.3.2.4 Graphene spintronics…………………………………………………………………………………… 180
8.3.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………… 182
8.3.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………… 184
8.3.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………….. 186-192 (11 company profiles)
8.4 MEMORY DEVICES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 192
- 8.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………… 192
- 8.4.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 193
- 8.4.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………… 196
- 8.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………… 197
- 8.4.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………….. 198-199 (3 company profiles)
8.5 PHOTONICS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 200
8.5.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………… 200
8.5.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 200
- 8.5.2.1 Si photonics versus graphene……………………………………………………………………… 201
- 8.5.2.2 Optical modulators………………………………………………………………………………………. 201
- 8.5.2.3 Photodetectors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 202
- 8.5.2.4 Saturable absorbers…………………………………………………………………………………….. 204
- 8.5.2.5 Plasmonics………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 204
- 8.5.2.6 Fiber lasers………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 204
8.5.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY………………………………………………………………….. 205
8.5.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………… 206
8.5.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS………………………………………………………………………………….. 207-208 (3 company profiles)

9 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….. 209

TABLES

Table 1: Evolution of wearable devices, 2011-2017……………………………………………………………………. 27
Table 2: Advanced materials for printable, flexible and stretchable sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
Table 3: Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE)……………………………………….. 34
Table 4: Markets for wearable devices and applications…………………………………………………………….. 36
Table 5: Properties of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
Table 6: Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs……………………………………………….. 46
Table 7: Graphene quantum dot producers………………………………………………………………………………… 49
Table 8: Comparative properties of carbon materials…………………………………………………………………. 52
Table 9: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes……………….. 54
Table 10: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2027……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
Table 11: 2D materials types………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 57
Table 12: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS₂. 61
Table 13: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials……………………………….. 80
Table 14: Types of graphene and prices…………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
Table 15: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer………………………………………………………………. 90
Table 16: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer…………………………………………………………………….. 90
Table 17: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer………………………………………………………………. 91
Table 18: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer……………………………………………………………. 92
Table 19: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer……………………………………………………………… 93
Table 20: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer……………………………………………………….. 94
Table 21: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer……………………………………………………………………. 95
Table 22: Market drivers for use of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films………….. 99
Table 23: Applications and benefits of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films…… 102
Table 24: Comparison of ITO replacements……………………………………………………………………………… 103
Table 25: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development…………………………………………. 107
Table 26: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors……………………………………………. 114
Table 27: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 119
Table 28: Market size for graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films……………………….. 127
Table 29: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays……………………………………………………………………………………………… 128
Table 30: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $………….. 130
Table 31: Market challenges rating for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 137
Table 32: Market drivers for use of graphene in conductive inks………………………………………………. 151
Table 33: Comparative properties of conductive inks……………………………………………………………….. 153
Table 34: Printable electronics products…………………………………………………………………………………… 154
Table 35: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics……………………………………… 157
Table 36: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 159
Table 37: Potential addressable market for graphene in conductive inks…………………………………. 162
Table 38: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks……………………………… 164
Table 39: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types………………………………………………………………………………………….. 167
Table 40: Market impediments for graphene in conductive inks……………………………………………….. 167
Table 41: Market drivers for use of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 176
Table 42: Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors……………………………………… 179
Table 43: Applications and benefits of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 181
Table 44: Market size for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components…… 182
Table 45: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 183
Table 46: Market challenges rating for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 185
Table 47: Market drivers for use of graphene in memory devices…………………………………………….. 192
Table 48: Market size for graphene in memory devices……………………………………………………………. 196
Table 49: Applications and commercialization challenges for graphene in the memory devices market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 197
Table 50: Market drivers for use of graphene in photonics……………………………………………………….. 200
Table 51: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators……………………………. 202
Table 52: Applications and benefits of graphene in photonics………………………………………………….. 205
Table 53: Market size for graphene in photonics………………………………………………………………………. 205
Table 54: Market challenges rating for graphene in the photonics market………………………………… 206

FIGURES

Figure 1: Evolution of electronics………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
Figure 2: Wove Band………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
Figure 3: Wearable graphene medical sensor……………………………………………………………………………. 31
Figure 4: Applications timeline for organic and printed electronics……………………………………………… 32
Figure 5: Mimo Baby Monitor……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
Figure 6: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors……………………………….. 39
Figure 7: Graphene layer structure schematic……………………………………………………………………………. 41
Figure 8: Graphite and graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
Figure 9: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. …………… 43
Figure 10: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)…………………… 46
Figure 11: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots……………………………………………………………….. 48
Figure 12: Graphene quantum dots……………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
Figure 13: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
Figure 14: Schematic of 2-D materials……………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
Figure 15: Black phosphorus structure……………………………………………………………………………………….. 60
Figure 16: Black Phosphorus crystal…………………………………………………………………………………………… 61
Figure 17: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
Figure 18: Graphitic carbon nitride……………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
Figure 19: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology……………………………… 65
Figure 20: Schematic of germanene…………………………………………………………………………………………… 65
Figure 21: Graphdiyne structure…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67
Figure 22: Schematic of Graphane crystal………………………………………………………………………………….. 68
Figure 23: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride………………………………………………………………………….. 69
Figure 24: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide……………………………………………………………………….. 71
Figure 25: SEM image of MoS₂…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72
Figure 26: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor…………… 73
Figure 27: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide…………………………………………………………. 73
Figure 28: Silicene structure……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
Figure 29: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate…………………………………………………………… 75
Figure 30: Silicene transistor………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
Figure 31: Crystal structure for stanene……………………………………………………………………………………… 76
Figure 32: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)………………………………………. 77
Figure 33: Schematic of tungsten diselenide………………………………………………………………………………. 78
Figure 34: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe)…………………………………………………………………………. 80
Figure 35: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF…. 83
Figure 36: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium……………………………………………………………. 86
Figure 37: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application………………………………………….. 101
Figure 38: Flexible graphene touch screen………………………………………………………………………………. 101
Figure 39: Galapad Settler smartphone……………………………………………………………………………………. 102
Figure 40: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode…………………… 103
Figure 41: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte………………………………………………. 105
Figure 42: Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film…………………………. 106
Figure 43: Foldable graphene E-paper…………………………………………………………………………………….. 106
Figure 44: Covestro wearables…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 108
Figure 45: Softceptor sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 111
Figure 46: BeBop Media Arm Controller…………………………………………………………………………………… 112
Figure 47: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor………………………………………………………………. 112
Figure 48: C2Sense flexible sensor………………………………………………………………………………………….. 113
Figure 49: Wearable gas sensor………………………………………………………………………………………………. 115
Figure 50: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves………………………………………………………….. 116
Figure 51: BeBop Sensors Smart Helmet Sensor System………………………………………………………… 116
Figure 52: Connected human body…………………………………………………………………………………………… 117
Figure 53: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor…………………………………………………………………. 118
Figure 54: Graphene-based E-skin patch…………………………………………………………………………………. 119
Figure 55: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 121
Figure 56: Graphene medical patch………………………………………………………………………………………….. 122
Figure 57: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer…………………………………………………………….. 123
Figure 58: Mimo baby monitor………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 123
Figure 59: Nanowire skin hydration patch…………………………………………………………………………………. 124
Figure 60: Wearable sweat sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………… 124
Figure 61: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor………………………………………………………………………… 125
Figure 62: Torso and Extremities Protection (TEP) system………………………………………………………. 126
Figure 63: Potential addressable market for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market…………………………………………………………………………………. 129
Figure 64: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $…………. 130
Figure 65: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 132
Figure 66: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 133
Figure 67: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 133
Figure 68: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 135
Figure 69: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 136
Figure 70: The GF1 Graphene Watch………………………………………………………………………………………. 151
Figure 71: BGT Materials graphene ink product……………………………………………………………………….. 154
Figure 72: Printed graphene conductive ink……………………………………………………………………………… 155
Figure 73: Flexible RFID tag…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 156
Figure 74: Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink…………………………………………………………… 158
Figure 75: Enfucell Printed Battery…………………………………………………………………………………………… 160
Figure 76: Graphene printed antenna………………………………………………………………………………………. 161
Figure 77: Printed antennas for aircraft…………………………………………………………………………………….. 161
Figure 78: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products……………………………………………………………… 162
Figure 79: Potential addressable market for graphene in the conductive ink market………………… 164
Figure 80: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types………………………………………………………………………………………….. 166
Figure 81: Graphene IC in wafer tester…………………………………………………………………………………….. 178
Figure 82: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array……………………………………………………. 178
Figure 83: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)……………………………………………………………………………………………… 180
Figure 84: Potential addressable market for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits……. 183
Figure 85: Potential addressable market for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 184
Figure 86: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate………………………………….. 194
Figure 87: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)……………………………………………………………………………………….. 195
Figure 88: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt…. 195
Figure 89: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip………………………………………………………………………………… 196
Figure 90: Stretchable SWCNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics……………….. 196
Figure 91: Hybrid graphene phototransistors……………………………………………………………………………. 203
Figure 92: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors……………………………. 203
Figure 93: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive…………………………………………………………………………………………… 204