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The Global Market for Flexible and Printed Electronics 2021-2031

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Published June 2021 | 803 pages, 220 figures, 122 tables | Table of contents

Flexible electronics encompasses lightweight, flexible and electronic sensing components and electronic devices built on stretchable substrates that are utilized in sensors, displays, wearables, E-textiles etc. They are manufactured on flexible plastic substrates, paper, textiles, or thin glass. Printed electronics is often considered a subset of the flexible electronics sector. It refers to the method used to create electronic devices by printing them on various (flexible) substrates.

The rapid boom in smart wearable and integrated electronic devices has stimulated demand for advanced intelligent systems with high performance, micro size, mechanical flexibility, and high-temperature stability for application as flexible and stretchable displays, personal health monitoring, human motion capturing, smart textiles, electronic skins and more. The key requirement for these applications is flexibility and stretchability, as these devices are subject to various mechanical deformations including twisting, bending, folding, and stretching during operation.

The development of printed, flexible and stretchable conductors over the last decade has resulted in commercialization of flexible and stretchable sensors, circuits, displays, and energy harvesters for next-generation wearables and soft robotics. These systems must be able to conform to the shape of and survive the environment in which they must operate. They are typically fabricated on flexible plastic substrates or are printed/woven into fabrics.

The electronics industry is moving at a fast pace from standard, inflexible form factors to stretchable and conformable devices. Printed, flexible and stretchable electronics products are increasing weekly from wearables for healthcare to smart packaging, sensors, automotive tail lights and displays, flexible displays, photovoltaics and more. Based on a new generation of advanced materials, printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and electronics will enable new possibilities in a diverse range of industries from healthcare to automotive to buildings. These technologies will drive innovation in smart medical technology, automotive, smart manufacturing, Internet of Things (IoT) and consumer electronics.

Recent advances in stimuli-responsive surfaces and interfaces, sensors and actuators, flexible electronics, nanocoatings and conductive nanomaterials has led to the development of a new generation of smart and adaptive electronic fibers, yarns and fabrics for application in E-textiles. Wearable low-power silicon electronics, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated on fabrics, textiles with integrated Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and electronic devices such as smart glasses, watches and lenses have been widely investigated and commercialized. Smart textiles and garments can sense environmental stimuli and react or adapt in a predetermined way. This involves either embedding or integrating sensors/actuators ad electronic components into textiles for use in applications such as medical diagnostics and health monitoring, consumer electronics, safety instruments and automotive textiles.

In the flexible displays market, electronics giants such as Samsung and LG Electronics have brought flexible, foldable and rollable smartphone, display and tablet products to the market. Wearable and mobile health monitoring technologies have recently received enormous interest worldwide due to the rapidly aging global populations and the drastically increasing demand for in-home healthcare. Commercially available and near commercial wearable devices facilitate the transmission of biomedical informatics and personal health recording. Body worn sensors, which can provide real-time continuous measurement of pertinent physiological parameters noninvasively and comfortably for extended periods of time, are of crucial importance for emerging applications of mobile medicine. Wearable sensors that can wirelessly provide pertinent health information while remaining unobtrusive, comfortable, low cost, and easy to operate and interpret, play an essential role.

Battery and electronics producers require thin, flexible energy storage and conversion devices to power their wearable technology. The growth in flexible electronics has resulted in increased demand for flexible, stretchable, bendable, rollable and foldable batteries and supercapacitors as power sources for application in flexible and wearable devices.

Report contents include:

  • Current and developmental flexible and printed electronics based products.
  • Manufacturing and processes for flexible organic & printed electronics
  • Advanced materials utilized in flexible and printed electronics. Materials covered include
    • conductive inks materials.
    • carbon nanotubes.
    • graphene.
    • organic semiconductors.
    • semiconducting perovskites.
    • conductive polymers.
    • metal mesh.
    • silver ink (flake, nanoparticles, nanowires).
    • copper ink.
    • various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.
    • 2D materials.
    • nanofibers.
    • nanocellulose.
    • quantum dots.
    • graphene quantum dots.
    • perovskite quantum dots.
    • metamaterials.
    • MicroLEDs.
    • functional inorganic inks. 
  • Market analysis including applications, products, companies and global revenues, forecast to 2031. Markets covered include
    • wearables (smartwatches, sports & fitness trackers, sleep trackers & wearable monitors, smart glasses, workplace monitoring).
    • medical & healthcare sensors & wearables.
    • electronic textiles and smart apparel. 
    • energy storage, generation & harvesting.
    • lighting.
    • flexible and printed displays.
    • automotive. 
    • Other cross-cutting markets including automation, smart buildings, agriculture, Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent & smart packaging, AR/VR displays, 3D printing etc. 
  • Profiles of over 550 producers and product developers. Companies profiled  include CHASM, Nanosys, PragmatIC, Jabil, Henkel,  DuPont Teijin Films, Metamaterial Technologies Inc., Evonik, Saule Technologies, TactoTek, Optomec,  Omniply Technologies, E Ink, Ynvisible Interactive Inc., SmartKem and many more. 

 

1              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         49

 

2              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   50

  • 2.1          The evolution of electronics        52
    • 2.1.1      The wearables revolution             53
    • 2.1.2      Wearable market leaders             54
    • 2.1.3      Flexible, thin, and large-area form factors             55
  • 2.2          What are flexible electronics?    56
    • 2.2.1      From rigid to flexible and stretchable      56
      • 2.2.1.1   Stretchable electronics  58
      • 2.2.1.2   Stretchable electronics in wearables       58
  • 2.3          Printed electronics          59
  • 2.4          New conductive materials            60
  • 2.5          Foldable smartphones and tablets            63
  • 2.6          Recent growth in Flexible and printed products  67
  • 2.7          Future growth   67
  • 2.8          Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics       68
  • 2.9          Innovations at CES 2021 70
  • 2.10        Investment funding 2019-2021   70

 

3              MATERIALS         73

  • 3.1          CONDUCTIVE INKS          73
    • 3.1.1      Market drivers  73
    • 3.1.2      Conductive ink materials               75
        • 3.1.2.1.1               Silver flakes        76
        • 3.1.2.1.2               Nanoparticle inks             78
        • 3.1.2.1.2.1           Graphene conductive inks            80
        • 3.1.2.1.3               Copper ink          82
        • 3.1.2.1.4               Stretchable and thermoformable inks     83
        • 3.1.2.1.5               Metal-gel based ink         85
        • 3.1.2.1.6               Particle-free conductive ink         85
      • 3.1.2.2   Comparative properties of conductive inks           86
    • 3.1.3      Printing methods             87
      • 3.1.3.1   Analog printing processes            87
      • 3.1.3.2   Digital printing processes             88
      • 3.1.3.3   Roll to roll (R2R) printing               91
      • 3.1.3.4   Drawn-on-skin electronics           92
    • 3.1.4      Current state of the art  92
      • 3.1.4.1   Commercially available conductive inks  93
      • 3.1.4.2   Printed RFID antennaes 95
      • 3.1.4.3   Smart labels       96
      • 3.1.4.4   Smart clothing and electronic textiles     97
      • 3.1.4.5   Printed sensors 97
        • 3.1.4.5.1               Strain sensors    97
      • 3.1.4.6   Printed batteries              97
      • 3.1.4.7   In-mold electronics         97
      • 3.1.4.8   Printed transistors           99
    • 3.1.5      Global market size           101
    • 3.1.6      Company profiles             103
      • 3.1.6.1   Advanced Nano Products Co.,  Ltd.           103
      • 3.1.6.2   AGFA-Gevaert N.V.         103
      • 3.1.6.3   AkKo Lab LLC      104
      • 3.1.6.4   Amogreentech 104
      • 3.1.6.5   Applied Nanotech Inc.    104
      • 3.1.6.6   Asahi Kasei Corporation 105
      • 3.1.6.7   Aztrong, Inc.       105
      • 3.1.6.8   Bando Chemical                106
      • 3.1.6.9   BGT Materials Ltd.           106
      • 3.1.6.10                BotFactory Inc.  107
      • 3.1.6.11                Brewer Science 107
      • 3.1.6.12                Carbon Waters  108
      • 3.1.6.13                Chang Sung Corporation               108
      • 3.1.6.14                Clariant 108
      • 3.1.6.15                Colloidal Ink Co., Ltd.      109
      • 3.1.6.16                Conductive Transfers     109
      • 3.1.6.17                Copprint              110
      • 3.1.6.18                Creative Materials, Inc.  110
      • 3.1.6.19                Dae Joo Electronic Materials co., Ltd        110
      • 3.1.6.20                Daicel Corporation          111
      • 3.1.6.21                Dowa Electronics Materials Co., Ltd.        111
      • 3.1.6.22                DuPont Advanced Materials        112
      • 3.1.6.23                Dycotec Materials            112
      • 3.1.6.24                Electroninks       113
      • 3.1.6.25                Elephantech Inc.               113
      • 3.1.6.26                Eptanova S.R.L. 114
      • 3.1.6.27                EMS/Nagase      114
      • 3.1.6.28                EXAKT Advanced Technologies GmbH     115
      • 3.1.6.29                Ferro Corporation            115
      • 3.1.6.30                Flexbright Oy     115
      • 3.1.6.31                Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd.      116
      • 3.1.6.32                Fujikura Kasei Co Ltd       116
      • 3.1.6.33                Genes’Ink           117
      • 3.1.6.34                Graphene Nanochem    117
      • 3.1.6.35                GoLeafe               117
      • 3.1.6.36                Graphene Square            118
      • 3.1.6.37                Gratomic, Inc.    119
      • 3.1.6.38                Harima Chemical              120
      • 3.1.6.39                Haydale Graphene Industries PLC             121
      • 3.1.6.40                Henkel Electronics           122
      • 3.1.6.41                Heraeus               122
      • 3.1.6.42                Hitachi Chemical               123
      • 3.1.6.43                Inktec   124
      • 3.1.6.44                Inkron   124
      • 3.1.6.45                Intrinsiq Materials           125
      • 3.1.6.46                JNC Corporation               125
      • 3.1.6.47                Jujo Chemical Co., Ltd.   125
      • 3.1.6.48                Kishu Giken Kogyo Co., Ltd.          126
      • 3.1.6.49                Komura Tech      126
      • 3.1.6.50                Kunshan Hisense Electronics Co., Ltd.      127
      • 3.1.6.51                Liquid X Printed Metals 127
      • 3.1.6.52                Meggitt 127
      • 3.1.6.53                Metalysis Limited             127
      • 3.1.6.54                Mitsubishi Imaging, Inc. 128
      • 3.1.6.55                Methode Electronics, Inc.             129
      • 3.1.6.56                Molex, LLC          129
      • 3.1.6.57                Multek 129
      • 3.1.6.58                N&B Co., Ltd.     130
      • 3.1.6.59                Nagase Chemtex              130
      • 3.1.6.60                Namics Technologies, Inc.            131
      • 3.1.6.61                NanoComposix 131
      • 3.1.6.62                NanoDimension, Inc.      132
      • 3.1.6.63                Nanogap              132
      • 3.1.6.64                Nanointegris      132
      • 3.1.6.65                Nanopaint           133
      • 3.1.6.66                Nanotech Energy             134
      • 3.1.6.67                Noritake Co., Ltd.             134
      • 3.1.6.68                Novacentrix       134
      • 3.1.6.69                OrelTech              135
      • 3.1.6.70                PARC     135
      • 3.1.6.71                Peptech               136
      • 3.1.6.72                Perpetuus Advanced Materials Plc            136
      • 3.1.6.73                Sekisui Polymatech Japan Co., Ltd.            137
      • 3.1.6.74                Poly-Ink 138
      • 3.1.6.75                Promethean Particles Ltd.            138
      • 3.1.6.76                PV Nano Cell Ltd.              139
      • 3.1.6.77                Quad Belgium    139
      • 3.1.6.78                Raynergy Tek     140
      • 3.1.6.79                SAFI-Tech, INc.  140
      • 3.1.6.80                Saule Technologies         140
      • 3.1.6.81                Scrona AG           141
      • 3.1.6.82                Shin-Etsu Polymer Co., Ltd.          141
      • 3.1.6.83                Showa Denko K.K.            142
      • 3.1.6.84                Sun Chemical Corporation            142
      • 3.1.6.85                Talga Resources 143
      • 3.1.6.86                TactoTek              144
      • 3.1.6.87                Tanaka Metal     145
      • 3.1.6.88                Thin Film Electronics ASA              145
      • 3.1.6.89                Touchence          146
      • 3.1.6.90                Toyoba Co., Ltd.                146
      • 3.1.6.91                Toyocolor Co., Ltd.           146
      • 3.1.6.92                UT Dots, Inc.       147
      • 3.1.6.93                VFP Ink Technologies      147
      • 3.1.6.94                Vizinex 148
      • 3.1.6.95                Vorbeck               148
      • 3.1.6.96                Voxel8  149
      • 3.1.6.97                Xerox Research Centre of Canada (XRCC)               149
      • 3.1.6.98                XTPL SA 150
      • 3.1.6.99                Xymox Technologies, Inc.             150
  • 3.2          CARBON NANOTUBES    151
    • 3.2.1      Properties           151
      • 3.2.1.1   Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT)            153
      • 3.2.1.2   Double-walled carbon nanotubes             155
    • 3.2.2      Applications       155
      • 3.2.2.1   Transparent conductive films      156
      • 3.2.2.2   Wearable memory devices          158
      • 3.2.2.3   Wearable energy devices             159
      • 3.2.2.4   Fabric sensors for temperature monitoring          159
      • 3.2.2.5   Flexible digital x-ray technology.               160
      • 3.2.2.6   Printed sensors 160
    • 3.2.3      Companies         162
  • 3.3          ORGANICS SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS             163
    • 3.3.1      Types    163
    • 3.3.2      Applications       164
      • 3.3.2.1   OLED materials  164
        • 3.3.2.1.1               Fluorescent OLED             165
        • 3.3.2.1.2               Phosphorescent OLED (PhOLED) 166
        • 3.3.2.1.3               Flexible OLEDs   167
        • 3.3.2.1.4               Inkjet printed OLEDs       168
        • 3.3.2.1.5               TADF Materials 169
        • 3.3.2.1.6               Companies         170
      • 3.3.2.2   Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials      172
        • 3.3.2.2.1               Types    172
        • 3.3.2.2.2               Applications       172
        • 3.3.2.2.3               Companies         173
      • 3.3.2.3   Organic thin film transistor (OTFT) materials        174
        • 3.3.2.3.1               Printed Organic thin film transistors         174
        • 3.3.2.3.2               Printed logic       175
        • 3.3.2.3.3               Companies         176
      • 3.3.2.4   Organic photodetector materials              177
        • 3.3.2.4.1               Types    177
        • 3.3.2.4.2               Applications       177
        • 3.3.2.4.3               Companies         178
  • 3.4          SEMICONDUCTING PEROVSKITES              179
    • 3.4.1      Types    179
    • 3.4.2      Applications       180
      • 3.4.2.1   Perovskite solar cells       180
    • 3.4.3      Companies         181
  • 3.5          CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS (CP)     182
    • 3.5.1      Types    182
    • 3.5.2      Properties           183
      • 3.5.2.1   PDMS    183
      • 3.5.2.2   PEDOT: PSS         184
        • 3.5.2.2.1               Transparency     184
    • 3.5.3      Applications       184
      • 3.5.3.1   Flexible sensors 185
  • 3.6          GRAPHENE         185
    • 3.6.1      Properties           186
    • 3.6.2      Applications       188
      • 3.6.2.1   Electrodes           188
      • 3.6.2.2   Sensors 190
  • 3.7          METAL MESH     192
    • 3.7.1      Types    192
    • 3.7.2      Properties           193
    • 3.7.3      Applications       194
      • 3.7.3.1   Direct printed metal mesh transparent conductive films 194
      • 3.7.3.2   Flexible organic solar cells            195
      • 3.7.3.3   Flexible touch screen panels       195
      • 3.7.3.4   Smart patches   196
    • 3.7.4      Companies         197
  • 3.8          SILVER INK (Flake, nanoparticles, nanowires, ion)               198
    • 3.8.1      Transparent conductive films (TCFs)        198
      • 3.8.1.1   Materials used in TCFs   199
    • 3.8.2      Silver flake          200
    • 3.8.3      Silver (Ag) nanoparticle ink           200
      • 3.8.3.1   Conductivity       201
    • 3.8.4      Silver nanowires               201
      • 3.8.4.1   Properties           202
    • 3.8.5      Prices    203
      • 3.8.5.1   Cost for printed area      204
    • 3.8.6      Companies         204
  • 3.9          COPPER INK        206
    • 3.9.1      Silver-coated copper      207
    • 3.9.2      Copper (Cu) nanoparticle ink       207
    • 3.9.3      Prices    208
    • 3.9.4      Companies         208
  • 3.10        NANOCELLULOSE             209
    • 3.10.1    Properties           209
      • 3.10.1.1                Cellulose nanofibers CNF              211
      • 3.10.1.2                Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)       212
    • 3.10.2    Applications       213
      • 3.10.2.1                Nanopaper         214
      • 3.10.2.2                Paper memory  215
      • 3.10.2.3                Conductive inks 216
  • 3.11        NANOFIBERS     216
    • 3.11.1    Properties           216
    • 3.11.2    Applications       217
  • 3.12        QUANTUM DOTS             218
    • 3.12.1    Properties           218
    • 3.12.2    Synthesis             220
    • 3.12.3    Types    222
      • 3.12.3.1                Cadmium Selenide, Cadmium Sulfide and other materials              222
      • 3.12.3.2                Cadmium free quantum dots      222
    • 3.12.4    Applications       223
      • 3.12.4.1                Optical sensors 223
    • 3.12.5    Companies         224
  • 3.13        GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS      224
    • 3.13.1    Properties           224
    • 3.13.2    Synthesis             226
    • 3.13.3    Applications       227
  • 3.14        ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS (EAPS)           229
    • 3.14.1    Properties           229
    • 3.14.2    Applications       230
      • 3.14.2.1                Flexible sensors 230
  • 3.15        PEROVSKITE QUANTUM DOTS (PQDs)     231
    • 3.15.1    Properties           232
    • 3.15.2    Comparison to conventional quantum dots          233
    • 3.15.3    Synthesis methods          233
    • 3.15.4    Applications       233
      • 3.15.4.1                Colour enhanced displays             234
  • 3.16        METAMATERIALS             236
    • 3.16.1    Properties           236
    • 3.16.2    Flexible metamaterials  237
    • 3.16.3    Stretchable displays        237
    • 3.16.4    Soft materials    238
  • 3.17        OTHER TYPES     240
    • 3.17.1    Gold (Au) nanoparticle ink            240
    • 3.17.2    Siloxane inks      241
    • 3.17.3    Copper nanowires           241
    • 3.17.4    Functional inorganic inks              241
  • 3.18        2-D MATERIALS 245
    • 3.18.1    Borophene         245
      • 3.18.1.1                Properties           245
      • 3.18.1.2                Applications       245
    • 3.18.2    Phosphorene (single or few-layer black phosphorus, exfoliated black phosphorus layers, or 2D phosphane)                246
      • 3.18.2.1                Properties           246
      • 3.18.2.2                Applications       248
    • 3.18.3    Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)             248
      • 3.18.3.1                Properties           248
      • 3.18.3.2                Applications       249
    • 3.18.4    Germanene       249
      • 3.18.4.1                Properties           250
      • 3.18.4.2                Applications       250
    • 3.18.5    Graphdiyne        251
      • 3.18.5.1                Properties           251
      • 3.18.5.2                Applications       252
    • 3.18.6    Graphane            252
      • 3.18.6.1                Properties           252
      • 3.18.6.2                Applications       252
    • 3.18.7    Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN  253
      • 3.18.7.1                Properties           253
      • 3.18.7.2                Applications       254
    • 3.18.8    Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 254
      • 3.18.8.1                Properties           255
      • 3.18.8.2                Applications       256
    • 3.18.9    Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)               257
      • 3.18.9.1                Properties           257
      • 3.18.9.2                Applications       258
    • 3.18.10  Silicene 258
      • 3.18.10.1              Properties           258
      • 3.18.10.2              Applications       259
    • 3.18.11  Stanene/tinene 260
      • 3.18.11.1              Properties           260
      • 3.18.11.2              Applications       261
    • 3.18.12  Tungsten diselenide       261
      • 3.18.12.1              Properties           262
      • 3.18.12.2              Applications       262
    • 3.18.13  Antimonene      262
      • 3.18.13.1              Properties           263
      • 3.18.13.2              Applications       263
    • 3.18.14  Indium selenide 263
      • 3.18.14.1              Properties           263
      • 3.18.14.2              Applications       264

 

4              MARKETS            265

  • 4.1          FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED WEARABLE ELECTRONICS              265
    • 4.1.1      Market drivers and trends            265
    • 4.1.2      Recent developments    269
    • 4.1.3      Smartwatches   270
      • 4.1.3.1   Recent innovations         271
      • 4.1.3.2   Health monitoring           271
      • 4.1.3.3   Main smart watch producers and products           271
    • 4.1.4      Sports and fitness trackers           272
      • 4.1.4.1   Wearable devices            273
      • 4.1.4.2   Skin patches       273
      • 4.1.4.3   Products              275
    • 4.1.5      Sleep trackers and wearable monitors    277
      • 4.1.5.1   Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers     277
      • 4.1.5.2   Smart rings         278
      • 4.1.5.3   Headbands         279
      • 4.1.5.4   Patches 279
      • 4.1.5.5   Masks   280
    • 4.1.6      Smart glasses and head-mounted displays (VR, AR, MR, vision loss and eye trackers)         281
      • 4.1.6.1   Products              281
      • 4.1.6.2   Virtual Reality (VR) devices          284
      • 4.1.6.3   Augmented (AR) headsets and smart glasses       285
      • 4.1.6.4   Mixed Reality (MR) smart glasses              286
    • 4.1.7      Military wearable electronics      288
    • 4.1.8      Industrial and workplace monitoring       288
      • 4.1.8.1   Products              289
    • 4.1.9      Global market size           289
      • 4.1.9.1   By product type, 2015-2031, billions USD              290
      • 4.1.9.2   Market share by product type    292
    • 4.1.10    Market challenges           293
    • 4.1.11    Company profiles             294
      • 4.1.11.1                3DEYES Co., Ltd.                294
      • 4.1.11.2                ABEye SA             294
      • 4.1.11.3                AerNos, Inc.       295
      • 4.1.11.4                Allterco Robotics              295
      • 4.1.11.5                AshChromics Corporation             296
      • 4.1.11.6                Asics      296
      • 4.1.11.7                Atheer, Inc.        297
      • 4.1.11.8                Avegant               298
      • 4.1.11.9                Bando Chemical Industries, Ltd. 298
      • 4.1.11.10              BeBop Sensors  300
      • 4.1.11.11              Bend Labs            300
      • 4.1.11.12              Boco, Inc.            301
      • 4.1.11.13              Bostonclub Co., Ltd.        301
      • 4.1.11.14              Brewer Science, Inc.        302
      • 4.1.11.15              C2 Sense, Inc.    302
      • 4.1.11.16              Cambridge Touch Technologies 303
      • 4.1.11.17              Creact International Corporation               304
      • 4.1.11.18              Dispelix Oy          304
      • 4.1.11.19              dorsaVi Ltd.        305
      • 4.1.11.20              Ectosense           306
      • 4.1.11.21              Enhanlabo Co., Ltd.         306
      • 4.1.11.22              Epicore Biosystems Ltd. 307
      • 4.1.11.23              Epson    307
      • 4.1.11.24              Equivital               308
      • 4.1.11.25              Extriple Co, Ltd  308
      • 4.1.11.26              FeelIT    309
      • 4.1.11.27              Flexceed Co., Ltd.             310
      • 4.1.11.28              FlexEnable Ltd.  310
      • 4.1.11.29              Gait Up SA           311
      • 4.1.11.30              Hitachi Ltd.         311
      • 4.1.11.31              Holst Centre       312
      • 4.1.11.32              Hoya Digital Solutions Corp.        313
      • 4.1.11.33              HP1 Technologies            314
      • 4.1.11.34              Innovega, Inc.    315
      • 4.1.11.35              Kwant.ai              316
      • 4.1.11.36              Litho      317
      • 4.1.11.37              Magic Leap, Inc.                317
      • 4.1.11.38              Molex   318
      • 4.1.11.39              miomove s.r.o.  318
      • 4.1.11.40              Nano Engineered Applications, Inc.          319
      • 4.1.11.41              Nanusens            319
      • 4.1.11.42              Neosensory       320
      • 4.1.11.43              NextVPU (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.      321
      • 4.1.11.44              Nippon Mektron, Ltd.     321
      • 4.1.11.45              Nippon Paper Group       322
      • 4.1.11.46              Novasentis         322
      • 4.1.11.47              OrCam Technologies Ltd.              323
      • 4.1.11.48              Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.      323
      • 4.1.11.49              Oxsight Ltd.        324
      • 4.1.11.50              Pie Crystal Co., Ltd.          324
      • 4.1.11.51              RealWear            326
      • 4.1.11.52              Sekisui Polymatech         326
      • 4.1.11.53              Rokid     327
      • 4.1.11.54              Shenzhen Grahope New Materials Technologies Inc.        327
      • 4.1.11.55              Sun Corporation               328
      • 4.1.11.56              Tacterion GmbH               329
      • 4.1.11.57              Taiwan Alpha Electronic Co., Ltd.               329
      • 4.1.11.58              Tobii Technology KK        330
      • 4.1.11.59              Withings SA        331
      • 4.1.11.60              Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. 331
      • 4.1.11.61              Zhuhai AdvanPro Technology Co., Ltd.    332
  • 4.2          FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE SENSORS AND WEARABLES  334
    • 4.2.1      Market drivers  334
    • 4.2.2      Current state of the art  337
      • 4.2.2.1   Wearable medical device products           339
      • 4.2.2.2   Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring     341
    • 4.2.3      Wearable rehabilitation 342
      • 4.2.3.1   Companies and products              343
    • 4.2.4      Electronic skin patches  349
      • 4.2.4.1   Applications       349
      • 4.2.4.2   Materials             352
    • 4.2.5      Wearable health alert and monitoring    353
      • 4.2.5.1   Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)   354
        • 4.2.5.1.1               Minimally-invasive CGM sensors               355
        • 4.2.5.1.2               Non-invasive CGM sensors          358
        • 4.2.5.1.3               Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring companies and products              360
      • 4.2.5.2   Cardiovascular   363
        • 4.2.5.2.1               ECG sensors       363
          • 4.2.5.2.1.1           Companies and products              364
        • 4.2.5.2.2               PPG sensors       366
        • 4.2.5.2.2.1           Companies and products              366
      • 4.2.5.3   Pregnancy and newborn monitoring        366
        • 4.2.5.3.1               Companies and products              366
      • 4.2.5.4   Wearable temperature monitoring          368
        • 4.2.5.4.1               Companies and products              369
      • 4.2.5.5   Hydration sensors           370
        • 4.2.5.5.1               Companies and products              370
      • 4.2.5.6   Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)     371
        • 4.2.5.6.1               Companies and products              373
    • 4.2.6      Wearable drug delivery 374
      • 4.2.6.1   Companies and products              375
    • 4.2.7      Cosmetic patches             376
      • 4.2.7.1   Companies and products              377
    • 4.2.8      Smart footwear 377
      • 4.2.8.1   Companies and products              378
    • 4.2.9      Smart contact lenses      379
      • 4.2.9.1   Companies and products              379
    • 4.2.10    Smart woundcare            379
      • 4.2.10.1                Companies and products              381
    • 4.2.11    Global market size           382
      • 4.2.11.1                By product type, 2015-2031, billions USD              382
      • 4.2.11.2                Market share, by product type   384
    • 4.2.12    Market challenges           385
    • 4.2.13    Company profiles             387
      • 4.2.13.1                1drop    387
      • 4.2.13.2                Abbott Laboratories        387
      • 4.2.13.3                ActionSense Ltd 388
      • 4.2.13.4                Add Care Ltd.     389
      • 4.2.13.5                AerBetic, Inc       390
      • 4.2.13.6                AffordSENS Corporation 391
      • 4.2.13.7                Agx, Inc.               391
      • 4.2.13.8                Aidar Health       392
      • 4.2.13.9                Alertgy 392
      • 4.2.13.10              Allevion Therapeutics     393
      • 4.2.13.11              APDM Wearable Technologies, Inc.          393
      • 4.2.13.12              Apollo Neuroscience, Inc.             394
      • 4.2.13.13              AURA Devices    395
      • 4.2.13.14              Avanix srl             395
      • 4.2.13.15              Awarewear        396
      • 4.2.13.16              Biobeat Technologies Ltd.             397
      • 4.2.13.17              Biofourmis, Inc. 398
      • 4.2.13.18              BioIntelliSense  399
      • 4.2.13.19              Biolinq, Inc.         400
      • 4.2.13.20              Biorithm Pte Ltd.              400
      • 4.2.13.21              BioSenseTek Coporation               401
      • 4.2.13.22              BioTelemetry, Inc.           401
      • 4.2.13.23              Biotricity              402
      • 4.2.13.24              Bittium Corporation        403
      • 4.2.13.25              Blue Spark Technologies, Inc.      403
      • 4.2.13.26              Bold Diagnostics               404
      • 4.2.13.27              Bonbouton         405
      • 4.2.13.28              Borsam Biomedical Instruments Co., Ltd.               405
      • 4.2.13.29              BrainStem Biometrics, Inc.           406
      • 4.2.13.30              CardiacSense     406
      • 4.2.13.31              CareWear Corporation   407
      • 4.2.13.32              Chronolife  SAS 408
      • 4.2.13.33              Cortrium APS     408
      • 4.2.13.34              Cosinuss              409
      • 4.2.13.35              Debiotech S.A.  410
      • 4.2.13.36              Dexcom, Inc.      410
      • 4.2.13.37              DiaMonTech AG               411
      • 4.2.13.38              Embr Labs           412
      • 4.2.13.39              Enfucell OY         413
      • 4.2.13.40              Eccrine Systems, Inc.      413
      • 4.2.13.41              Epicore Biosystems         414
      • 4.2.13.42              Epi-Watch           414
      • 4.2.13.43              ERT (eResearchTechnology, Inc.)               415
      • 4.2.13.44              FinnAdvance      416
      • 4.2.13.45              Fleming Medical               416
      • 4.2.13.46              Fujita Medical Instruments          417
      • 4.2.13.47              Gaugewear, Inc.               418
      • 4.2.13.48              GE Healthcare   418
      • 4.2.13.49              Gentag, Inc.        419
      • 4.2.13.50              G-Tech Medical 419
      • 4.2.13.51              GlySens Incorporated    420
      • 4.2.13.52              Glucovation        420
      • 4.2.13.53              Grapheal             421
      • 4.2.13.54              GraphWear Technologies             422
      • 4.2.13.55              greenTEG AG     422
      • 4.2.13.56              Healbe Corporation         424
      • 4.2.13.57              Hivok Biotek, Inc.             424
      • 4.2.13.58              IDUN Technologies AG   425
      • 4.2.13.59              Indigo Diabetes n.v.        426
      • 4.2.13.60              Innovega, Inc.    426
      • 4.2.13.61              Insulet Corporation         427
      • 4.2.13.62              IONIQ Skincare GmbH & Co. KG 427
      • 4.2.13.63              iRhythm Technologies, Inc.          428
      • 4.2.13.64              Isansys Lifecare 429
      • 4.2.13.65              i-SENS, Inc.          429
      • 4.2.13.66              ivWatch, LLC       430
      • 4.2.13.67              iWEECARE Co., Ltd.          431
      • 4.2.13.68              Kenzen, Inc.       432
      • 4.2.13.69              Know Labs           432
      • 4.2.13.70              Kyocera Corporation       433
      • 4.2.13.71              Leaf Healthcare, Inc.       434
      • 4.2.13.72              Lief Therapeutics, Inc.    434
      • 4.2.13.73              LifePlus 435
      • 4.2.13.74              LifeSignals Group Inc.     435
      • 4.2.13.75              Liquid Wire, Inc.                437
      • 4.2.13.76              Lucid Audio, LLC                437
      • 4.2.13.77              MagArray, Inc.   438
      • 4.2.13.78              MCK Tech Co., Ltd.           438
      • 4.2.13.79              MC10, Inc.           439
      • 4.2.13.80              Medherant Ltd  440
      • 4.2.13.81              Milo Sensors, Inc.             440
      • 4.2.13.82              Mojo Vision, Inc.               441
      • 4.2.13.83              Movano Inc.       441
      • 4.2.13.84              Myant, Inc.         442
      • 4.2.13.85              NanoVation-GS 443
      • 4.2.13.86              Nanowear, Inc. 444
      • 4.2.13.87              Nemaura Medical, Inc.   445
      • 4.2.13.88              Neopenda          446
      • 4.2.13.89              Nix, Inc. 446
      • 4.2.13.90              Nunaps 447
      • 4.2.13.91              Omron Healthcare           447
      • 4.2.13.92              Orpyx Medical Technologies       448
      • 4.2.13.93              Pacific Diabetes Technologies     448
      • 4.2.13.94              PARC     449
      • 4.2.13.95              Patchd, Inc.         449
      • 4.2.13.96              PMD Solutions   450
      • 4.2.13.97              PKvitality             451
      • 4.2.13.98              Preventice Solutions, Inc.             451
      • 4.2.13.99              Protxx, Inc.         452
      • 4.2.13.100            Qardio, Inc.         453
      • 4.2.13.101            Quad Industries 453
      • 4.2.13.102            QT Medical, Inc.                454
      • 4.2.13.103            Reflex   454
      • 4.2.13.104            Rooti Labs Limited           455
      • 4.2.13.105            Sanofi   455
      • 4.2.13.106            Scaleo Medical  455
      • 4.2.13.107            Seers Technology Co., Ltd.            456
      • 4.2.13.108            Seismic 457
      • 4.2.13.109            Senseonics Holdings, Inc.              457
      • 4.2.13.110            Sensoria Health 458
      • 4.2.13.111            Sensium (Surgical Company Group)         459
      • 4.2.13.112            Seventh Sense Biosystems           460
      • 4.2.13.113            Shinano Kenshi Co., Ltd. 461
      • 4.2.13.114            Sigknow Biomedical Inc. 462
      • 4.2.13.115            Skinos Co., Ltd.  462
      • 4.2.13.116            SkyLabs 463
      • 4.2.13.117            SmartCap Technologies 463
      • 4.2.13.118            SMARTR Health Limited 464
      • 4.2.13.119            Sonceboz SA      464
      • 4.2.13.120            Sorrel Medical   465
      • 4.2.13.121            Spirit of Wonder Co., Ltd.             466
      • 4.2.13.122            Tekscan, Inc.      467
      • 4.2.13.123            Tivic Health Systems, Inc.             468
      • 4.2.13.124            Valencell              468
      • 4.2.13.125            Verily Life Sciences LLC   469
      • 4.2.13.126            Visca LLC              470
      • 4.2.13.127            VitalConnect      470
      • 4.2.13.128            VivaLNK               471
      • 4.2.13.129            Vitls Inc 472
      • 4.2.13.130            WaveForm Technologies              472
      • 4.2.13.131            WBD101 Well Being Digital Ltd.  473
      • 4.2.13.132            West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc.           473
      • 4.2.13.133            Xsensio 474
      • 4.2.13.134            Zive        474
  • 4.3          FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL               476
    • 4.3.1      Market drivers  476
    • 4.3.2      Materials and components          480
      • 4.3.2.1   Conductive and stretchable yarns             481
      • 4.3.2.2   Conductive polymers     482
        • 4.3.2.2.1               PDMS    484
        • 4.3.2.2.2               PEDOT: PSS         484
      • 4.3.2.3   Conductive coatings        485
      • 4.3.2.4   Conductive inks 486
      • 4.3.2.5   Nanomaterials  488
        • 4.3.2.5.1               Nanocoatings in smart textiles   490
        • 4.3.2.5.2               Graphene           493
        • 4.3.2.5.3               Nanofibers         495
        • 4.3.2.5.4               Carbon nanotubes           497
      • 4.3.2.6   Phase change materials 499
        • 4.3.2.6.1               Temperature controlled fabrics  500
    • 4.3.3      Smart clothing products 501
    • 4.3.4      Electronic textiles products         503
    • 4.3.5      Temperature monitoring and regulation 504
    • 4.3.6      Heated clothing 504
      • 4.3.6.1   Heated gloves   505
      • 4.3.6.2   Heated insoles  505
      • 4.3.6.3   Heated jacket and clothing products        506
      • 4.3.6.4   Materials used in flexible heaters and applications            507
    • 4.3.7      Stretchable E-fabrics       508
    • 4.3.8      Wearable therapeutic products 509
    • 4.3.9      Sports and fitness            509
    • 4.3.10    Smart footwear 510
      • 4.3.10.1                Companies and products              511
    • 4.3.11    Military and defence electronic and smart textiles             511
    • 4.3.12    Flexible and wearable display advertising              513
    • 4.3.13    Textile-based lighting     513
      • 4.3.13.1                OLEDs   513
    • 4.3.14    Smart diapers    514
      • 4.3.14.1                Companies and products              514
    • 4.3.15    Automotive textiles        515
    • 4.3.16    Global market size           516
      • 4.3.16.1                By product type, 2015-2031, billions USD              516
      • 4.3.16.2                Market share, by product type   519
    • 4.3.17    Market challenges           519
    • 4.3.18    Company profiles             521
      • 4.3.18.1                ActionSense Ltd 521
      • 4.3.18.2                AIQ Smart Clothing, Inc. 521
      • 4.3.18.3                Alphaclo               522
      • 4.3.18.4                Ambiotex GmbH              522
      • 4.3.18.5                AMSU (Shenzhen) New Technology Co. Ltd.         523
      • 4.3.18.6                Asahi Kasei         524
      • 4.3.18.7                Asics      524
      • 4.3.18.8                Athos    525
      • 4.3.18.9                Bando Chemical Industries, Ltd. 526
      • 4.3.18.10              Bekaert 527
      • 4.3.18.11              BioSerenity SAS 528
      • 4.3.18.12              BloomerTech     529
      • 4.3.18.13              Brochier Technologies SAS           529
      • 4.3.18.14              C2 Sense, Inc.    530
      • 4.3.18.15              Clim8     531
      • 4.3.18.16              Chronolife SAS  532
      • 4.3.18.17              Cipher Skin, Inc. 533
      • 4.3.18.18              Conductive Transfers     534
      • 4.3.18.19              CuteCircuit          534
      • 4.3.18.20              Descente Ltd.    535
      • 4.3.18.21              Directa Plus        536
      • 4.3.18.22              dorsaVi Ltd.        538
      • 4.3.18.23              Dupont 538
      • 4.3.18.24              Eleksen 539
      • 4.3.18.25              Elitac B.V.            540
      • 4.3.18.26              Emglare, Inc.      541
      • 4.3.18.27              Eeonyx Corporation        541
      • 4.3.18.28              EPTATech S.R.L. 542
      • 4.3.18.29              EXO2     542
      • 4.3.18.30              Far Eastern New Century              543
      • 4.3.18.31              Feel The Same   544
      • 4.3.18.32              FeetMe 545
      • 4.3.18.33              Flextrapower     546
      • 4.3.18.34              Footfalls & Heartbeats (UK) Limited         546
      • 4.3.18.35              Formosa Taffeta               547
      • 4.3.18.36              Forster Rohner AG           547
      • 4.3.18.37              Gaugewear, Inc.               548
      • 4.3.18.38              Grapheal             549
      • 4.3.18.39              Graphwear Technologies              549
      • 4.3.18.40              Healthwatch Technologies           550
      • 4.3.18.41              HeiQ Materials AG           550
      • 4.3.18.42              Hexoskin             551
      • 4.3.18.43              Holst Centre       551
      • 4.3.18.44              IcosaMed Sarl    553
      • 4.3.18.45              IDUN Technologies AG   553
      • 4.3.18.46              Imagine Intelligent Materials Pty Ltd        554
      • 4.3.18.47              Interactive Wear              555
      • 4.3.18.48              Inuheat Group AB            555
      • 4.3.18.49              Komodo Technologies, Inc.          556
      • 4.3.18.50              LiBEST   557
      • 4.3.18.51              LifePlus Inc.        557
      • 4.3.18.52              Liquid X 558
      • 4.3.18.53              Liquid Wire, Inc.                558
      • 4.3.18.54              Loomia 559
      • 4.3.18.55              MesoMat            560
      • 4.3.18.56              miomove s.r.o.  561
      • 4.3.18.57              Mitsufuji Corporation     561
      • 4.3.18.58              Modjoul               563
      • 4.3.18.59              Myant, Inc.         563
      • 4.3.18.60              Nanoleq AG        564
      • 4.3.18.61              Noble Biomaterials, Inc. 566
      • 4.3.18.62              Novasentis         566
      • 4.3.18.63              NTT (New Textile Technologies) GmbH   567
      • 4.3.18.64              UUBO Smart Solutions Technologies, SL 567
      • 4.3.18.65              Nyoka Technologies        568
      • 4.3.18.66              Ohmatex             569
      • 4.3.18.67              Organic Robotics Corporation     569
      • 4.3.18.68              ORORO Heated Apparel 570
      • 4.3.18.69              Outlast Technologies LLC              570
      • 4.3.18.70              Power Textiles Limited   571
      • 4.3.18.71              Primo1D               571
      • 4.3.18.72              Sankiconsys Co., Ltd.       572
      • 4.3.18.73              Schoeller Textil AG          572
      • 4.3.18.74              Schöffel               573
      • 4.3.18.75              Seismic 574
      • 4.3.18.76              Sensing Tex        574
      • 4.3.18.77              Singular Wings Medical Co., Ltd. 575
      • 4.3.18.78              Sinopulsar Technology, Inc.         576
      • 4.3.18.79              Siren      576
      • 4.3.18.80              Sensoria, Inc.     577
      • 4.3.18.81              Shenzhen Grahope New Materials Technologies Inc.        578
      • 4.3.18.82              Skyscrape Inc.    578
      • 4.3.18.83              Smardii, Inc.       579
      • 4.3.18.84              Statex Produktions- und Vertriebs GmbH              580
      • 4.3.18.85              Spiber Technologies AB 580
      • 4.3.18.86              Taiyo Industrial Co., Ltd. 581
      • 4.3.18.87              Teijin Limited     581
      • 4.3.18.88              Teslasuit              582
      • 4.3.18.89              Textile Two Dimensional               584
      • 4.3.18.90              Thread In Motion             585
      • 4.3.18.91              Toray Industries, Inc.      585
      • 4.3.18.92              Toyobo Co., Ltd.                586
      • 4.3.18.93              Versarien plc      587
      • 4.3.18.94              Vista Medical     589
      • 4.3.18.95              Volt Wearable Tech Corporation               590
      • 4.3.18.96              Voxel8  590
      • 4.3.18.97              Wearable X         591
      • 4.3.18.98              Xenoma, Inc.      591
      • 4.3.18.99              Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. 592
      • 4.3.18.100            Zhuhai AdvanPro Technology Co., Ltd.    593
      • 4.3.18.101            Zive        593
  • 4.4          FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ENERGY STORAGE, GENERATION AND HARVESTING          595
    • 4.4.1      Market drivers and trends            595
    • 4.4.2      Current state of the art  596
      • 4.4.2.1   Products              597
      • 4.4.2.2   Nanomaterials  598
    • 4.4.3      Batteries              599
      • 4.4.3.1   Flexible and stretchable batteries             599
        • 4.4.3.1.1               Flexible and stretchable LIBs       600
          • 4.4.3.1.1.1           Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries          603
          • 4.4.3.1.1.2           Stretchable lithium-ion batteries               604
          • 4.4.3.1.1.3           Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries            605
        • 4.4.3.1.2               Flexible Zn-based batteries (ZIBs)             605
      • 4.4.3.2   Printed batteries              606
      • 4.4.3.3   Folding textile batteries 607
    • 4.4.4      Supercapacitors 608
      • 4.4.4.1   Flexible supercapacitors 608
        • 4.4.4.1.1               Materials             610
      • 4.4.4.2   Rollable, foldable supercapacitors            612
      • 4.4.4.3   Paper supercapacitors   612
      • 4.4.4.4   Spray-on pseudocapacitors         613
    • 4.4.5      Photovoltaics     614
      • 4.4.5.1   Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics    614
        • 4.4.5.1.1               Flexible CIGS Solar Cells 615
      • 4.4.5.2   Photovoltaic solar textiles            615
      • 4.4.5.3   Solar tape            616
      • 4.4.5.4   Origami-like solar cells   617
      • 4.4.5.5   Perovskite-based solar cells         619
        • 4.4.5.5.1               Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics  619
      • 4.4.5.6   Photovoltaic solar textiles            620
    • 4.4.6      Nanogenerators               622
      • 4.4.6.1   Stretchable nanogenerators       622
        • 4.4.6.1.1               TENGs   623
        • 4.4.6.1.2               PENGs  623
    • 4.4.7      Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting 624
    • 4.4.8      Stretchable heaters        624
    • 4.4.9      Spray-on thermoelectric energy harvesting          626
    • 4.4.10    Global market size           627
    • 4.4.11    Market challenges           630
    • 4.4.12    Company profiles             631
      • 4.4.12.1                3DOM Inc.           631
      • 4.4.12.2                BGT Materials Ltd.           632
      • 4.4.12.3                Bionic Power     633
      • 4.4.12.4                Blackstone Technology GmbH    634
      • 4.4.12.5                Blue Spark Technologies, Inc.      635
      • 4.4.12.6                BrightVolt            636
      • 4.4.12.7                Cymbet Corporation       637
      • 4.4.12.8                DoMicro BV        638
      • 4.4.12.9                Empa     638
      • 4.4.12.10              Enfucell OY         639
      • 4.4.12.11              Epishine               640
      • 4.4.12.12              Evonik Industries AG      640
      • 4.4.12.13              Flisom   641
      • 4.4.12.14              Front Edge Technology  641
      • 4.4.12.15              Fusens Micro     642
      • 4.4.12.16              Saule Technologies         642
      • 4.4.12.17              Shenzhen Grepow Battery Co.,Ltd. (Grepow)       643
      • 4.4.12.18              Hitachi Zosen Corporation            644
      • 4.4.12.19              Ilika plc 645
      • 4.4.12.20              Imprint Energy, Inc.         646
      • 4.4.12.21              infinityPV ApS    646
      • 4.4.12.22              Iten SA  647
      • 4.4.12.23              Jenax    648
      • 4.4.12.24              KeraCel, Inc.       649
      • 4.4.12.25              LiBEST   650
      • 4.4.12.26              Lionrock Batteries            650
      • 4.4.12.27              NEC Corporation              651
      • 4.4.12.28              Nimbus Materials, Inc.   653
      • 4.4.12.29              Nokia Bell Labs  653
      • 4.4.12.30              OPVIUS 654
      • 4.4.12.31              Panasonic Corporation   654
      • 4.4.12.32              PolyPlus Battery Company           655
      • 4.4.12.33              Power Textiles Limited   656
      • 4.4.12.34              Prelonic Technologies    656
      • 4.4.12.35              Printed Energy Pty Ltd    656
      • 4.4.12.36              Renovagen         657
      • 4.4.12.37              Prologium Technology Co., Ltd.  658
      • 4.4.12.38              Solar Frontier     658
      • 4.4.12.39              Solterra 659
      • 4.4.12.40              Thin Film Electronics ASA              659
      • 4.4.12.41              Varta Microbattery GmbH            660
      • 4.4.12.42              Voltabox              661
      • 4.4.12.43              Zinergy UK Ltd.  662
  • 4.5          FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED DISPLAYS              663
    • 4.5.1      Market drivers  663
    • 4.5.2      Current state of the art  664
      • 4.5.2.1   Printed OLEDs    665
      • 4.5.2.2   Flexible and printed circuit boards and interconnects      665
      • 4.5.2.3   Flexible and printed transistors  666
    • 4.5.3      OTFT materials for LCD and electrophoretic displays         669
    • 4.5.4      Flexible AMOLEDs            669
    • 4.5.5      Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED) 671
    • 4.5.6      Flexible MicroLEDs           671
      • 4.5.6.1   Foldable microLED displays          673
      • 4.5.6.2   Automotive displays       673
      • 4.5.6.3   Headlamps         676
    • 4.5.7      Foldable and rollable smartphones          677
    • 4.5.8      Foldable and rollable OLED displays         679
    • 4.5.9      Transparent displays       681
    • 4.5.10    Flexible automotive displays       683
    • 4.5.11    Flexible lighting 684
      • 4.5.11.1                Visible light communication (Li-Fi)            685
    • 4.5.12    Flexible quantum dot displays    687
      • 4.5.12.1                Quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF) for current QLEDs            687
      • 4.5.12.2                Quantum Dot on Glass (QDOG)  687
      • 4.5.12.3                Quantum dot colour filters           688
      • 4.5.12.4                Quantum dots on-chip   690
      • 4.5.12.5                Electroluminescent quantum dots            691
    • 4.5.13    Flexible electrophoretic displays                691
    • 4.5.14    Electrowetting displays  694
    • 4.5.15    Electrochromic displays 695
      • 4.5.15.1                Inorganic metal oxides  695
      • 4.5.15.2                Organic EC materials       695
      • 4.5.15.3                Nanomaterials  696
    • 4.5.16    Flexible organic liquid crystal displays     697
    • 4.5.17    Global market size           698
    • 4.5.18    Market challenges           699
    • 4.5.19    Company profiles             701
      • 4.5.19.1                Ares Materials, Inc.          701
      • 4.5.19.2                AU Optronics Corporation            701
      • 4.5.19.3                Beijing BOE Display Technology Co., Ltd. 703
      • 4.5.19.4                C3Nano 704
      • 4.5.19.5                Canatu Oy           704
      • 4.5.19.6                Chasm Advanced Materials          705
      • 4.5.19.7                CurveSYS GmbH               706
      • 4.5.19.8                Elephantech, Inc.             707
      • 4.5.19.9                Etulipa  708
      • 4.5.19.10              Fleep Technologies         708
      • 4.5.19.11              Flexterra, Inc.    709
      • 4.5.19.12              Forciot Oy Ltd.   709
      • 4.5.19.13              FlexEnable Limited          710
      • 4.5.19.14              Fronics  711
      • 4.5.19.15              Futaba Corporation         711
      • 4.5.19.16              Guangdong Nanhai ETEB Technology Co., Ltd.     712
      • 4.5.19.17              HC SemiTek Corporation               712
      • 4.5.19.18              iBeam Materials, Inc.      713
      • 4.5.19.19              Innolux Corporation        714
      • 4.5.19.20              Inuru GmbH       715
      • 4.5.19.21              Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI)    716
      • 4.5.19.22              Japan Display Inc. (JDI)   717
      • 4.5.19.23              Joled Inc.             718
      • 4.5.19.24              Karl Knauer KG  719
      • 4.5.19.25              Kureha Corporation        719
      • 4.5.19.26              Kyulux, Inc          720
      • 4.5.19.27              LG Display (LGD)               721
      • 4.5.19.28              Liquid Wire, Inc.                723
      • 4.5.19.29              Molecular Glasses, Inc.  724
      • 4.5.19.30              Luminit, LLC        725
      • 4.5.19.31              NthDegree         725
      • 4.5.19.32              Nanolumi            726
      • 4.5.19.33              NS Nanotech     726
      • 4.5.19.34              Oji Holdings Corporation               727
      • 4.5.19.35              Omniply Technologies   727
      • 4.5.19.36              Optotune AG     728
      • 4.5.19.37              Sekisui Polymatech Japan Co., Ltd.            728
      • 4.5.19.38              Plastic Logic        729
      • 4.5.19.39              PlayNitride, Inc. 730
      • 4.5.19.40              Royole Corporation         732
      • 4.5.19.41              Samsung              733
      • 4.5.19.42              Schott AG            734
      • 4.5.19.43              Shenzhen Danbond Technology Co Ltd   734
      • 4.5.19.44              SmartKem Limited           735
      • 4.5.19.45              TactoTek Oy       735
      • 4.5.19.46              Taiyo Industrial Co., Ltd. 736
      • 4.5.19.47              TCL         736
      • 4.5.19.48              Tech-Wave Industrial Co., Ltd.    737
      • 4.5.19.49              Tianma Display Technology Co., Ltd.,       738
      • 4.5.19.50              Visionox               740
      • 4.5.19.51              VitreaLab GmbH               740
      • 4.5.19.52              Ynvisible Interactive Inc.               741
  • 4.6          AUTOMOTIVE   742
    • 4.6.1      Market drivers  742
    • 4.6.2      Applications       743
      • 4.6.2.1   Electric vehicles 744
      • 4.6.2.2   Flexible and printed photovoltaics            747
      • 4.6.2.3   Automotive displays and lighting               748
        • 4.6.2.3.1               Interior 748
          • 4.6.2.3.1.1           OLED and flexible displays            748
        • 4.6.2.3.2               Exterior 749
      • 4.6.2.4   In-Mold Electronics         750
      • 4.6.2.5   Flexible and printed sensors        751
        • 4.6.2.5.1               Capacitive sensors           751
        • 4.6.2.5.2               Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors             752
        • 4.6.2.5.3               Piezoresistive sensors    753
        • 4.6.2.5.4               Piezoelectric sensors      754
        • 4.6.2.5.5               Image sensors   755
      • 4.6.2.6   Flexible and printed heaters        756
    • 4.6.3      Global market size           759
    • 4.6.4      Market challenges           759
    • 4.6.5      Company profiles             762
      • 4.6.5.1   Canatu  762
      • 4.6.5.2   Chasm  763
      • 4.6.5.3   Classic Stripes    763
      • 4.6.5.4   Emberion            764
      • 4.6.5.5   Fiat         765
      • 4.6.5.6   Flexbright            766
      • 4.6.5.7   Fraunhofer FEP 766
      • 4.6.5.8   GE Research       767
      • 4.6.5.9   Hyundai               768
      • 4.6.5.10                Lightyear             769
      • 4.6.5.11                Meggitt 770
      • 4.6.5.12                Metamaterial Technologies Inc. 770
      • 4.6.5.13                Molex   771
      • 4.6.5.14                Plastic Electronic              772
      • 4.6.5.15                PolyIC   774
      • 4.6.5.16                Pyzoflex               774
      • 4.6.5.17                ROYOLE 776
      • 4.6.5.18                Sono Motors      776
      • 4.6.5.19                Tacterion             777
      • 4.6.5.20                TactoTek              777
      • 4.6.5.21                Tangio   778
      • 4.6.5.22                Toyota  778
      • 4.6.5.23                Visteon 779
      • 4.6.5.24                Webasto              779

5              REFERENCES       780

 

Tables

  • Table 1. Types of wearable devices and applications.        53
  • Table 2. Wearable market leaders by market segment.   54
  • Table 3. Advanced materials for Flexible and printed sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages.        61
  • Table 4. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).       62
  • Table 5. Foldable smartphones and tablets, on or near market.   63
  • Table 6. Wearable electronics at CES 2021.            70
  • Table 7. Wearables Investment funding 2019-2021.           70
  • Table 8. Market drivers and trends for conductive inks.   73
  • Table 9. Typical conductive ink formulation.         75
  • Table 10. Applications in conductive inks by type and benefits thereof.   78
  • Table 11. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       86
  • Table 12. Characteristics of analog printing processes for conductive inks.              87
  • Table 13. Characteristics of digital printing processes for conductive inks.               88
  • Table 14. Commercially available conductive inks.             93
  • Table 15. Price comparison of thin-film transistor (TFT) electronics technology.    99
  • Table 16. Global market for conductive inks 2017-2031, revenues (million $), by ink types.             102
  • Table 17. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 151
  • Table 18. Market and applications for SWCNTs in transparent conductive films.   157
  • Table 19. Companies developing carbon nanotubes for applications in Flexible and printed  electronics.   162
  • Table 20. Organic semiconductor/OLED materials companies.      170
  • Table 21. Organic photovoltaics (OPV) companies.            173
  • Table 22. Organic thin film transistor (OTFT) materials companies.             176
  • Table 23. Organic photovoltaics (OPV) companies.            178
  • Table 24. Semiconducting perovskite companies.              181
  • Table 25. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.        182
  • Table 26. Properties of graphene.             186
  • Table 27.Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.               190
  • Table 28. Companies developing graphene for applications in Flexible and printed electronics.     191
  • Table 29.Types of metal mesh, properties and applications.          192
  • Table 30. Advantages and disadvantages of fabrication techniques to produce metal mesh structures.      193
  • Table 31. Companies developing metal mesh for applications in flexibles and printed  electronics.               197
  • Table 32. Comparison of ITO replacements.         199
  • Table 33. Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components. 201
  • Table 34. Flexible and printed electronics silver ink producers.    205
  • Table 35. Flexible and printed electronics copper ink producers. 208
  • Table 36. Nanocellulose properties.         210
  • Table 37. Properties and applications of nanocellulose    210
  • Table 38. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper). 211
  • Table 39. Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films.         214
  • Table 40.Companies developing nanocellulose for applications in Flexible and printed  electronics.             215
  • Table 41: Chemical synthesis of quantum dots.   221
  • Table 42. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 225
  • Table 43. Comparative properties of conventional QDs and Perovskite QDs.          233
  • Table 44. Applications of perovskite QDs.              233
  • Table 45. Properties of perovskite QLEDs comparative to OLED and QLED.              235
  • Table 46. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2.               247
  • Table 47. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics.        266
  • Table 48. Wearable health monitors.       271
  • Table 49. Main smart watch producers and products.      271
  • Table 50. Wearable sensors for sports performance.        274
  • Table 51. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.  275
  • Table 52. Example wearable sleep tracker products and prices.    277
  • Table 53. Smart ring products.    278
  • Table 54. Sleep headband products.        279
  • Table 55. Smart sleep mask products.     280
  • Table 56. Smart glasses companies and products.              281
  • Table 57. VR headset products. 285
  • Table 58. Augmented reality (AR) smart glass products.  286
  • Table 59. Mixed Reality (MR) smart glass products.           287
  • Table 60. Wearable electronics applications in the military.           288
  • Table 61. Wearable workplace products.               289
  • Table 62. Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2031, by product type, billions $. 291
  • Table 63. Market challenges in wearable electronics.       293
  • Table 64. Market drivers for flexible and printed medical and healthcare sensors and wearables. 334
  • Table 65. Examples of wearable medical device products.              339
  • Table 66. Medical wearable companies applying products to monitoring and analysis.       341
  • Table 67. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.            343
  • Table 68. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.                352
  • Table 69. Wearable bio-signal monitoring devices.            353
  • Table 70. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.                355
  • Table 71. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.          358
  • Table 72. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products.         360
  • Table 73. Companies developing wearable swear sensors.             373
  • Table 74. Wearable drug delivery companies and products.          375
  • Table 75. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches.               377
  • Table 76. Companies and products in smart footwear.    378
  • Table 77. Companies and products in smart contact lenses.          379
  • Table 78. Companies and products in smart wound care.                381
  • Table 79. Global medical and healthcare wearables market, 2017-2031, billions $, by product.      383
  • Table 80. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.   385
  • Table 81. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles. 476
  • Table 82. Types of smart textiles.              478
  • Table 83. Examples of smart textile products.      479
  • Table 84. Types of smart textiles.              480
  • Table 85. Examples of smart textile products.      480
  • Table 86. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.        484
  • Table 87. Typical conductive ink formulation.      486
  • Table 88. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       487
  • Table 89. Applications in textiles, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           489
  • Table 90. Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.       490
  • Table 91. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.  493
  • Table 92. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 497
  • Table 93. Applications and markets for e-textiles.              501
  • Table 94. Commercially available smart clothing products.             501
  • Table 95. Electronic textiles products.     503
  • Table 96. Heated jacket and clothing products.   506
  • Table 97. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.               507
  • Table 98. Companies and products in smart footwear.    511
  • Table 99. Wearable electronics applications in the military.           512
  • Table 100. Companies developing smart diaper products.              514
  • Table 101. Global electronic textiles and smart clothing market 2017-2031, revenues (billions USD).          516
  • Table 102. Market challenges in E-textiles.           520
  • Table 103. Market drivers and trends for Flexible and printed electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting.                595
  • Table 104. Wearable energy storage and energy harvesting products.      597
  • Table 105. Nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof.    598
  • Table 106. Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.                610
  • Table 107. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.            624
  • Table 108. Global market for flexible and printed energy storage and generation, revenues (millions USD) by applications.       628
  • Table 109. Market challenges in flexible and printed energy storage.        630
  • Table 110. Market drivers for Flexible and printed displays and electronic components.   663
  • Table 111. Flexible and printed displays products.             664
  • Table 112. Applications in flexible and stretchable circuit boards, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.                666
  • Table 113. Applications of microLED in automotive.          674
  • Table 114. Foldable display products and prototypes.      678
  • Table 115. Companies developing transparent display products. 683
  • Table 116. Companies developing curved automotive displays.   683
  • Table 117: QD colour filter options and advantages.         688
  • Table 118. Types of electrochromic materials and applications.    695
  • Table 119. Market challenges in flexible and printed displays and consumer electronics.  699
  • Table 120. Market drivers for flexible and printed electronics in automotive.        742
  • Table 121. Flexible and printed electronics in the automotive market.      743
  • Table 122. Market challenges for flexible and printed electronics in automotive. 759

 

Figures

  • Figure 1. Evolution of electronics.             52
  • Figure 2. Wove Band.     57
  • Figure 3. Wearable graphene medical sensor.     58
  • Figure 4. Applications timeline for organic and printed electronics.            60
  • Figure 5. Xiaomi MIX Flex.            66
  • Figure 6. Baby Monitor. 68
  • Figure 7. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.         69
  • Figure 8. BGT Materials graphene ink product.    81
  • Figure 9. Flexible RFID tag.           96
  • Figure 10. Stretchable material for formed an in-molded electronics.        98
  • Figure 11. Wearable patch with a skin-compatible, pressure-sensitive adhesive.  98
  • Figure 12. Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs.             99
  • Figure 13. Global market for conductive inks 2017-2031, revenues (million $), by ink types.            101
  • Figure 14. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.     144
  • Figure 15. CNT stretchable Resin Film.     153
  • Figure 16. Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube. 154
  • Figure 17. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays. 155
  • Figure 18. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.               155
  • Figure 19. CNT transparent conductive film formed on glass and schematic diagram of its structure.           156
  • Figure 20. Stretchable carbon aerogel incorporating carbon nanotubes.  161
  • Figure 21. Graphene layer structure schematic.  187
  • Figure 22. Flexible graphene touch screen.           188
  • Figure 23. Graphene electrochromic devices.      189
  • Figure 24. Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film.     190
  • Figure 25. Large-area metal mesh touch panel.   193
  • Figure 26. Transparent conductive switches-PEDOT.        198
  • Figure 27. Bending durability of Ag nanowires.   203
  • Figure 28. Flexible silver nanowire wearable mesh.           203
  • Figure 29. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.           207
  • Figure 30. Cellulose nanofiber films.        212
  • Figure 31. Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper.           213
  • Figure 32. LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF.  213
  • Figure 33. Foldable nanopaper. 214
  • Figure 34. Foldable nanopaper antenna. 215
  • Figure 35. Paper memory (ReRAM).         215
  • Figure 36: Quantum dot schematic.         219
  • Figure 37. Quantum dot size and colour. 220
  • Figure 38. Quantum dot companies in flexible and printed electronics.    224
  • Figure 39. A pQLED device structure.       232
  • Figure 40. Development roadmap for perovskite QDs.     234
  • Figure 41. Perovskite quantum dots under UV light.          235
  • Figure 42. Stretchable hologram.              238
  • Figure 43. Design concepts of soft mechanical metamaterials with large negative swelling ratios and tunable stress-strain curves.     239
  • Figure 44. Borophene schematic.              245
  • Figure 45. Black phosphorus structure.   246
  • Figure 46. Black Phosphorus crystal.        247
  • Figure 47. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation.                248
  • Figure 48. Graphitic carbon nitride.          249
  • Figure 49. Schematic of germanene.       250
  • Figure 50. Graphdiyne structure.              251
  • Figure 51. Schematic of Graphane crystal.             252
  • Figure 52. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 253
  • Figure 53. Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide.             255
  • Figure 54. SEM image of MoS2.  255
  • Figure 55. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 256
  • Figure 56. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.            257
  • Figure 57. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide.         257
  • Figure 58. Silicene structure.       258
  • Figure 59. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate.               259
  • Figure 60. Silicene transistor.      260
  • Figure 61. Crystal structure for stanene. 260
  • Figure 62. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111).     261
  • Figure 63. Schematic of tungsten diselenide.       262
  • Figure 64. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 264
  • Figure 65. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts. 270
  • Figure 66. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration.      273
  • Figure 67. Smart mouth guard.   275
  • Figure 68. Beddr SleepTuner.     280
  • Figure 69. Vuzix Blade.   285
  • Figure 70. NReal Light MR smart glasses.               287
  • Figure 71. Global market for wearables, 2015-2031, by product type, billions US$.              290
  • Figure 72. Global market for wearables, 2020-2031, by market share of product type        292
  • Figure 73. Lexilens.         295
  • Figure 74. ASICS smart shoes.     297
  • Figure 75. C-Stretch™.   300
  • Figure 76. BeBop Sensors Forte Data Glove.         300
  • Figure 77. BITalino systems.        304
  • Figure 78. MYSA - 'Relax Shirt'.   313
  • Figure 79. Prototype sensor technology. 315
  • Figure 80. Neosensory Buzz.       321
  • Figure 81. PI-Crystal strain sensor.            325
  • Figure 82. RealWear HMT-1.        326
  • Figure 83. Tobii Pro Glasses 3.     331
  • Figure 84. Connected human body and product examples.            338
  • Figure 85. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs.  350
  • Figure 86. Graphene medical patch.         351
  • Figure 87. Graphene-based E-skin patch.               351
  • Figure 88. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection.           355
  • Figure 89. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor.            359
  • Figure 90. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor.          360
  • Figure 91. VitalPatch.     364
  • Figure 92. Wearable ECG-textile.              364
  • Figure 93. Wearable ECG recorder.           365
  • Figure 94. Nexkin™.        366
  • Figure 95. Bloomlife.      367
  • Figure 96. Enfucell wearable temperature tag.    369
  • Figure 97. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.   370
  • Figure 98. Nanowire skin hydration patch.             370
  • Figure 99. NIX sensors.  371
  • Figure 100. Wearable sweat sensor.        371
  • Figure 101. Wearable sweat sensor.        372
  • Figure 102. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch. 372
  • Figure 103. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask.    373
  • Figure 104. Lab-on-Skin™.            374
  • Figure 105. D-mine Pump.            375
  • Figure 106. My UV Patch.             376
  • Figure 107. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch.              377
  • Figure 108. Digitsole Smartshoe.               378
  • Figure 109. Schematic of smart wound dressing. 380
  • Figure 110. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. 381
  • Figure 111. Global medical and healthcare wearables market, 2017-2031, billions $, by product.  383
  • Figure 112. Global market for medical and healthcare sensors and wearables, 2020-2031, by market share of product type.     385
  • Figure 113. Freestyle Libre 2.       388
  • Figure 114. Gluctrac.       390
  • Figure 115. Biobeat patch and wristband.              398
  • Figure 116. BioSticker™. 400
  • Figure 117. Carewear LED light patches. 408
  • Figure 118. In ear wearable sensor.         410
  • Figure 119. Fleming Medical Ltd.               417
  • Figure 120. CORE from Genteg AG.          424
  • Figure 121. DRYODES™ electrode.            426
  • Figure 122. Life Signals LP1250 Wireless Medical Biosensor.          437
  • Figure 123. Neopenda neonatal device. 446
  • Figure 124. Powered Clothing™ 457
  • Figure 125. Sensoria Mat smart cushion. 459
  • Figure 126. TAP device. 461
  • Figure 127. Sorrel Medical’s wearable drug delivery devices.        466
  • Figure 128. intelligent Care Belt. 467
  • Figure 129. Conductive yarns.     481
  • Figure 130. Conductive yarns.     482
  • Figure 131. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating. 483
  • Figure 132. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel.           495
  • Figure 133. PCM cooling vest.     501
  • Figure 134. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket. 505
  • Figure 135. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper.            505
  • Figure 136. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles.     506
  • Figure 137. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat. 508
  • Figure 138. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products.             509
  • Figure 139. iStimUweaR .              510
  • Figure 140. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.            513
  • Figure 141. ABENA Nova smart diaper.   514
  • Figure 142. Textile-based car seat heaters.           516
  • Figure 143. Global electronic textiles and smart clothing 2017-2031, revenues (billions USD).Source: Future Markets.                518
  • Figure 144. Global market for electronics and smart textiles, 2020-2031, by market share of product type.              519
  • Figure 145. ASICS smart shoes.  525
  • Figure 146. C-Stretch™  526
  • Figure 147. K2 baselayer using Clim8 technology.              531
  • Figure 148. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.           535
  • Figure 149. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.        536
  • Figure 150. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.    537
  • Figure 151. BalanceBelt.                540
  • Figure 152. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.            544
  • Figure 153. MYSA - 'Relax Shirt'. 552
  • Figure 154. DRYODES™ electrode.            554
  • Figure 155. The LOOMIA Electronic Layer (LEL).   560
  • Figure 156. Electroskin integration schematic.     565
  • Figure 157. Siren socks. 577
  • Figure 158. Smardii smart diaper.              579
  • Figure 159. Teslasuit.      584
  • Figure 160. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques.  597
  • Figure 161. Flexible batteries on the market.       598
  • Figure 162. Printed 1.5V battery.              599
  • Figure 163. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.          600
  • Figure 164. LiBEST flexible battery.           601
  • Figure 165. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.             601
  • Figure 166. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs.      602
  • Figure 167. Carbon nanotubes incorporated into flexible, rechargeable yarn batteries.     604
  • Figure 168. (A) Schematic overview of a flexible supercapacitor as compared to conventional supercapacitor.        609
  • Figure 169. Stretchable graphene supercapacitor.             612
  • Figure 170. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.               616
  • Figure 171. Origami-like silicon solar cells.             618
  • Figure 172. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.               622
  • Figure 173 . 3D print piezoelectric material.          623
  • Figure 174. Global market for flexible and printed energy storage and generation to 2031, by market share of product type.     628
  • Figure 175. Global market for flexible and printed energy storage and generation, revenues (millions USD) by applications.       629
  • Figure 176. PowerWalk®.             634
  • Figure 177. Hitz all-solid-state lithium-ion battery.            645
  • Figure 178. ZincPoly™ Battery.   646
  • Figure 179. infinityPV Solar Tape.              647
  • Figure 180. J.Flex.            649
  • Figure 181. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.          651
  • Figure 182. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.    652
  • Figure 183. Flow-Shape-Design (FSD).     662
  • Figure 184. Thin film transistor incorporating SWCNTs.   667
  • Figure 185. LG Signature OLED TV R.        668
  • Figure 186. Flexible display.         668
  • Figure 187. AMOLED schematic. 670
  • Figure 188. Mirage smart speaker with wraparound touch display.             671
  • Figure 189. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display.           672
  • Figure 190. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level microLED transferring.           672
  • Figure 191. Foldable 4K C SEED M1.          673
  • Figure 192. MicroLED automotive display.             674
  • Figure 193. Rear lamp utilizing flexible MicroLEDs.             677
  • Figure 194. Rollable display producers and products.       680
  • Figure 195. LG Display transparent OLED touch display.   682
  • Figure 196. Transparent display in subway carriage window.        682
  • Figure 197. LG OLED flexible lighting panel.          685
  • Figure 198. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.            685
  • Figure 199. Quantum dot film schematic.              687
  • Figure 200: Quantum Dots on Glass schematic.   688
  • Figure 201: Samsung 8K 65" QD Glass.    688
  • Figure 202: QD/OLED hybrid  schematic. 690
  • Figure 203: Electroluminescent quantum dots schematic.              691
  • Figure 204. LECTUM® display.     692
  • Figure 205. Argil electrochromic film integrated with polycarbonate lenses.          696
  • Figure 206. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius.          697
  • Figure 207. Global flexible and printed displays market revenues, 2017-2031 (billion $).   698
  • Figure 208. Global flexible and printed displays market revenues, 2017-2031 (billion $).   699
  • Figure 209. 1.39-inch full-circle microLED display                702
  • Figure 210. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.            703
  • Figure 211. Transparent 3D touch control with LED lights and LED matrix.               705
  • Figure 212. Flexible microLED.    717
  • Figure 213. Hyperfluorescence™ OLED display.   721
  • Figure 214. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.            731
  • Figure 215. 7.56-inch transparent Micro LED display.        731
  • Figure 216. Micro-LED stretchable display.            733
  • Figure 217. TCL phone and tablet concepts.         737
  • Figure 218. 7.56” Transparent Display.    739
  • Figure 219. Mercedes-Benz’s Hyperscreen.          748
  • Figure 220. Global market for flexible and printed electronics in the automotive sector, revenues (millions USD) by applications.       761

 

 

 

The Global Market for Flexible and Printed Electronics 2021-2031
The Global Market for Flexible and Printed Electronics 2021-2031
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