The Global Market for Industrial Biomanufacturing 2025-2035

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            53

• 1.1        Definition and Scope of Industrial Biomanufacturing        53
• 1.2        Overview of Industrial Biomanufacturing Processes           54
• 1.3        Key Components of Industrial Biomanufacturing 56
• 1.4        Importance of Industrial  Biomanufacturing in the Global Economy        57
  • 1.4.1    Role in Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Industries              58
  • 1.4.2    Impact on Industrial Biotechnology and Sustainability     59
  • 1.4.3    Food Security 60
  • 1.4.4    Circular Economy       61
• 1.5        Markets              62
  • 1.5.1    Biopharmaceuticals 62
  • 1.5.2    Industrial Enzymes    62
  • 1.5.3    Biofuels             63
  • 1.5.4    Biomaterials   64
  • 1.5.5    Specialty Chemicals 64
  • 1.5.6    Food and Beverage    65
  • 1.5.7    Agriculture and Animal Health           66
  • 1.5.8    Environmental Biotechnology             67

2             PRODUCTION               69

• 2.1        Microbial Fermentation           69
• 2.2        Mammalian Cell Culture        69
• 2.3        Plant Cell Culture        70
• 2.4        Insect Cell Culture     71
• 2.5        Transgenic Animals   71
• 2.6        Transgenic Plants        72
• 2.7        Technologies  72
  • 2.7.1    Upstream Processing               72
  • 2.7.1.1 Cell Culture     72
    • 2.7.1.1.1           Overview           72
    • 2.7.1.1.2           Types of Cell Culture Systems            73
    • 2.7.1.1.3           Factors Affecting Cell Culture Performance              73
    • 2.7.1.1.4           Advances in Cell Culture Technology             74
      • 2.7.1.1.4.1      Single-use systems   74
      • 2.7.1.1.4.2      Process analytical technology (PAT)               74
      • 2.7.1.1.4.3      Cell line development              74
  • 2.7.2    Fermentation 75
    • 2.7.2.1 Overview           75
      • 2.7.2.1.1           Types of Fermentation Processes    75
      • 2.7.2.1.2           Factors Affecting Fermentation Performance          75
      • 2.7.2.1.3           Advances in Fermentation Technology         76
        • 2.7.2.1.3.1      High-cell-density fermentation          76
        • 2.7.2.1.3.2      Continuous processing           77
        • 2.7.2.1.3.3      Metabolic engineering             77
  • 2.7.3    Downstream Processing        77
    • 2.7.3.1 Purification      77
      • 2.7.3.1.1           Overview           77
      • 2.7.3.1.2           Types of Purification Methods            77
      • 2.7.3.1.3           Factors Affecting Purification Performance               78
      • 2.7.3.1.4           Advances in Purification Technology              78
        • 2.7.3.1.4.1      Affinity chromatography         79
        • 2.7.3.1.4.2      Membrane chromatography 79
        • 2.7.3.1.4.3      Continuous chromatography              79
  • 2.7.4    Formulation    80
    • 2.7.4.1 Overview           80
      • 2.7.4.1.1           Types of Formulation Methods           80
      • 2.7.4.1.2           Factors Affecting Formulation Performance             81
      • 2.7.4.1.3           Advances in Formulation Technology            81
        • 2.7.4.1.3.1      Controlled release      81
        • 2.7.4.1.3.2      Nanoparticle formulation      82
        • 2.7.4.1.3.3      3D printing       82
  • 2.7.5    Bioprocess Development      82
    • 2.7.5.1 Scale-up            82
      • 2.7.5.1.1           Overview           82
      • 2.7.5.1.2           Factors Affecting Scale-up Performance     82
      • 2.7.5.1.3           Scale-up Strategies    83
    • 2.7.5.2 Optimization  84
      • 2.7.5.2.1           Overview           84
      • 2.7.5.2.2           Factors Affecting Optimization Performance            84
      • 2.7.5.2.3           Optimization Strategies           85
  • 2.7.6    Analytical Methods    86
    • 2.7.6.1 Quality Control             86
      • 2.7.6.1.1           Overview           86
      • 2.7.6.1.2           Types of Quality Control Tests            86
      • 2.7.6.1.3           Factors Affecting Quality Control Performance      87
    • 2.7.6.2 Characterization          87
      • 2.7.6.2.1           Overview           88
      • 2.7.6.2.2           Types of Characterization Methods 88
      • 2.7.6.2.3           Factors Affecting Characterization Performance   89
• 2.8        Scale of Production   90
  • 2.8.1    Laboratory Scale         91
    • 2.8.1.1 Overview           91
    • 2.8.1.2 Scale and Equipment               91
    • 2.8.1.3 Advantages     91
    • 2.8.1.4 Disadvantages             92
  • 2.8.2    Pilot Scale        92
    • 2.8.2.1 Overview           92
    • 2.8.2.2 Scale and Equipment               92
    • 2.8.2.3 Advantages     93
    • 2.8.2.4 Disadvantages             93
  • 2.8.3    Commercial Scale      94
    • 2.8.3.1 Overview           94
    • 2.8.3.2 Scale and Equipment               94
    • 2.8.3.3 Advantages     95
    • 2.8.3.4 Disadvantages             95
• 2.9        Mode of Operation     96
  • 2.9.1    Batch Production        96
    • 2.9.1.1 Overview           96
    • 2.9.1.2 Advantages     97
    • 2.9.1.3 Disadvantages             97
    • 2.9.1.4 Applications   97
  • 2.9.2    Fed-batch Production              98
    • 2.9.2.1 Overview           98
    • 2.9.2.2 Advantages     98
    • 2.9.2.3 Disadvantages             98
    • 2.9.2.4 Applications   99
  • 2.9.3    Continuous Production           99
    • 2.9.3.1 Overview           99
    • 2.9.3.2 Advantages     99
    • 2.9.3.3 Disadvantages             99
    • 2.9.3.4 Applications   100
  • 2.9.4    Cell factories for biomanufacturing 100
  • 2.9.5    Perfusion Culture        102
    • 2.9.5.1 Overview           102
    • 2.9.5.2 Advantages     102
    • 2.9.5.3 Disadvantages             102
    • 2.9.5.4 Applications   103
  • 2.9.6    Other Modes of Operation     103
    • 2.9.6.1 Immobilized Cell Culture       103
    • 2.9.6.2 Two-Stage Production              103
    • 2.9.6.3 Hybrid Systems            103
• 2.10     Host Organisms          104

3             BIOPHARMACEUTICALS        107

• 3.1        Overview           107
• 3.2        Technology/materials analysis          107
  • 3.2.1    Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)         107
  • 3.2.2    Recombinant Proteins             108
  • 3.2.3    Vaccines           109
  • 3.2.4    Cell and Gene Therapies        109
  • 3.2.5    Blood Factors 110
  • 3.2.6    Tissue Engineering Products                110
  • 3.2.7    Nucleic Acid Therapeutics    111
  • 3.2.8    Peptide Therapeutics               112
  • 3.2.9    Biosimilars and Biobetters    112
  • 3.2.10 Nanobodies and Antibody Fragments           113
  • 3.2.11 Synthetic biology         114
    • 3.2.11.1            Metabolic engineering             114
      • 3.2.11.1.1        DNA synthesis              115
      • 3.2.11.1.2        CRISPR              115
        • 3.2.11.1.2.1   CRISPR/Cas9-modified biosynthetic pathways      116
    • 3.2.11.2            Protein/Enzyme Engineering                116
    • 3.2.11.3            Strain construction and optimization            118
    • 3.2.11.4            Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering           119
    • 3.2.11.5            Smart bioprocessing 119
    • 3.2.11.6            Cell-free systems        120
    • 3.2.11.7            Chassis organisms    122
    • 3.2.11.8            Biomimetics   123
    • 3.2.11.9            Sustainable materials              124
    • 3.2.11.10         Robotics and automation      124
      • 3.2.11.10.1     Robotic cloud laboratories   125
      • 3.2.11.10.2     Automating organism design              125
      • 3.2.11.10.3     Artificial intelligence and machine learning              126
    • 3.2.11.11         Fermentation Processes        126
  • 3.2.12 Generative Biology     127
    • 3.2.12.1            Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)    128
      • 3.2.12.1.1        Variational Autoencoders (VAEs)      129
      • 3.2.12.1.2        Normalizing Flows      129
      • 3.2.12.1.3        Autoregressive Models            129
      • 3.2.12.1.4        Evolutionary Generative Models       129
    • 3.2.12.2            Design Optimization 130
      • 3.2.12.2.1        Evolutionary Algorithms (e.g., Genetic Algorithms, Evolutionary Strategies)       130
        • 3.2.12.2.1.1   Genetic Algorithms (GAs)      130
        • 3.2.12.2.1.2   Evolutionary Strategies (ES) 130
      • 3.2.12.2.2        Reinforcement Learning         130
      • 3.2.12.2.3        Multi-Objective Optimization              131
      • 3.2.12.2.4        Bayesian Optimization            131
    • 3.2.12.3            Computational Biology           132
      • 3.2.12.3.1        Molecular Dynamics Simulations    132
      • 3.2.12.3.2        Quantum Mechanical Calculations                133
      • 3.2.12.3.3        Systems Biology Modeling    133
      • 3.2.12.3.4        Metabolic Engineering Modeling       134
    • 3.2.12.4            Data-Driven Approaches       135
      • 3.2.12.4.1        Machine Learning       135
      • 3.2.12.4.2        Graph Neural Networks           135
      • 3.2.12.4.3        Unsupervised Learning           136
      • 3.2.12.4.4        Active Learning and Bayesian Optimization              136
    • 3.2.12.5            Agent-Based Modeling            136
    • 3.2.12.6            Hybrid Approaches    137
• 3.3        Market analysis            139
  • 3.3.1    Key players and competitive landscape      139
  • 3.3.2    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   139
  • 3.3.3    Regulations     141
  • 3.3.4    Value chain     142
  • 3.3.5    Future outlook              142
  • 3.3.6    Addressable Market Size        143
  • 3.3.7    Risks and Opportunities         144
  • 3.3.8    Global revenues           145
    • 3.3.8.1 By application market              145
    • 3.3.8.2 By regional market      146
• 3.4        Company profiles       147 (131 company profiles)

4             INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES (BIOCATALYSTS)      235

• 4.1        Overview           235
• 4.2        Technology/materials analysis          235
  • 4.2.1    Detergent Enzymes    235
  • 4.2.2    Food Processing Enzymes    236
  • 4.2.3    Textile Processing Enzymes  236
  • 4.2.4    Paper and Pulp Processing Enzymes             237
  • 4.2.5    Leather Processing Enzymes               238
  • 4.2.6    Biofuel Production Enzymes                238
  • 4.2.7    Animal Feed Enzymes              239
  • 4.2.8    Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Enzymes  239
  • 4.2.9    Waste Management and Bioremediation Enzymes              240
  • 4.2.10 Agriculture and Crop Improvement Enzymes           241
• 4.3        Market analysis            243
  • 4.3.1    Key players and competitive landscape      243
  • 4.3.2    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   244
  • 4.3.3    Regulations     245
  • 4.3.4    Value chain     246
  • 4.3.5    Future outlook              246
  • 4.3.6    Addressable Market Size        248
  • 4.3.7    Risks and Opportunities         248
  • 4.3.8    Global revenues           249
    • 4.3.8.1 By application market              249
    • 4.3.8.2 By regional market      249
• 4.4        Companies profiles   250 (59 company profiles)

5             BIOFUELS        287

• 5.1        Overview           287
• 5.2        Technology/materials analysis          289
  • 5.2.1    Role in the circular economy               289
  • 5.2.2    The global biofuels market    291
  • 5.2.3    Feedstocks      291
    • 5.2.3.1 First-generation (1-G)               292
    • 5.2.3.2 Second-generation (2-G)       294
      • 5.2.3.2.1           Lignocellulosic wastes and residues             294
      • 5.2.3.2.2           Biorefinery lignin         295
    • 5.2.3.3 Third-generation (3-G)             299
      • 5.2.3.3.1           Algal biofuels 299
        • 5.2.3.3.1.1      Properties         300
        • 5.2.3.3.1.2      Advantages     300
    • 5.2.3.4 Fourth-generation (4-G)          301
    • 5.2.3.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation        302
  • 5.2.4    Bioethanol       303
    • 5.2.4.1 First-generation bioethanol (from sugars and starches)    303
    • 5.2.4.2 Second-generation bioethanol (from lignocellulosic biomass)   303
    • 5.2.4.3 Third-generation bioethanol (from algae)    304
  • 5.2.5    Biodiesel           305
    • 5.2.5.1 Biodiesel by generation           305
    • 5.2.5.2 SWOT analysis              306
    • 5.2.5.3 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels 307
      • 5.2.5.3.1           Pyrolysis of biomass 307
      • 5.2.5.3.2           Vegetable oil transesterification       310
      • 5.2.5.3.3           Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)  311
        • 5.2.5.3.3.1      Production process   311
      • 5.2.5.3.4           Biodiesel from tall oil                312
      • 5.2.5.3.5           Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel     312
      • 5.2.5.3.6           Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass         314
      • 5.2.5.3.7           CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)          315
      • 5.2.5.3.8           Dymethyl ether (DME)              315
    • 5.2.5.4 Prices  315
    • 5.2.5.5 Global production and consumption            316
  • 5.2.6    Biogas 318
    • 5.2.6.1 Feedstocks      319
    • 5.2.6.2 Biomethane    320
      • 5.2.6.2.1           Production pathways                322
        • 5.2.6.2.1.1      Landfill gas recovery 322
        • 5.2.6.2.1.2      Anaerobic digestion  322
        • 5.2.6.2.1.3      Thermal gasification 323
    • 5.2.6.3 SWOT analysis              324
    • 5.2.6.4 Global production      325
    • 5.2.6.5 Prices  325
      • 5.2.6.5.1           Raw Biogas     325
      • 5.2.6.5.2           Upgraded Biomethane            325
    • 5.2.6.6 Bio-LNG             325
      • 5.2.6.6.1           Markets              325
        • 5.2.6.6.1.1      Trucks 325
        • 5.2.6.6.1.2      Marine 326
      • 5.2.6.6.2           Production       326
      • 5.2.6.6.3           Plants 326
    • 5.2.6.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)  327
    • 5.2.6.8 Carbon capture from biogas               327
    • 5.2.6.9 Biosyngas        328
      • 5.2.6.9.1           Production       328
      • 5.2.6.9.2           Prices  329
  • 5.2.7    Biobutanol      329
    • 5.2.7.1 Production       331
    • 5.2.7.2 Prices  331
  • 5.2.8    Biohydrogen   331
    • 5.2.8.1 Description     331
      • 5.2.8.1.1           Dark fermentation      332
      • 5.2.8.1.2           Photofermentation     332
      • 5.2.8.1.3           Biophotolysis (direct and indirect)   333
        • 5.2.8.1.3.1      Direct Biophotolysis: 333
        • 5.2.8.1.3.2      Indirect Biophotolysis:            334
    • 5.2.8.2 SWOT analysis              335
    • 5.2.8.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass  335
      • 5.2.8.3.1           Biological Conversion Routes             336
        • 5.2.8.3.1.1      Bio-photochemical Reaction              336
        • 5.2.8.3.1.2      Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion        336
      • 5.2.8.3.2           Thermochemical conversion routes               337
        • 5.2.8.3.2.1      Biomass Gasification               337
        • 5.2.8.3.2.2      Biomass Pyrolysis      337
        • 5.2.8.3.2.3      Biomethane Reforming           337
    • 5.2.8.4 Applications   338
    • 5.2.8.5 Prices  339
  • 5.2.9    Biomethanol  339
    • 5.2.9.1 Gasification-based biomethanol     339
    • 5.2.9.2 Biosynthesis-based biomethanol    340
    • 5.2.9.3 SWOT analysis              340
    • 5.2.9.4 Methanol-to gasoline technology     341
      • 5.2.9.4.1           Production processes              342
        • 5.2.9.4.1.1      Anaerobic digestion  343
        • 5.2.9.4.1.2      Biomass gasification 343
        • 5.2.9.4.1.3      Power to Methane       344
  • 5.2.10 Bio-oil and Biochar    344
    • 5.2.10.1            Pyrolysis-based bio-oil            345
    • 5.2.10.2            Hydrothermal liquefaction-based bio-oil    346
    • 5.2.10.3            Biochar from pyrolysis and gasification processes               346
    • 5.2.10.4            Advantages of bio-oils             348
    • 5.2.10.5            Production       350
      • 5.2.10.5.1        Fast Pyrolysis 350
      • 5.2.10.5.2        Costs of production  350
      • 5.2.10.5.3        Upgrading        350
    • 5.2.10.6            SWOT analysis              351
    • 5.2.10.7            Applications   352
    • 5.2.10.8            Bio-oil producers         352
    • 5.2.10.9            Prices  353
  • 5.2.11 Renewable Diesel and Jet Fuel           354
    • 5.2.11.1            Renewable diesel        354
      • 5.2.11.1.1        Production       354
      • 5.2.11.1.2        SWOT analysis              355
      • 5.2.11.1.3        Global consumption 356
    • 5.2.11.2            Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)              357
      • 5.2.11.2.1        Description     357
      • 5.2.11.2.2        SWOT analysis              358
      • 5.2.11.2.3        Global production and consumption            359
      • 5.2.11.2.4        Production pathways                359
      • 5.2.11.2.5        Prices  361
      • 5.2.11.2.6        Bio-aviation fuel production capacities       361
      • 5.2.11.2.7        Challenges      362
      • 5.2.11.2.8        Global consumption 362
  • 5.2.12 Algal biofuels 363
    • 5.2.12.1            Conversion pathways               363
    • 5.2.12.2            SWOT analysis              364
    • 5.2.12.3            Production       365
    • 5.2.12.4            Market challenges      366
    • 5.2.12.5            Prices  367
    • 5.2.12.6            Producers         368
• 5.3        Market analysis            369
  • 5.3.1    Key players and competitive landscape      369
  • 5.3.2    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   370
  • 5.3.3    Regulations     370
  • 5.3.4    Value chain     371
  • 5.3.5    Future outlook              372
  • 5.3.6    Addressable Market Size        373
  • 5.3.7    Risks and Opportunities         373
  • 5.3.8    Global revenues           374
    • 5.3.8.1 By biofuel type               374
    • 5.3.8.2 Applications Market  374
    • 5.3.8.3 By regional market      375
• 5.4        Company profiles       376 (212 company profiles)

6             BIOPLASTICS 522

• 6.1        Overview           522
• 6.2        Technology/materials analysis          523
  • 6.2.1    Polylactic acid (PLA) 523
  • 6.2.2    Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)          525
    • 6.2.2.1 Types   526
    • 6.2.2.2 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)   530
    • 6.2.2.3 Polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV)    531
  • 6.2.3    Bio-based polyethylene (PE)                531
  • 6.2.4    Bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET)             531
  • 6.2.5    Bio-based polyurethanes (PUs)         533
  • 6.2.6    Starch-based plastics              534
  • 6.2.7    Cellulose-based plastics       535
• 6.3        Market analysis            536
  • 6.3.1    Key players and competitive landscape      536
  • 6.3.2    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   537
  • 6.3.3    Regulations     538
  • 6.3.4    Value chain     538
  • 6.3.5    Future outlook              539
  • 6.3.6    Addressable Market Size        540
  • 6.3.7    Risks and Opportunities         541
  • 6.3.8    Global revenues           541
    • 6.3.8.1 By type                541
    • 6.3.8.2 By application market              542
    • 6.3.8.3 By regional market      542
• 6.4        Company profiles       543 (520 company profiles)

7             BIOCHEMICALS           915

• 7.1        Overview           915
• 7.2        Technology/materials analysis          916
  • 7.2.1    Organic acids 920
    • 7.2.1.1 Lactic acid       920
      • 7.2.1.1.1           D-lactic acid   920
      • 7.2.1.1.2           L-lactic acid    921
    • 7.2.1.2 Succinic acid 921
    • 7.2.1.3 Itaconic acid  922
    • 7.2.1.4 Citric acid        923
    • 7.2.1.5 Acetic acid      923
  • 7.2.2    Amino acids   924
    • 7.2.2.1 Glutamic acid                924
    • 7.2.2.2 Lysine 925
    • 7.2.2.3 Threonine         926
    • 7.2.2.4 Methionine      927
  • 7.2.3    Alcohols            928
    • 7.2.3.1 Ethanol              928
    • 7.2.3.2 Butanol              929
    • 7.2.3.3 Isobutanol       929
    • 7.2.3.4 Propanediol    930
  • 7.2.4    Surfactants     931
    • 7.2.4.1 Biosurfactants (e.g., rhamnolipids, sophorolipids)              931
    • 7.2.4.2 Alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) 932
  • 7.2.5    Solvents            933
    • 7.2.5.1 Ethyl lactate    933
    • 7.2.5.2 Dimethyl carbonate   933
    • 7.2.5.3 Glycerol             934
  • 7.2.6    Flavours and fragrances         935
    • 7.2.6.1 Vanillin               935
    • 7.2.6.2 Nootkatone     936
    • 7.2.6.3 Limonene         937
  • 7.2.7    Bio-based monomers and intermediates    938
    • 7.2.7.1 Succinic acid 938
    • 7.2.7.2 1,4-Butanediol (BDO)              939
    • 7.2.7.3 Isoprene            940
    • 7.2.7.4 Ethylene            940
    • 7.2.7.5 Propylene         941
    • 7.2.7.6 Adipic acid      942
    • 7.2.7.7 Acrylic acid     943
    • 7.2.7.8 Sebacic acid  943
  • 7.2.8    Bio-based polymers  944
    • 7.2.8.1 Polybutylene succinate (PBS)             944
    • 7.2.8.2 Polyamides (nylons)  945
    • 7.2.8.3 Polyethylene furanoate (PEF)              945
    • 7.2.8.4 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT)            947
    • 7.2.8.5 Polyethylene isosorbide terephthalate (PEIT)           948
  • 7.2.9    Bio-based composites and blends  949
    • 7.2.9.1 Wood-plastic composites (WPCs)  950
    • 7.2.9.2 Biofiller-reinforced plastics  951
    • 7.2.9.3 Biofiber-reinforced plastics  951
    • 7.2.9.4 Polymer blends with bio-based components           952
  • 7.2.10 Waste 954
    • 7.2.10.1            Food waste      954
    • 7.2.10.2            Agricultural waste       955
    • 7.2.10.3            Forestry waste               955
    • 7.2.10.4            Aquaculture/fishing waste    956
    • 7.2.10.5            Municipal solid waste              956
    • 7.2.10.6            Industrial waste           957
    • 7.2.10.7            Waste oils        957
  • 7.2.11 Microbial and mineral sources           958
    • 7.2.11.1            Microalgae      958
    • 7.2.11.2            Macroalgae     958
    • 7.2.11.3            Mineral sources            959
• 7.3        Market analysis            960
  • 7.3.1    Key players and competitive landscape      960
  • 7.3.2    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   961
  • 7.3.3    Regulations     961
  • 7.3.4    Value chain     962
  • 7.3.5    Future outlook              963
  • 7.3.6    Addressable Market Size        964
  • 7.3.7    Risks and Opportunities         964
  • 7.3.8    Global revenues           965
    • 7.3.8.1 By type                965
    • 7.3.8.2 By application market              965
    • 7.3.8.3 By regional market      966
• 7.4        Company profiles       967 (123 company profiles)

8             BIO-AGRITECH             1045

• 8.1        Overview           1045
• 8.2        Technology/materials analysis          1046
  • 8.2.1    Biopesticides 1046
    • 8.2.1.1 Semiochemical            1047
    • 8.2.1.2 Macrobial Biological Control Agents              1047
    • 8.2.1.3 Microbial pesticides  1050
    • 8.2.1.4 Biochemical pesticides          1051
    • 8.2.1.5 Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs)           1051
  • 8.2.2    Biofertilizers   1052
  • 8.2.3    Biostimulants 1053
    • 8.2.3.1 Microbial biostimulants         1053
      • 8.2.3.1.1           Nitrogen Fixation         1056
      • 8.2.3.1.2           Formulation Challenges         1057
    • 8.2.3.2 Natural Product Biostimulants          1058
    • 8.2.3.3 Manipulating the Microbiome             1061
    • 8.2.3.4 Synthetic Biology        1062
    • 8.2.3.5 Non-microbial biostimulants             1063
  • 8.2.4    Agricultural Enzymes                1064
    • 8.2.4.1 Types of Agricultural Enzymes            1064
• 8.3        Market analysis            1066
  • 8.3.1    Key players and competitive landscape      1066
  • 8.3.2    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1067
  • 8.3.3    Regulations     1067
  • 8.3.4    Value chain     1068
  • 8.3.5    Future outlook              1069
  • 8.3.6    Addressable Market Size        1070
  • 8.3.7    Risks and Opportunities         1070
  • 8.3.8    Global revenues           1071
    • 8.3.8.1 By application market              1071
    • 8.3.8.2 By regional market      1071
• 8.4        Company profiles       1072 (105 company profiles)

9             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              1147

10          REFERENCES 1148

List of Tables

• Table 1. Biomanufacturing revolutions and representative products.      53
• Table 2. Industrial Biomanufacturing categories.  54
• Table 3. Overview of Biomanufacturing Processes.             55
• Table 4. Continuous vs batch biomanufacturing   56
• Table 5. Key Components of Industrial Biomanufacturing.             57
• Table 6. Types of Cell Culture Systems.       73
• Table 7. Factors Affecting Cell Culture Performance.         74
• Table 8. Types of Fermentation Processes. 75
• Table 9. Factors Affecting Fermentation Performance.      76
• Table 10. Advances in Fermentation Technology.   76
• Table 11. Types of Purification Methods in Downstream Processing.       77
• Table 12. Factors Affecting Purification Performance.        78
• Table 13. Advances in Purification Technology.       78
• Table 14. Common formulation methods used in biomanufacturing.     80
• Table 15. Factors Affecting Formulation Performance.      81
• Table 16. Advances in Formulation Technology.     81
• Table 17. Factors Affecting Scale-up Performance in Biomanufacturing.             83
• Table 18. Scale-up Strategies in Biomanufacturing.            83
• Table 19. Factors Affecting Optimization Performance in Biomanufacturing.    85
• Table 20. Optimization Strategies in Biomanufacturing.   85
• Table 21. Types of Quality Control Tests in Biomanufacturing.     86
• Table 22.Factors Affecting Quality Control Performance in Biomanufacturing  87
• Table 23. Factors Affecting Characterization Performance in Biomanufacturing             89
• Table 24. Key fermentation parameters in batch vs continuous biomanufacturing processes.              96
• Table 25.  Major microbial cell factories used in industrial biomanufacturing.  101
• Table 26. Comparison of Modes of Operation.        104
• Table 27. Host organisms commonly used in biomanufacturing.               105
• Table 28. Types of biopharmaceuticals.      107
• Table 29. Types of Monoclonal Antibodies. 108
• Table 30. Types of Recombinant Proteins.  108
• Table 31. Types of biopharma vaccines.      109
• Table 32. Types of Cell and Gene Therapies              109
• Table 33. Types of Blood Factors.     110
• Table 34. Types of Tissue Engineering Products.     110
• Table 35. Types of Nucleic Acid Therapeutics.         111
• Table 36. Types of Peptide Therapeutics.    112
• Table 37. Types of Biosimilars and Biobetters.         112
• Table 38. Types of Nanobodies and Antibody Fragments. 113
• Table 39. Types of Synthetic Biology Applications in Biopharmaceuticals.          114
• Table 40. Engineered proteins in industrial applications. 117
• Table 41. Cell-free versus cell-based systems         121
• Table 42. White biotechnology fermentation processes.  126
• Table 43. Key players in biopharmaceuticals.          139
• Table 44. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Biopharmaceuticals.      139
• Table 45. Biopharmaceuticals Regulations.              141
• Table 46. Value chain: Biopharmaceuticals.            142
• Table 47. Addressable market size for biopharmaceuticals.          143
• Table 48. Risks and Opportunities in biopharmaceuticals.             144
• Table 49. Global revenues for biopharmaceuticals, by applications market (2020-2035), billions USD.                146
• Table 50. Global revenues for biopharmaceuticals, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD.    146
• Table 51. Types of industrial enzymes.          235
• Table 52. Types of Detergent Enzymes.        236
• Table 53.Types of Food Processing Enzymes             236
• Table 54. Types of Textile Processing Enzymes.      237
• Table 55. Types of Paper and Pulp Processing Enzymes.  237
• Table 56. Types of Leather Processing Enzymes.   238
• Table 57. Types of Biofuel Production Enzymes.     238
• Table 58. Types of Animal Feed Enzymes.   239
• Table 59. Types of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Enzymes.       239
• Table 60. Types of Waste Management and Bioremediation Enzymes.   240
• Table 61. Types of Agriculture and Crop Improvement Enzymes. 241
• Table 62. Comparison of enzyme types.      241
• Table 63. Key players in industrial enzymes.             243
• Table 64. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in industrial enzymes.          244
• Table 65. Industrial enzymes Regulations. 245
• Table 66. Value chain: Industrial enzymes. 246
• Table 67. Addressable market size for industrial enzymes.             248
• Table 68. Risks and Opportunities in industrial enzymes. 248
• Table 69. Global revenues for industrial enzymes, by applications market (2020-2035), billions USD.                249
• Table 70. Global revenues for industrial enzymes, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD.       249
• Table 71. Types of biofuel, by generation.    287
• Table 72. Comparison of biofuels.   290
• Table 73. Classification of biomass feedstock.       291
• Table 74. Biorefinery feedstocks.     292
• Table 75. Feedstock conversion pathways.                292
• Table 76. First-Generation Feedstocks.        292
• Table 77.  Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 295
• Table 78. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 296
• Table 79. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes    297
• Table 80. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.      298
• Table 81. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.          300
• Table 82. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.               301
• Table 83. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.       302
• Table 84. Biodiesel by generation.    305
• Table 85. Biodiesel production techniques.              307
• Table 86. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.            308
• Table 87. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.             309
• Table 88. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 309
• Table 89. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel.     311
• Table 90. Main producers of HVO and capacities. 312
• Table 91. Example commercial Development of BtL processes. 313
• Table 92. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes.  313
• Table 93. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year).        317
• Table 94. Biogas feedstocks.               319
• Table 95. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants.           326
• Table 96. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas.       327
• Table 97. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways.                336
• Table 98. Markets and applications for biohydrogen.          338
• Table 99. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas.   342
• Table 100. Summary of applications of biochar in energy.               348
• Table 101. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils.          349
• Table 102. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil.                349
• Table 103. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels.   351
• Table 104. Markets and applications for bio-oil.     352
• Table 105. Bio-oil producers.              352
• Table 106. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year).   356
• Table 107. Renewable diesel price ranges. 357
• Table 108. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel.   357
• Table 109. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel.        359
• Table 110. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities. 361
• Table 111. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year).       363
• Table 112. Algae-derived biofuel producers.             368
• Table 113. Key players in biofuels.   369
• Table 114. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biofuels.               370
• Table 115. Biofuels Regulations.       370
• Table 116. Value chain: Biofuels.      371
• Table 117. Addressable market size for biofuels.   373
• Table 118. Risks and Opportunities in biofuels       373
• Table 119. Global revenues for biofuels, by type (2020-2035), billions USD.       374
• Table 120. Global Revenues for Biofuels, by Applications Market (2020-2035), billions USD. 374
• Table 121. Global revenues for biofuels, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD.             375
• Table 122. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.        439
• Table 123. Types of bioplastics:        522
• Table 124. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  523
• Table 125.Types of PHAs and properties.     527
• Table 126. Commercially available PHAs.  528
• Table 127. Markets and applications for PHAs.       529
• Table 128. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        531
• Table 129. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     532
• Table 130. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,             532
• Table 131. Key players in Bioplastics.            536
• Table 132. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Bioplastics.        537
• Table 133. Bioplastics Regulations. 538
• Table 134. Value chain: Bioplastics.               538
• Table 135. Addressable market size for Bioplastics.            540
• Table 136. Risks and Opportunities in Bioplastics.              541
• Table 137. Global revenues for bioplastics, by type (2020-2035), billions USD. 541
• Table 138. Global revenues for bioplastics, by applications market (2020-2035), billions USD.            542
• Table 139. Global revenues for bioplastics, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD.      542
• Table 140. Lactips plastic pellets.    727
• Table 141. Oji Holdings CNF products.         793
• Table 142. Types of biochemicals.   915
• Table 143. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.               916
• Table 144. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.            917
• Table 145. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.         918
• Table 146. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid.              921
• Table 147. Applications of succinic acid.    921
• Table 148. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.               922
• Table 149. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.            922
• Table 150. Feedstock Sources for Citric Acid Production.               923
• Table 151. Applications of Citric Acid.           923
• Table 152. Feedstock Sources for Acetic Acid Production.             924
• Table 153. Applications of Acetic Acid.         924
• Table 154. Feedstock Sources for Acetic Acid Production.             924
• Table 155. Applications of Acetic Acid.         925
• Table 156. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals. 925
• Table 157. Applications of  lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.          926
• Table 158. Feedstock Sources for Threonine Production. 926
• Table 159. Applications of Threonine.           927
• Table 160.Feedstock Sources for Methionine Production.              927
• Table 161. Applications of Methionine.        927
• Table 162. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.           928
• Table 163. Applications of bio-based ethanol.        928
• Table 164. Feedstock Sources for Butanol Production.     929
• Table 165. Applications of Butanol. 929
• Table 166. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.    930
• Table 167. Applications of bio-based isobutanol. 930
• Table 168. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO).             930
• Table 169. Types of Biosurfactants. 931
• Table 170. Feedstock Sources for Biosurfactant Production          931
• Table 171. Applications of Biosurfactants  931
• Table 172.Feedstock Sources for APG Production 932
• Table 173. Applications of Alkyl Polyglucosides (APGs)     932
• Table 174. Feedstock Sources for Ethyl Lactate Production.         933
• Table 175. Applications of Ethyl Lactate.     933
• Table 176.Feedstock Sources for Dimethyl Carbonate Production            933
• Table 177. Applications of Dimethyl Carbonate      934
• Table 178. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.          934
• Table 179.Feedstock Sources for Succinic Acid Production           938
• Table 180. Applications of Succinic Acid.   939
• Table 181. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).        939
• Table 182. Feedstock Sources for Isoprene Production.   940
• Table 183. Applications of Isoprene.              940
• Table 184. Applications of bio-based ethylene.       941
• Table 185. Applications of bio-based propylene.   941
• Table 186. Applications of bio-based adipic acid. 942
• Table 187. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.                943
• Table 188. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.      944
• Table 189. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.   945
• Table 190. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  945
• Table 191. FDCA and PEF producers.            946
• Table 192. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     947
• Table 193. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.       948
• Table 194. Types of Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs).    950
• Table 195. Types of Biofiber-Reinforced Plastics.  952
• Table 196. Types of Polymer Blends with Bio-based Components.           953
• Table 197. Mineral source products and applications.       959
• Table 198. Key players in Biochemicals.      960
• Table 199. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Biochemicals.  961
• Table 200. Biochemicals Regulations.          961
• Table 201. Value chain: Biochemicals.         962
• Table 202. Addressable market size for Biochemicals.      964
• Table 203. Risks and Opportunities in Biochemicals.         964
• Table 204. Global revenues for biochemicals, by type (2020-2035), billions USD.          965
• Table 205. Global revenues for biochemicals, by applications market (2020-2035), billions USD.       965
• Table 206. Global revenues for biochemicals, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD. 966
• Table 207. Bio-agritech categories. 1045
• Table 208. Biopesticides: Pros and Cons.   1046
• Table 209. Semiochemicals: Advantages and Disadvantages.    1047
• Table 210.Biological Pest Control: Advantages and Disadvantages.        1048
• Table 211. Global regulations on biopesticides.     1048
• Table 212. Main types of microbial pesticides.        1050
• Table 213. Main types of biochemical pesticides. 1051
• Table 214. Main types of biofertilizers.          1052
• Table 215. Types of Microbial Biostimulants.           1059
• Table 216. Main types of non-microbial biostimulants.     1063
• Table 217. Types of Agricultural Enzymes   1064
• Table 218. Key players in Bio Agritech.          1066
• Table 219. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Bio Agritech        1067
• Table 220. Bio Agritech Regulations.              1067
• Table 221. Value chain: Bio Agritech.             1068
• Table 222. Addressable market size for Bio Agritech.          1070
• Table 223. Risks and Opportunities in Bio Agritech.             1070
• Table 224. Global revenues for Bio Agritech products, by applications market (2020-2035), billions USD.                1071
• Table 225. Global revenues for Bio Agritech products, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD.                1071

List of Figures

• Figure 1. CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing.           116
• Figure 2. Genetic Circuit-Assisted Smart Microbial Engineering. 120
• Figure 3. Cell-free and cell-based protein synthesis systems.      122
• Figure 4. Microbial Chassis Development for Natural Product Biosynthesis.     123
• Figure 5. The design-make-test-learn loop of generative biology.                128
• Figure 6. XtalPi’s automated and robot-run workstations.               233
• Figure 7. Light Bio Bioluminescent plants. 278
• Figure 8. Corbion FDCA production process.           285
• Figure 9.  Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.                296
• Figure 10. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 299
• Figure 11. SWOT analysis for biodiesel.       306
• Figure 12. Flow chart for biodiesel production.       310
• Figure 13. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre.       316
• Figure 14. Biogas and biomethane pathways.          319
• Figure 15. Overview of biogas utilization.    320
• Figure 16. Biogas and biomethane pathways.          321
• Figure 17. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production.   323
• Figure 18. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production.    324
• Figure 19. SWOT analysis for biogas.             325
• Figure 20. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023.           329
• Figure 21. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.       330
• Figure 22. Biobutanol production route.      330
• Figure 23. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen. 335
• Figure 24. SWOT analysis biomethanol.      341
• Figure 25. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks.       342
• Figure 26. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading.        343
• Figure 27. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation.               344
• Figure 28. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process.  344
• Figure 29. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques.      350
• Figure 30. SWOT analysis for bio-oils.           352
• Figure 31. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel.         356
• Figure 32. SWOT analysis for Bio-aviation fuel.       358
• Figure 33. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2019-2035 (Million litres/year).   362
• Figure 34.  Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels.    364
• Figure 35. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels.         365
• Figure 36. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production.      366
• Figure 37. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.          382
• Figure 38. ChemCyclingTM prototypes.       388
• Figure 39. ChemCycling circle by BASF.       388
• Figure 40. FBPO process        399
• Figure 41. Direct Air Capture Process.          403
• Figure 42. CRI process.           405
• Figure 43. Cassandra Oil  process.  408
• Figure 44. Colyser process.  415
• Figure 45. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic.            420
• Figure 46. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer.    421
• Figure 47. Domsjö process.  422
• Figure 48. FuelPositive system.         433
• Figure 49. INERATEC unit.     449
• Figure 50. Infinitree swing method. 450
• Figure 51. Audi/Krajete unit. 456
• Figure 52. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.              481
• Figure 53: Plantrose process.              489
• Figure 54. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production.       503
• Figure 55. Takavator.  506
• Figure 56. O12 Reactor.           509
• Figure 57. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.  510
• Figure 58. CO2 made car part.           510
• Figure 59. The Velocys process.        513
• Figure 60. Goldilocks process and applications.   515
• Figure 61. The Proesa® Process.        517
• Figure 62. PHA family.              527
• Figure 63. Pluumo.     546
• Figure 64. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.          555
• Figure 65. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.     557
• Figure 66. MEDICELLU™.         557
• Figure 67. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.     566
• Figure 68. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.          566
• Figure 69. CNF nonwoven fabric.      567
• Figure 70. Roof frame made of natural fiber.             576
• Figure 71. Beyond Leather Materials product.          580
• Figure 72. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.           586
• Figure 73. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.          587
• Figure 74. Fiber-based screw cap.   599
• Figure 75. formicobio™ technology. 618
• Figure 76. nanoforest-S.         620
• Figure 77. nanoforest-PDP.   620
• Figure 78. nanoforest-MB.     621
• Figure 79. sunliquid® production process. 628
• Figure 80. CuanSave film.     631
• Figure 81. Celish.        632
• Figure 82. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.         634
• Figure 83. ELLEX products.   635
• Figure 84. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.               636
• Figure 85. Kirekira! toilet wipes.         636
• Figure 86. Color CNF.               637
• Figure 87. Rheocrysta spray.                642
• Figure 88. DKS CNF products.            643
• Figure 89. Domsjö process.  644
• Figure 90. Mushroom leather.              654
• Figure 91. CNF based on citrus peel.             655
• Figure 92. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.            656
• Figure 93. Filler Bank CNC products.             666
• Figure 94. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.         668
• Figure 95.  TMP-Bio Process.               671
• Figure 96. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.         672
• Figure 97. Water-repellent cellulose.             674
• Figure 98. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).             675
• Figure 99. PHA production process.               677
• Figure 100. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              677
• Figure 101. AVAPTM process.              687
• Figure 102. GreenPower+™ process.               687
• Figure 103. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.               690
• Figure 104. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).     692
• Figure 105. CNF gel.  698
• Figure 106. Block nanocellulose material. 699
• Figure 107. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.             699
• Figure 108. Marine leather products.             702
• Figure 109. Inner Mettle Milk products.        706
• Figure 110. Kami Shoji CNF products.           716
• Figure 111. Dual Graft System.          719
• Figure 112. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.      720
• Figure 113. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).        720
• Figure 114. Kel Labs yarn.      721
• Figure 115. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).                725
• Figure 116. Lignin gel.               733
• Figure 117. BioFlex process. 736
• Figure 118. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.          738
• Figure 119. LX Process.           742
• Figure 120. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 744
• Figure 121. TransLeather.       745
• Figure 122. Chitin nanofiber product.            750
• Figure 123. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.           751
• Figure 124. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.    752
• Figure 125. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.    755
• Figure 126. IPA synthesis method.   759
• Figure 127. MOGU-Wave panels.      762
• Figure 128. CNF slurries.        763
• Figure 129. Range of CNF products.               763
• Figure 130. Reishi.      767
• Figure 131. Compostable water pod.             783
• Figure 132. Leather made from leaves.         784
• Figure 133. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.              784
• Figure 134. CNF clear sheets.             793
• Figure 135. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       795
• Figure 136. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.           808
• Figure 137. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.             812
• Figure 138. XCNF.       819
• Figure 139: Plantrose process.           820
• Figure 140. LOVR hemp leather.         823
• Figure 141. CNF insulation flat plates.          826
• Figure 142. Hansa lignin.       832
• Figure 143. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  835
• Figure 144. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  839
• Figure 145. 3D printed cellulose shoe.          847
• Figure 146. Lyocell process. 850
• Figure 147. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.              854
• Figure 148. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.             854
• Figure 149. Spider silk production.  855
• Figure 150. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.      860
• Figure 151. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.            861
• Figure 152. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.         861
• Figure 153. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.        862
• Figure 154. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       862
• Figure 155. Sulapac cosmetics containers.              864
• Figure 156.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.            865
• Figure 157. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins. 866
• Figure 158. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 875
• Figure 159. Corbion FDCA production process.     882
• Figure 160. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.    883
• Figure 161. CNF resin products.        887
• Figure 162. UPM biorefinery process.            888
• Figure 163. Vegea production process.        892
• Figure 164. The Proesa® Process.     894
• Figure 165. Goldilocks process and applications. 895
• Figure 166. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 899
• Figure 167. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.            901
• Figure 168. Worn Again products.    906
• Figure 169. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.    910
• Figure 170. Schematic of biorefinery processes.   920
• Figure 171. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.       947
• Figure 172. formicobio™ technology.              985
• Figure 173. Domsjö process.               989
• Figure 174.  TMP-Bio Process.             995
• Figure 175. Lignin gel.               1013
• Figure 176. BioFlex process. 1016
• Figure 177. LX Process.           1018
• Figure 178. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.    1021
• Figure 179. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.           1027
• Figure 180.  Precision Photosynthesis™ technology.            1029
• Figure 181. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.             1031
• Figure 182. UPM biorefinery process.            1040
• Figure 183. The Proesa® Process.     1042
• Figure 184. Goldilocks process and applications. 1043

The Global Market for Industrial Biomanufacturing 2025-2035

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