The Global Market for Non-Carbon Two-dimensional (2D) Materials

1              GRAPHENE         11

• 1.1          History  11
• 1.2          Properties           12
• 1.3          Types of graphene           13
  • 1.3.1      Graphene materials        14
    • 1.3.1.1   CVD Graphene  14
    • 1.3.1.2   Graphene nanoplatelets               16
    • 1.3.1.3   Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide    17
    • 1.3.1.4   Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)               18
  • 1.3.2      Intermediate products  31
    • 1.3.2.1   Graphene masterbatches             31
    • 1.3.2.2   Graphene dispersions    31
• 1.4          Production          32
  • 1.4.1      Quality  34
  • 1.4.2      Assessment of graphene production methods    35

2              2-D MATERIALS 39

• 2.1          Types    42
• 2.2          Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials              42
• 2.3          Production methods       44
  • 2.3.1      Top-down exfoliation     44
    • 2.3.1.1   Mechanical exfoliation method 45
    • 2.3.1.2   Liquid exfoliation method            45
  • 2.3.2      Bottom-up synthesis      46
    • 2.3.2.1   Chemical synthesis in solution    46
    • 2.3.2.2   Chemical vapor deposition           46
• 2.4          Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)        48
  • 2.4.1      Properties           48
  • 2.4.2      Applications and markets             49
    • 2.4.2.1   Electronics          49
    • 2.4.2.2   Fuel cells              50
    • 2.4.2.3   Adsorbents        50
    • 2.4.2.4   Photodetectors 50
    • 2.4.2.5   Textiles 50
    • 2.4.2.6   Biomedical          51
• 2.5          MXenes               52
  • 2.5.1      Properties           52
    • 2.5.1.1   Applications       53
• 2.6          Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 55
  • 2.6.1      Properties           55
    • 2.6.1.1   Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)               56
    • 2.6.1.2   Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)        57
• 2.6.2      Applications       57
  • 2.6.2.1   Electronics          57
  • 2.6.2.2   Optoelectronics 58
  • 2.6.2.3   Biomedical          58
  • 2.6.2.4   Piezoelectrics    58
  • 2.6.2.5   Sensors 58
  • 2.6.2.6   Filtration              59
  • 2.6.2.7   Batteries and supercapacitors    59
  • 2.6.2.8   Fiber lasers         59
• 2.7          Borophene         61
  • 2.7.1      Properties           61
  • 2.7.2      Applications       61
    • 2.7.2.1   Energy storage  61
    • 2.7.2.2   Hydrogen storage            62
    • 2.7.2.3   Sensors 62
    • 2.7.2.4   Electronics          62
• 2.8          Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus              63
  • 2.8.1      Properties           63
  • 2.8.2      Applications       64
    • 2.8.2.1   Electronics          64
    • 2.8.2.2   Field effect transistors   64
    • 2.8.2.3   Thermoelectrics               65
    • 2.8.2.4   Batteries              65
    • 2.8.2.5   Supercapacitors 66
    • 2.8.2.6   Photodetectors 66
    • 2.8.2.7   Sensors 66
• 2.9          Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)             68
  • 2.9.1      Properties           68
  • 2.9.2      C2N        68
  • 2.9.3      Applications       69
    • 2.9.3.1   Electronics          69
    • 2.9.3.2   Filtration membranes    69
    • 2.9.3.3   Photocatalysts  69
    • 2.9.3.4   Batteries              69
    • 2.9.3.5   Sensors 69
• 2.10        Germanene       70
  • 2.10.1    Properties           70
  • 2.10.2    Applications       71
    • 2.10.2.1                Electronics          72
    • 2.10.2.2                Batteries              72
• 2.11        Graphdiyne        72
  • 2.11.1    Properties           73
  • 2.11.2    Applications       73
    • 2.11.2.1                Electronics          73
    • 2.11.2.2                Batteries              73
    • 2.11.2.3                Separation membranes 74
    • 2.11.2.4                Water filtration 74
    • 2.11.2.5                Photocatalysts  74
    • 2.11.2.6                Photovoltaics     75
    • 2.11.2.7                Gas separation  75
• 2.12        Graphane            75
  • 2.12.1    Properties           76
  • 2.12.2    Applications       76
    • 2.12.2.1                Electronics          76
    • 2.12.2.2                Hydrogen storage            76
• 2.13        Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)               77
  • 2.13.1    Properties           77
  • 2.13.2    Applications       77
• 2.14        Silicene 78
  • 2.14.1    Properties           78
  • 2.14.2    Applications       79
    • 2.14.2.1                Electronics          79
    • 2.14.2.2                Thermoelectrics               80
    • 2.14.2.3                Batteries              80
    • 2.14.2.4                Sensors 80
    • 2.14.2.5                Biomedical          80
• 2.15        Stanene/tinene 81
  • 2.15.1    Properties           81
  • 2.15.2    Applications       82
    • 2.15.2.1                Electronics          82
• 2.16        Antimonene      83
  • 2.16.1    Properties           83
  • 2.16.2    Applications       83
• 2.17        Indium selenide 84
  • 2.17.1    Properties           84
  • 2.17.2    Applications       84
    • 2.17.2.1                Electronics          84
• 2.18        Layered double hydroxides (LDH)             85
  • 2.18.1    Properties           85
  • 2.18.2    Applications       85
    • 2.18.2.1                Adsorbents        85
    • 2.18.2.2                Catalyst 85
    • 2.18.2.3                Sensors 85
    • 2.18.2.4                Electrodes           86
    • 2.18.2.5                Flame Retardants            86
    • 2.18.2.6                Biosensors          86
    • 2.18.2.7                Tissue engineering          87
    • 2.18.2.8                Anti-Microbials 87
    • 2.18.2.9                Drug Delivery     87

3              COMPANY PROFILES       88 (23 company profiles)

4              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         107

5              REFERENCES       108

List of Tables

• Table 1. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.               12
• Table 2. Applications of GO and rGO.       18
• Table 3. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.  20
• Table 4. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 22
• Table 5. Applications of graphene quantum dots.              23
• Table 6. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics.          24
• Table 7. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion. 25
• Table 8. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors.              26
• Table 9. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences.   27
• Table 10. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics.     28
• Table 11. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots.              29
• Table 12. Prices for graphene quantum dots.       30
• Table 13. Assessment of graphene production methods. 36
• Table 14. 2D materials types.      42
• Table 15. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.             42
• Table 16. Comparison of  top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials.              44
• Table 17. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials.        47
• Table 18. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).  49
• Table 19. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2.               64
• Table 20. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene.          71
• Table 21. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs      74
• Table 22. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene. 82

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Graphene layer structure schematic.     11
• Figure 2. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG.       11
• Figure 3. Graphite and graphene.             12
• Figure 4. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene.   14
• Figure 5. Types of CVD methods.               15
• Figure 6. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite.   17
• Figure 7. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.      19
• Figure 8. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4).      19
• Figure 9. Graphene quantum dots.           22
• Figure 10. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods.    22
• Figure 12. Fabrication methods of graphene.       32
• Figure 13. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.         33
• Figure 14. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 34
• Figure 15. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods.        35
• Figure 16. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions.       39
• Figure 17. Schematic of 2-D materials.    41
• Figure 18. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method.             45
• Figure 19. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method 46
• Figure 20. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 48
• Figure 21. BN nanosheet textiles application.       51
• Figure 22. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.                52
• Figure 23.  Types and applications of 2D TMDCs. 55
• Figure 24. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)          56
• Figure 25. SEM image of MoS2.  56
• Figure 26. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 58
• Figure 27. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.            59
• Figure 28. Borophene schematic.              61
• Figure 29. Black phosphorus structure.   63
• Figure 30. Black Phosphorus crystal.        64
• Figure 31. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation.                65
• Figure 32: Graphitic carbon nitride.          68
• Figure 33. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.         69
• Figure 34. Schematic of germanene.       70
• Figure 35. Graphdiyne structure.              72
• Figure 36. Schematic of Graphane crystal.             75
• Figure 37. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide.            77
• Figure 38. Silicene structure.       78
• Figure 39. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate.               79
• Figure 40. Silicene transistor.      79
• Figure 41. Crystal structure for stanene. 81
• Figure 42. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111).     82
• Figure 43. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 84
• Figure 44. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor.             86
• Figure 45. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.              95