The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2025-2035

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            80

• 1.1        The evolution of electronics 81
• 1.2        Markets for printed and flexible electronics               85
  • 1.2.1    Macro-trends 85
  • 1.2.2    Healthcare and wellness       86
  • 1.2.3    Automotive      87
  • 1.2.4    Buildings and construction   88
  • 1.2.5    Energy storage and harvesting           89
  • 1.2.6    E-Textiles           90
  • 1.2.7    Consumer electronics             91
  • 1.2.8    Smart packaging and logistics           92
• 1.3        The wearables revolution       92
• 1.4        The wearable tech market in 2024   95
• 1.5        Continuous monitoring           97
• 1.6        Market map for printed and flexible electronics      97
• 1.7        Wearable market leaders       98
• 1.8        What is printed/flexible electronics?              99
  • 1.8.1    Motivation for use       99
  • 1.8.2    From rigid to flexible and stretchable             99
    • 1.8.2.1 Stretchable electronics           101
    • 1.8.2.2 Stretchable electronics in wearables            102
    • 1.8.2.3 Stretchable electronics in Medical devices               103
    • 1.8.2.4 Stretchable electronics in sensors  103
    • 1.8.2.5 Stretchable electronics in energy harvesting           103
    • 1.8.2.6 Stretchable artificial skin       103
• 1.9        Role in the metaverse               104
• 1.10     Wearable electronics in the textiles industry            105
• 1.11     New conductive materials    107
• 1.12     Entertainment               110
• 1.13     Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market       110
  • 1.13.1 Recent growth in Printed, flexible and hyrbid products      110
  • 1.13.2 Future growth 111
  • 1.13.3 Advanced materials as a market driver         111
  • 1.13.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics         112
• 1.14     Innovations at CES 2021-2024 xxx   113
• 1.15     Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024          116
• 1.16     Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)      120
• 1.17     Sustainability in flexible electronics               124
• 1.18     Global market revenues, 2018-2035             125
  • 1.18.1 Consumer electronics             125
  • 1.18.2 Medical & healthcare               127
  • 1.18.3 E-textiles and smart apparel               129
  • 1.18.4 Displays            131
  • 1.18.5 Automotive      133
  • 1.18.6 Smart buildings            135
  • 1.18.7 Smart packaging         136

2             MANUFACTURING METHODS            138

• 2.1        Comparative analysis              138
• 2.2        Printed electronics     139
  • 2.2.1    Technology description           139
  • 2.2.2    SWOT analysis              139
• 2.3        3D electronics               140
  • 2.3.1    Technology description           140
  • 2.3.2    SWOT analysis              143
• 2.4        Analogue printing        144
  • 2.4.1    Technology description           144
  • 2.4.2    SWOT analysis              146
• 2.5        Digital printing               146
  • 2.5.1    Technology description           146
  • 2.5.2    SWOT analysis              148
• 2.6        In-mold electronics (IME)      149
  • 2.6.1    Technology description           149
  • 2.6.2    SWOT analysis              152
• 2.7        Roll-to-roll (R2R)         153
  • 2.7.1    Technology description           153
  • 2.7.2    SWOT analysis              155

3             MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS       156

• 3.1        Component attachment materials  156
  • 3.1.1    Conductive adhesives             157
  • 3.1.2    Biodegradable adhesives      157
  • 3.1.3    Magnets            158
  • 3.1.4    Bio-based solders      158
  • 3.1.5    Bio-derived solders   158
  • 3.1.6    Recycled plastics       158
  • 3.1.7    Nano adhesives           159
  • 3.1.8    Shape memory polymers       159
  • 3.1.9    Photo-reversible polymers    161
  • 3.1.10 Conductive biopolymers        161
  • 3.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods     161
  • 3.1.12 Low temperature solder          162
  • 3.1.13 Reflow soldering          165
  • 3.1.14 Induction soldering    165
  • 3.1.15 UV curing          166
  • 3.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing 166
  • 3.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing       166
  • 3.1.18 Hybrid integration       167
• 3.2        Conductive inks           167
  • 3.2.1    Metal-based conductive inks              170
  • 3.2.2    Nanoparticle inks       171
  • 3.2.3    Silver inks         171
  • 3.2.4    Particle-Free conductive ink 172
  • 3.2.5    Copper inks    172
  • 3.2.6    Gold (Au) ink   174
  • 3.2.7    Conductive polymer inks       174
  • 3.2.8    Liquid metals 175
  • 3.2.9    Companies     175
• 3.3        Printable semiconductors     179
  • 3.3.1    Technology overview 179
  • 3.3.2    Advantages and disadvantages        180
  • 3.3.3    SWOT analysis              181
• 3.4        Printable sensing materials  182
  • 3.4.1    Overview           182
  • 3.4.2    Types   182
  • 3.4.3    SWOT analysis              184
• 3.5        Flexible Substrates     185
  • 3.5.1    Flexible plastic substrates    187
    • 3.5.1.1 Types of materials      188
    • 3.5.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs             188
  • 3.5.2    Paper substrates         189
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview           189
  • 3.5.3    Glass substrates         190
    • 3.5.3.1 Overview           190
  • 3.5.4    Textile substrates        191
• 3.6        Flexible ICs      191
  • 3.6.1    Description     191
  • 3.6.2    Flexible metal oxide ICs          192
  • 3.6.3    Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies      193
  • 3.6.4    SWOT analysis              193
• 3.7        Printed PCBs  194
  • 3.7.1    Description     194
  • 3.7.2    High-Speed PCBs       197
  • 3.7.3    Flexible PCBs 197
  • 3.7.4    3D Printed PCBs          198
  • 3.7.5    Sustainable PCBs       199
• 3.8        Thin film batteries       200
  • 3.8.1    Technology description           200
  • 3.8.2    SWOT analysis              201
• 3.9        Energy harvesting       201
  • 3.9.1    Approaches    201
  • 3.9.2    Perovskite photovoltaics        202
  • 3.9.3    Applications   202
  • 3.9.4    SWOT analysis              203

4             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS         205

• 4.1        Macro-trends 205
• 4.2        Market drivers                205
• 4.3        SWOT analysis              208
• 4.4        Wearable sensors       209
• 4.5        Wearable actuators   210
• 4.6        Recent market developments             211
• 4.7        Wrist-worn wearables              212
  • 4.7.1    Overview           212
  • 4.7.2    Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers         212
    • 4.7.2.1 Sensing              212
    • 4.7.2.2 Actuating          213
  • 4.7.3    SWOT analysis              216
  • 4.7.4    Health monitoring      217
  • 4.7.5    Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches        218
  • 4.7.6    Main producers and products            219
• 4.8        Sports and fitness      220
  • 4.8.1    Overview           220
  • 4.8.2    Wearable devices and apparel           220
  • 4.8.3    Skin patches   221
  • 4.8.4    Products           222
• 4.9        Hearables        224
  • 4.9.1    Technology overview 224
  • 4.9.2    Assistive Hearables   227
    • 4.9.2.1 Biometric Monitoring 227
• 4.9.3    SWOT analysis              228
• 4.9.4    Health & Fitness Hearables  229
• 4.9.5    Multimedia Hearables             229
• 4.9.6    Artificial Intelligence (AI)        230
• 4.9.7    Companies and products      230
• 4.10     Sleep trackers and wearable monitors         231
  • 4.10.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers      232
  • 4.10.2 Smart rings      233
  • 4.10.3 Headbands     234
  • 4.10.4 Sleep monitoring devices       235
    • 4.10.4.1            Companies and products      235
• 4.11     Pet and animal wearables     237
• 4.12     Military wearables      238
• 4.13     Industrial and workplace monitoring             239
  • 4.13.1 Products           239
• 4.14     Global market forecasts         241
  • 4.14.1 Volume              241
  • 4.14.2 Revenues          243
• 4.15     Market challenges      245
• 4.16     Companies     246

5             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS ELECTRONICS       249

• 5.1        Macro-trends 249
• 5.2        Market drivers                249
• 5.3        SWOT analysis              252
• 5.4        Current state of the art            253
  • 5.4.1    Electrochemical biosensors                254
  • 5.4.2    Skin patches for continuous monitoring      254
  • 5.4.3    Printed pH sensors    255
  • 5.4.4    Wearable medical device products 255
  • 5.4.5    Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring           258
• 5.5        Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation             259
  • 5.5.1    Market overview           259
  • 5.5.2    Companies and products      260
• 5.6        Electronic skin patches           265
  • 5.6.1    Electronic skin sensors           265
  • 5.6.2    Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics       266
  • 5.6.3    Nanomaterials-based devices           268
  • 5.6.3.1 Graphene         268
  • 5.6.4    Liquid metal alloys     269
  • 5.6.5    Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics       270
  • 5.6.6    Printed batteries          270
  • 5.6.7    Materials           270
    • 5.6.7.1 Summary of advanced materials      271
  • 5.6.8    SWOT analysis              272
  • 5.6.9    Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring           273
    • 5.6.9.1 Market overview           273
    • 5.6.9.2 Companies and products      274
  • 5.6.10 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)        276
    • 5.6.10.1            Market overview           276
  • 5.6.11 Minimally-invasive CGM sensors     277
    • 5.6.11.1            Technologies  277
  • 5.6.12 Non-invasive CGM sensors  280
    • 5.6.12.1            Commercial devices 280
    • 5.6.12.2            Companies and products      281
  • 5.6.13 Cardiovascular monitoring   284
    • 5.6.13.1            Market overview           284
    • 5.6.13.2            ECG sensors  285
      • 5.6.13.2.1        Companies and products      285
    • 5.6.13.3            PPG sensors   287
      • 5.6.13.3.1        Companies and products      287
  • 5.6.14 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring              287
    • 5.6.14.1            Market overview           287
    • 5.6.14.2            Companies and products      288
  • 5.6.15 Hydration sensors      289
    • 5.6.15.1            Market overview           289
    • 5.6.15.2            Companies and products      289
  • 5.6.16 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)        290
    • 5.6.16.1            Market overview           290
    • 5.6.16.2            Companies and products      292
• 5.7        Wearable drug delivery            293
  • 5.7.1    Companies and products      294
• 5.8        Cosmetics patches    296
  • 5.8.1    Companies and products      297
• 5.9        Femtech devices         297
  • 5.9.1    Companies and products      298
• 5.10     Smart footwear for health monitoring           300
  • 5.10.1 Companies and products      301
• 5.11     Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired     302
  • 5.11.1 Companies and products      302
• 5.12     Smart woundcare       303
  • 5.12.1 Companies and products      305
• 5.13     Smart diapers                306
  • 5.13.1 Companies and products      306
• 5.14     Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots 307
  • 5.14.1 Companies and products      308
• 5.15     Global market forecasts         326
  • 5.15.1 Volume              326
  • 5.15.2 Revenues          328
• 5.16     Market challenges      329

6             ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL           331

• 6.1        Macro-trends 331
• 6.2        Market drivers                332
• 6.3        SWOT analysis              334
• 6.4        Performance requirements for E-textiles     335
• 6.5        Growth prospects for electronic textiles      336
• 6.6        Textiles in the Internet of Things        339
• 6.7        Types of E-Textile products   341
  • 6.7.1    Embedded e-textiles 343
  • 6.7.2    Laminated e-textiles  344
• 6.8        Materials and components  344
  • 6.8.1    Integrating electronics for E-Textiles               344
    • 6.8.1.1 Textile-adapted             346
    • 6.8.1.2 Textile-integrated         346
    • 6.8.1.3 Textile-based  346
  • 6.8.2    Manufacturing of E-textiles   346
    • 6.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks            346
    • 6.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers   348
    • 6.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets       349
  • 6.8.3    Flexible and stretchable electronics in E-textiles   349
  • 6.8.4    E-textiles materials and components            351
    • 6.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns           351
      • 6.8.4.1.1           Production       353
      • 6.8.4.1.2           Metals 354
      • 6.8.4.1.3           Carbon materials and nanofibers    355
        • 6.8.4.1.3.1      Graphene         357
        • 6.8.4.1.3.2      Carbon nanotubes     358
        • 6.8.4.1.3.3      Nanofibers      360
    • 6.8.4.2 Mxenes              361
    • 6.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)     362
    • 6.8.4.4 Conductive polymers               364
      • 6.8.4.4.1           PDMS  367
      • 6.8.4.4.2           PEDOT: PSS     367
      • 6.8.4.4.3           Polypyrrole (PPy)          367
      • 6.8.4.4.4           Conductive polymer composites     367
      • 6.8.4.4.5           Ionic conductive polymers    368
    • 6.8.4.5 Conductive inks           368
      • 6.8.4.5.1           Aqueous-Based Ink   370
      • 6.8.4.5.2           Solvent-Based Ink      371
      • 6.8.4.5.3           Oil-Based Ink 371
      • 6.8.4.5.4           Hot-Melt Ink    372
      • 6.8.4.5.5           UV-Curable Ink             372
      • 6.8.4.5.6           Metal-based conductive inks              373
        • 6.8.4.5.6.1      Nanoparticle ink          374
        • 6.8.4.5.6.2      Silver inks         374
        • 6.8.4.5.6.3      Copper inks    378
        • 6.8.4.5.6.4      Gold (Au) ink   380
    • 6.8.4.5.7           Carbon-based conductive inks         380
      • 6.8.4.5.7.1      Carbon nanotubes     380
      • 6.8.4.5.7.2      Single-walled carbon nanotubes      382
      • 6.8.4.5.7.3      Graphene         383
    • 6.8.4.5.8           Liquid metals 387
      • 6.8.4.5.8.1      Properties         387
    • 6.8.4.6 Electronic filaments  388
    • 6.8.4.7 Phase change materials         388
      • 6.8.4.7.1           Temperature controlled fabrics         388
    • 6.8.4.8 Shape memory materials      389
    • 6.8.4.9 Metal halide perovskites        391
    • 6.8.4.10            Nanocoatings in smart textiles           391
    • 6.8.4.11            3D printing       394
      • 6.8.4.11.1        Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)  394
      • 6.8.4.11.2        Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)           394
      • 6.8.4.11.3        Products           395
  • 6.8.5    E-textiles components            396
    • 6.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators            396
      • 6.8.5.1.1           Physiological sensors              397
      • 6.8.5.1.2           Environmental sensors           398
      • 6.8.5.1.3           Pressure sensors         398
        • 6.8.5.1.3.1      Flexible capacitive sensors  398
        • 6.8.5.1.3.2      Flexible piezoresistive sensors           398
        • 6.8.5.1.3.3      Flexible piezoelectric sensors            399
      • 6.8.5.1.4           Activity sensors            399
      • 6.8.5.1.5           Strain sensors               400
        • 6.8.5.1.5.1      Resistive sensors        400
        • 6.8.5.1.5.2      Capacitive strain sensors      400
      • 6.8.5.1.6           Temperature sensors                401
      • 6.8.5.1.7           Inertial measurement units (IMUs)  401
    • 6.8.5.2 Electrodes        401
    • 6.8.5.3 Connectors     402
• 6.9        Applications, markets and products              402
  • 6.9.1    Temperature monitoring and regulation       403
    • 6.9.1.1 Heated clothing           403
    • 6.9.1.2 Heated gloves               405
    • 6.9.1.3 Heated insoles             405
    • 6.9.1.4 Heated jacket and clothing products             406
    • 6.9.1.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications             407
  • 6.9.2    Stretchable E-fabrics                408
  • 6.9.3    Therapeutic products               408
  • 6.9.4    Sport & fitness              409
    • 6.9.4.1 Products           411
  • 6.9.5    Smart footwear             413
    • 6.9.5.1 Companies and products      414
  • 6.9.6    Wearable displays      415
  • 6.9.7    Military               416
  • 6.9.8    Textile-based lighting                417
    • 6.9.8.1 OLEDs 417
  • 6.9.9    Smart gloves  417
  • 6.9.10 Powering E-textiles     418
    • 6.9.10.1            Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles          419
    • 6.9.10.2            Bio-batteries   420
    • 6.9.10.3            Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles               420
    • 6.9.10.4            Textile supercapacitors           421
    • 6.9.10.5            Energy harvesting       422
      • 6.9.10.5.1        Photovoltaic solar textiles     423
      • 6.9.10.5.2        Energy harvesting nanogenerators  425
        • 6.9.10.5.2.1   TENGs 425
        • 6.9.10.5.2.2   PENGs                426
      • 6.9.10.5.3        Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting       426
  • 6.9.11 Motion capture for AR/VR      426
• 6.10     Global market forecasts         428
  • 6.10.1 Volume              428
  • 6.10.2 Revenues          429
• 6.11     Market challenges      431
• 6.12     Companies     432

7             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING  440

• 7.1        Macro-trends 440
• 7.2        Market drivers                441
• 7.3        SWOT analysis              442
• 7.4        Applications of printed and flexible electronics      442
• 7.5        Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics  443
• 7.6        Approaches to flexibility         444
• 7.7        Flexible Battery Technologies              448
  • 7.7.1    Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries           448
    • 7.7.1.1 Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs    451
      • 7.7.1.1.1           Flexible planar LiBs   451
      • 7.7.1.1.2           Flexible Fiber LiBs       452
      • 7.7.1.1.3           Flexible micro-LiBs    452
      • 7.7.1.1.4           Stretchable lithium-ion batteries      454
      • 7.7.1.1.5           Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries  455
    • 7.7.1.2 Flexible Li/S batteries                456
    • 7.7.1.3 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 457
  • 7.7.2    Printed Batteries          458
    • 7.7.2.1 Technical specifications         458
    • 7.7.2.2 Components  459
    • 7.7.2.3 Design 460
    • 7.7.2.4 Key features    461
      • 7.7.2.4.1           Printable current collectors  462
      • 7.7.2.4.2           Printable electrodes  462
      • 7.7.2.4.3           Materials           463
      • 7.7.2.4.4           Applications   464
      • 7.7.2.4.5           Printing techniques    466
      • 7.7.2.4.6           Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries    468
      • 7.7.2.4.7           Zinc-based printed batteries                470
      • 7.7.2.4.8           3D Printed batteries   473
        • 7.7.2.4.8.1      Materials for 3D printed batteries     477
  • 7.7.3    Thin-Film Solid-state Batteries           477
    • 7.7.3.1 Solid-state electrolytes            479
    • 7.7.3.2 Features and advantages      480
    • 7.7.3.3 Technical specifications         482
    • 7.7.3.4 Microbatteries               486
      • 7.7.3.4.1           Introduction    486
      • 7.7.3.4.2           3D designs      488
  • 7.7.4    Stretchable Batteries                488
  • 7.7.5    Other Emerging Technologies             489
    • 7.7.5.1 Metal-sulfur batteries               489
    • 7.7.5.2 Flexible zinc-based batteries               490
    • 7.7.5.3 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries              491
    • 7.7.5.4 Flexible Zn–Air batteries          492
    • 7.7.5.5 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries      493
    • 7.7.5.6 Fiber-shaped batteries             493
      • 7.7.5.6.1           Carbon nanotubes     493
      • 7.7.5.6.2           Applications   495
      • 7.7.5.6.3           Challenges      496
    • 7.7.5.7 Transparent batteries                496
      • 7.7.5.7.1           Components  497
    • 7.7.5.8 Degradable batteries                499
      • 7.7.5.8.1           Components  499
    • 7.7.5.9 Fiber-shaped batteries             501
      • 7.7.5.9.1           Carbon nanotubes     501
      • 7.7.5.9.2           Types   501
      • 7.7.5.9.3           Applications   503
      • 7.7.5.9.4           Challenges      503
• 7.8        Key Components of Flexible Batteries           504
  • 7.8.1    Electrodes        504
    • 7.8.1.1 Cable-type batteries 506
    • 7.8.1.2 Batteries-on-wire        506
  • 7.8.2    Electrolytes     507
  • 7.8.3    Separators       513
  • 7.8.4    Current Collectors      513
  • 7.8.5    Packaging        515
    • 7.8.5.1 Flexible Pouch Cells  517
    • 7.8.5.2 Encapsulation Materials         519
  • 7.8.6    Other Manufacturing Techniques     520
• 7.9        Performance Metrics and Characteristics  520
  • 7.9.1    Energy Density              521
  • 7.9.2    Power Density               521
  • 7.9.3    Cycle Life          522
  • 7.9.4    Flexibility and Bendability     522
• 7.10     Printed supercapacitors         523
  • 7.10.1 Electrode materials   524
  • 7.10.2 Electrolytes     525
• 7.11     Photovoltaics 529
  • 7.11.1 Conductive pastes     529
  • 7.11.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV)               530
  • 7.11.3 Perovskite PV 530
  • 7.11.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics        530
    • 7.11.4.1            Companies     531
  • 7.11.5 Photovoltaic solar textiles     531
  • 7.11.6 Solar tape         532
  • 7.11.7 Origami-like solar cells            533
  • 7.11.8 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics    533
  • 7.11.9 Photovoltaic solar textiles     534
• 7.12     Transparent and flexible heaters       535
  • 7.12.1 Technology overview 535
  • 7.12.2 Applications   536
    • 7.12.2.1            Automotive Industry  536
      • 7.12.2.1.1        Defrosting and Defogging Systems  537
      • 7.12.2.1.2        Heated Windshields and Mirrors      538
      • 7.12.2.1.3        Touch Panels and Displays   539
    • 7.12.2.2            Aerospace and Aviation          539
      • 7.12.2.2.1        Aircraft Windows and Canopies        540
      • 7.12.2.2.2        Sensor and Camera Housings            540
    • 7.12.2.3            Consumer Electronics             540
      • 7.12.2.3.1        Smartphones and Tablets      540
      • 7.12.2.3.2        Wearable Devices       540
      • 7.12.2.3.3        Smart Home Appliances        540
    • 7.12.2.4            Building and Architecture      541
      • 7.12.2.4.1        Smart Windows            541
      • 7.12.2.4.2        Heated Glass Facades            541
      • 7.12.2.4.3        Greenhouse and Skylight Applications         542
    • 7.12.2.5            Medical and Healthcare         543
      • 7.12.2.5.1        Incubators and Warming Beds           543
      • 7.12.2.5.2        Surgical Microscopes and Endoscopes       543
      • 7.12.2.5.3        Medical Imaging Equipment 544
    • 7.12.2.6            Display Technologies                545
      • 7.12.2.6.1        LCD Displays 545
      • 7.12.2.6.2        OLED Displays              545
      • 7.12.2.6.3        Flexible and Transparent Displays   546
    • 7.12.2.7            Energy Systems            546
      • 7.12.2.7.1        Solar Panels (De-icing and Efficiency Enhancement)         546
      • 7.12.2.7.2        Fuel Cells         547
      • 7.12.2.7.3        Battery Systems           548
• 7.13     Thermoelectric energy harvesting   549
• 7.14     Market challenges      549
• 7.15     Global market forecasts         550
  • 7.15.1 Volume              550
  • 7.15.2 Revenues          551
• 7.16     Companies     553

8             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS  557

• 8.1        Macro-trends 557
• 8.2        Market drivers                557
• 8.3        SWOT analysis              560
• 8.4        Printed and flexible display prototypes and products         561
• 8.5        Organic LCDs (OLCDs)           568
• 8.6        Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)         569
• 8.7        Inorganic LEDs              570
• 8.8        Flexible AMOLEDs      571
• 8.9        Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED)      573
  • 8.9.1    Printed OLEDs              574
    • 8.9.1.1 Performance  574
    • 8.9.1.2 Challenges      575
• 8.10     Flexible and foldable microLED         575
  • • 8.10.1 Foldable microLED displays 577
    • 8.10.2 Product developers    577
• 8.11     Flexible QD displays  578
• 8.12     Smartphones 580
• 8.13     Laptops, tablets and other displays               582
• 8.14     Products and prototypes        585
• 8.15     Flexible lighting            591
  • 8.15.1 OLED lighting 591
  • 8.15.2 Automotive applications        593
    • 8.15.2.1            Commercial activity  593
• 8.16     FHE for large area lighting     594
• 8.17     Directly printed LED lighting 594
• 8.18     Flexible electrophoretic displays      595
  • 8.18.1 Commercial activity  596
• 8.19     Electrowetting displays           598
• 8.20     Electrochromic displays         598
• 8.21     Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs)  599
  • 8.21.1 Types   599
  • 8.21.2 Challenges      600
  • 8.21.3 White PeLEDs                601
  • 8.21.4 Printable and flexible electronics     601
• 8.22     Metamaterials               601
  • 8.22.1 Metasurfaces 601
    • 8.22.1.1            Flexible metasurfaces             602
    • 8.22.1.2            Meta-Lens        603
    • 8.22.1.3            Metasurface holograms         604
    • 8.22.1.4            Stretchable displays 604
    • 8.22.1.5            Soft materials                605
• 8.23     Transparent displays 607
  • 8.23.1 Product developers    610
• 8.24     Global market forecasts         611
  • 8.24.1 Volume              611
  • 8.24.2 Revenues          612
• 8.25     Market challenges      613
• 8.26     Companies     614

9             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS      621

• 9.1        Macro-trends 621
• 9.2        Market drivers                621
• 9.3        SWOT analysis              622
• 9.4        Applications   623
  • 9.4.1    Electric vehicles           623
    • 9.4.1.1 Applications   623
    • 9.4.1.2 Battery monitoring and heating          623
    • 9.4.1.3 Printed temperature sensors and heaters   624
  • 9.4.2    HMI       624
  • 9.4.3    Automotive displays and lighting      625
    • 9.4.3.1 Interiors             626
      • 9.4.3.1.1           OLED and flexible displays   627
      • 9.4.3.1.2           Passive-matrix OLEDs             628
      • 9.4.3.1.3           Active matrix OLED    629
      • 9.4.3.1.4           Transparent OLED for heads-up displays    629
      • 9.4.3.1.5           LCD displays  630
      • 9.4.3.1.6           Curved displays           631
        • 9.4.3.1.6.1      Overview           631
        • 9.4.3.1.6.2      Automotive applications        631
        • 9.4.3.1.6.3      Companies     632
      • 9.4.3.1.7           Micro-LEDs in automotive displays 634
        • 9.4.3.1.7.1      Head-up display (HUD)           637
        • 9.4.3.1.7.2      Headlamps     639
        • 9.4.3.1.7.3      Product developers    639
    • 9.4.3.2 Exteriors            640
  • 9.4.4    In-Mold Electronics    641
  • 9.4.5    Printed and flexible sensors 642
    • 9.4.5.1 Capacitive sensors    642
    • 9.4.5.2 Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors 643
    • 9.4.5.3 Piezoresistive sensors             643
    • 9.4.5.4 Piezoelectric sensors               645
    • 9.4.5.5 Image sensors              646
      • 9.4.5.5.1           Materials and technologies  647
  • 9.4.6    Printed heaters             648
    • 9.4.6.1 Printed car seat heaters          649
    • 9.4.6.2 Printed/flexible interior heaters          650
    • 9.4.6.3 Printed on-glass heater           650
    • 9.4.6.4 Carbon nanotube transparent conductors 650
    • 9.4.6.5 Metal mesh transparent conductors              651
    • 9.4.6.6 3D shaped transparent heaters         651
    • 9.4.6.7 Direct heating                652
    • 9.4.6.8 Transparent heaters   652
  • 9.4.7    Transparent antennas              653
• 9.5        Global market forecasts         656
  • 9.5.1    Volume              656
  • 9.5.2    Revenues          657
• 9.6        Market challenges      658
• 9.7        Companies     659

10          PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SENSORS 668

• 10.1     Market overview           668
• 10.2     Printed piezoresistive sensors            670
  • 10.2.1 Technology overview 670
  • 10.2.2 Applications   672
    • 10.2.2.1            Automotive      673
    • 10.2.2.2            Consumer electronics             673
    • 10.2.2.3            Medical              675
    • 10.2.2.4            Inventory management           676
    • 10.2.2.5            Industrial applications            677
• 10.3     Printed piezoelectric sensors             677
  • 10.3.1 Technology overview 677
  • 10.3.2 Applications   679
• 10.4     Printed photodetectors           681
  • 10.4.1 Technology overview 681
  • 10.4.2 Applications   684
    • 10.4.2.1            Image Sensors              685
    • 10.4.2.2            Biometrics       686
    • 10.4.2.3            Flexible X-ray detectors           687
    • 10.4.2.4            Healthcare and Wearables   688
    • 10.4.2.5            Inventory Management           688
• 10.5     Printed temperature sensors               689
  • 10.5.1 Technology overview 689
  • 10.5.2 Applications   691
    • 10.5.2.1            Automotive      691
    • 10.5.2.2            Monitoring Systems   692
    • 10.5.2.3            Consumer Electronics             693
• 10.6     Printed strain sensors              693
  • 10.6.1 Technology overview 693
  • 10.6.2 Applications   694
    • 10.6.2.1            Industrial health monitoring 695
    • 10.6.2.2            Motion Capture for AR/VR     695
    • 10.6.2.3            Healthcare and Medical         695
• 10.7     Printed Gas Sensors 696
  • 10.7.1 Technology overview 696
  • 10.7.2 Applications   698
    • 10.7.2.1            Outdoor Pollution Monitoring             698
    • 10.7.2.2            Indoor Air Quality        699
    • 10.7.2.3            Automotive      699
    • 10.7.2.4            Breath Diagnostics    700
• 10.8     Printed capacitive sensors   700
  • 10.8.1 Technology overview 700
  • 10.8.2 Applications   702
    • 10.8.2.1            3D electronics               702
    • 10.8.2.2            In-mold Electronics   703
    • 10.8.2.3            Hybrid Sensors             703
    • 10.8.2.4            Flexible Displays          704
    • 10.8.2.5            Automotive HMI           704
    • 10.8.2.6            Wearables and AR/VR              705
    • 10.8.2.7            Other Applications     705
• 10.9     Printed wearable electrodes                705
  • 10.9.1 Technology overview 705
  • 10.9.2 Applications   706
    • 10.9.2.1            Wearable EMG              707
    • 10.9.2.2            Skin Patches and E-Textiles  707
• 10.10  Global market forecasts         708
  • 10.10.1              Volume              708
  • 10.10.2              Revenues          710
• 10.11  Companies     712

11          PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ELECTRONICS      716

• 11.1     Macro-trends 716
• 11.2     Market drivers                716
• 11.3     SWOT analysis              718
• 11.4     Applications   719
  • 11.4.1 Industrial asset tracking/monitoring with hybrid electronics          719
  • 11.4.2 Customizable interiors            719
  • 11.4.3 Sensors             720
    • 11.4.3.1            Capacitive sensors    722
    • 11.4.3.2            Temperature and humidity sensors 723
    • 11.4.3.3            Sensors for air quality              725
    • 11.4.3.4            Magnetostrictive sensors      725
    • 11.4.3.5            Magneto- and electrorheological fluids       725
    • 11.4.3.6            CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings 725
  • 11.4.4 Building integrated transparent antennas  727
  • 11.4.5 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS)    728
  • 11.4.6 Industrial monitoring 728
• 11.5     Global market forecasts         729
  • 11.5.1 Revenues          729
• 11.6     Companies     732

12          SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS               734

• 12.1     What is Smart Packaging?    734
  • 12.1.1 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)      736
  • 12.1.2 Printed batteries and antennas         738
  • 12.1.3 Flexible silicon integrated circuits    739
  • 12.1.4 Natural materials in packaging          740
  • 12.1.5 Extruded conductive pastes and inkjet printing      741
  • 12.1.6 OLEDs for smart and interactive packaging              742
  • 12.1.7 Active packaging         742
  • 12.1.8 Intelligent packaging 744
    • 12.1.8.1            Smart Cards   745
    • 12.1.8.2            RFID tags          746
      • 12.1.8.2.1        Low-frequency (LF) RFID tags: 30 KHz to 300 KHz 746
      • 12.1.8.2.2        High-frequency (HF) RFID tags: 3 to 30 MHz              746
      • 12.1.8.2.3        Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags: 300 MHz to 3GHz 747
      • 12.1.8.2.4        Active, passive and semi-passive RFID tags              747
    • 12.1.8.3            Temperature Indicators           747
    • 12.1.8.4            Freshness Indicators 749
    • 12.1.8.5            Gas Indicators               750
• 12.2     SWOT analysis              751
• 12.3     Supply chain management  752
• 12.4     Improving product freshness and extending shelf life         753
• 12.5     Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting    754
• 12.6     Printed and flexible electronics in packaging           755
  • 12.6.1 FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging     756
  • 12.6.2 Printed codes and markings 756
  • 12.6.3 Barcodes (D)  757
  • 12.6.4 D data matrix codes  759
  • 12.6.5 Augmented reality (AR) codes             760
  • 12.6.6 Sensors and indicators           761
    • 12.6.6.1            Freshness Indicators 761
    • 12.6.6.2            Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs)    761
    • 12.6.6.3            Natural colour formulation indicator              762
    • 12.6.6.4            Thermochromic inks 763
    • 12.6.6.5            Gas indicators               764
    • 12.6.6.6            Chemical Sensors      765
    • 12.6.6.7            Electrochemical-Based Sensors      765
    • 12.6.6.8            Optical-Based Sensors           766
    • 12.6.6.9            Biosensors      766
      • 12.6.6.9.1        Electrochemical-Based Biosensors               766
      • 12.6.6.9.2        Optical-Based Biosensors    767
    • 12.6.6.10         Edible Sensors              767
  • 12.6.7 Antennas          768
    • 12.6.7.1            Radio frequency identification (RFID)            768
      • 12.6.7.1.1        RFID technologies      768
        • 12.6.7.1.1.1   Biosensors on RFID tags         769
        • 12.6.7.1.1.2   Powerless RFID sensor tags 770
        • 12.6.7.1.1.3   RFID ICs with Large Area Printed Sensors   771
        • 12.6.7.1.1.4   RFID for anti-counterfeiting  771
      • 12.6.7.1.2        Passive RFID   773
      • 12.6.7.1.3        Active RFID      774
        • 12.6.7.1.3.1   Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS) 774
        • 12.6.7.1.3.2   Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)         775
      • 12.6.7.1.4        Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags  775
      • 12.6.7.1.5        RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging  776
    • 12.6.7.2            Near-field communications (NFC)   776
  • 12.6.8 Smart blister packs   777
• 12.7     Global market forecasts         778
  • 12.7.1 Volume              778
  • 12.7.2 Revenues          780
• 12.8     Companies     782

13          COMPANY PROFILES                785 (713 company profiles)

14          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              1291

15          REFERENCES 1292

List of Tables

• Table 1. Macro-trends driving printed/flexible electronics.              85
• Table 2. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in healthcare & wellness.         86
• Table 3. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive. 87
• Table 4. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in buildings and construction.              88
• Table 5. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in energy storage and harvesting.      89
• Table 6. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in E-textiles.      90
• Table 7. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in consumer electronics.         91
• Table 8. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in smart packaging and logistics.       92
• Table 9. Types of wearable devices and applications.        93
• Table 10. Types of wearable devices and the data collected.         95
• Table 11. Main Wearable Device Companies by Shipment Volume, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, (million units).           96
• Table 12. New wearable tech products 2022-2024.             96
• Table 13. Wearable market leaders by market segment.   98
• Table 14.Stretchable Electronics Applications        101
• Table 15. Applications of stretchable electronics in wearables.  102
• Table 16. Applications of stretchable electronics in sensors.       103
• Table 17.  Applications of stretchable artificial skin electronics   104
• Table 18. Applications for printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the metaverse.           104
• Table 19. Advanced materials for Printed and Flexible and sensors and electronics-Advantages and disadvantages.            108
• Table 20. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).          109
• Table 21. Applications of printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the entertainment industry. 110
• Table 22. Wearable, printed and flexible electronics at CES 2021-2024.               113
• Table 23. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024.         116
• Table 24. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics.             120
• Table 25. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE                122
• Table 26. Research and commercial activity in FHE.           123
• Table 27. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2018-2035, (millions USD).  125
• Table 28. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.       127
• Table 29. Global market for Printed & Flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.              129
• Table 30. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.     131
• Table 31. Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.                133
• Table 32. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.              135
• Table 33. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.              136
• Table 34. Manufacturing methods for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics.  138
• Table 35.  Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput.               139
• Table 36. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics.        141
• Table 37.  Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications.                141
• Table 38. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps          142
• Table 39. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing. 144
• Table 40. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods.           145
• Table 41. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing         147
• Table 42. Innovations in high resolution printing.   147
• Table 43. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics.            150
• Table 44. IME manufacturing techniques.  151
• Table 45. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing.              154
• Table 46. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing.      155
• Table 47. Materials for printed and flexible electronics.     156
• Table 48. Comparison of component attachment materials.        156
• Table 49. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards              157
• Table 50. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.         159
• Table 51. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.       161
• Table 52. Low temperature solder alloys.    162
• Table 53. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.               163
• Table 54. Typical conductive ink formulation.          168
• Table 55. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       170
• Table 56. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.   175
• Table 57. Conductive ink producers.              175
• Table 58. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors.              180
• Table 59. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages.      180
• Table 60. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors.         182
• Table 61. Overview of specific printed/flexible sensor types.         182
• Table 62. Properties of typical flexible substrates. 185
• Table 63. Comparison of stretchable substrates.  186
• Table 64.  Main types of materials used as flexible plastic substrates in flexible electronics.  188
• Table 65. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs.    189
• Table 66. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages.        190
• Table 67. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies.              193
• Table 68. PCB manufacturing process.        196
• Table 69. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.           196
• Table 70. 3D PCB manufacturing.    199
• Table 71. Macro-trends in consumer electronics. 205
• Table 72. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics.         206
• Table 73. Types of wearable sensors.            209
• Table 74. Trends in wearable technology.    210
• Table 75. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device.      212
• Table 76. Overview of actuating at the wrist              213
• Table 77. Wearable health monitors.             217
• Table 78. Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers producers and products.         219
• Table 79. Wearable sensors for sports performance.          221
• Table 80. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.               222
• Table 81.  Product types in the hearing assistance technology market.  226
• Table 82. Sensing options in the ear.              228
• Table 83. Companies and products in hearables. 230
• Table 84. Wearable sleep tracker products and prices.     232
• Table 85. Smart ring products.           234
• Table 86. Sleep headband products.              234
• Table 87. Sleep monitoring products.            235
• Table 88. Pet wearable companies and products. 237
• Table 89. Wearable electronics applications in the military.          238
• Table 90. Wearable workplace products.    239
• Table 91. Global market for printed and flexible consumer electronics 2020-2035 by type (Millions Units). 241
• Table 92. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2018-2035, (millions USD).  243
• Table 93. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics. 245
• Table 94. Market players in printed and flexible consumer electronics.  246
• Table 95. Macro trends in medical & healthcare/ wellness.            249
• Table 96. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.       250
• Table 97. Healthcare/wellness applications for printed/flexible electronics.      254
• Table 98. Examples of wearable medical device products.             255
• Table 99. Medical wearable companies applying products to remote monitoring and analysis.            258
• Table 100. Electronic skin patch manufacturing value chain.       265
• Table 101. Benefits of electronic skin patches as a form factor.  267
• Table 102. Current and emerging applications for electronic skin patches.         268
• Table 103. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           271
• Table 104. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis.           275
• Table 105. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.            277
• Table 106. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.              280
• Table 107. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products. 281
• Table 108. Companies developing wearable sweat sensors.         292
• Table 109. Wearable drug delivery companies and products.       294
• Table 110. Companies and products in cosmetics patches.          297
• Table 111. Companies developing femtech wearable technology.             298
• Table 112. Companies and products in smart footwear.   301
• Table 113. Companies and products in smart contact lenses.     302
• Table 114. Companies and products in smart wound care.            305
• Table 115. Companies developing smart diaper products.             306
• Table 116. Companies developing wearable robotics.       308
• Table 117. Global Market for Printed and Flexible Medical & Healthcare Electronics 2020-2035 (Million Units). 326
• Table 118. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars. 329
• Table 119. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.          329
• Table 120. Macro-trends for electronic textiles.      331
• Table 121. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles.       332
• Table 122. Examples of smart textile products.      334
• Table 123. Performance requirements for E-textiles.           335
• Table 124. Commercially available smart clothing products.        341
• Table 125. Types of smart textiles.   345
• Table 126. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods. 346
• Table 127. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles.        347
• Table 128. Methods for integrating conductive compounds.         347
• Table 129. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber.       348
• Table 130. 1D electronic fibers including the conductive materials, fabrication strategies, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and applications.         351
• Table 131. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold.        354
• Table 132. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms.     355
• Table 133. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles.           356
• Table 134. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.            357
• Table 135. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              358
• Table 136. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).  364
• Table 137. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.               365
• Table 138. Typical conductive ink formulation.       369
• Table 139. Comparative properties of conductive inks.     369
• Table 140.  Comparison of pros and cons of various types of conductive ink compositions.   372
• Table 141. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              381
• Table 142. Properties of graphene.  383
• Table 143. Electrical conductivity of different types of graphene.               386
• Table 144. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks. 387
• Table 145. Nanocoatings applied in the smart textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.    392
• Table 146. 3D printed shoes.               395
• Table 147. Sensors used in electronic textiles.        396
• Table 148. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures. 400
• Table 149. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors.    401
• Table 150. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles.             402
• Table 151. Heated jacket products. 404
• Table 152. Heated jacket and clothing products.   406
• Table 153. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.      407
• Table 154. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications.          410
• Table 155. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.            411
• Table 156.Companies and products in smart footwear.    414
• Table 157. Wearable Displays Applications.             415
• Table 158. Types of Wearable Displays.       415
• Table 159. Commercial Examples of Wearable Displays. 416
• Table 160. Wearable electronics applications in the military.       417
• Table 161. Smart glove products.     418
• Table 162. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles.      419
• Table 163. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 421
• Table 164. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles.  422
• Table 165. Teslasuit. 428
• Table 166. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035  (Million Units).              428
• Table 167. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              429
• Table 168. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing.  431
• Table 169. Market players in E-textiles.         432
• Table 170. Macro-trends in printed and flexible electronics in energy.    440
• Table 171. Market drivers for Printed and flexible electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting.                441
• Table 172. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics.   443
• Table 173. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries               445
• Table 174. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components.    446
• Table 175. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes.           449
• Table 176. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries.   450
• Table 177. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.            453
• Table 178. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.               460
• Table 179, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used.    462
• Table 180. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.  464
• Table 181. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 466
• Table 182. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.           468
• Table 183. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.          468
• Table 184. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.       471
• Table 185. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.         475
• Table 186. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.   477
• Table 187. Main Fabrication Techniques for Thin-Film Batteries. 478
• Table 188. Types of solid-state electrolytes.              479
• Table 189. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.      479
• Table 190.  Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.          481
• Table 191. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries.              485
• Table 192. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.                494
• Table 193. Components of transparent batteries. 497
• Table 194. Components of degradable batteries.  500
• Table 195. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.                501
• Table 196. Organic vs. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes.                508
• Table 197. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.       509
• Table 198. Packaging Procedures for Pouch Cells.                516
• Table 199. Performance Metrics and Characteristics for Printed and Flexible Batteries.             520
• Table 200. Methods for printing supercapacitors. 523
• Table 201. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors.          524
• Table 202. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors.           526
• Table 203. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors.            526
• Table 204. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics.   529
• Table 205. Companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics.              531
• Table 206. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.      535
• Table 207. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.              536
• Table 208. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.  536
• Table 209. Smart Window Applications of Transparent Heaters. 541
• Table 210. Applications of Printed and Flexible Fuel Cells.             547
• Table 211. Market challenges in printed and flexible electronics for energy.        549
• Table 212. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).              550
• Table 213. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.  552
• Table 214. Market players in printed and flexible energy storage and harvesting.            553
• Table 215. Macro-trends in displays.             557
• Table 216. Market drivers for Printed and flexible displays and electronic components.            557
• Table 217. Printed and flexible displays products. 561
• Table 218. Flexible miniLED and MicroLED products.         577
• Table 219. Comparison of performance metrics between microLEDs and other commercial display technologies. 577
• Table 220. Foldable smartphones, laptops and tablets and other display products, on or near market.                585
• Table 221. Companies developing OLED lighting products.           592
• Table 222. Types of electrochromic materials and applications. 599
• Table 223. Applications of Mini-LED and Micro-LED transparent displays.           607
• Table 224. Companies developing Micro-LED transparent displays.        610
• Table 225.  Estimated Global Market for Flexible Displays (Million Units)*            611
• Table 226. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              612
• Table 227. Market challenges in printed and flexible displays.      613
• Table 228. Market players in printed and flexible displays.              614
• Table 229.  Macro-trends in automotive.     621
• Table 230. Market drivers for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.      621
• Table 231. Printed and flexible electronics in the automotive market.     623
• Table 232. Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting.        626
• Table 233. Printed and flexible electronics are being integrated into vehicle interiors. 627
• Table 234. Applications of curved displays in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).         631
• Table 235. Companies developing curved automotive displays. 632
• Table 236. Applications of Micro-LED in automotive.         635
• Table 237. HUD vs other display types.        638
• Table 238. Automotive display Mini-LED and Micro-LED products.           639
• Table 239. Conductive materials for transparent capacitive sensors.     643
• Table 240. Automotive applications for printed piezoresistive sensors. 643
• Table 241.  Piezoelectric sensors for automotive applications.    645
• Table 242. Printed piezoelectric sensors in automotive applications.     645
• Table 243. SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS.         646
• Table 244. Types of printed photodetectors and image sensors developed for automotive applications                648
• Table 245. Comparison of SWIR image sensors technologies       648
• Table 246. Comparison of conventional and printed seat heaters for automotive applications.            649
• Table 247. Printed car seat heaters.                649
• Table 248. Types of Printed/flexible interior heaters.            650
• Table 249. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.              652
• Table 250. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.  653
• Table 251. Transparent electronics for automotive radar for ADAS.           654
• Table 252. Global Market for Automotive Electronics (Million Units).       656
• Table 253. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              657
• Table 254. Market challenges for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.            658
• Table 255. Market players in printed and flexible electronics in automotive.      659
• Table 256. Market opportunities in printed and flexible sensors. 668
• Table 257.Growth Opportunities in Printed and Flexible Sensors.              669
• Table 258. Growth Markets for Printed Sensor Technology.             670
• Table 259.Manufacturing Methods for Printed Piezoresistive Sensors     671
• Table 260. Piezoresistive vs Capacitive Touch Sensors.    671
• Table 261. Printed piezoresistive sensors applications.    673
• Table 262. Manufacturing Process of Piezoelectric Polymers.      678
• Table 263. Printed Piezoelectric Materials in Sensors.       679
• Table 264. Printed piezoelectric sensors Applications.      680
• Table 265. Comparison of Photodetector Technologies.   683
• Table 266. Materials for Thin Film Photodetectors.               684
• Table 267. Pros and Cons of Printed QD Manufacturing Methods.             684
• Table 268. Printed photodetectors Applications.   685
• Table 269. Types of Temperature Sensors. 690
• Table 270. Printed Temperature Sensor Materials and Printing Methods.              691
• Table 271. Printed temperature sensors Applications.       692
• Table 272. Printed strain sensors Applications.      695
• Table 273. Types and Materials for Printed Gas Sensors.  698
• Table 274. Printed Gas Sensor Applications.            699
• Table 275. Printed Capacitive Sensor Technologies.            702
• Table 276. Materials Used in Printed Capacitive Sensors.               703
• Table 277. Printed capacitive sensors Applications             703
• Table 278. Applications and Product Types of Printed Wearable Electrodes.      707
• Table 279. Wet vs. Dry Electrodes for Wearable Applications.      708
• Table 280. Applications of printed wearable electrodes.   708
• Table 281. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035 by market (Volume in Millions of Units).                709
• Table 282. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035 by market (Billions USD).     711
• Table 283. Market players in printed and flexible sensors.               713
• Table 284. Macro-trends in smart buildings and construction.     717
• Table 285. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings.               718
• Table 286. Printed and flexible electronics being applied for building, infrastructure, and industrial applications.  720
• Table 287.  Printed electronics in customizable smart building interiors.              721
• Table 288. Types of smart building sensors.              721
• Table 289. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings.   722
• Table 290. Capacitive sensors integrated into smart buildings.   724
• Table 291. Types of flexible humidity sensors.         724
• Table 292. MOF sensor applications.             727
• Table 293. Global market for printed and flexible smart buildings electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              731
• Table 294. Market players in printed and flexible smart buildings electronics.   733
• Table 295. Consumer goods applications for printed/flexible electronics.           742
• Table 296. Types of Active packaging.           745
• Table 297. Commercially available food active packaging.            745
• Table 298. Types of intelligent packaging.  746
• Table 299. Types of RFID tags.            748
• Table 300.  Commercially available time-temperature indicators (TTI) indicators.          750
• Table 301. Commercially available freshness indicators. 751
• Table 302. Commercially available gas indicators.               752
• Table 303.  Supply chain management considerations for smart electronic packaging targeted at consumers.    754
• Table 304. Types of printed/flexible electronics and materials that can be used to enhance packaging barcodes.         760
• Table 305. Commercially available freshness indicators. 763
• Table 306. Commercial examples of time-temperature indicators            764
• Table 307. Examples of Chemical Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs).  765
• Table 308. Types of ripeness indicators.      765
• Table 309. Commercially available gas indicators.               767
• Table 310. Chemical sensors in smart packaging. 767
• Table 311. Electrochemical-based sensors for smart food packaging.   767
• Table 312. Optical-based sensors for smart food packaging applications.          768
• Table 313. Electrochemical biosensors for smart food packaging:           768
• Table 314. Optical-Based Biosensors for smart food packaging. 769
• Table 315. Types of edible sensors for food packaging.     769
• Table 316.  Commercially available radio frequency identification systems (RFID) technology.             774
• Table 317. Passive RFID: Technologies by Operating Frequency. 776
• Table 318. Examples of NFC in packaging. 778
• Table 319. Companies in smart blister packs.         780
• Table 320.  Global Market for Smart Packaging Electronics (Million Units).          780
• Table 321. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.       782
• Table 322. Market players in smart packaging electronics.             784
• Table 323. 3DOM separator. 791
• Table 324. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.  1035
• Table 325. TCL Mini-LED product range.      1238

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Examples of flexible electronics devices.               81
• Figure 2. Evolution of electronics.    82
• Figure 3. Applications for printed and flexible electronics.              84
• Figure 4. Wearable technology inventions. 85
• Figure 5. Market map for printed and flexible electronics.                98
• Figure 6. Wove Band. 100
• Figure 7. Wearable graphene medical sensor.         101
• Figure 8. 3D printed stretchable electronics.            102
• Figure 9. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition. 104
• Figure 10. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts.           106
• Figure 11. Systemization of wearable electronic systems.              107
• Figure 12. Baby Monitor.         112
• Figure 13. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.   113
• Figure 14. LG 77” transparent 4K OLED TV. 114
• Figure 15. 137-inch N1 foldable TV. 115
• Figure 16. Flex Note Extendable™.    115
• Figure 17. Flex In & Out Flip. 116
• Figure 18. Traxcon printed lighting circuitry.              121
• Figure 19. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2018-2035, (millions USD).  126
• Figure 20. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.       128
• Figure 21. Global market for Printed & Flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.              130
• Figure 22. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.    132
• Figure 23. Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.              134
• Figure 24. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.              136
• Figure 25. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2018-2035, millions of US dollars.              137
• Figure 26. SWOT analysis for printed electronics.  140
• Figure 27. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics.            143
• Figure 28. SWOT analysis for analogue printing.    146
• Figure 29. SWOT analysis for digital printing.            149
• Figure 30. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products. 149
• Figure 31. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics. 152
• Figure 32. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing. 155
• Figure 33. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli.     160
• Figure 34. Supercooled Soldering™ Technology.     164
• Figure 35. Reflow soldering schematic.        165
• Figure 36. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow.             166
• Figure 37. Types of conductive inks and applications.       168
• Figure 38. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.             173
• Figure 39. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors. 182
• Figure 40.  SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials.               185
• Figure 41. RFID Tag with Nano Copper Antenna on Paper.               187
• Figure 42. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits.  194
• Figure 43. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films.                195
• Figure 44. Flexible PCB.          198
• Figure 45. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries.      201
• Figure 46.  SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting. 204
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in consumer electronics.             209
• Figure 48. EmeTerm nausea relief wearable.             214
• Figure 49. Embr Wave for cooling and warming.     214
• Figure 50. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief.              215
• Figure 51. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables.          216
• Figure 52. FitBit Sense Watch.            217
• Figure 53. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration.   221
• Figure 54. Nuheara IQbuds² Max.     225
• Figure 55. HP Hearing PRO OTC Hearing Aid.           227
• Figure 56. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables).    229
• Figure 57. Beddr SleepTuner.               235
• Figure 58. Global market for printed and flexible consumer electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume).                242
• Figure 59. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2018-2035, (millions USD).  244
• Figure 60. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in medical and healthcare/wellness.                252
• Figure 61. Connected human body and product examples.           253
• Figure 62. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.          260
• Figure 63. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs.               266
• Figure 64. Graphene medical patch.              269
• Figure 65. Graphene-based E-skin patch.   269
• Figure 66. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible electronics in skin patches.   273
• Figure 67. Enfucell wearable temperature tag.        274
• Figure 68. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.       275
• Figure 69. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection.    277
• Figure 70. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor.             281
• Figure 71. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor.               281
• Figure 72. VitalPatch.                285
• Figure 73. Wearable ECG-textile.      285
• Figure 74. Wearable ECG recorder.  286
• Figure 75. Nexkin™.     287
• Figure 76. Bloomlife. 288
• Figure 77. Nanowire skin hydration patch.  289
• Figure 78. NIX sensors.           290
• Figure 79. Wearable sweat sensor.  290
• Figure 80. Wearable graphene sweat sensor.           291
• Figure 81. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch.         291
• Figure 82. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask.      292
• Figure 83. D-mine Pump.       294
• Figure 84. Lab-on-Skin™.        294
• Figure 85. My UV Patch.          296
• Figure 86. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch.   296
• Figure 87. Brilliantly Warm.  298
• Figure 88. Ava Fertility tracker.            299
• Figure 89. S9 Pro breast pump.          299
• Figure 90. Tempdrop. 300
• Figure 91. Digitsole Smartshoe.        301
• Figure 92. Schematic of smart wound dressing.    304
• Figure 93. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.         305
• Figure 94. ABENA Nova smart diaper.            306
• Figure 95. Honda Walking Assist.     308
• Figure 96. ABLE Exoskeleton.              308
• Figure 97. ANGEL-LEGS-M10.             308
• Figure 98. AGADEXO Shoulder.          309
• Figure 99. Enyware.   309
• Figure 100. AWN-12 occupational powered hip exoskeleton.        309
• Figure 101. CarrySuit passive upper-body exoskeleton.    309
• Figure 102. Axosuit lower body medical exoskeleton.         310
• Figure 103. FreeGait. 310
• Figure 104. InMotion Arm.     310
• Figure 105. Biomotum SPARK.            310
• Figure 106. PowerWalk energy.           311
• Figure 107. Keeogo™. 311
• Figure 108. MATE-XT. 311
• Figure 109. CDYS passive shoulder support exoskeleton.                312
• Figure 110. ALDAK.     312
• Figure 111. HAL® Lower Limb.             312
• Figure 112. DARWING PA.     312
• Figure 113. Dephy ExoBoot. 313
• Figure 114. EksoNR.  313
• Figure 115. Emovo Assist.     313
• Figure 116. HAPO.       313
• Figure 117. Atlas passive modular exoskeleton.     314
• Figure 118. ExoAtlet II.             314
• Figure 119. ExoHeaver.            314
• Figure 120. Exy ONE. 315
• Figure 121. ExoArm.  315
• Figure 122. ExoMotus.             315
• Figure 123. Gloreha Sinfonia.             316
• Figure 124. BELK Knee Exoskeleton.               316
• Figure 125. Apex exosuit.       316
• Figure 126. Honda Walking Assist.  317
• Figure 127. BionicBack.          317
• Figure 128. Muscle Suit.         317
• Figure 129.Japet.W powered exoskeleton. 318
• Figure 130.Ski~Mojo. 318
• Figure 131. AIRFRAME passive shoulder.    318
• Figure 132.FORTIS passive tool holding exoskeleton.         319
• Figure 133. Integrated Soldier Exoskeleton (UPRISE®).       319
• Figure 134.UNILEXA passive exoskeleton.  319
• Figure 135.HandTutor.             320
• Figure 136.MyoPro®. 320
• Figure 137.Myosuit.  320
• Figure 138. archelis wearable chair.               320
• Figure 139.Chairless Chair.  321
• Figure 140.Indego.     321
• Figure 141. Polyspine.              321
• Figure 142. Hercule powered lower body exoskeleton.      322
• Figure 143. ReStore Soft Exo-Suit.   322
• Figure 144. Hand of Hope.    322
• Figure 145. REX powered exoskeleton.         323
• Figure 146. Elevate Ski Exoskeleton.              323
• Figure 147. UGO210 exoskeleton.    323
• Figure 148. EsoGLOVE Pro.   323
• Figure 149. Roki.          324
• Figure 150. Powered Clothing.           324
• Figure 151. Againer shock absorbing exoskeleton.               324
• Figure 152. EasyWalk Assistive Soft Exoskeleton Walker. 324
• Figure 153. Skel-Ex.    325
• Figure 154. EXO-H3 lower limbs robotic exoskeleton.        325
• Figure 155. Ikan Tilta Max Armor-Man 2        325
• Figure 156. AMADEO hand and finger robotic rehabilitation device.          326
• Figure 157.Atalante autonomous lower-body exoskeleton.            326
• Figure 158. Global Market for Printed and Flexible Medical & Healthcare Electronics 2020-2035 (Million Units). 327
• Figure 159. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              328
• Figure 160. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles.      335
• Figure 161. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles.  337
• Figure 162. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles.   337
• Figure 163. Conductive yarns.            341
• Figure 164. H-Tee by H-Cube.             343
• Figure 165. Electronics integration in textiles: (a) textile-adapted, (b) textile-integrated (c) textile-basd.                344
• Figure 166. Stretchable polymer encapsulation microelectronics on textiles.   350
• Figure 167. Conductive yarns.            352
• Figure 168. Classification of conductive materials and process technology.      353
• Figure 169. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.  362
• Figure 170. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.  363
• Figure 171. BN nanosheet textiles application.       364
• Figure 172. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating.              366
• Figure 173. Schematic of inkjet-printed processes.             371
• Figure 174: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components. 376
• Figure 175. Schematic summary of the formulation of silver conductive inks.  377
• Figure 176. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.          379
• Figure 177: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.             382
• Figure 178. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.     383
• Figure 179. Graphene layer structure schematic.  384
• Figure 180. BGT Materials graphene ink product.   386
• Figure 181. PCM cooling vest.             389
• Figure 182. SMPU-treated cotton fabrics.   389
• Figure 183. Schematics of DIAPLEX membrane.    390
• Figure 184. SMP energy storage textiles.      391
• Figure 185. Nike x Acronym Blazer Sneakers.           395
• Figure 186. Adidas 3D Runner Pump.            395
• Figure 187. Under Armour Archi-TechFuturist.         395
• Figure 188. Reebok Reebok Liquid Speed.  395
• Figure 189. Radiate sports vest.        396
• Figure 190. Adidas smart insole.       399
• Figure 191. Applications of E-textiles.           403
• Figure 192. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket.    404
• Figure 193. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper.         405
• Figure 194. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles.     406
• Figure 195. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat.             408
• Figure 196. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products.             409
• Figure 197. iStimUweaR .       410
• Figure 198. Digitsole Smartshoe.     414
• Figure 199. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.            415
• Figure 200. A mechanical glove, Robo-Glove, with pressure sensors and other sensors jointly developed by General Motors and NASA.             418
• Figure 201. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables.   419
• Figure 202. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques.   422
• Figure 203. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 424
• Figure 204. 3D printed piezoelectric material.         425
• Figure 205. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR.      427
• Figure 206. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035  (Million Units).              429
• Figure 207. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              430
• Figure 208. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy.             442
• Figure 209. Flexible batteries on the market.            443
• Figure 210. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.            446
• Figure 211. Types of flexible batteries.           448
• Figure 212. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.      449
• Figure 213. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.    451
• Figure 214. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.     454
• Figure 215. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f)                455
• Figure 216. Origami disposable battery.       456
• Figure 217. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.    458
• Figure 218. Various applications of printed paper batteries.          459
• Figure 219.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.      459
• Figure 220. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together.            461
• Figure 221. Sakuú's Swift Print 3D-printed solid-state battery cells.         473
• Figure 222. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III).                474
• Figure 223. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.            482
• Figure 224. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials.               483
• Figure 225. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).          485
• Figure 226. Stretchable lithium-air battery for wearable electronics.       489
• Figure 227. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy. 492
• Figure 228. Transparent batteries.    497
• Figure 229. Degradable batteries.    499
• Figure 230 . Fraunhofer IFAM printed electrodes.   505
• Figure 231. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.          505
• Figure 232. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.           510
• Figure 233. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs. 511
• Figure 234. Main printing methods for supercapacitors.  523
• Figure 235. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 532
• Figure 236. Origami-like silicon solar cells.                533
• Figure 237. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 535
• Figure 238. Concept of microwave-transparent heaters for automotive radars.               538
• Figure 239. Defrosting and defogging transparent heater applications.  539
• Figure 240. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).              551
• Figure 241. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.  553
• Figure 242. LG Signature OLED TV R.             559
• Figure 243. Flexible display. 560
• Figure 244. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible displays.          561
• Figure 245. f-OLED N-shaped folding display.          562
• Figure 246. C SEED 37-inch N1 foldable TV.              562
• Figure 247. DELL Ori. 562
• Figure 248. Gloshine curved LED screen.    563
• Figure 249. Huawei Mate X3.               563
• Figure 250. LG Media Chair. 564
• Figure 251. LG Virtual Ride.  564
• Figure 252. Microsoft                Surface Duo 2 .             564
• Figure 253. Motorola Razr.    565
• Figure 254. Mirage smart speaker with wraparound touch display.            565
• Figure 255. Samsung Galaxy Fold.   566
• Figure 256. Vivo X Flip.             567
• Figure 257. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius.          569
• Figure 258. Foldable organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panel. 570
• Figure 259. AMOLED schematic.      572
• Figure 260. LG rollable OLED TV.       573
• Figure 261. OLED structure. 575
• Figure 262. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display.           576
• Figure 263. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level microLED transferring.    576
• Figure 264. Foldable 4K C SEED M1.              577
• Figure 265. Stamp-based transfer-printing techniques.    578
• Figure 266: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots.              579
• Figure 267. Samsung S-foldable display.     580
• Figure 268. Samsung slideable display.       581
• Figure 269. Samsung foldable battery patent schematic. 582
• Figure 270. Rollable 65RX OLED TV.               583
• Figure 271. Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Fold.           583
• Figure 272. LG Chem foldable display.          584
• Figure 273. Samsung Display Flex G folding smartphones.            584
• Figure 274. Asus Foldable Phone.    585
• Figure 275. Asus Zenbook 17 Fold.  585
• Figure 276. Dell Concept Ori.              586
• Figure 277. Intel Foldable phone.     586
• Figure 278. ThinkPad X1 Fold.             587
• Figure 279. Motorola Razr.    587
• Figure 280. Oppo Find N folding phone.       588
• Figure 281. Oppo Find N2 Flip.           588
• Figure 282. Royole FlexPai 2.               588
• Figure 283. Royole FlexPai 3 from CES 2024.           589
• Figure 284. Galaxy Fold 3.     589
• Figure 285. Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3              589
• Figure 286. TCL Tri-Fold Foldable Phone      590
• Figure 287. TCL rollable phone.         590
• Figure 288. Xiaomi Mi MIX Flex.          591
• Figure 289. LG OLED flexible lighting panel.              592
• Figure 290. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.          593
• Figure 291. Audi 2022 A8 .     593
• Figure 292. Electrophoretic display applications. 596
• Figure 293. Passive reflective displays with flexibility.        597
• Figure 294. Plastic Logic 5.4” Iridis™ display.            598
• Figure 295. Argil electrochromic film integrated with polycarbonate lenses.      599
• Figure 296. Transparent and flexible metamaterial film developed by Sekishi Chemical.           603
• Figure 297. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of several metalens antenna forms.             604
• Figure 298. Design concepts of soft mechanical metamaterials with large negative swelling ratios and tunable stress-strain curves.              606
• Figure 299. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations.           608
• Figure 300. 7.56" high transparency & frameless Micro-LED display.       609
• Figure 301. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display.               609
• Figure 302. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry.             610
• Figure 303. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).        612
• Figure 304. Global market for printed and flexible displays, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.             613
• Figure 305. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in automotive. 622
• Figure 306. Automotive display concept.    627
• Figure 307. Mercedes MBUX Hyperscreen. 628
• Figure 308.  AUO Smart Cockpit with 55-inch pillar-to-pillar curved display.      632
• Figure 309. Cadillac XT4 33-inch curved LED touchscreen display            632
• Figure 310. Continental Curved Ultrawide Display.              632
• Figure 311. Hyundai 2024 Sonata panoramic curved display.       633
• Figure 312. Peugeot 3008 fastback SUV curved wide-screen display.      633
• Figure 313. TCL CSOT single, continuous flexible curved automotive display panel.     634
• Figure 314. AUO automotive display.             635
• Figure 315. Micro-LED automotive display.                635
• Figure 316. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD.           638
• Figure 317. Rear lamp utilizing flexible Micro-LEDs.            639
• Figure 318. SWOT analysis for integrated antennas with printed electronics in automotive.    656
• Figure 319. Global Market for Automotive Electronics (Million Units).     657
• Figure 320. Global market for printed and flexible automotive electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              658
• Figure 321. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035 by market (Volume in Millions of Units). 710
• Figure 322. Global market for printed/flexible sensors 2020-2035 by type (Billions USD).         712
• Figure 323. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart buildings and construction. Source: Future Markets.         720
• Figure 324. Use of sensors in smart buildings.        722
• Figure 325. Global market for printed and flexible smart buildings electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              732
• Figure 326. Active and Intelligent packaging classification.           737
• Figure 327. Smart packaging for detecting bacteria growth in milk containers. 738
• Figure 328. RFID tags with printed silver antennas on paper substrates.               740
• Figure 329. Smart card incorporating an ultra-thin battery.             747
• Figure 330. RFID ultra micro battery.              749
• Figure 331. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart packaging.     754
• Figure 332. Active packaging film.   756
• Figure 333. Anti-counterfeiting smart label.              757
• Figure 334. Security tag developed by Nanotech Security.               760
• Figure 335. Fundamental principle of a gas sensor for detecting CO2 (gas) after food spoilage             766
• Figure 336. A standard RFID system.             771
• Figure 337. RFID functions and applications of silver nanoparticle inks.               771
• Figure 338. OHMEGA Conductive Ink + Touchcode box.   773
• Figure 339. Wiliot RFID.           774
• Figure 340. Smart blister pack.          779
• Figure 341. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume).         782
• Figure 342. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.       783
• Figure 343. 24M battery.         788
• Figure 344. 3DOM battery.     790
• Figure 345. Libre 3.     793
• Figure 346. Abbott Lingo wearable. 794
• Figure 347. Libre Sense Glucose Sport Biowearable.          794
• Figure 348. AC biode prototype.        795
• Figure 349. AcuPebble SA100.           797
• Figure 350. Vitalgram®.            802
• Figure 351. BioMan+.               809
• Figure 352. EXO Glove.            809
• Figure 353. e-Tint® cell in the (a) OFF and in the (b) ON states.     811
• Figure 354. Alertgy NICGM wristband.          812
• Figure 355. ALLEVX.   813
• Figure 356. Gastric Alimetry.                814
• Figure 357. Alva Health stroke monitor.       818
• Figure 358. amofit S. 820
• Figure 359. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).         821
• Figure 360. Amprius battery products.          822
• Figure 361. MIT and Amorepacific's chip-free skin sensor.              823
• Figure 362. All-polymer battery schematic.               825
• Figure 363. All Polymer Battery Module.      825
• Figure 364. Resin current collector. 826
• Figure 365. Sigi™ Insulin Management System.       827
• Figure 366. The Apollo wearable device.      829
• Figure 367. Apos3.     830
• Figure 368. Piezotech® FC.    833
• Figure 369. PowerCoat® paper.          834
• Figure 370. Artemis is  smart clothing system.        835
• Figure 371. KneeStim.              836
• Figure 372. LED hooded jacket.         839
• Figure 373. Heated element module.            840
• Figure 374. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.             843
• Figure 375. Printable NTC Temperature Sensor.      845
• Figure 376. 1.39-inch full-circle Micro-LED display              847
• Figure 377. 9.4" flexible Micro-LED display.               848
• Figure 378. Cyclops HMD.     849
• Figure 379. PaciBreath.           851
• Figure 380. Avery Dennison smart labels.   853
• Figure 381. AD Pure™ Line [Sustainable UHF RFID tags and inlays].          853
• Figure 382. Structure of Azalea Vision’s smart contact lens.         855
• Figure 383. BeFC® biofuel cell and digital platform.             860
• Figure 384. Belun® Ring.         862
• Figure 385. Evo Patch.              866
• Figure 386. Neuronaute wearable.   869
• Figure 387. biped.ai device.  871
• Figure 388. 3D printed lithium-ion battery. 873
• Figure 389. Blue Solution module.   876
• Figure 390. TempTraq wearable patch.          877
• Figure 391. BOE Mini-LED display TV.            881
• Figure 392. BOE Mini-LED automotive display.        881
• Figure 393. circul+ smart ring.            883
• Figure 394. Brewer Science printed water sensor. 888
• Figure 395. C2Sense sensors.            890
• Figure 396. Cala Trio. 892
• Figure 397. Transparent 3D touch control with LED lights and LED matrix.           893
• Figure 398. Large transparent heater for LiDAR.     893
• Figure 399. Cionic Neural Sleeve.     901
• Figure 400. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.            903
• Figure 401. Coachwhisperer device.              905
• Figure 402. Cognito's gamma stimulation device. 907
• Figure 403. Cogwear headgear.         908
• Figure 404. CardioWatch 287.            909
• Figure 405. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.   915
• Figure 406. Cymbet EnerChip™          917
• Figure 407. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.         919
• Figure 408. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.            920
• Figure 409. Diabeloop wearable.      923
• Figure 410. Inkjet printed OPV module.        927
• Figure 411. First Relief.            929
• Figure 412. FRENZ™ Brainband.        931
• Figure 413. NightOwl Home Sleep Apnea Test Device.       933
• Figure 414. Jewel Patch Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator .       935
• Figure 415. P-Flex® Flexible Circuit. 937
• Figure 416. enFuse.   944
• Figure 417. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.            946
• Figure 418. EOPatch. 948
• Figure 419. Epilog.      951
• Figure 420. eQ02+LIfeMontor.            953
• Figure 421. noDiffusion OLED encapsulation film.               954
• Figure 422. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.               957
• Figure 423. FDK Corp battery.             963
• Figure 424. Cove wearable device.  964
• Figure 425. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.  966
• Figure 426. FloPatch. 969
• Figure 427. KiTT motion tracking knee sleeve.          974
• Figure 428. 2D paper batteries.          980
• Figure 429. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.     980
• Figure 430. Fuji carbon nanotube products.             981
• Figure 431. German bionic exoskeleton.      984
• Figure 432. UnlimitedHand. 993
• Figure 433. Healables app-controlled electrotherapy device.       997
• Figure 434. Helio materials incorporated into flexible displays.   999
• Figure 435. Apex Exosuit.       1001
• Figure 436. Hinge Health wearable therapy devices.           1003
• Figure 437. MYSA - 'Relax Shirt'.         1005
• Figure 438. Humanox Shin Guard.   1008
• Figure 439. Airvida E1.             1009
• Figure 440. Sensor surface.  1013
• Figure 441. ZincPoly™ technology.    1015
• Figure 442. In2tec’s fully recyclable flexible circuit board assembly.       1016
• Figure 443. Footrax.   1017
• Figure 444. Flexible microLED.           1019
• Figure 445. eMacula®.              1021
• Figure 446. Printed moisture sensors.           1024
• Figure 447. G2 Pro.     1029
• Figure 448. Atusa system.     1031
• Figure 449. ITEN micro batteries.      1032
• Figure 450. Soluboard immersed in water. 1037
• Figure 451. Infineon PCB before and after immersion.       1037
• Figure 452. Kenzen ECHO Smart Patch.       1042
• Figure 453. The Kernel Flow headset.            1043
• Figure 454. REFLEX.  1045
• Figure 455. KnowU™. 1046
• Figure 456. Hyperfluorescence™ OLED display.      1052
• Figure 457. LG Display Stretchable displays.            1058
• Figure 458. LiBEST flexible battery.  1059
• Figure 459. LifeSpan patch.  1062
• Figure 460. Flexible Biocompatible pH Sensor from Linxens.        1066
• Figure 461. Ring ZERO.            1068
• Figure 462. LumeoLoop device.         1072
• Figure 463. Lyten batteries.   1073
• Figure 464. Mawi Heart Patch.            1078
• Figure 465. WalkAid. 1081
• Figure 466. Monarch™ Wireless Wearable Biosensor          1082
• Figure 467. MetaSCOPE.        1083
• Figure 468. HICARDI system.              1085
• Figure 469. Modoo device.    1092
• Figure 470. Movesense ECG monitor.            1094
• Figure 471. Munevo Drive.     1097
• Figure 472. Electroskin integration schematic.        1101
• Figure 473. Modius Sleep wearable device.               1109
• Figure 474. Neuphony Headband.   1110
• Figure 475. Nextiles’ compression garments.          1112
• Figure 476. Nextiles e-fabric.               1112
• Figure 477. Nix Biosensors patch.    1115
• Figure 478. Ayo wearable light therapy.        1117
• Figure 479. Nowatch.                1118
• Figure 480 .Nuada.    1124
• Figure 481. ONA DM. 1129
• Figure 482. ORII smart ring.  1131
• Figure 483. Otolith wearable device.              1135
• Figure 484. Oxitone 1000M. 1136
• Figure 485. Palarum PUP smart socks.         1139
• Figure 486. BEYOLEX™ film.  1140
• Figure 487. 55” flexible AM panel.    1141
• Figure 488. Peerbridge Cor.  1144
• Figure 489. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display. 1149
• Figure 490. 7.56-inch transparent Micro LED display.         1150
• Figure 491. Point Fit Technology skin patch.              1153
• Figure 492. Printed battery.   1155
• Figure 493. Printed Energy flexible battery. 1157
• Figure 494. Proxxi Voltage.    1160
• Figure 495. ProLogium solid-state battery. 1162
• Figure 496. Sylvee 1.0.             1168
• Figure 497. RealWear HMT-1.              1171
• Figure 498. RootiRx.  1174
• Figure 499. Micro-LED stretchable display.               1175
• Figure 500. Sylvee 1.0.             1178
• Figure 501. SES Apollo batteries.      1190
• Figure 502. Silvertree Reach.               1202
• Figure 503. Smardii smart diaper.    1208
• Figure 504. Moonwalkers from Shift Robotics Inc. 1211
• Figure 505. SnowCookie device.       1214
• Figure 506. Softmatter compression garment.        1215
• Figure 507. Softmatter sports bra with a woven ECG sensor.         1215
• Figure 508. Soter device.        1216
• Figure 509. Femsense patch.              1222
• Figure 510. MoCap Pro Glove.             1226
• Figure 511. Subcuject.             1227
• Figure 512. 3D printed electronics.  1231
• Figure 513. Tactotek IME device.       1233
• Figure 514. TactoTek® IMSE® SiP - System In Package.       1233
• Figure 515. TCL Mini-LED TV schematic.      1238
• Figure 516. TCL 8K Mini-LED TV.        1239
• Figure 517. The Cinema Wall Micro-LED display.   1239
• Figure 518. Teslasuit.                1246
• Figure 519. Nerivio.    1248
• Figure 520. Feelzing Energy Patch.   1250
• Figure 521. 7.56” Transparent Display.         1251
• Figure 522. 7.56" Flexible Micro-LED.            1252
• Figure 523. 5.04" seamless splicing Micro LED.      1252
• Figure 524. 7.56" Transparent Micro LED.    1253
• Figure 525. A sample of TracXon’s printed lighting circuitry.           1259
• Figure 526. Ultrahuman wearable glucose monitor.            1261
• Figure 527. Vaxxas patch.      1264
• Figure 528. S-Patch Ex.            1280
• Figure 529. Wiliot tags.            1283
• Figure 530. Zeit Medical Wearable Headband.        1289

The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2025-2035

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The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2025-2035

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