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The Global Market for Nanocellulose (Cellulose Nanofibers, Cellulose Nanocrystals, Bacterial Nanocellulose) 2024-2034

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  • Published: February 2024
  • Pages: 451
  • Tables: 108
  • Figures: 199

 

Despite being the most available natural polymer on earth, it is only over the past few years that cellulose has gained prominence as a nanostructured material, chiefly in the form of micro/nanofibrillar cellulose, nanocrystalline cellulose and bacterial nanocellulose. These materials are natural, abundant, renewable, bio-degradable, high in strength and low in weight, making them attractive for developing bio-based, more sustainable product solutions.

Nanocellulose can be produced from a variety of materials (vegetable matter, bamboo etc.) and after applying various pre-treatments, tailor-made nanofibrils with specific morphology and surface chemistry are produced. As well as being completely renewable, safer to handle, and cheaper to produce, nanocellulose materials also possess exceptional physical and chemical properties.

Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) are bio-based but possess high mechanical strength (stronger than steel), high aspect ratios, high transparency, and high chemical resistance. They are also lightweight. As a result, they are very attractive for application in composites and thermoplastics, although they have yet to greatly impact this market. Renewable bio-based polymers and composites derived from natural resources are of great commercial interest due to the environmental impact of fossil fuel-based plastic products. Many bio-based polymers have been developed, but they have shortcomings that render them unsuitable for many applications. The use of cellulose-based nanomaterials is therefore viewed as a means to improve the performance of bio-based polymers in markets such as packaging and automotive, without compromising their properties and sustainability. 

The Global Market for Nanocellulose 2024-2034 provides an in-depth analysis of the global nanocellulose industry, encompassing cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). It offers a granular view of production methods and capacities, pricing, properties, applications, product developers, and demand forecasts across major end-use markets. Detailed regional demand forecasts through 2034 are provided for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa.

The report analyzes CNF, CNC and BNC separately across key application markets such as composites, automotive components, construction materials, paper and packaging, textiles, biomedicine products, hygiene products, paints and coatings, aerogels, oil and gas fluids, filtration membranes, rheology modifiers for personal care and food, flexible and stretchable electronics, 3D printing materials, aerospace components and more.

For each application market, the report provides:

  • Technology SWOT analysis
  • Assessment of megatrends, drivers and commercialization challenges
  • Insights on competing materials and performance benchmarks
  • Main global OEMs and partnerships
  • Granular 10-year volume and revenue forecasts

 

Over 160 company profiles analyze major producers and product developers. The competitive landscape examines commercial activities and strategic partnerships to evaluate maturity across manufacturing, intellectual property, marketing, end-product integration, and regional activity. Report contents include:

  • Introduction and overview of nanocellulose types - cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
  • CNF production methods, capacities, pricing, properties, SWOT analysis
  • CNF applications and demand forecasts in composites, automotive, construction, packaging, textiles, biomedicine, hygiene, paints/coatings, aerogels, oil/gas, filtration, rheology modifiers
  • Regional CNF demand forecasts (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa)
  • Profiles of over 160 CNF, CNC and BNC manufacturers and product developers. Companies profile include Asahi Kasei Corporation, Bucha Bio, Inc., Cellucomp Ltd., Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd, Daio Paper Corporation, DKS Co. Ltd., FP Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd, Hansol Paper., Ltd., Hokuetsu Corporation, Kao Corporation, Marusumi Paper Company Limited, Masuko Sangyo Co., Ltd., Modern Synthesis, Nippon Paper Group, Inc., Onkyo Corporation, Oji Holdings Corporation, Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd., Rengo Co., Ltd., Risho Kogyo Co. Ltd., Sappi Limited, Shinwa Kako KK, Smart Reactors, Tokushu Tokai Paper Co., Ltd., Toray Industries, Inc., and UPM Biomedicals (full list provided in the table of contents).
  • Analysis of CNC production, properties, pricing, SWOT analysis
  • CNC applications and global demand forecasts by market
  • Profiles of key CNC producers
  • Overview of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) - production, pricing, SWOT analysis
  • BNC applications and product developers
  • 10-year volume and revenue forecasts for CNF, CNC and BNC applications, globally and regionally
  • Benchmarking of nanocellulose technology and products against alternatives
  • Evaluation of intellectual property and manufacturing readiness of nanocellulose technologies

 

The report equips stakeholders with granular intelligence and comparable data needed to realistically evaluate opportunities, risks, and partnerships to accelerate commercial adoption across the nanocellulose value chain globally.

Download table of contents (PDF)

1              INTRODUCTION 30

  • 1.1          Definitions          31
  • 1.2          Cellulose              31
  • 1.3          Feedstocks         33
    • 1.3.1      Wood    33
    • 1.3.2      Plant      34
    • 1.3.3      Tunicate               35
    • 1.3.4      Algae     35
    • 1.3.5      Bacteria                35
  • 1.4          Cellulose fibers 36
    • 1.4.1      Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 36
    • 1.4.2      Regenerated cellulose fibers       37
    • 1.4.3      Ionic liquids        38
  • 1.5          “Nano” Cellulose (CNF, CNC, BNC)            39
  • 1.6          Cellulose filaments          40

 

2              CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS              41

  • 2.1          Advantages of cellulose nanofibers          41
  • 2.2          Pre-treatment and Synthesis methods   42
    • 2.2.1      Acid hydrolysis  46
    • 2.2.2      TEMPO oxidation             46
    • 2.2.3      Ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation   46
    • 2.2.4      Enzymatic Hydrolysis      47
    • 2.2.5      Ball milling           47
    • 2.2.6      Cryocrushing      47
    • 2.2.7      High-shear grinding         48
    • 2.2.8      Ultrasonication 48
    • 2.2.9      High-pressure homogenization  48
    • 2.2.10    Recent methods               49
      • 2.2.10.1                Microwave irradiation    49
      • 2.2.10.2                Enzymatic processing     49
      • 2.2.10.3                Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)     50
      • 2.2.10.4                Pulsed electric field         51
      • 2.2.10.5                Electron beam irradiation             51
  • 2.3          Applications of cellulose nanofibers         52
  • 2.4          SWOT analysis   53
  • 2.5          Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) production capacities 2023     54
  • 2.6          Pricing   55
  • 2.7          Commercial CNF products            57
  • 2.8          End use markets for cellulose nanofibers               66
    • 2.8.1      Composites        66
      • 2.8.1.1   Market overview             66
      • 2.8.1.2   Markets and applications              70
        • 2.8.1.2.1               Automotive composites 71
        • 2.8.1.2.2               Biocomposite films & packaging 71
        • 2.8.1.2.3               Barrier packaging             71
        • 2.8.1.2.4               Thermal insulation composites  72
        • 2.8.1.2.5               Construction composites              72
      • 2.8.1.3   Global market 2018-2034              72
        • 2.8.1.3.1               Tons      72
        • 2.8.1.3.2               Revenues            74
        • 2.8.1.3.3               By Region            76
      • 2.8.1.4   Product developers        78
    • 2.8.2      Automotive        80
      • 2.8.2.1   Market overview             80
      • 2.8.2.2   Markets and applications              83
        • 2.8.2.2.1               Composites        83
        • 2.8.2.2.2               Air intake components  89
        • 2.8.2.2.3               Tires      89
      • 2.8.2.3   Global market 2018-2034              90
        • 2.8.2.3.1               Tons      90
        • 2.8.2.3.2               Revenues            91
        • 2.8.2.3.3               By Region            93
      • 2.8.2.4   Product developers        95
    • 2.8.3      Buildings and construction           98
      • 2.8.3.1   Market overview             98
      • 2.8.3.2   Markets and applications              101
        • 2.8.3.2.1               Sandwich composites     101
        • 2.8.3.2.2               Cement additives             101
        • 2.8.3.2.3               Pump primers    102
        • 2.8.3.2.4               Thermal insulation and damping               102
      • 2.8.3.3   Global market 2018-2034              103
        • 2.8.3.3.1               Tons      103
        • 2.8.3.3.2               Revenues            104
      • 2.8.3.3.3               By region             106
      • 2.8.3.4   Product developers        108
    • 2.8.4      Paper and board packaging          109
      • 2.8.4.1   Market overview             109
      • 2.8.4.2   Markets and applications              114
        • 2.8.4.2.1               Reinforcement and barrier           115
        • 2.8.4.2.2               Biodegradable food packaging foil and films         115
        • 2.8.4.2.3               Paperboard coatings       115
      • 2.8.4.3   Global market 2018-2034              116
        • 2.8.4.3.1               Tons      116
        • 2.8.4.3.2               Revenues            117
        • 2.8.4.3.3               By region             119
      • 2.8.4.4   Product developers        122
    • 2.8.5      Textiles and apparel        123
      • 2.8.5.1   Market overview             123
      • 2.8.5.2   Markets and applications              126
        • 2.8.5.2.1               CNF deodorizer and odour reducer (antimicrobial) in adult and child diapers         126
        • 2.8.5.2.2               Footwear            127
      • 2.8.5.3   Global market 2018-2034              127
        • 2.8.5.3.1               Tons      127
        • 2.8.5.3.2               Revenues            129
        • 2.8.5.3.3               By region             130
      • 2.8.5.4   Product developer profiles          132
    • 2.8.6      Biomedicine and healthcare        133
      • 2.8.6.1   Market overview             133
      • 2.8.6.2   Markets and applications              138
        • 2.8.6.2.1               Wound dressings             138
        • 2.8.6.2.2               Drug delivery stabilizers 139
        • 2.8.6.2.3               Tissue engineering scaffolds        139
      • 2.8.6.3   Global market 2018-2034              139
        • 2.8.6.3.1               Tons      139
        • 2.8.6.3.2               Revenues            141
        • 2.8.6.3.3               By region             142
      • 2.8.6.4   Product developers        145
    • 2.8.7      Hygiene and sanitary products   148
      • 2.8.7.1   Market overview             148
      • 2.8.7.2   Markets and applications              148
      • 2.8.7.3   Global market 2018-2034              149
        • 2.8.7.3.1               Tons      149
        • 2.8.7.3.2               Revenues            150
        • 2.8.7.3.3               By region             152
      • 2.8.7.4   Product developers        154
    • 2.8.8      Paints and coatings         155
      • 2.8.8.1   Market overview             155
      • 2.8.8.2   Markets and applications              158
      • 2.8.8.3   Global market 2018-2034              158
        • 2.8.8.3.1               Tons      158
        • 2.8.8.3.2               Revenues            159
        • 2.8.8.3.3               By region             161
      • 2.8.8.4   Product developers        162
    • 2.8.9      Aerogels              164
      • 2.8.9.1   Market overview             164
      • 2.8.9.2   Markets and applications              166
      • 2.8.9.3   Global market 2018-2034              167
        • 2.8.9.3.1               Tons      167
        • 2.8.9.3.2               Revenues            168
        • 2.8.9.3.3               By region             170
      • 2.8.9.4   Product developers        172
    • 2.8.10    Oil and gas          173
      • 2.8.10.1                Market overview             173
      • 2.8.10.2                Markets and applications              175
        • 2.8.10.2.1             Oil recovery applications (fracturing fluid)             175
        • 2.8.10.2.2             CNF Membranes for separation 175
        • 2.8.10.2.3             Oil and gas fluids additives           176
      • 2.8.10.3                Global market 2018-2034              176
        • 2.8.10.3.1             Tons      176
        • 2.8.10.3.2             Revenues            178
        • 2.8.10.3.3             By region             179
      • 2.8.10.4                Product developers        182
    • 2.8.11    Filtration              183
      • 2.8.11.1                Market overview             183
      • 2.8.11.2                Markets and applications              187
        • 2.8.11.2.1             Membranes for selective absorption       187
      • 2.8.11.3                Global market 2018-2034              187
        • 2.8.11.3.1             Tons      187
        • 2.8.11.3.2             Revenues            189
        • 2.8.11.3.3             By region             190
      • 2.8.11.4                Product developers        193
    • 2.8.12    Rheology modifiers         194
      • 2.8.12.1                Market overview             194
      • 2.8.12.2                Markets and applications              195
        • 2.8.12.2.1             Food additives   196
        • 2.8.12.2.2             Pickering stabilizers         196
        • 2.8.12.2.3             Hydrogels            196
        • 2.8.12.2.4             Cosmetics and skincare 197
      • 2.8.12.3                Global market 2018-2034              198
        • 2.8.12.3.1             Tons      198
        • 2.8.12.3.2             Revenues            199
        • 2.8.12.3.3             By region             200
      • 2.8.12.4                Product developers        203
    • 2.8.13    Other markets   205
      • 2.8.13.1                Printed, stretchable and flexible electronics         205
        • 2.8.13.1.1             Market assessment        205
        • 2.8.13.1.2             Product developers        208
      • 2.8.13.2                3D printing          210
        • 2.8.13.2.1             Market assessment        210
        • 2.8.13.2.2             Product developers        211
      • 2.8.13.3                Aerospace          211
        • 2.8.13.3.1             Market assessment        211
        • 2.8.13.3.2             Product developers        212
      • 2.8.13.4                Batteries              213
        • 2.8.13.4.1             Market assessment        213
  • 2.9          Cellulose nanofiber company profiles      214
    • 2.9.1      Adsorbi 214
    • 2.9.2      Aichemist Metal Inc.       214
    • 2.9.3      ANPOLY, Inc.      215
    • 2.9.4      Asahi Kasei Corporation 216
    • 2.9.5      Azul Energy        221
    • 2.9.6      Beijing Ding Sheng Xiong Di Technology Co., Ltd. 222
    • 2.9.7      Betulium Oy       222
    • 2.9.8      Blue BioFuels, Inc.            223
    • 2.9.9      Ceapro, Inc.        224
    • 2.9.10    Cellfion AB          225
    • 2.9.11    CELLiCON B.V.   226
    • 2.9.12    Cellucomp Ltd.  226
    • 2.9.13    Cellulose Lab      228
    • 2.9.14    Cellutech AB (Stora Enso)             228
    • 2.9.15    Centre Technique du Papier (CTP)            229
    • 2.9.16    Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.     231
    • 2.9.17    Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd.   232
    • 2.9.18    CNNT    236
    • 2.9.19    DaikyoNishikawa Corporation     237
    • 2.9.20    Daio Paper Corporation 238
    • 2.9.21    Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd.             242
    • 2.9.22    Denso Corporation          243
    • 2.9.23    DIC         244
    • 2.9.24    DKS Co. Ltd.        246
    • 2.9.25    Earth Recycle Co., Ltd.    250
    • 2.9.26    Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd.        250
    • 2.9.27    Evolgene Genomics SL   252
    • 2.9.28    Fibercoat GmbH               252
    • 2.9.29    Fillerbank Limited            253
    • 2.9.30    FineCell Sweden AB        254
    • 2.9.31    FP Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.     254
    • 2.9.32    Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd.      256
    • 2.9.33    Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd             257
    • 2.9.34    Gen Corporation              258
    • 2.9.35    Glamarium OÜ Technologies       259
    • 2.9.36    Granbio Technologies    260
    • 2.9.37    GreenNano Technologies Inc.     263
    • 2.9.38    GS Alliance Co. Ltd.          264
    • 2.9.39    Guilin Qihong Technology            266
    • 2.9.40    Hansol Paper., Ltd.          266
    • 2.9.41    Harvest Nano, Inc.           267
    • 2.9.42    Hattori Shoten K.K.         267
    • 2.9.43    Hexa Chemical Co. Ltd./Nature Gift          268
    • 2.9.44    Hokuetsu Corporation   269
    • 2.9.45    i-Compology Corporation             272
    • 2.9.46    InventWood      272
    • 2.9.47    The Japan Steel Works Ltd            273
    • 2.9.48    JeNaCell GmbH (Evonik) 273
    • 2.9.49    Kami Shoji Company       274
    • 2.9.50    Kao Corporation               275
    • 2.9.51    KOS 21  278
    • 2.9.52    KRI, Inc. 278
    • 2.9.53    Lenzing AG          280
    • 2.9.54    Maniwa Biochemical       282
    • 2.9.55    Marine Nanofiber Co., Ltd.           282
    • 2.9.56    Marusumi Paper Company Limited           284
    • 2.9.57    Marutomi Seishi Co., Ltd.              285
    • 2.9.58    Masuko Sangyo Co., Ltd.               286
    • 2.9.59    Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation/Mitsubishi Paper Mills Limited 287
    • 2.9.60    Mizuno Kinzoku Shoji Co., Ltd.    289
    • 2.9.61    Mori Machinery Co., Ltd.               290
    • 2.9.62    Moorim P&P      292
    • 2.9.63    MOVIC AMT Co., Ltd.      292
    • 2.9.64    Nanografi Co. Inc              293
    • 2.9.65    Nanollose Ltd     293
    • 2.9.66    National Research Company       295
    • 2.9.67    Natural Friend   295
    • 2.9.68    Nature Costech Co., Ltd.                296
    • 2.9.69    Nature Gifts Co., Ltd.      297
    • 2.9.70    Nippon Paper Group, Inc.             298
    • 2.9.71    Nippon Shizai Co., Ltd     305
    • 2.9.72    Nissin Kogyo Co., Ltd.     306
    • 2.9.73    Norske Skog ASA              307
    • 2.9.74    Ocean TuniCell AS            308
    • 2.9.75    Oita CELENA Co., Ltd.      308
    • 2.9.76    Omura Paint Co., Ltd.     309
    • 2.9.77    Onkyo Corporation          309
    • 2.9.78    Oji Holdings Corporation               310
    • 2.9.79    Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd.     318
    • 2.9.80    Performance BioFilaments Inc    320
    • 2.9.81    PhotoCide Protection, Inc.           321
    • 2.9.82    Re-Fresh Global 322
    • 2.9.83    Rengo Co., Ltd.  322
    • 2.9.84    Ripro Corporation            324
    • 2.9.85    Risho Kogyo Co. Ltd.        324
    • 2.9.86    Sanwa Kako Co. Ltd         325
    • 2.9.87    Sappi Limited     326
    • 2.9.88    Seiko PMC Corporation  327
    • 2.9.89    Sharp Chemical Ind. Co., Ltd.       330
    • 2.9.90    Shinwa Kako KK 331
    • 2.9.91    Smart Reactors 331
    • 2.9.92    Starlite Co., Ltd. 332
    • 2.9.93    Sugino Machine Limited 333
    • 2.9.94    Svilosa AD           338
    • 2.9.95    Take Cite Co., Ltd.            339
    • 2.9.96    Taiyo Holdings Co Ltd     339
    • 2.9.97    Tianjon Haojia Cellulose Co., Ltd.               340
    • 2.9.98    Tentok Paper Co. Ltd.     340
    • 2.9.99    Toagosei Co. Ltd.              341
    • 2.9.100  Tokushu Tokai Paper Co., Ltd.     342
    • 2.9.101  Toray Industries, Inc.      342
    • 2.9.102  Toppan Printing Co., Ltd.               343
    • 2.9.103  Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd.    344
    • 2.9.104  Toyota Boshoku Corporation      345
    • 2.9.105  Toyo Chemical   346
    • 2.9.106  TPS, Inc.               347
    • 2.9.107  TS Tech Co., Ltd.               347
    • 2.9.108  Ube Industries, Ltd.         348
    • 2.9.109  Unitika Co., Ltd. 349
    • 2.9.110  University of Maine Process Development Center             350
    • 2.9.111  UPM Biomedicals             351
    • 2.9.112  US Forest Products Laboratory (FPL)        354
    • 2.9.113  Valmet OYJ         357
    • 2.9.114  VERDE Nanomaterials, Inc.           357
    • 2.9.115  Verso Corporation           358
    • 2.9.116  VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd       358
    • 2.9.117  Xylocel Oy           360
    • 2.9.118  Yokohama Bio Frontier, Inc.         361
    • 2.9.119  Yokohama Rubber Co. Ltd.           363
    • 2.9.120  Yoshikawakuni Plastics Industries Co., Ltd.            364
    • 2.9.121  Zelfo Technology GmbH 364
    • 2.9.122  Zeoform              365
    • 2.9.123  Zhejiang Jinjiahao Green Nanomaterial Co., Ltd. 366
    • 2.9.124  ZoepNano Sdn. Bhd        366

 

3              CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS        368

  • 3.1          Introduction       368
  • 3.2          Synthesis             368
  • 3.3          Properties           371
  • 3.4          Production          372
  • 3.5          Pricing   373
  • 3.6          SWOT analysis   374
  • 3.7          Markets and applications              375
  • 3.8          Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) production capacities 2023 376
  • 3.9          Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market        377
  • 3.10        Cellulose nanocrystal company profiles  379
    • 3.10.1    Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials LLC             380
    • 3.10.2    Anomera, Inc.    381
    • 3.10.3    Blue Goose Biorefineries (BGB) Inc.         383
    • 3.10.4    Ceapro, Inc.        386
    • 3.10.5    CELLiCON B.V.   387
    • 3.10.6    CelluDot LLC       387
    • 3.10.7    Celluforce, Inc.  388
    • 3.10.8    Fillerbank Limited            391
    • 3.10.9    Evolgene Genomics SL   392
    • 3.10.10  Guilin Qihong Technology            392
    • 3.10.11  Melodea Ltd.     393
    • 3.10.12  Nanolinter          397
    • 3.10.13  Navitas d.o.o (NANOCRYSTACELL)            397
    • 3.10.14  Poly-Ink 398
    • 3.10.15  Renmatix, Inc.   398
    • 3.10.16  Sweetwater Energy        401
    • 3.10.17  Tianjin Woodelfbio Cellulose Co., Ltd.      403
    • 3.10.18  Toyo Seikan Group Holdings, Ltd.              404
    • 3.10.19  UMaine Process Development Center    404
    • 3.10.20  Forest Products Laboratory (FPL)              406
    • 3.10.21  Valentis Nanotech           408

 

4              BACTERIAL NANOCELLULOSE (BNC)         410

  • 4.1          Overview            410
  • 4.2          Production          410
  • 4.3          Pricing   413
  • 4.4          SWOT analysis   414
  • 4.5          Markets and applications              415
    • 4.5.1      Biomedical          415
    • 4.5.2      Electronics          416
    • 4.5.3      Food industry    416
    • 4.5.4      Pharmaceuticals               417
    • 4.5.5      Cosmetics and personal care       417
    • 4.5.6      Paper and composites   418
    • 4.5.7      Filtration membranes    418
    • 4.5.8      Acoustics             419
    • 4.5.8      Textiles          419
  • 4.6          Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) company profiles 420
    • 4.6.1      AgriSea NZ Seaweed Ltd               420
    • 4.6.2      Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation             421
    • 4.6.3      Azolla    422
    • 4.6.4      BioSmart Nano  423
    • 4.6.5      Bioweg 423
    • 4.6.6      Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o.              424
    • 4.6.7      Bucha Bio, Inc.   425
    • 4.6.8      Cass Materials Pty Ltd    425
    • 4.6.9      Cellugy 426
    • 4.6.10    DePuy Synthes  427
    • 4.6.11    FZMB GmbH       428
    • 4.6.12    Kusano Sakko Inc.            429
    • 4.6.13    Lohmann & Rauscher International GmbH & Co KG           430
    • 4.6.14    MakeGrowLab  430
    • 4.6.15    Modern Synthesis           431
    • 4.6.16    Nanollose Ltd     432
    • 4.6.17    Nano Novin Polymer Co 434
    • 4.6.18    Polybion              434
    • 4.6.19    ScobyTec GmbH               435
    • 4.6.20    Seven Industria De Produtos Biotecnologicos Ltda             435

 

5              RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 436

  • 5.1          Report scope     436
  • 5.2          Research methodology 436

 

6              REFERENCES       438

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Length and diameter of nanocellulose types and MFC.    31
  • Table 2. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae.     35
  • Table 3. Recycled cellulose fibers companies.      38
  • Table 4. Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials.    41
  • Table 5. Extraction of nanocellulose (NC) from various lignocellulosic sources using different conventional technologies.     45
  • Table 6. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).          52
  • Table 7. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons.            54
  • Table 8: Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanofiber producers.          55
  • Table 9. Cellulose nanofiber-based commercial products.*            57
  • Table 10. Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials.   66
  • Table 11. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in composites-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global composites OEMs.   67
  • Table 12. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in composites.       70
  • Table 13. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2034 (metric tons).              73
  • Table 14. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2034 (millions USD).      74
  • Table 15. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 76
  • Table 16. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in composites.        78
  • Table 17. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in automotive-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global automotive OEMs.   80
  • Table 18. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in automotive.       83
  • Table 19. Components featured in the NCV.         84
  • Table 20. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2034 (metric tons).        90
  • Table 21. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    91
  • Table 22. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                93
  • Table 23. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in the automotive industry.            95
  • Table 24. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global construction OEMs             98
  • Table 25. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in building and construction.            101
  • Table 26: Market demand for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, 2018-2034 (tons).             103
  • Table 27. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                104
  • Table 28. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                106
  • Table 29. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in building and construction.            108
  • Table 30. Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum-based materials and other polymers. 109
  • Table 31. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paper and board packaging OEMs.              109
  • Table 32. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging.         114
  • Table 33. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paper & board packaging market, 2018-2034 (tons). 116
  • Table 34. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  117
  • Table 35. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  119
  • Table 36. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paper and board.           122
  • Table 37. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global textiles and apparel OEMs.          123
  • Table 38. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in textiles, 2018-2034 (tons). 127
  • Table 39. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                129
  • Table 40. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    130
  • Table 41. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in textiles and apparel.     132
  • Table 42. Market assessment for nanocellulose in medicine and healthcare-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global medicine and healthcare OEMs. 133
  • Table 43. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in biomedicine and healthcare.             138
  • Table 44. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in biomedical and healthcare, 2018-2034 (tons).             139
  • Table 45. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  141
  • Table 46. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  142
  • Table 47. Nanocellulose product developers in medicine and healthcare. 145
  • Table 48. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and sanitary products.         148
  • Table 49. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and sanitary products, 2018-2034 (tons).      149
  • Table 50. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene & sanitary market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                150
  • Table 51. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene & sanitary market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    152
  • Table 52. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in hygiene and sanitary products.         154
  • Table 53. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs.        155
  • Table 54. Market and applications of cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 158
  • Table 55. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2034 (tons).             158
  • Table 56. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                159
  • Table 57. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    161
  • Table 58. Companies developing nanocellulose products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization.          162
  • Table 59. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global aerogels OEMs.   164
  • Table 60. Markets and applications for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels.  166
  • Table 61. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels, 2018-2034 (tons). 167
  • Table 62. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).         168
  • Table 63. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 170
  • Table 64. Nanocellulose in product developers in aerogels.           172
  • Table 65. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global oil and gas OEMs.   173
  • Table 66. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas. 175
  • Table 67. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2034 (tons).      176
  • Table 68. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the oil & gas market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).         178
  • Table 69. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the oil & gas market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 179
  • Table 70. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in oil and gas exploration.       182
  • Table 71. CNF membranes.          184
  • Table 72. Market assessment for Cellulose nanofibers in filtration-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global filtration OEMs.   184
  • Table 73. Market and applications of Cellulose nanofibers in filtration.     187
  • Table 74. Global demand for Cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2034 (tons).         187
  • Table 75. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).        189
  • Table 76. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 190
  • Table 77. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in filtration.           193
  • Table 78. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global rheology modifier OEMs.              194
  • Table 79. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers.               195
  • Table 80. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2034 (tons).     198
  • Table 81. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                199
  • Table 82. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    200
  • Table 83. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers.          203
  • Table 84. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper). 205
  • Table 85. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in printed, stretchable and flexible electronics-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global printed, flexible and stretchable electronics OEMs.  206
  • Table 86. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in printed, stretchable and flexible electronics.      208
  • Table 87. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in 3D priniting-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global 3D printing OEMs.   210
  • Table 88. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers 3D printing products.           211
  • Table 89. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerospace-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading.           211
  • Table 90: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in aircraft and aerospace. 212
  • Table 91. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in Batteries-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks.        213
  • Table 92: Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.         261
  • Table 93. Nippon Paper commercial CNF products.           304
  • Table 94. Oji Holdings CNF products.       316
  • Table 95. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).     369
  • Table 96. CNC sources, size and yield.      370
  • Table 97. CNC properties.             371
  • Table 98. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials.         371
  • Table 99. Production methods for cellulose nanocrystals.               372
  • Table 100. Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanocrystal producers.  373
  • Table 101. Markets and applications of cellulose nanocrystals.     375
  • Table 102: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons.                376
  • Table 103. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2034 (metric tons).               377
  • Table 104. Overview of CNC producers.  379
  • Table 105. Production methods for bacterial nanocellulose.          411
  • Table 106: Product/price/application matrix of bacterial nanocellulose producers.             413
  • Table 107. Markets and applications of bacterial nanocellulose.  415
  • Table 108. Fibnano properties.  429

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit.       32
  • Figure 2. Scale of cellulose materials.       32
  • Figure 3. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms.                33
  • Figure 4. Biosynthesis of (a) wood cellulose (b) tunicate cellulose and (c) BC.         34
  • Figure 5. Cellulose microfibrils and nanofibrils.    36
  • Figure 6. SEM image of microfibrillated cellulose.              37
  • Figure 7. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials.      43
  • Figure 8. Production of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatic treatment (endoglucanases and xylanases) followed by mechanical treatment.    50
  • Figure 9. EBI pretreatment combined with HPH for CNC production.         52
  • Figure 10. SWOT analysis: Cellulose nanofibers market.  54
  • Figure 11. Aruba 23.        57
  • Figure 12. Dorayaki.        58
  • Figure 13. ENASAVE NEXT.           58
  • Figure 14. Flat4-KAEDE. 59
  • Figure 15. GEL-KAYANO™.           59
  • Figure 16. KAMIDE＋CNF paper container.           60
  • Figure 17. Hada care acty®.          60
  • Figure 18. Hiteeth All in One Mouth Gel. 60
  • Figure 19. HYPERNANO X series. 61
  • Figure 20. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 61
  • Figure 21. ONKYO® Scepter SC-3(B) 2-way Speaker System.          61
  • Figure 22. Pioneer® SE-MONITOR5 Headphones. 62
  • Figure 23. "Poise" series Super strong deodorant sheet. 62
  • Figure 24. RUBURI Precursor Lubris for raw concrete pumping.    62
  • Figure 25. SC-3 (B) speakers.       63
  • Figure 26. SE-MONITOR5 headphones.   63
  • Figure 27. "Skin Care Acty" series Adult diapers. 63
  • Figure 28. Spingle Company sneakers.    64
  • Figure 29. "SURISURI" Lotion.     64
  • Figure 30. X9400 series. 65
  • Figure 31. X Premium Sound Speaker Alps Alpine.             65
  • Figure 32. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2034 (metric tons).            74
  • Figure 33. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2034 (millions USD).     75
  • Figure 34. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 77
  • Figure 35. CNF mixed PLA (Poly Lactic Acid).         78
  • Figure 36. CNF resin products.    79
  • Figure 37. Interior of NCV concept car.    80
  • Figure 38. Interior of the NCV prototype.              84
  • Figure 39. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2034 (metric tons).       91
  • Figure 40. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2034 (millions USD).   92
  • Figure 41. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                94
  • Figure 42: Daio Paper's cellulose nanofiber material in doors and hood of race car.             95
  • Figure 43: CNF composite.           96
  • Figure 44: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.           96
  • Figure 45. CNF car engine cover developed in Japan Ministry of the Environment’s (MOE) Nano Cellulose Vehicle (NCV) Project. 97
  • Figure 46. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete.       98
  • Figure 47. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in construction, 2018-2034 (tons).     104
  • Figure 48. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                105
  • Figure 49. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                107
  • Figure 50. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2034 (tons).       117
  • Figure 51. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  119
  • Figure 52. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  121
  • Figure 53. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel.            126
  • Figure 54. Asics GEL-KAYANO™ 25 running shoe. 127
  • Figure 55. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles sector, 2018-2034 (tons).          128
  • Figure 56. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                130
  • Figure 57. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    132
  • Figure 58. CNF deodorant products.        132
  • Figure 59. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in biomedical and healthcare, 2018-2034 (tons).            140
  • Figure 60. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  142
  • Figure 61. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).  144
  • Figure 62. Fibnano.         146
  • Figure 63. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and sanitary products, 2018-2034 (tons).    150
  • Figure 64. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene & sanitary market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    152
  • Figure 65. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene and sanitary products market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).       153
  • Figure 66. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2034 (tons).            159
  • Figure 67. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).                161
  • Figure 68. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    162
  • Figure 69. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.        164
  • Figure 70: Global demand for nanocellulose in in aerogels, 2018-2034 (tons).       168
  • Figure 71. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).       169
  • Figure 72. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogelsmarket, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 171
  • Figure 73. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2034 (tons).    177
  • Figure 74. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in oil & gas market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).               179
  • Figure 75. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the oil & gas market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD). 181
  • Figure 76. Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery.    182
  • Figure 77. Global demand for Cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2034 (tons).       188
  • Figure 78. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).       190
  • Figure 79. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration packaging market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    192
  • Figure 80. Multi-layered cross section of CNF-nw.             193
  • Figure 81. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2034 (tons).    199
  • Figure 82. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    200
  • Figure 83. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, by region, 2018-2034 (millions USD).    202
  • Figure 84. "SURISURI" products. 204
  • Figure 85. Foldable nanopaper antenna. 206
  • Figure 86: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF. 208
  • Figure 87. Oji CNF transparent sheets.    208
  • Figure 88. Electronic components using NFC as insulating materials.          209
  • Figure 89: Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.  215
  • Figure 90. MEDICELLU™.               216
  • Figure 91: Ashai Kasei CNF production process.  218
  • Figure 92: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 218
  • Figure 93: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.              219
  • Figure 94. CNF nonwoven fabric.               220
  • Figure 95. Celfion membrane.    225
  • Figure 96. nanoforest products. 232
  • Figure 97. Chuetsu Pulp & Paper CNF production process.             233
  • Figure 98. nanoforest-S. 234
  • Figure 99. nanoforest-PDP.         234
  • Figure 100. nanoforest-MB.        235
  • Figure 101: Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 237
  • Figure 102. Daio Paper CNF production process. 239
  • Figure 103. ELLEX products.         241
  • Figure 104. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.          241
  • Figure 105. Kirekira! toilet wipes.              241
  • Figure 106. Color CNF.   243
  • Figure 107. DIC Products CNF production process.             245
  • Figure 108. DKS Co. Ltd. CNF production process.              247
  • Figure 109: Rheocrysta spray.     248
  • Figure 110. DKS CNF products.   249
  • Figure 111: CNF based on citrus peel.      250
  • Figure 112. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.    251
  • Figure 113. Filler Bank CNC products.      253
  • Figure 114. GREEN CHIP CMF pellets and injection moulded products.     255
  • Figure 115: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 256
  • Figure 116: CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              258
  • Figure 117. Granbio CNF production process.      262
  • Figure 118: Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.            265
  • Figure 119. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).              268
  • Figure 120: CNF gel.        269
  • Figure 121: Block nanocellulose material.              270
  • Figure 122: CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.           271
  • Figure 123. Kami Shoji CNF products.      274
  • Figure 124. Dual Graft System.   276
  • Figure 125: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.        277
  • Figure 126. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).           277
  • Figure 127: 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).     279
  • Figure 128. CNF deodorant.         282
  • Figure 129. Chitin nanofiber product.      283
  • Figure 130. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.            285
  • Figure 131. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 286
  • Figure 132. Cellulomix production process.           288
  • Figure 133. Nanobase versus conventional products.       288
  • Figure 134. Uni-ball Signo UMN-307.       289
  • Figure 135: CNF slurries.               291
  • Figure 136. Range of CNF products.          291
  • Figure 137: Nanocell serum product.       296
  • Figure 138. Vatensel® product   297
  • Figure 139: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp.        299
  • Figure 140: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic.    299
  • Figure 141. Nippon Paper CNF production process.           302
  • Figure 142: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.          304
  • Figure 143. All-resin forceps incorporating CNF.  306
  • Figure 144. CNF paint product.   309
  • Figure 145. CNF wet powder.      310
  • Figure 146. CNF transparent film.              311
  • Figure 147. Transparent CNF sheets.       311
  • Figure 148. Oji Paper CNF production process.    313
  • Figure 149. CNF clear sheets.      315
  • Figure 150. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       318
  • Figure 151. Fluorene cellulose ® powder.              319
  • Figure 152. Performance Biofilaments CNF production process.  320
  • Figure 153. XCNF.            323
  • Figure 154. CNF insulation flat plates.     324
  • Figure 155. Seiko PMC CNF production process. 328
  • Figure 156. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 329
  • Figure 157. Rubber soles incorporating CNF.        331
  • Figure 158. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite.      333
  • Figure 159. Sugino Machine CNF production process.      334
  • Figure 160. High Pressure Water Jet Process.       334
  • Figure 161. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.       335
  • Figure 162. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 335
  • Figure 163. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.          336
  • Figure 164. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       336
  • Figure 165. SVILOSA AD CNC products.   338
  • Figure 166. Silver / CNF composite dispersions.  343
  • Figure 167. CNF/nanosilver powder.       344
  • Figure 168: Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.     346
  • Figure 169: CNF resin products. 349
  • Figure 170. University of Maine CNF production process.               350
  • Figure 171. UPM-Kymmene CNF production process.      352
  • Figure 172. FibDex® wound dressing.      353
  • Figure 173. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process.          355
  • Figure 174: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF.               356
  • Figure 175. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.     360
  • Figure 176. S-CNF in powder form.           362
  • Figure 177. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.               368
  • Figure 178. CNC preparation.      369
  • Figure 179. Extracting CNC from trees.   370
  • Figure 180. SWOT analysis: Cellulose nanocrystals market.            374
  • Figure 181. CNC slurry.   375
  • Figure 182. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2034 (metric tons).             378
  • Figure 183. R3TM process technology.    383
  • Figure 184. Blue Goose CNC Production Process. 384
  • Figure 185: Celluforce production process.           389
  • Figure 186: NCCTM Process.        390
  • Figure 187: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:         390
  • Figure 188. Filler Bank CNC products.      391
  • Figure 189. Melodea CNC barrier coating packaging.         396
  • Figure 190. Plantrose process.    399
  • Figure 191. CNC solution.              403
  • Figure 192. University of Maine CNF production process.               405
  • Figure 193. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process.          407
  • Figure 194. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes           412
  • Figure 195. SWOT analysis: Bacterial Nanocellulose market.         414
  • Figure 196. Jelly-like seaweed-based nanocellulose hydrogel.      420
  • Figure 197. Cellugy materials.     427
  • Figure 198: Bacterial cellulose face mask sheet.  428
  • Figure 199. TransLeather.             431

 

 

The Global Market for Nanocellulose (Cellulose Nanofibers, Cellulose Nanocrystals, Bacterial Nanocellulose) 2024-2034
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The Global Market for Nanocellulose (Cellulose Nanofibers, Cellulose Nanocrystals, Bacterial Nanocellulose) 2024-2034
The Global Market for Nanocellulose (Cellulose Nanofibers, Cellulose Nanocrystals, Bacterial Nanocellulose) 2024-2034
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