The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2025-2035

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1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            48

• 1.1        The evolution of electronics 50
• 1.2        Markets for printed and flexible electronics               53
  • 1.2.1    Macro-trends 53
  • 1.2.2    Healthcare and wellness       54
  • 1.2.3    Automotive      55
  • 1.2.4    Buildings and construction   56
  • 1.2.5    Energy storage and harvesting           57
  • 1.2.6    E-Textiles           58
  • 1.2.7    Consumer electronics             59
  • 1.2.8    Smart packaging and logistics           60
• 1.3        The wearables revolution       61
• 1.4        The wearable tech market in 2024   64
• 1.5        Continuous monitoring           65
• 1.6        Market map for printed and flexible electronics      65
• 1.7        Wearable market leaders       66
• 1.8        What is printed/flexible electronics?              67
  • 1.8.1    Motivation for use       67
  • 1.8.2    From rigid to flexible and stretchable             68
    • 1.8.2.1 Stretchable electronics           69
    • 1.8.2.2 Stretchable electronics in wearables            70
    • 1.8.2.3 Stretchable electronics in Medical devices               71
    • 1.8.2.4 Stretchable electronics in sensors  71
    • 1.8.2.5 Stretchable electronics in energy harvesting           71
    • 1.8.2.6 Stretchable artificial skin       72
• 1.9        Role in the metaverse               73
• 1.10     Wearable electronics in the textiles industry            74
• 1.11     New conductive materials    75
• 1.12     Entertainment               78
• 1.13     Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market       79
  • 1.13.1 Recent growth in Printed, flexible and hyrbid products      79
  • 1.13.2 Future growth 79
  • 1.13.3 Advanced materials as a market driver         80
  • 1.13.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics         80
• 1.14     Innovations at CES 2021-2024          82
• 1.15     Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024          85
• 1.16     Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)      89
• 1.17     Sustainability in flexible electronics               93
• 1.18     Global market revenues, 2018-2035             94
  • 1.18.1 Consumer electronics             94
  • 1.18.2 Medical & healthcare               95
  • 1.18.3 E-textiles and smart apparel               96
  • 1.18.4 Displays            97
  • 1.18.5 Automotive      98
  • 1.18.6 Smart buildings            99
  • 1.18.7 Smart packaging         100

2             MANUFACTURING METHODS            101

• 2.1        Comparative analysis              101
• 2.2        Printed electronics     102
  • 2.2.1    Technology description           102
  • 2.2.2    SWOT analysis              103
• 2.3        3D electronics               104
  • 2.3.1    Technology description           104
  • 2.3.2    SWOT analysis              107
• 2.4        Analogue printing        107
  • 2.4.1    Technology description           108
  • 2.4.2    SWOT analysis              110
• 2.5        Digital printing               110
  • 2.5.1    Technology description           110
  • 2.5.2    SWOT analysis              112
• 2.6        In-mold electronics (IME)      113
  • 2.6.1    Technology description           113
  • 2.6.2    SWOT analysis              116
• 2.7        Roll-to-roll (R2R)         116
  • 2.7.1    Technology description           117
  • 2.7.2    SWOT analysis              119

3             MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS       120

• 3.1        Component attachment materials  121
  • 3.1.1    Conductive adhesives             122
  • 3.1.2    Biodegradable adhesives      122
  • 3.1.3    Magnets            122
  • 3.1.4    Bio-based solders      123
  • 3.1.5    Bio-derived solders   123
  • 3.1.6    Recycled plastics       123
  • 3.1.7    Nano adhesives           123
  • 3.1.8    Shape memory polymers       124
  • 3.1.9    Photo-reversible polymers    125
  • 3.1.10 Conductive biopolymers        126
  • 3.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods     126
  • 3.1.12 Low temperature solder          127
  • 3.1.13 Reflow soldering          129
  • 3.1.14 Induction soldering    130
  • 3.1.15 UV curing          131
  • 3.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing 131
  • 3.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing       131
  • 3.1.18 Hybrid integration       132
• 3.2        Conductive inks           132
  • 3.2.1    Metal-based conductive inks              135
  • 3.2.2    Nanoparticle inks       136
  • 3.2.3    Silver inks         136
  • 3.2.4    Particle-Free conductive ink 137
  • 3.2.5    Copper inks    138
  • 3.2.6    Gold (Au) ink   139
  • 3.2.7    Conductive polymer inks       139
  • 3.2.8    Liquid metals 140
  • 3.2.9    Companies     141
• 3.3        Printable semiconductors     142
  • 3.3.1    Technology overview 142
  • 3.3.2    Advantages and disadvantages        142
  • 3.3.3    SWOT analysis              143
• 3.4        Printable sensing materials  144
  • 3.4.1    Overview           144
  • 3.4.2    Types   145
  • 3.4.3    SWOT analysis              147
• 3.5        Flexible Substrates     148
  • 3.5.1    Flexible plastic substrates    150
    • 3.5.1.1 Types of materials      151
    • 3.5.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs             151
  • 3.5.2    Paper substrates         152
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview           152
  • 3.5.3    Glass substrates         153
    • 3.5.3.1 Overview           153
  • 3.5.4    Textile substrates        154
• 3.6        Flexible ICs      155
  • 3.6.1    Description     155
  • 3.6.2    Flexible metal oxide ICs          155
  • 3.6.3    Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies      156
  • 3.6.4    SWOT analysis              156
• 3.7        Printed PCBs  157
  • 3.7.1    Description     157
  • 3.7.2    High-Speed PCBs       160
  • 3.7.3    Flexible PCBs 160
  • 3.7.4    3D Printed PCBs          161
  • 3.7.5    Sustainable PCBs       162
• 3.8        Thin film batteries       163
  • 3.8.1    Technology description           163
  • 3.8.2    SWOT analysis              164
• 3.9        Energy harvesting       164
  • 3.9.1    Approaches    164
  • 3.9.2    Perovskite photovoltaics        165
• 3.9.3    Applications   165
• 3.9.4    SWOT analysis              166

4             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS         168

• 4.1        Macro-trends 168
• 4.2        Market drivers                168
• 4.3        SWOT analysis              171
• 4.4        Wearable sensors       172
• 4.5        Wearable actuators   173
• 4.6        Recent market developments             174
• 4.7        Wrist-worn wearables              175
  • 4.7.1    Overview           175
  • 4.7.2    Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers         175
    • 4.7.2.1 Sensing              175
    • 4.7.2.2 Actuating          176
  • 4.7.3    SWOT analysis              179
  • 4.7.4    Health monitoring      180
  • 4.7.5    Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches        181
  • 4.7.6    Main producers and products            182
• 4.8        Sports and fitness      183
  • 4.8.1    Overview           183
  • 4.8.2    Wearable devices and apparel           184
  • 4.8.3    Skin patches   184
  • 4.8.4    Products           185
• 4.9        Hearables        187
  • 4.9.1    Technology overview 187
  • 4.9.2    Assistive Hearables   190
    • 4.9.2.1 Biometric Monitoring 190
  • 4.9.3    SWOT analysis              191
  • 4.9.4    Health & Fitness Hearables  192
  • 4.9.5    Multimedia Hearables             192
  • 4.9.6    Artificial Intelligence (AI)        192
  • 4.9.7    Companies and products      193
• 4.10     Sleep trackers and wearable monitors         194
  • 4.10.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers      195
  • 4.10.2 Smart rings      195
  • 4.10.3 Headbands     196
  • 4.10.4 Sleep monitoring devices       197
    • 4.10.4.1            Companies and products      197
• 4.11     Pet and animal wearables     199
• 4.12     Military wearables      200
• 4.13     Industrial and workplace monitoring             200
  • 4.13.1 Products           201
• 4.14     Global market forecasts         202
• 4.14.1 Volume              203
• 4.14.2 Revenues          204
• 4.15     Market challenges      206
• 4.16     Companies     208

5             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS ELECTRONICS       213

• 5.1        Macro-trends 213
• 5.2        Market drivers                214
• 5.3        SWOT analysis              216
• 5.4        Current state of the art            217
  • 5.4.1    Electrochemical biosensors                219
  • 5.4.2    Skin patches for continuous monitoring      219
  • 5.4.3    Printed pH sensors    220
  • 5.4.4    Wearable medical device products 220
  • 5.4.5    Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring           222
• 5.5        Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation             223
  • 5.5.1    Market overview           223
  • 5.5.2    Companies and products      224
• 5.6        Electronic skin patches           228
  • 5.6.1    Electronic skin sensors           229
  • 5.6.2    Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics       230
  • 5.6.3    Nanomaterials-based devices           232
    • 5.6.3.1 Graphene         232
  • 5.6.4    Liquid metal alloys     233
  • 5.6.5    Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics       234
  • 5.6.6    Printed batteries          234
  • 5.6.7    Materials           235
    • 5.6.7.1 Summary of advanced materials      235
  • 5.6.8    SWOT analysis              236
  • 5.6.9    Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring           237
    • 5.6.9.1 Market overview           237
    • 5.6.9.2 Companies and products      238
  • 5.6.10 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)        239
    • 5.6.10.1            Market overview           239
  • 5.6.11 Minimally-invasive CGM sensors     240
    • 5.6.11.1            Technologies  240
  • 5.6.12 Non-invasive CGM sensors  243
    • 5.6.12.1            Commercial devices 243
    • 5.6.12.2            Companies and products      244
  • 5.6.13 Cardiovascular monitoring   247
    • 5.6.13.1            Market overview           247
    • 5.6.13.2            ECG sensors  248
      • 5.6.13.2.1        Companies and products      248
    • 5.6.13.3            PPG sensors   250
      • 5.6.13.3.1        Companies and products      250
  • 5.6.14 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring              250
    • 5.6.14.1            Market overview           250
    • 5.6.14.2            Companies and products      251
  • 5.6.15 Hydration sensors      252
    • 5.6.15.1            Market overview           252
    • 5.6.15.2            Companies and products      253
  • 5.6.16 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)        253
    • 5.6.16.1            Market overview           253
    • 5.6.16.2            Companies and products      256
• 5.7        Wearable drug delivery            256
  • 5.7.1    Companies and products      258
• 5.8        Cosmetics patches    258
  • 5.8.1    Companies and products      259
• 5.9        Femtech devices         260
  • 5.9.1    Companies and products      260
• 5.10     Smart footwear for health monitoring           262
  • 5.10.1 Companies and products      263
• 5.11     Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired     263
  • 5.11.1 Companies and products      264
• 5.12     Smart woundcare       264
  • 5.12.1 Companies and products      266
• 5.13     Smart diapers                266
  • 5.13.1 Companies and products      267
• 5.14     Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots 268
  • 5.14.1 Companies and products      268
• 5.15     Global market forecasts         287
  • 5.15.1 Volume              287
  • 5.15.2 Revenues          288
• 5.16     Market challenges      290

6             ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL           291

• 6.1        Macro-trends 292
• 6.2        Market drivers                293
• 6.3        SWOT analysis              295
• 6.4        Performance requirements for E-textiles     296
• 6.5        Growth prospects for electronic textiles      297
• 6.6        Textiles in the Internet of Things        300
• 6.7        Types of E-Textile products   302
  • 6.7.1    Embedded e-textiles 303
  • 6.7.2    Laminated e-textiles  304
• 6.8        Materials and components  304
  • 6.8.1    Integrating electronics for E-Textiles               304
    • 6.8.1.1 Textile-adapted             306
    • 6.8.1.2 Textile-integrated         306
    • 6.8.1.3 Textile-based  306
  • 6.8.2    Manufacturing of E-textiles   307
    • 6.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks            307
    • 6.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers   309
    • 6.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets       310
  • 6.8.3    Flexible and stretchable electronics in E-textiles   310
  • 6.8.4    E-textiles materials and components            312
    • 6.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns           312
      • 6.8.4.1.1           Production       314
      • 6.8.4.1.2           Metals 315
      • 6.8.4.1.3           Carbon materials and nanofibers    316
        • 6.8.4.1.3.1      Graphene         318
        • 6.8.4.1.3.2      Carbon nanotubes     319
        • 6.8.4.1.3.3      Nanofibers      321
    • 6.8.4.2 Mxenes              322
    • 6.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)     323
    • 6.8.4.4 Conductive polymers               325
      • 6.8.4.4.1           PDMS  328
      • 6.8.4.4.2           PEDOT: PSS     328
      • 6.8.4.4.3           Polypyrrole (PPy)          328
      • 6.8.4.4.4           Conductive polymer composites     329
      • 6.8.4.4.5           Ionic conductive polymers    329
    • 6.8.4.5 Conductive inks           329
      • 6.8.4.5.1           Aqueous-Based Ink   331
      • 6.8.4.5.2           Solvent-Based Ink      332
      • 6.8.4.5.3           Oil-Based Ink 332
      • 6.8.4.5.4           Hot-Melt Ink    333
      • 6.8.4.5.5           UV-Curable Ink             333
      • 6.8.4.5.6           Metal-based conductive inks              334
        • 6.8.4.5.6.1      Nanoparticle ink          335
        • 6.8.4.5.6.2      Silver inks         335
        • 6.8.4.5.6.3      Copper inks    339
        • 6.8.4.5.6.4      Gold (Au) ink   341
      • 6.8.4.5.7           Carbon-based conductive inks         341
        • 6.8.4.5.7.1      Carbon nanotubes     341
        • 6.8.4.5.7.2      Single-walled carbon nanotubes      343
        • 6.8.4.5.7.3      Graphene         344
      • 6.8.4.5.8           Liquid metals 348
        • 6.8.4.5.8.1      Properties         348
    • 6.8.4.6 Electronic filaments  348
    • 6.8.4.7 Phase change materials         349
      • 6.8.4.7.1           Temperature controlled fabrics         349
    • 6.8.4.8 Shape memory materials      350
    • 6.8.4.9 Metal halide perovskites        352
    • 6.8.4.10            Nanocoatings in smart textiles           352
    • 6.8.4.11            3D printing       355
      • 6.8.4.11.1        Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)  355
      • 6.8.4.11.2        Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)           355
      • 6.8.4.11.3        Products           356
  • 6.8.5    E-textiles components            357
    • 6.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators            357
      • 6.8.5.1.1           Physiological sensors              358
      • 6.8.5.1.2           Environmental sensors           359
      • 6.8.5.1.3           Pressure sensors         359
        • 6.8.5.1.3.1      Flexible capacitive sensors  359
        • 6.8.5.1.3.2      Flexible piezoresistive sensors           360
        • 6.8.5.1.3.3      Flexible piezoelectric sensors            360
      • 6.8.5.1.4           Activity sensors            361
      • 6.8.5.1.5           Strain sensors               361
        • 6.8.5.1.5.1      Resistive sensors        361
        • 6.8.5.1.5.2      Capacitive strain sensors      362
      • 6.8.5.1.6           Temperature sensors                362
      • 6.8.5.1.7           Inertial measurement units (IMUs)  362
    • 6.8.5.2 Electrodes        363
    • 6.8.5.3 Connectors     363
• 6.9        Applications, markets and products              363
  • 6.9.1    Current E-textiles and smart clothing products      364
  • 6.9.2    Temperature monitoring and regulation       365
    • 6.9.2.1 Heated clothing           366
    • 6.9.2.2 Heated gloves               367
    • 6.9.2.3 Heated insoles             367
    • 6.9.2.4 Heated jacket and clothing products             368
    • 6.9.2.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications             369
  • 6.9.3    Stretchable E-fabrics                370
  • 6.9.4    Therapeutic products               370
  • 6.9.5    Sport & fitness              371
    • 6.9.5.1 Products           373
  • 6.9.6    Smart footwear             375
    • 6.9.6.1 Companies and products      376
  • 6.9.7    Wearable displays      376
  • 6.9.8    Military               377
  • 6.9.9    Textile-based lighting                378
    • 6.9.9.1 OLEDs 378
  • 6.9.10 Smart gloves  378
  • 6.9.11 Powering E-textiles     379
    • 6.9.11.1            Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles          380
    • 6.9.11.2            Bio-batteries   381
    • 6.9.11.3            Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles               381
    • 6.9.11.4            Textile supercapacitors           382
    • 6.9.11.5            Energy harvesting       383
      • 6.9.11.5.1        Photovoltaic solar textiles     385
      • 6.9.11.5.2        Energy harvesting nanogenerators  386
        • 6.9.11.5.2.1   TENGs 387
        • 6.9.11.5.2.2   PENGs                387
      • 6.9.11.5.3        Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting       387
  • 6.9.12 Motion capture for AR/VR      388
• 6.10     Global market forecasts         389
  • 6.10.1 Volume              389
  • 6.10.2 Revenues          390
• 6.11     Market challenges      393
• 6.12     Companies     394

7             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING  397

• 7.1        Macro-trends 398
• 7.2        Market drivers                398
• 7.3        SWOT analysis              399
• 7.4        Applications of printed and flexible electronics      400
• 7.5        Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics  401
• 7.6        Approaches to flexibility         402
• 7.7        Flexible Battery Technologies              406
  • 7.7.1    Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries           406
    • 7.7.1.1 Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries             408
    • 7.7.1.2 Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs    410
      • 7.7.1.2.1           Flexible planar LiBs   411
      • 7.7.1.2.2           Flexible Fiber LiBs       411
      • 7.7.1.2.3           Flexible micro-LiBs    411
      • 7.7.1.2.4           Stretchable lithium-ion batteries      414
      • 7.7.1.2.5           Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries  416
    • 7.7.1.3 Flexible Li/S batteries                417
    • 7.7.1.4 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 419
  • 7.7.2    Printed Batteries          420
    • 7.7.2.1 Technical specifications         421
    • 7.7.2.2 Components  421
    • 7.7.2.3 Design 423
    • 7.7.2.4 Key features    424
      • 7.7.2.4.1           Printable current collectors  425
      • 7.7.2.4.2           Printable electrodes  426
      • 7.7.2.4.3           Materials           427
      • 7.7.2.4.4           Applications   427
      • 7.7.2.4.5           Printing techniques    429
      • 7.7.2.4.6           Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries    432
      • 7.7.2.4.7           Zinc-based printed batteries                433
      • 7.7.2.4.8           3D Printed batteries   436
        • 7.7.2.4.8.1      Materials for 3D printed batteries     439
  • 7.7.3    Thin-Film Solid-state Batteries           441
    • 7.7.3.1 Solid-state electrolytes            442
    • 7.7.3.2 Features and advantages      444
    • 7.7.3.3 Technical specifications         445
    • 7.7.3.4 Microbatteries               450
      • 7.7.3.4.1           Introduction    450
      • 7.7.3.4.2           3D designs      451
  • 7.7.4    Stretchable Batteries                453
  • 7.7.5    Other Emerging Technologies             455
    • 7.7.5.1 Metal-sulfur batteries               455
    • 7.7.5.2 Flexible zinc-based batteries               457
    • 7.7.5.3 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries              458
    • 7.7.5.4 Flexible Zn–Air batteries          459
    • 7.7.5.5 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries      459
    • 7.7.5.6 Fiber-shaped batteries             460
• 7.8        Key Components of Flexible Batteries           471
  • 7.8.1    Electrodes        471
  • 7.8.2    Electrolytes     474
  • 7.8.3    Separators       478
  • 7.8.4    Current Collectors      480
  • 7.8.5    Packaging        482
  • 7.8.6    Encapsulation Materials         485
  • 7.8.7    Other Manufacturing Techniques     487
• 7.9        Performance Metrics and Characteristics  489
  • 7.9.1    Energy Density              489
  • 7.9.2    Power Density               491
  • 7.9.3    Cycle Life          492
  • 7.9.4    Flexibility and Bendability     493
  • 7.9.5    Printed supercapacitors         494
    • 7.9.5.1 Electrode materials   495
    • 7.9.5.2 Electrolytes     496
• 7.10     Photovoltaics 500
  • 7.10.1 Conductive pastes     500
  • 7.10.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV)               501
  • 7.10.3 Perovskite PV 501
  • 7.10.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics        501
    • 7.10.4.1            Companies     502
  • 7.10.5 Photovoltaic solar textiles     502
  • 7.10.6 Solar tape         503
  • 7.10.7 Origami-like solar cells            504
  • 7.10.8 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics    505
  • 7.10.9 Photovoltaic solar textiles     505
• 7.11     Transparent and flexible heaters       506
  • 7.11.1 Technology overview 506
  • 7.11.2 Applications   507
    • 7.11.2.1            Automotive Industry  507
      • 7.11.2.1.1        Defrosting and Defogging Systems  508
      • 7.11.2.1.2        Heated Windshields and Mirrors      509
      • 7.11.2.1.3        Touch Panels and Displays   512
    • 7.11.2.2            Aerospace and Aviation          514
      • 7.11.2.2.1        Aircraft Windows and Canopies        514
      • 7.11.2.2.2        Sensor and Camera Housings            515
    • 7.11.2.3            Consumer Electronics             519
      • 7.11.2.3.1        Smartphones and Tablets      519
      • 7.11.2.3.2        Wearable Devices       520
      • 7.11.2.3.3        Smart Home Appliances        522
    • 7.11.2.4            Building and Architecture      524
      • 7.11.2.4.1        Smart Windows            524
      • 7.11.2.4.2        Heated Glass Facades            526
      • 7.11.2.4.3        Greenhouse and Skylight Applications         527
    • 7.11.2.5            Medical and Healthcare         529
      • 7.11.2.5.1        Incubators and Warming Beds           529
      • 7.11.2.5.2        Surgical Microscopes and Endoscopes       530
      • 7.11.2.5.3        Medical Imaging Equipment 531
    • 7.11.2.6            Display Technologies                532
      • 7.11.2.6.1        LCD Displays 532
      • 7.11.2.6.2        OLED Displays              534
      • 7.11.2.6.3        Flexible and Transparent Displays   535
    • 7.11.2.7            Energy Systems            537
      • 7.11.2.7.1        Solar Panels (De-icing and Efficiency Enhancement)         537
      • 7.11.2.7.2        Fuel Cells         538
      • 7.11.2.7.3        Battery Systems           539
• 7.12     Thermoelectric energy harvesting   542
• 7.13     Fuel cells          543
• 7.14     Market challenges      543
• 7.15     Global market forecasts         544
  • 7.15.1 Volume              544
  • 7.15.2 Revenues          545
• 7.16     Companies     547

8             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS  552

• 8.1        Macro-trends 552
• 8.2        Market drivers                552
• 8.3        SWOT analysis              555
• 8.4        Printed and flexible display prototypes and products         556
• 8.5        Organic LCDs (OLCDs)           563
• 8.6        Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)         564
• 8.7        Inorganic LEDs              565
• 8.8        Flexible AMOLEDs      566
• 8.9        Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED)      568
  • 8.9.1    Printed OLEDs              569
    • 8.9.1.1 Performance  569
    • 8.9.1.2 Challenges      570
• 8.10     Flexible and foldable microLED         570
  • 8.10.1 Foldable microLED displays 572
  • 8.10.2 Product developers    572
• 8.11     Flexible QD displays  573
• 8.12     Smartphones 575
• 8.13     Laptops, tablets and other displays               577
• 8.14     Products and prototypes        580
• 8.15     Flexible lighting            586
  • 8.15.1 OLED lighting 586
  • 8.15.2 Automotive applications        588
    • 8.15.2.1            Commercial activity  588
• 8.16     FHE for large area lighting     589
• 8.17     Directly printed LED lighting 589
• 8.18     Flexible electrophoretic displays      590
  • 8.18.1 Commercial activity  591
• 8.19     Electrowetting displays           593
• 8.20     Electrochromic displays         593
• 8.21     Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs)  594
  • 8.21.1 Types   594
  • 8.21.2 Challenges      595
  • 8.21.3 White PeLEDs                596
  • 8.21.4 Printable and flexible electronics     596
• 8.22     Metamaterials               596
  • 8.22.1 Metasurfaces 596
    • 8.22.1.1            Flexible metasurfaces             597
    • 8.22.1.2            Meta-Lens        598
    • 8.22.1.3            Metasurface holograms         599
    • 8.22.1.4            Stretchable displays 599
    • 8.22.1.5            Soft materials                600
• 8.23     Transparent displays 602
  • 8.23.1 Product developers    605
• 8.24     Global market forecasts         606
  • 8.24.1 Volume              606
  • 8.24.2 Revenues          607
• 8.25     Market challenges      608
• 8.26     Companies     609

9             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS      612

• 9.1        Macro-trends 613
• 9.2        Market drivers                613
• 9.3        SWOT analysis              613
• 9.4        Applications   614
  • 9.4.1    Electric vehicles           615
    • 9.4.1.1 Applications   615
    • 9.4.1.2 Battery monitoring and heating          615
    • 9.4.1.3 Printed temperature sensors and heaters   615
  • 9.4.2    HMI       616
  • 9.4.3    Automotive displays and lighting      616
    • 9.4.3.1 Interiors             617
      • 9.4.3.1.1           OLED and flexible displays   619
      • 9.4.3.1.2           Passive-matrix OLEDs             620
      • 9.4.3.1.3           Active matrix OLED    620
      • 9.4.3.1.4           Transparent OLED for heads-up displays    621
      • 9.4.3.1.5           LCD displays  621
      • 9.4.3.1.6           Curved displays           622
        • 9.4.3.1.6.1      Overview           622
        • 9.4.3.1.6.2      Automotive applications        623
        • 9.4.3.1.6.3      Companies     623
      • 9.4.3.1.7           Micro-LEDs in automotive displays 625
        • 9.4.3.1.7.1      Head-up display (HUD)           629
        • 9.4.3.1.7.2      Headlamps     630
        • 9.4.3.1.7.3      Product developers    631
    • 9.4.3.2 Exteriors            631
  • 9.4.4    In-Mold Electronics    632
  • 9.4.5    Printed and flexible sensors 633
    • 9.4.5.1 Capacitive sensors    633
    • 9.4.5.2 Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors 634
    • 9.4.5.3 Piezoresistive sensors             635
    • 9.4.5.4 Piezoelectric sensors               636
    • 9.4.5.5 Image sensors              637
      • 9.4.5.5.1           Materials and technologies  638
  • 9.4.6    Printed heaters             640
    • 9.4.6.1 Printed car seat heaters          641
    • 9.4.6.2 Printed/flexible interior heaters          641
    • 9.4.6.3 Printed on-glass heater           641
    • 9.4.6.4 Carbon nanotube transparent conductors 642
    • 9.4.6.5 Metal mesh transparent conductors              642
    • 9.4.6.6 3D shaped transparent heaters         642
    • 9.4.6.7 Direct heating                643
    • 9.4.6.8 Transparent heaters   644
  • 9.4.7    Transparent antennas              645
• 9.5        Global market forecasts         647
  • 9.5.1    Volume              648
  • 9.5.2    Revenues          648
• 9.6        Market challenges      650
• 9.7        Companies     651

10          PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SENSORS 659

• 10.1     Market overview           659
• 10.2     Printed piezoresistive sensors            660
  • 10.2.1 Technology overview 661
  • 10.2.2 Applications   662
• 10.3     Printed piezoelectric sensors             664
  • 10.3.1 Technology overview 664
  • 10.3.2 Applications   666
• 10.4     Printed photodetectors           667
  • 10.4.1 Technology overview 667
  • 10.4.2 Applications   669
• 10.5     Printed temperature sensors               671
  • 10.5.1 Technology overview 671
  • 10.5.2 Applications   673
• 10.6     Printed strain sensors              675
  • 10.6.1 Technology overview 675
  • 10.6.2 Applications   677
• 10.7     Printed Gas Sensors 679
  • 10.7.1.          Technology overview 679
  • 10.7.2 Applications   681
• 10.8     Printed capacitive sensors   683
  • 10.8.1 Technology overview 684
  • 10.8.2 Transparent conductive materials   684
  • 10.8.3 Applications   686
• 10.9     Printed wearable electrodes                688
  • 10.9.1 Technology overview 688
  • 10.9.2 Applications   691
• 10.10  Global market forecasts         692
  • 10.10.1              Volume              692
  • 10.10.2              Revenues          694
• 10.11  Companies     695

11          PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ELECTRONICS      716

• 11.1     Macro-trends 716
• 11.2     Market drivers                717
• 11.3     SWOT analysis              718
• 11.4     Applications   719
  • 11.4.1 Industrial asset tracking/monitoring with hybrid electronics          720
  • 11.4.2 Customizable interiors            720
  • 11.4.3 Sensors             721
    • 11.4.3.1            Capacitive sensors    723
    • 11.4.3.2            Temperature and humidity sensors 724
    • 11.4.3.3            Sensors for air quality              726
    • 11.4.3.4            Magnetostrictive sensors      726
    • 11.4.3.5            Magneto- and electrorheological fluids       726
    • 11.4.3.6            CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings 726
  • 11.4.4 Building integrated transparent antennas  728
  • 11.4.5 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS)    729
  • 11.4.6 Industrial monitoring 729
• 11.5     Global market forecasts         730
  • 11.5.1 Revenues          732
• 11.6     Companies     735

12          SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS               737

• 12.1     What is Smart Packaging?    738
  • 12.1.1 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)      739
  • 12.1.2 Printed batteries and antennas         741
  • 12.1.3 Flexible silicon integrated circuits    743
  • 12.1.4 Natural materials in packaging          743
  • 12.1.5 Extruded conductive pastes and inkjet printing      744
  • 12.1.6 OLEDs for smart and interactive packaging              745
  • 12.1.7 Active packaging         745
  • 12.1.8 Intelligent packaging 747
    • 12.1.8.1            Smart Cards   748
    • 12.1.8.2            RFID tags          749
      • 12.1.8.2.1        Low-frequency (LF) RFID tags: 30 KHz to 300 KHz 749
      • 12.1.8.2.2        High-frequency (HF) RFID tags: 3 to 30 MHz              749
      • 12.1.8.2.3        Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags: 300 MHz to 3GHz 750
      • 12.1.8.2.4        Active, passive and semi-passive RFID tags              750
    • 12.1.8.3            Temperature Indicators           750
    • 12.1.8.4            Freshness Indicators 752
    • 12.1.8.5            Gas Indicators               753
• 12.2     SWOT analysis              754
• 12.3     Supply chain management  755
• 12.4     Improving product freshness and extending shelf life         756
• 12.5     Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting    757
• 12.6     Printed and flexible electronics in packaging           758
  • 12.6.1 FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging     759
  • 12.6.2 Printed codes and markings 759
  • 12.6.3 Barcodes (D)  760
  • 12.6.4 D data matrix codes  762
  • 12.6.5 Augmented reality (AR) codes             763
  • 12.6.6 Sensors and indicators           764
    • 12.6.6.1            Freshness Indicators 764
    • 12.6.6.2            Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs)    764
    • 12.6.6.3            Natural colour formulation indicator              765
    • 12.6.6.4            Thermochromic inks 766
    • 12.6.6.5            Gas indicators               767
    • 12.6.6.6            Chemical Sensors      768
    • 12.6.6.7            Electrochemical-Based Sensors      768
    • 12.6.6.8            Optical-Based Sensors           769
    • 12.6.6.9            Biosensors      769
      • 12.6.6.9.1        Electrochemical-Based Biosensors               769
      • 12.6.6.9.2        Optical-Based Biosensors    770
    • 12.6.6.10         Edible Sensors              770
  • 12.6.7 Antennas          771
    • 12.6.7.1            Radio frequency identification (RFID)            771
      • 12.6.7.1.1        RFID technologies      772
        • 12.6.7.1.1.1   Biosensors on RFID tags         773
        • 12.6.7.1.1.2   Powerless RFID sensor tags 773
        • 12.6.7.1.1.3   RFID ICs with Large Area Printed Sensors   774
        • 12.6.7.1.1.4   RFID for anti-counterfeiting  775
      • 12.6.7.1.2        Passive RFID   776
      • 12.6.7.1.3        Active RFID      777
        • 12.6.7.1.3.1   Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS) 778
        • 12.6.7.1.3.2   Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)         778
      • 12.6.7.1.4        Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags  778
      • 12.6.7.1.5        RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging  779
    • 12.6.7.2            Near-field communications (NFC)   779
  • 12.6.8 Smart blister packs   780
• 12.7     Global market forecasts         782
  • 12.7.1 Volume              782
  • 12.7.2 Revenues          783
• 12.8     Companies     785

13          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              789

14          REFERENCES 790

List of Tables

• Table 1. Macro-trends driving printed/flexible electronics.              53
• Table 2. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in healthcare & wellness.         54
• Table 3. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive. 55
• Table 4. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in buildings and construction.              56
• Table 5. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in energy storage and harvesting.      57
• Table 6. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in E-textiles.      58
• Table 7. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in consumer electronics.         59
• Table 8. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in smart packaging and logistics.       60
• Table 9. Types of wearable devices and applications.        62
• Table 10. Types of wearable devices and the data collected.         63
• Table 11. Main Wearable Device Companies by Shipment Volume, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, (million units).           64
• Table 12. New wearable tech products 2022-2024.             64
• Table 13. Wearable market leaders by market segment.   66
• Table 14. Applications of stretchable electronics in wearables.  70
• Table 15. Applications of stretchable electronics in sensors.       71
• Table 16.  Applications of stretchable artificial skin electronics   72
• Table 17. Applications for printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the metaverse.           73
• Table 18. Advanced materials for Printed and Flexible and sensors and electronics-Advantages and disadvantages.            76
• Table 19. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).          77
• Table 20. Applications of printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the entertainment industry. 78
• Table 21. Wearable, printed and flexible electronics at CES 2021-2024.               82
• Table 22. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024.         85
• Table 23. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics.             90
• Table 24. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE                91
• Table 25. Research and commercial activity in FHE.           92
• Table 26. Manufacturing methods for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics.  102
• Table 27.  Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput.               103
• Table 28. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics.        104
• Table 29.  Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications.                105
• Table 30. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps          106
• Table 31. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing. 108
• Table 32. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods.           109
• Table 33. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing         110
• Table 34. Innovations in high resolution printing.   111
• Table 35. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics.            114
• Table 36. IME manufacturing techniques.  115
• Table 37. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing.              118
• Table 38. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing.      119
• Table 39. Materials for printed and flexible electronics.     120
• Table 40. Comparison of component attachment materials.        121
• Table 41. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards              122
• Table 42. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.         124
• Table 43. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.       126
• Table 44. Low temperature solder alloys.    127
• Table 45. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.               127
• Table 46. Typical conductive ink formulation.          133
• Table 47. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       135
• Table 48. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.   140
• Table 49. Conductive ink producers.              141
• Table 50. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors.              142
• Table 51. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages.      142
• Table 52. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors.         145
• Table 53. Overview of specific printed/flexible sensor types.         145
• Table 54. Properties of typical flexible substrates. 148
• Table 55. Comparison of stretchable substrates.  149
• Table 56.  Main types of materials used as flexible plastic substrates in flexible electronics.  151
• Table 57. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs.    152
• Table 58. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages.        153
• Table 59. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies.              156
• Table 60. PCB manufacturing process.        159
• Table 61. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.           159
• Table 62. 3D PCB manufacturing.    162
• Table 63. Macro-trends in consumer electronics. 168
• Table 64. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics.         169
• Table 65. Types of wearable sensors.            172
• Table 66. Trends in wearable technology.    173
• Table 67. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device.      175
• Table 68. Overview of actuating at the wrist              176
• Table 69. Wearable health monitors.             180
• Table 70. Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers producers and products.         182
• Table 71. Wearable sensors for sports performance.          185
• Table 72. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.               185
• Table 73.  Product types in the hearing assistance technology market.  188
• Table 74. Sensing options in the ear.              190
• Table 75. Companies and products in hearables. 193
• Table 76. Example wearable sleep tracker products and prices. 194
• Table 77. Smart ring products.           196
• Table 78. Sleep headband products.              196
• Table 79. Sleep monitoring products.            197
• Table 80. Pet wearable companies and products. 199
• Table 81. Wearable electronics applications in the military.          200
• Table 82. Wearable workplace products.    201
• Table 83. Global market for printed and flexible consumer electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume).                203
• Table 84. Global market revenues for printed and flexible consumer electronics, 2020-2035, (millions USD).  205
• Table 85. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics. 206
• Table 86. Market players in printed and flexible consumer electronics.  208
• Table 87. Macro trends in medical & healthcare/ wellness.            213
• Table 88. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.       214
• Table 89. Healthcare/wellness applications for printed/flexible electronics.      218
• Table 90. Examples of wearable medical device products.             220
• Table 91. Medical wearable companies applying products to remote monitoring and analysis.            222
• Table 92. Electronic skin patch manufacturing value chain.          229
• Table 93. Benefits of electronic skin patches as a form factor.     231
• Table 94. Current and emerging applications for electronic skin patches.            232
• Table 95. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           235
• Table 96. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis.           239
• Table 97. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.            241
• Table 98. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.              243
• Table 99. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products.   245
• Table 100. Companies developing wearable swear sensors.         256
• Table 101. Wearable drug delivery companies and products.       258
• Table 102. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches.     259
• Table 103. Companies developing femtech wearable technology.             260
• Table 104. Companies and products in smart footwear.   263
• Table 105. Companies and products in smart contact lenses.     264
• Table 106. Companies and products in smart wound care.            266
• Table 107. Companies developing smart diaper products.             267
• Table 108. Companies developing wearable robotics.       268
• Table 109. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume).         287
• Table 110. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 289
• Table 111. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.          290
• Table 112. Macro-trends for electronic textiles.      292
• Table 113. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles.       293
• Table 114. Examples of smart textile products.      294
• Table 115. Performance requirements for E-textiles.           296
• Table 116. Commercially available smart clothing products.        302
• Table 117. Types of smart textiles.   305
• Table 118. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods. 307
• Table 119. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles.        307
• Table 120. Methods for integrating conductive compounds.         308
• Table 121. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber.       309
• Table 122. 1D electronic fibers including the conductive materials, fabrication strategies, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and applications.         312
• Table 123. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold.        315
• Table 124. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms.     316
• Table 125. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles.           317
• Table 126. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.            318
• Table 127. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              319
• Table 128. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).  325
• Table 129. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.               326
• Table 130. Typical conductive ink formulation.       330
• Table 131. Comparative properties of conductive inks.     330
• Table 132.  Comparison of pros and cons of various types of conductive ink compositions.   333
• Table 133. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              342
• Table 134. Properties of graphene.  344
• Table 135. Electrical conductivity of different types of graphene.               347
• Table 136. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks. 348
• Table 137. Nanocoatings applied in the smart textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.    353
• Table 138. 3D printed shoes.               356
• Table 139. Sensors used in electronic textiles.        357
• Table 140. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures. 361
• Table 141. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors.    362
• Table 142. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles.             363
• Table 143. Commercially available E-textiles and smart clothing products.        364
• Table 144. Example heated jacket products.            366
• Table 145. Heated jacket and clothing products.   368
• Table 146. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.      369
• Table 147. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications.          372
• Table 148. Example earable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.            373
• Table 149.Companies and products in smart footwear.    376
• Table 150. Wearable electronics applications in the military.       377
• Table 151. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles.      380
• Table 152. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 382
• Table 153. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles.  384
• Table 154. Teslasuit. 389
• Table 155. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).              389
• Table 156. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              390
• Table 157. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing.  393
• Table 158. Market players in E-textiles.         394
• Table 159. Macro-trends in printed and flexible electronics in energy.    398
• Table 160. Market drivers for Printed and flexible electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting.                398
• Table 161. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics.   400
• Table 162. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes.           407
• Table 163. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries.   408
• Table 164. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.            413
• Table 165. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.               422
• Table 166, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used.    425
• Table 167. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.  427
• Table 168. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 430
• Table 169. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.           431
• Table 170. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.          432
• Table 171. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.       434
• Table 172. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.         438
• Table 173. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.   440
• Table 174. Types of solid-state electrolytes.              442
• Table 175. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.      443
• Table 176.  Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.          444
• Table 177. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries.              449
• Table 178. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.                460
• Table 179. Components of transparent batteries. 464
• Table 180. Components of degradable batteries.  467
• Table 181. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.                469
• Table 182. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.       474
• Table 183. Methods for printing supercapacitors. 494
• Table 184. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors.          495
• Table 185. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors.           496
• Table 186. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors.            497
• Table 187. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics.   500
• Table 188. companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics 502
• Table 189. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.      506
• Table 190. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.              507
• Table 191. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.  508
• Table 192. Smart Window Applications of Transparent Heaters. 524
• Table 193. Market challenges in printed and flexible electronics for energy.        543
• Table 194. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).              544
• Table 195. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.  545
• Table 196. Market players in printed and flexible energy storage and harvesting.            547
• Table 197. Macro-trends in displays.             552
• Table 198. Market drivers for Printed and flexible displays and electronic components.            552
• Table 199. Printed and flexible displays products. 556
• Table 200. Flexible miniLED and MicroLED products.         572
• Table 201. Comparison of performance metrics between microLEDs and other commercial display technologies. 572
• Table 202. Foldable smartphones, laptops and tablets and other display products, on or near market.                580
• Table 203. Companies developing OLED lighting products.           587
• Table 204. Types of electrochromic materials and applications. 594
• Table 205. Applications of Mini-LED and Micro-LED transparent displays.           602
• Table 206. Companies developing Micro-LED transparent displays.        605
• Table 207. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).          606
• Table 208. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              607
• Table 209. Market challenges in printed and flexible displays.      608
• Table 210. Market players in printed and flexible displays.              609
• Table 211.  Macro-trends in automotive.     613
• Table 212. Market drivers for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.      613
• Table 213. Printed and flexible electronics in the automotive market.     614
• Table 214. Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting.        617
• Table 215. Printed and flexible electronics are being integrated into vehicle interiors. 618
• Table 216. Applications of curved displays in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).         623
• Table 217. Companies developing curved automotive displays. 623
• Table 218. Applications of Micro-LED in automotive.         627
• Table 219. HUD vs other display types.        629
• Table 220. Automotive display Mini-LED and Micro-LED products.           631
• Table 221. Conductive materials for transparent capacitive sensors.     634
• Table 222. Automotive applications for printed piezoresistive sensors. 635
• Table 223.  Piezoelectric sensors for automotive applications.    636
• Table 224. Printed piezoelectric sensors in automotive applications.     636
• Table 225. SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS.         638
• Table 226. Types of printed photodetectors and image sensors developed for automotive applications                639
• Table 227. Comparison of SWIR image sensors technologies       639
• Table 228. Comparison of conventional and printed seat heaters for automotive applications.            640
• Table 229. Printed car seat heaters.                641
• Table 230. Types of Printed/flexible interior heaters.            641
• Table 231. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.              644
• Table 232. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.  644
• Table 233. Transparent electronics for automotive radar for ADAS.           645
• Table 234. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).                648
• Table 235. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              648
• Table 236. Market challenges for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.            650
• Table 237. Market players in printed and flexible electronics in automotive.      651
• Table 238. Market opportunities in printed and flexible sensors. 659
• Table 239. Printed piezoresistive sensors Applications.    662
• Table 240.Printed piezoelectric sensors Applications.       666
• Table 241.Printed photodetectors Applications     669
• Table 242. Printed temperature sensors Applications.       673
• Table 243. Printed strain sensors Applications.      677
• Table 244.Printed Gas Sensor Applications.             681
• Table 245. Printed capacitive sensors Applications             686
• Table 246. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035 by type (Volume).      692
• Table 247. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035by type (Billions USD).            694
• Table 248. Market players in printed and flexible sensors.               695
• Table 249. Macro-trends in smart buildings and construction.     716
• Table 250. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings.               717
• Table 251. Printed and flexible electronics being applied for building, infrastructure, and industrial applications.  719
• Table 252.  Printed electronics in customizable smart building interiors.              720
• Table 253. Types of smart building sensors.              721
• Table 254. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings.   722
• Table 255. Capacitive sensors integrated into smart buildings.   723
• Table 256. Types of flexible humidity sensors.         724
• Table 257. MOF sensor applications.             727
• Table 258. Global market for printed and flexible smart buildings electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              732
• Table 259. Market players in printed and flexible smart buildings electronics.   735
• Table 260. Consumer goods applications for printed/flexible electronics.           743
• Table 261. Types of Active packaging.           746
• Table 262. Commercially available food active packaging.            746
• Table 263. Types of intelligent packaging.  747
• Table 264. Types of RFID tags.            749
• Table 265.  Commercially available time-temperature indicators (TTI) indicators.          751
• Table 266. Commercially available freshness indicators. 753
• Table 267. Commercially available gas indicators.               753
• Table 268.  Supply chain management considerations for smart electronic packaging targeted at consumers.    755
• Table 269. Types of printed/flexible electronics and materials that can be used to enhance packaging barcodes.         761
• Table 270. Commercially available freshness indicators. 764
• Table 271. Commercial examples of time-temperature indicators            765
• Table 272. Examples of Chemical Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs).  766
• Table 273. Types of ripeness indicators.      766
• Table 274. Commercially available gas indicators.               768
• Table 275. Chemical sensors in smart packaging. 768
• Table 276. Electrochemical-based sensors for smart food packaging.   768
• Table 277. Optical-based sensors for smart food packaging applications.          769
• Table 278. Electrochemical biosensors for smart food packaging:           769
• Table 279. Optical-Based Biosensors for smart food packaging. 770
• Table 280. Types of edible sensors for food packaging.     770
• Table 281.  Commercially available radio frequency identification systems (RFID) technology.             776
• Table 282. Passive RFID: Technologies by Operating Frequency. 777
• Table 283. Examples of NFC in packaging. 780
• Table 284. Companies in smart blister packs.         781
• Table 285. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume).         782
• Table 286. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.       783
• Table 287. Market players in smart packaging electronics.             785

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Examples of flexible electronics devices.               49
• Figure 2. Evolution of electronics.    51
• Figure 3. Applications for printed and flexible electronics.              52
• Figure 4. Wearable technology inventions. 53
• Figure 5. Market map for printed and flexible electronics.                66
• Figure 6. Wove Band. 68
• Figure 7. Wearable graphene medical sensor.         69
• Figure 8. 3D printed stretchable electronics.            70
• Figure 9. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition. 73
• Figure 10. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts.           74
• Figure 11. Systemization of wearable electronic systems.              75
• Figure 12. Baby Monitor.         81
• Figure 13. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.   82
• Figure 14. LG 77” transparent 4K OLED TV. 83
• Figure 15. 137-inch N1 foldable TV. 84
• Figure 16. Flex Note Extendable™.    84
• Figure 17. Flex In & Out Flip. 85
• Figure 18. Traxcon printed lighting circuitry.              91
• Figure 19. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2018-2035, (millions USD).  95
• Figure 20. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.       96
• Figure 21. Global market for Printed & Flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.              97
• Figure 22. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.    98
• Figure 23. Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.              99
• Figure 24. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.              100
• Figure 25. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars 101
• Figure 26. SWOT analysis for printed electronics.  104
• Figure 27. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics.            107
• Figure 28. SWOT analysis for analogue printing.    110
• Figure 29. SWOT analysis for digital printing.            113
• Figure 30. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products. 113
• Figure 31. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics. 116
• Figure 32. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing. 119
• Figure 33. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli.     125
• Figure 34. Supercooled Soldering™ Technology.     129
• Figure 35. Reflow soldering schematic.        130
• Figure 36. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow.             131
• Figure 37. Types of conductive inks and applications.       133
• Figure 38. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.             138
• Figure 39. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors. 144
• Figure 40.  SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials.               148
• Figure 41. RFID Tag with Nano Copper Antenna on Paper.               150
• Figure 42. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits.  157
• Figure 43. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films.                158
• Figure 44. Flexible PCB.          161
• Figure 45. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries.      164
• Figure 46.  SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting. 167
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in consumer electronics.             172
• Figure 48. EmeTerm nausea relief wearable.             177
• Figure 49. Embr Wave for cooling and warming.     177
• Figure 50. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief.              178
• Figure 51. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables.          180
• Figure 52. FitBit Sense Watch.            180
• Figure 53. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration.   184
• Figure 54. Nuheara IQbuds² Max.     187
• Figure 55. HP Hearing PRO OTC Hearing Aid.           189
• Figure 56. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables).    192
• Figure 57. Beddr SleepTuner.               197
• Figure 58. Global market for printed and flexible consumer electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume).                203
• Figure 59. Global market revenues for printed and flexible consumer electronics, 2020-2035, (millions USD).  205
• Figure 60. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in medical and healthcare/wellness.                217
• Figure 61. Connected human body and product examples.           218
• Figure 62. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.          224
• Figure 63. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs.               230
• Figure 64. Graphene medical patch.              233
• Figure 65. Graphene-based E-skin patch.   233
• Figure 66. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible electronics in skin patches.   237
• Figure 67. Enfucell wearable temperature tag.        238
• Figure 68. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.       239
• Figure 69. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection.    240
• Figure 70. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor.             244
• Figure 71. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor.               244
• Figure 72. VitalPatch.                248
• Figure 73. Wearable ECG-textile.      248
• Figure 74. Wearable ECG recorder.  249
• Figure 75. Nexkin™.     250
• Figure 76. Bloomlife. 252
• Figure 77. Nanowire skin hydration patch.  253
• Figure 78. NIX sensors.           253
• Figure 79. Wearable sweat sensor.  254
• Figure 80. Wearable  graphene sweat sensor.          255
• Figure 81. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch.         255
• Figure 82. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask.      256
• Figure 83. D-mine Pump.       257
• Figure 84. Lab-on-Skin™.        257
• Figure 85. My UV Patch.          259
• Figure 86. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch.   259
• Figure 87. Brilliantly Warm.  260
• Figure 88. Ava Fertility tracker.            261
• Figure 89. S9 Pro breast pump.          261
• Figure 90. Tempdrop. 262
• Figure 91. Digitsole Smartshoe.        263
• Figure 92. Schematic of smart wound dressing.    265
• Figure 93. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.         266
• Figure 94. ABENA Nova smart diaper.            267
• Figure 95. Honda Walking Assist.     268
• Figure 96. ABLE Exoskeleton.              269
• Figure 97. ANGEL-LEGS-M10.             269
• Figure 98. AGADEXO Shoulder.          269
• Figure 99. Enyware.   269
• Figure 100. AWN-12 occupational powered hip exoskeleton.        270
• Figure 101. CarrySuit passive upper-body exoskeleton.    270
• Figure 102. Axosuit lower body medical exoskeleton.         270
• Figure 103. FreeGait. 271
• Figure 104. InMotion Arm.     271
• Figure 105. Biomotum SPARK.            271
• Figure 106. PowerWalk energy.           271
• Figure 107. Keeogo™. 272
• Figure 108. MATE-XT. 272
• Figure 109. CDYS passive shoulder support exoskeleton.                272
• Figure 110. ALDAK.     273
• Figure 111. HAL® Lower Limb.             273
• Figure 112. DARWING PA.     273
• Figure 113. Dephy ExoBoot. 273
• Figure 114. EksoNR.  274
• Figure 115. Emovo Assist.     274
• Figure 116. HAPO.       274
• Figure 117. Atlas passive modular exoskeleton.     275
• Figure 118. ExoAtlet II.             275
• Figure 119. ExoHeaver.            275
• Figure 120. Exy ONE. 276
• Figure 121. ExoArm.  276
• Figure 122. ExoMotus.             276
• Figure 123. Gloreha Sinfonia.             276
• Figure 124. BELK Knee Exoskeleton.               277
• Figure 125. Apex exosuit.       277
• Figure 126. Honda Walking Assist.  277
• Figure 127. BionicBack.          278
• Figure 128. Muscle Suit.         278
• Figure 129.Japet.W powered exoskeleton. 278
• Figure 130.Ski~Mojo. 279
• Figure 131. AIRFRAME passive shoulder.    279
• Figure 132.FORTIS passive tool holding exoskeleton.         279
• Figure 133. Integrated Soldier Exoskeleton (UPRISE®).       280
• Figure 134.UNILEXA passive exoskeleton.  280
• Figure 135.HandTutor.             280
• Figure 136.MyoPro®. 281
• Figure 137.Myosuit.  281
• Figure 138. archelis wearable chair.               281
• Figure 139.Chairless Chair.  281
• Figure 140.Indego.     282
• Figure 141. Polyspine.              282
• Figure 142. Hercule powered lower body exoskeleton.      282
• Figure 143. ReStore Soft Exo-Suit.   283
• Figure 144. Hand of Hope.    283
• Figure 145. REX powered exoskeleton.         283
• Figure 146. Elevate Ski Exoskeleton.              284
• Figure 147. UGO210 exoskeleton.    284
• Figure 148. EsoGLOVE Pro.   284
• Figure 149. Roki.          284
• Figure 150. Powered Clothing.           285
• Figure 151. Againer shock absorbing exoskeleton.               285
• Figure 152. EasyWalk Assistive Soft Exoskeleton Walker. 285
• Figure 153. Skel-Ex.    285
• Figure 154. EXO-H3 lower limbs robotic exoskeleton.        286
• Figure 155. Ikan Tilta Max Armor-Man 2        286
• Figure 156. AMADEO hand and finger robotic rehabilitation device.          286
• Figure 157.Atalante autonomous lower-body exoskeleton.            287
• Figure 158. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume).         288
• Figure 159. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              289
• Figure 160. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles.      296
• Figure 161. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles.  297
• Figure 162. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles.   298
• Figure 163. Conductive yarns.            302
• Figure 164. H-Tee by H-Cube.             304
• Figure 165. Electronics integration in textiles: (a) textile-adapted, (b) textile-integrated (c) textile-basd.                305
• Figure 166. Stretchable polymer encapsulation microelectronics on textiles.   311
• Figure 167. Conductive yarns.            313
• Figure 168. Classification of conductive materials and process technology.      314
• Figure 169. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.  323
• Figure 170. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.  324
• Figure 171. BN nanosheet textiles application.       325
• Figure 172. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating.              327
• Figure 173. Schematic of inkjet-printed processes.             332
• Figure 174: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components. 337
• Figure 175. Schematic summary of the formulation of silver conductive inks.  338
• Figure 176. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.          340
• Figure 177: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.             343
• Figure 178. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.     344
• Figure 179. Graphene layer structure schematic.  345
• Figure 180. BGT Materials graphene ink product.   347
• Figure 181. PCM cooling vest.             350
• Figure 182. SMPU-treated cotton fabrics.   350
• Figure 183. Schematics of DIAPLEX membrane.    351
• Figure 184. SMP energy storage textiles.      352
• Figure 185. Nike x Acronym Blazer Sneakers.           356
• Figure 186. Adidas 3D Runner Pump.            356
• Figure 187. Under Armour Archi-TechFuturist.         356
• Figure 188. Reebok Reebok Liquid Speed.  356
• Figure 189. Radiate sports vest.        357
• Figure 190. Adidas smart insole.       360
• Figure 191. Applications of E-textiles.           364
• Figure 192. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket.    366
• Figure 193. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper.         367
• Figure 194. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles.     368
• Figure 195. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat.             370
• Figure 196. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products.             371
• Figure 197. iStimUweaR .       372
• Figure 198. Digitsole Smartshoe.     375
• Figure 199. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.            377
• Figure 200. A mechanical glove, Robo-Glove, with pressure sensors and other sensors jointly developed by General Motors and NASA.             379
• Figure 201. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables.   380
• Figure 202. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques.   383
• Figure 203. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 385
• Figure 204. 3D printed piezoelectric material.         387
• Figure 205. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR.      388
• Figure 206. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).        390
• Figure 207. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              392
• Figure 208. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy.             400
• Figure 209. Flexible batteries on the market.            401
• Figure 210. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.            403
• Figure 211. Types of flexible batteries.           405
• Figure 212. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.      406
• Figure 213. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.    410
• Figure 214. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.     413
• Figure 215. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f)                416
• Figure 216. Origami disposable battery.       417
• Figure 217. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.    419
• Figure 218. Various applications of printed paper batteries.          421
• Figure 219.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.      422
• Figure 220. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together.            424
• Figure 221. Sakuú's Swift Print 3D-printed solid-state battery cells.         436
• Figure 222. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III).                437
• Figure 223. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.            446
• Figure 224. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials.               447
• Figure 225. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).          449
• Figure 226. Stretchable lithium-air battery for wearable electronics.       453
• Figure 227. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy. 459
• Figure 228. Transparent batteries.    464
• Figure 229. Degradable batteries.    466
• Figure 230 . Fraunhofer IFAM printed electrodes.   472
• Figure 231. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.          473
• Figure 232. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.           476
• Figure 233. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs. 476
• Figure 234. Main printing methods for supercapacitors.  494
• Figure 235. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 503
• Figure 236. Origami-like silicon solar cells.                504
• Figure 237. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 506
• Figure 238. Concept of microwave-transparent heaters for automotive radars.               509
• Figure 239. Defrosting and defogging transparent heater applications.  511
• Figure 240. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).              545
• Figure 241. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.  546
• Figure 242. LG Signature OLED TV R.             554
• Figure 243. Flexible display. 554
• Figure 244. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible displays.          556
• Figure 245. f-OLED N-shaped folding display.          556
• Figure 246. C SEED 37-inch N1 foldable TV.              557
• Figure 247. DELL Ori. 557
• Figure 248. Gloshine curved LED screen.    557
• Figure 249. Huawei Mate X3.               558
• Figure 250. LG Media Chair. 559
• Figure 251. LG Virtual Ride.  559
• Figure 252. Microsoft                Surface Duo 2 .             559
• Figure 253. Motorola Razr.    559
• Figure 254. Mirage smart speaker with wraparound touch display.            560
• Figure 255. Samsung Galaxy Fold.   561
• Figure 256. Vivo X Flip.             562
• Figure 257. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius.          564
• Figure 258. Foldable organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panel. 565
• Figure 259. AMOLED schematic.      567
• Figure 260. LG rollable OLED TV.       568
• Figure 261. OLED structure. 570
• Figure 262. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display.           571
• Figure 263. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level microLED transferring.    571
• Figure 264. Foldable 4K C SEED M1.              572
• Figure 265. Stamp-based transfer-printing techniques.    573
• Figure 266: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots.              574
• Figure 267. Samsung S-foldable display.     575
• Figure 268. Samsung slideable display.       576
• Figure 269. Samsung foldable battery patent schematic. 577
• Figure 270. Rollable 65RX OLED TV.               578
• Figure 271. Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Fold.           578
• Figure 272. LG Chem foldable display.          579
• Figure 273. Samsung Display Flex G folding smartphones.            579
• Figure 274. Asus Foldable Phone.    580
• Figure 275. Asus Zenbook 17 Fold.  580
• Figure 276. Dell Concept Ori.              581
• Figure 277. Intel Foldable phone.     581
• Figure 278. ThinkPad X1 Fold.             582
• Figure 279. Motorola Razr.    582
• Figure 280. Oppo Find N folding phone.       583
• Figure 281. Oppo Find N2 Flip.           583
• Figure 282. Royole FlexPai 2.               583
• Figure 283. Royole FlexPai 3 from CES 2024.           584
• Figure 284. Galaxy Fold 3.     584
• Figure 285. Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3              584
• Figure 286. TCL Tri-Fold Foldable Phone      585
• Figure 287. TCL rollable phone.         585
• Figure 288. Xiaomi Mi MIX Flex.          586
• Figure 289. LG OLED flexible lighting panel.              587
• Figure 290. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.          588
• Figure 291. Audi 2022 A8 .     589
• Figure 292. Electrophoretic display applications. 591
• Figure 293. Passive reflective displays with flexibility.        592
• Figure 294. Plastic Logic 5.4” Iridis™ display.            593
• Figure 295. Argil electrochromic film integrated with polycarbonate lenses.      594
• Figure 296. Transparent and flexible metamaterial film developed by Sekishi Chemical.           598
• Figure 297. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of several metalens antenna forms.             599
• Figure 298. Design concepts of soft mechanical metamaterials with large negative swelling ratios and tunable stress-strain curves.              601
• Figure 299. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations.           603
• Figure 300. 7.56" high transparency & frameless Micro-LED display.       604
• Figure 301. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display.               604
• Figure 302. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry.             605
• Figure 303. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).        607
• Figure 304. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.             608
• Figure 305. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in automotive. 614
• Figure 306. Automotive display concept.    618
• Figure 307. Mercedes MBUX Hyperscreen. 619
• Figure 308.  AUO Smart Cockpit with 55-inch pillar-to-pillar curved display.      623
• Figure 309. Cadillac XT4 33-inch curved LED touchscreen display            624
• Figure 310. Continental Curved Ultrawide Display.              624
• Figure 311. Hyundai 2024 Sonata panoramic curved display.       624
• Figure 312. Peugeot 3008 fastback SUV curved wide-screen display.      625
• Figure 313. TCL CSOT single, continuous flexible curved automotive display panel.     625
• Figure 314. AUO automotive display.             626
• Figure 315. Micro-LED automotive display.                626
• Figure 316. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD.           629
• Figure 317. Rear lamp utilizing flexible Micro-LEDs.            631
• Figure 318. SWOT analysis for integrated antennas with printed electronics in automotive.    647
• Figure 319. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).                648
• Figure 320. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              650
• Figure 321. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035 by type (Volume).    693
• Figure 322. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035 by type (Billions USD).         694
• Figure 323. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart buildings and construction. Source: Future Markets.         719
• Figure 324. Use of sensors in smart buildings.        722
• Figure 325. Global market for printed and flexible smart buildings electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              733
• Figure 326. Active and Intelligent packaging classification.           738
• Figure 327. Smart packaging for detecting bacteria growth in milk containers. 739
• Figure 328. RFID tags with printed silver antennas on paper substrates.               741
• Figure 329. Smart card incorporating an ultra-thin battery.             748
• Figure 330. RFID ultra micro battery.              750
• Figure 331. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart packaging.     755
• Figure 332. Active packaging film.   757
• Figure 333. Anti-counterfeiting smart label.              758
• Figure 334. Security tag developed by Nanotech Security.               761
• Figure 335. Fundamental principle of a gas sensor for detecting CO2 (gas) after food spoilage             767
• Figure 336. A standard RFID system.             772
• Figure 337. RFID functions and applications of silver nanoparticle inks.               773
• Figure 338. OHMEGA Conductive Ink + Touchcode box.   774
• Figure 339. Wiliot RFID.           775
• Figure 340. Smart blister pack.          780
• Figure 341. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume).         783
• Figure 342. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.       784

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