In the energy sector graphene is the advanced material of choice for solving numerous challenges, especially in energy storage applications. Graphene will play an important role in all aspects of the energy sector:
Energy conversion
- solar cells
- fuel cells
- thermoelectric devices
Energy storage
- rechargeable batteries
- supercapacitors
Energy saving
- insulation such as aerogels and smart glass
- LED and OLED lightning.
Batteries
Properly formulated graphene could greatly improve the energy & power density of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) and is being widely researched and developed. Graphene can be utilized as in LIB as:
- Anode active material.
- Hybrid active material.
- Electrode conductive additive.
- Coating layers.
Properties of graphene that are attractive for Li-ion batteries include:
- High intrinsic conductivity (7580 vs. 500–3000 S m-1)
- High aspect ratio (~10 vs.1)
- Large specific surface area
- Inert basal surface.
The application of graphene in flexible LIBs has been widely researched as they meet criteria for weight, flexibility, integration and conductivity
Other areas that can benefit from graphene include Lithium-air batteries, Lithium–sulfur batteries and Sodium-ion batteries.
Supercapacitors
Graphene’s chemical stability, lightweight, elasticity, inherent mechanical strength, high electrical/thermal conductivity, and large surface area of over make graphene it a prime candidate for advanced supercapacitor applications.
Solar
Due to its transparency and conductivity, the integration of graphene into photovoltaic devices has been extensively explored. Graphene matches all the key requirements needed for counter electrode (CE) materials such as:
- high specific surface area
- high exchange current density
- low charge-transfer resistance.
Fuel cells
Graphene is widely investigated as catalysts for electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cell electrodes or other traditional catalytic reactions; composites in bipolar plates; and fuel cells membranes in Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
Lighting
Graphene-based flexible, transparent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) show potential for application in next-generation displays and lighting.
Report contents include:
- Current graphene energy products.
- Stage of commercialization for graphene applications, from basic research to market entry.
- Market drivers, trends and challenges, by energy markets.
- In-depth market assessment of opportunities for graphene including addressable market revenues, most likely applications and market challenges.
- In-depth company profiles, including products and commercial activities.
- Detailed forecasts for key growth areas and opportunities.
- 46 company profiles.
Published April 2017 | 113 pages
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………… 11
1.1 Applications assessment………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
1.1 Market opportunity analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
1.2 Market challenges rating system……………………………………………………………………………………. 15
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………. 17
2.1 Two-dimensional (2D) materials…………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
2.2 Graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
2.2.1 The market in 2016………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
2.2.2 Products…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
2.2.3 Short-term opportunities…………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
2.2.4 Medium-term opportunities…………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
2.2.5 Remarkable properties…………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
2.2.6 Global funding and initiatives…………………………………………………………………………………. 28
2.2.6.1 Europe…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28
2.2.6.2 Asia……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
2.2.6.3 United States…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
2.2.7 Products and applications………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
2.2.8 Production……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
2.2.9 Market drivers and trends………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
2.2.9.1 Production exceeds demand…………………………………………………………………………. 33
2.2.9.2 Market revenues remain small………………………………………………………………………. 33
2.2.9.3 Scalability and cost………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
2.2.9.4 Applications hitting the market……………………………………………………………………….. 35
2.2.9.5 Wait and see?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
2.2.9.6 Asia and US lead the race……………………………………………………………………………… 36
2.2.9.7 China commercializing at a fast rate……………………………………………………………… 37
2.2.9.8 Competition from other materials…………………………………………………………………… 37
2.2.10 Market and technical challenges………………………………………………………………………… 38
2.2.10.1 Inconsistent supply quality…………………………………………………………………………….. 38
2.2.10.2 Functionalization and dispersion……………………………………………………………………. 39
2.2.10.3 Cost……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
2.2.10.4 Product integration………………………………………………………………………………………… 39
2.2.10.5 Regulation and standards……………………………………………………………………………… 39
2.2.10.6 Lack of a band gap………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
3 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS………………………………………. 41
3.1 Categorization………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
4 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE…………………………………………………… 43
4.1 History……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
4.2 Forms of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45
4.3 Properties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
4.4 3D Graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
4.5 Graphene Quantum Dots……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
4.5.1 Synthesis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
4.5.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
4.5.3 Producers………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
5 GRAPHENE IN BATTERIES……………………………………………………. 54
5.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………….. 54
5.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………….. 56
5.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
5.2.2 Lithium-air batteries……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
5.2.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S)……………………………………………………………………………….. 57
5.2.3.1 Sodium-ion batteries……………………………………………………………………………………… 57
5.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………….. 58
5.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63-78 (27 company profiles)
5.5 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 78
6 GRAPHENE IN SUPERCAPACITORS……………………………………… 79
6.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………….. 79
6.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………….. 80
6.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………………….. 83
6.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 85-91 (10 company profiles)
6.5 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
6.5.1 Low energy storage capacity of graphene……………………………………………………………… 92
7 GRAPHENE IN PHOTOVOLTAICS………………………………………….. 93
7.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………….. 93
7.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………….. 94
7.2.1 ITO replacement…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
7.2.2 Graphene–silicon (Gr–Si) Schottky junction solar cells………………………………………….. 96
7.2.3 Halide perovskites/graphene hybrids……………………………………………………………………… 96
7.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96
7.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 99-101 (3 company profiles)
7.5 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 101
8 GRAPHENE IN FUEL CELLS………………………………………………… 102
8.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………… 103
8.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………… 104
8.2.1 Electrocatalyst supports……………………………………………………………………………………….. 105
8.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND GRAPHENE OPPORTUNITY………………………………………. 106
8.4 MARKET CHALLENGES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 107
8.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 108 (3 company profiles)
9 LED LIGHTING AND UVC…………………………………………………….. 109
9.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS……………………………………………………………………………… 109
9.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………… 109
9.2.1 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY…………………………………………………… 110
9.3 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS…………………………………………………………………………………………… 110 (3 company profiles)
10 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….. 112
TABLES
Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene…………………………………………………………………. 18
Table 2: Potential market penetration and volume estimates (tons) for graphene in key applications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
Table 3: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications………………………………… 22
Table 4: Graphene target markets-Applications potential addressable market size……………………. 30
Table 5: Main graphene producers by country and annual production capacities………………………. 32
Table 6: Graphene types and cost per kg…………………………………………………………………………………… 35
Table 7: Categorization of nanomaterials……………………………………………………………………………………. 42
Table 8: Properties of graphene…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
Table 9: Graphene quantum dot producers………………………………………………………………………………… 51
Table 10: Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries…………………………………………………………… 54
Table 11: Market size for graphene in batteries………………………………………………………………………….. 59
Table 12: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries…………………….. 60
Table 13: Market challenges rating for graphene in the batteries market……………………………………. 79
Table 14: Market drivers for use of graphene in supercapacitors……………………………………………….. 79
Table 15: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries………….. 81
Table 16: Applications and benefits of graphene in supercapacitors………………………………………….. 82
Table 17: Market size for graphene in supercapacitors………………………………………………………………. 83
Table 18: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in supercapacitors……………………………….. 84
Table 19: Market challenges rating for graphene in the supercapacitors market………………………… 92
Table 20: Market drivers for use of graphene in photovoltaics……………………………………………………. 93
Table 21: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics…………………………………………………………………… 97
Table 22: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics…………………………………………………………………… 97
Table 23: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics…………………………………………………………… 98
Table 24: Market challenges for graphene in solar…………………………………………………………………… 102
Table 25: Market challenges rating for graphene in the solar market……………………………………….. 102
Table 26: Market drivers for use of SWNTs in fuel cells and hydrogen storage……………………….. 103
Table 27: Applications and benefits of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage……………….. 105
Table 28: Market size for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage……………………………………. 106
Table 29: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage…….. 107
Table 30: Market challenges rating for graphene in the fuel cells market…………………………………. 107
Table 31: Market drivers for use of graphene in LED lighting and UVC……………………………………. 109
Table 32: Market size for graphene in LED lighting and UVC…………………………………………………… 110
FIGURES
Figure 1: Demand for graphene, by market, 2015………………………………………………………………………. 20
Figure 2: Demand for graphene, by market, 2027………………………………………………………………………. 21
Figure 3: Global government funding for graphene in millions USD to 2015………………………………. 29
Figure 4: Global market for graphene 2010-2027 in tons/year……………………………………………………. 33
Figure 5: Global consumption of graphene 2016, by region……………………………………………………….. 37
Figure 6: Graphene layer structure schematic……………………………………………………………………………. 44
Figure 7: Graphite and graphene………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45
Figure 8: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. …………… 46
Figure 9: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)…………………… 49
Figure 10: Graphene quantum dots……………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
Figure 11: H600 concept car………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 58
Figure 12: Anion concept car……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
Figure 13: Potential addressable market for graphene in the thin film, flexible and printed batteries market…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62
Figure 14: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor………………………………………………………………………… 81
Figure 15: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger………………………………………………………………………… 83
Figure 16: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode…………………………………………………….. 96
Figure 17: Potential addressable market for graphene in photovoltaics……………………………………… 99
