Published September 25th 2019, 198 pages, 74 tables, 71 figures
Quantum Dots (QDs) are used in a range of optoelectronic devices, including TVs and displays, light-emitting devices (LEDs), solar cells, photodiodes, thermoelectrics, photoconductors and field-effect transistors, while QD solutions have been used in a number of in vivo and in vitro imaging, sensing and labelling techniques.
The quantum dot market continues to grow in 2019. The market is moving towards more advanced applications of quantum dots in TVs with major producers developing technologies beyond Quantum Dot Enhancement Film (QDEF) such as:
- QD Glass on LGP.
- Quantum dot colour filters (QDCF) for microLEDS and displays.
- Electroluminescent QDs.
- Perovskite QDs.
- Inkjet printed QDs.
Market segments such as micro and mini LEDs, sensors, lighting, solar windows, anti-counterfeiting and biosciences offer excellent opportunities. The Global Market for Quantum Dots analyses quantum dot suppliers, display manufacturers and OEMs. The global quantum dots (QD) based products market will be potentially valued at more than $35 billion by 2030. The optoelectronics market represents the vast majority of this figure, chiefly High Definition TVs-QLED-TVs.
TV displays still dominate the end user segment for QD-based products with a fast growing market for QD monitors. The use of QDs in solar conversion windows is also being heavily backed this year with a number of companies developing prototypes and funding multi-million dollar investments. The price of large QD-TVs is also falling.
This 198 page analysis report on the quantum dots market is now in its 15th edition (First edition 2009) and provides a more in-depth analysis of the HDTV segment and emerging markets for quantum dots, graphene quantum dots and perovskite quantum dots plus a new QD Roadmap.
Contents include:
- QD types, properties and production methods.
- Changing market dynamics in the quantum dots market.
- Analysis of QD market segments and the main players in each segment.
- Strategic partnerships in the display market
- Demand for quantum dots in displays, current and forecast.
- Production costs.
- Competitive landscape for QDs.
- Analysis of key players in the quantum dots market-target markets, partnerships and collaborations, production capacities, production technology, sales territory, clients.
- Applications analysis-applications by industry and product (used as a substitute for already used additive or as a new additive; most prospective QD-containing products/applications for next 1-5 years). Applications assessed for technology and market readiness, and potential market volume in terms of QD consumption by application.
- Readiness of QD-based solution for each segment. Contribution of ND to improved performance in each application.
- Market share of QD based display manufacturers.
- TV shipment estimates by manufacturer.
- Market forecast in TV units.
- In-depth market segmentation and analysis.
- Quantum dots application roadmap.
- Regional analysis.
- Historical, current and projected market size in terms of volume and value.
- Revenue estimates for quantum dots market to 2030.
- Recent industry trends and developments.
- Competitive landscape.
- Regulatory issues.
- Perovskite QDs producers and market.
- Strategies of key players and products offered.
- Market revenues forecasts to 2030 and historical figures from 2013.
- Markets covered: TV displays and smartphone displays, solar cells, security tags, security inks, sensors, quantum dot lasers, quantum dot transistors, photonic crystals, bio-imaging, quantum dot solar windows, biomarkers, solid-material-based memory, thermoelectric materials, quantum dot computers, artificial photosynthesis and light emitting diodes (LEDs).
- Market assessment in QLED TVs and displays, including market drivers, commercialization, market revenues to 2030, manufacturing and product development.
- Market assessment in LED lighting, including market drivers, commercialization, market revenues to 2030, manufacturing and product development.
- Market assessment in biotechnology and medicine, including market drivers, commercialization, market revenues to 2030, manufacturing and product development.
- Market assessment in security and anti-counterfeiting, including market drivers, commercialization, market revenues to 2030, manufacturing and product development.
- Market assessment in sensors, including market drivers, commercialization, market revenues to 2030, manufacturing and product development.
- Market assessment of other application markets.
- Companies profiled include Applied Quantum Materials, Inc., Avantama AG, Bio Square, Inc., Dotz Nano Ltd., Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP/CAN GmbH, Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd.., Hansol Chemical Co., Ltd., HP Inc., IQDEMY Quantum Technology SA, KRI, Inc., ML System S.A Zaczernie, Nanoco Group Plc, NanoPhotonica, Inc., Nanosquare Co., Ltd., Nanosys, Inc., Plessey Semiconductors. Samsung, StoreDot Ltd. etc.
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................... 18
- 1.1 Growth in high definition TV demand...................................................................................................... 19
- 1.1.1 QD advantages........................................................................................................................... 22
- 1.2 Market growth since 2013...................................................................................................................... 22
- 1.3 QD-TVs market..................................................................................................................................... 22
- 1.4 The Quantum Dot market in 2019.......................................................................................................... 23
- 1.5 Cadmium vs. cadmium free................................................................................................................... 23
- 1.5.1 Cadmium QDs............................................................................................................................. 24
- 1.5.2 Cadmium-free QDs...................................................................................................................... 24
- 1.5.3 European commission ban use of cadmium in TVs and displays..................................................... 24
- 1.5.4 Perovskite quantum dots.............................................................................................................. 24
- 1.5.5 Carbon and graphene quantum dots............................................................................................. 25
- 1.6 Quantum Dot Revenues 2015-2030....................................................................................................... 25
- 1.7 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................................... 26
- 1.8 Market challenges................................................................................................................................. 28
2 RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY................................... 30
- 2.1 Report scope........................................................................................................................................ 30
- 2.2 Market definition................................................................................................................................... 30
- 2.2.1 Categorization............................................................................................................................. 31
- 2.3 Research methodology.......................................................................................................................... 32
- 2.4 Assumptions and limitations................................................................................................................... 32
- 2.5 Primary research.................................................................................................................................. 32
- 2.6 Secondary research.............................................................................................................................. 32
3 QUANTUM DOTS-PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS, TYPES.................. 33
- 3.1 Properties............................................................................................................................................. 33
- 3.2 Synthesis............................................................................................................................................. 34
- 3.3 Types................................................................................................................................................... 36
- 3.3.1 Cadmium Selenide, Cadmium Sulfide and other materials.............................................................. 36
- 3.3.2 Cadmium free quantum dots......................................................................................................... 36
- 3.4 Carbon quantum dots (CDs).................................................................................................................. 37
- 3.4.1 Properties................................................................................................................................... 37
- 3.4.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 38
- 3.5 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)........................................................................................................... 38
- 3.5.1 Properties................................................................................................................................... 39
- 3.5.2 Synthesis.................................................................................................................................... 40
- 3.5.3 Applications................................................................................................................................. 40
- 3.5.3.1 Pricing.................................................................................................................................... 42
- 3.6 Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs)........................................................................................................... 42
- 3.6.1 Properties................................................................................................................................... 42
- 3.6.2 Comparison to conventional quantum dots.................................................................................... 43
- 3.6.3 Synthesis methods...................................................................................................................... 43
- 3.6.4 Applications................................................................................................................................. 44
- 3.6.4.1 Displays................................................................................................................................. 44
- 3.6.5 Producers................................................................................................................................... 46
- 3.7 Quantum rods....................................................................................................................................... 50
- 3.7.1 Properties................................................................................................................................... 50
- 3.7.2 Applications................................................................................................................................. 50
4 QUANTUM DOTS TECHNOLOGY READINESS.............................. 51
5 QUANTUM DOTS INDUSTRY ANALYSIS....................................... 52
- 5.1 Licensing, collaborations and partnerships.............................................................................................. 52
- 5.2 Supply chain......................................................................................................................................... 53
6 QUANTUM DOTS REGULATIONS................................................... 56
- 6.1 Europe................................................................................................................................................. 56
- 6.1.1 Cadmium exemption in TVs and lighting........................................................................................ 57
- 6.1.2 August 2017 ruling....................................................................................................................... 57
- 6.2 United States........................................................................................................................................ 57
- 6.2.1 Low Volume Exemption (LVE)...................................................................................................... 58
- 6.2.2 New Chemicals Program.............................................................................................................. 58
- 6.3 Asia..................................................................................................................................................... 59
7 GLOBAL MARKET REVENUES FOR QUANTUM DOTS................ 60
- 7.1 Revenues 2013-2030............................................................................................................................ 61
8 QUANTUM DOTS IN TVS/DISPLAYS.............................................. 65
- 8.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................................... 65
- 8.2 LCDS vs. OLEDs vs. QD-LCDs/QLEDs.................................................................................................. 66
- 8.2.1 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)....................................................................................................... 66
- 8.3 QD-LCD TVs/QLEDs............................................................................................................................. 68
- 8.4 Quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF) for current QLEDs..................................................................... 71
- 8.5 Quantum Dot on Glass (QDOG)............................................................................................................. 72
- 8.6 Quantum dot colour filters...................................................................................................................... 73
- 8.7 Quantum dots on-chip........................................................................................................................... 74
- 8.8 Electroluminescent quantum dots........................................................................................................... 74
- 8.8.1 QD-Micro-LEDs........................................................................................................................... 75
- 8.9 Flexible QD displays.............................................................................................................................. 77
- 8.9.1 Flexible QLEDs............................................................................................................................ 78
- 8.10 LG Nanocell..................................................................................................................................... 79
- 8.11 Industry and research developments 2013-2019................................................................................ 79
- 8.12 Global market for quantum dots in TVs and displays........................................................................... 81
- 8.12.1 QD-TV unit sales 2016-2030........................................................................................................ 81
- 8.12.2 QD Monitor Unit sales 2015-2030................................................................................................. 83
9 QUANTUM DOTS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS......................................... 84
- 9.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................................... 84
- 9.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................................... 86
- 9.2.1 Nanomaterials in solar cells.......................................................................................................... 86
- 9.2.2 Advantages of quantum dots in photovoltaics................................................................................ 87
- 9.2.3 Types of quantum dot solar cells................................................................................................... 87
- 9.2.3.1 Metal—semiconductor/ Schottky QD junction solar cell.............................................................. 87
- 9.2.3.2 Silicon/QD Film Hydrid Solar Cells........................................................................................... 88
- 9.2.3.3 Silicon/Graphene QD Film Hydrid Solar Cells............................................................................ 88
- 9.2.3.4 Depleted-heterojunction QD solar cell....................................................................................... 88
- 9.2.3.5 QD-sensitized solar cells (QDSSC).......................................................................................... 88
- 9.2.3.6 Quantum dot solar windows..................................................................................................... 90
- 9.3 Market challenges................................................................................................................................. 91
- 9.4 Industry and research developments 2013-2019..................................................................................... 92
- 9.5 Global market for quantum dots in photovoltaics..................................................................................... 93
- 9.6 Quantum dot photovoltaics companies................................................................................................... 94
10 QUANTUM DOTS IN LIGHTING....................................................... 96
- 10.1 Market drivers and trends................................................................................................................. 96
- 10.2 Applications..................................................................................................................................... 98
- 10.2.1 LED lighting................................................................................................................................. 98
- 10.2.2 Horticultural lighting and greenhouse films................................................................................... 100
- 10.3 Market challenges.......................................................................................................................... 101
- 10.4 Industry and research developments 2013-2019............................................................................... 101
- 10.5 Global market for quantum dots in LED lighting................................................................................ 102
- 10.6 Quantum dot lighting companies...................................................................................................... 104
11 QUANTUM DOTS IN BIOTECH AND MEDICINE........................... 105
- 11.1 Market drivers and trends................................................................................................................ 106
- 11.2 Applications................................................................................................................................... 109
- 11.2.1 Imaging and diagnostics............................................................................................................. 109
- 11.2.1.1 Advantages...................................................................................................................... 110
- 11.2.1.2 Biomarkers....................................................................................................................... 110
- 11.2.1.3 Photodynamic therapy...................................................................................................... 110
- 11.2.1.4 Point-of-care.................................................................................................................... 110
- 11.2.2 Drug delivery............................................................................................................................. 111
- 11.2.3 Photodynamic therapy................................................................................................................ 111
- 11.2.1 Imaging and diagnostics............................................................................................................. 109
- 11.3 Market challenges.......................................................................................................................... 111
- 11.4 Global market for quantum dots in biotechnology and medicine......................................................... 112
- 11.4.1 Imaging and diagnostics............................................................................................................. 113
- 11.4.2 Drug delivery............................................................................................................................. 113
- 11.5 Quantum dot biotechnology and medicine companies....................................................................... 115
12 QUANTUM DOTS IN SECURITY AND ANTI-COUNTERFEITING. 116
- 12.1 Market drivers and trends................................................................................................................ 116
- 12.2 Applications................................................................................................................................... 117
- 12.3 Global market size for quantum dots in security and anti-counterfeiting.............................................. 118
- 12.4 Quantum dot security and anti-counterfeiting Companies.................................................................. 119
13 QUANTUM DOTS IN SENSORS..................................................... 121
- 13.1 Market drivers and trends................................................................................................................ 121
- 13.2 Applications................................................................................................................................... 122
- 13.2.1 Food sensors............................................................................................................................. 123
- 13.2.2 Chemical and gas sensors.......................................................................................................... 123
- 13.2.3 Biosensors................................................................................................................................ 124
- 13.2.4 Image sensors........................................................................................................................... 124
- 13.3 Global market size for quantum dots in sensors................................................................................ 124
- 13.4 Market challenges.......................................................................................................................... 126
- 13.5 Quantum dot sensor companies...................................................................................................... 127
14 OTHER MARKETS.......................................................................... 127
- 14.1 Batteries........................................................................................................................................ 127
- 14.1.1 Properties.................................................................................................................................. 127
- 14.1.2 Companies................................................................................................................................ 127
- 14.2 Thermoelectrics.............................................................................................................................. 128
- 14.2.1 Properties.................................................................................................................................. 128
- 14.2.2 Companies................................................................................................................................ 128
- 14.3 QD Lasers..................................................................................................................................... 128
- 14.3.1 Companies................................................................................................................................ 129
- 14.4 Photocatalysts................................................................................................................................ 129
- 14.5 Spectrometers................................................................................................................................ 130
- 14.6 Computing..................................................................................................................................... 130
- 14.7 Hydrogen production...................................................................................................................... 130
- 14.8 Autonomous vehicles...................................................................................................................... 131
15 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCER AND PRODUCT DEVELOPER PROFILES........................................................................................... 132
16 REFERENCES..................................................................................... 191
Tables
- Table 1: Market summary for the quantum dots market......................................................................................... 18
- Table 2. Quantum dot display products................................................................................................................. 20
- Table 3: Total QD-based component revenues 2015-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates.................... 25
- Table 4: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots............................................................................................. 26
- Table 5: Impact of market drivers for the quantum dots market............................................................................... 28
- Table 6: Market challenges for quantum dots........................................................................................................ 28
- Table 7: Categorization of nanomaterials.............................................................................................................. 31
- Table 8: Chemical synthesis of quantum dots....................................................................................................... 35
- Table 9: Applications of carbon quantum dots....................................................................................................... 38
- Table 10: Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.......................................................................... 39
- Table 11. Comparative properties of conventional QDs and Perovskite QDs........................................................... 43
- Table 12. Applications of perovskite QDs.............................................................................................................. 44
- Table 13. Development roadmap for perovskite QDs............................................................................................. 44
- Table 14. Properties of perovskite QLEDs comparative to OLED and QLED........................................................... 45
- Table 15: Quantum dots market structure............................................................................................................. 53
- Table 16: Markets, benefits and applications of quantum dots................................................................................ 60
- Table 17: Total QD-based component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates.................. 61
- Table 18: Production of quantum dots.................................................................................................................. 64
- Table 20: Market snapshot for quantum dots in TV/displays................................................................................... 65
- Table 21: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots in LCD TVs and Displays..................................................... 65
- Table 22: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the LCD TVs/Displays market............................................. 66
- Table 23: Advantages and disadvantages of LCDs, OLEDs and QDs..................................................................... 67
- Table 24: Typical approaches for integrating QDs into displays.............................................................................. 70
- Table 25: Current and planned Quantum Dot TVs by manufacturer, availability, size range and price range.............. 70
- Table 26: QD colour filter options and advantages................................................................................................. 73
- Table 27: Commercial development and research highlights in quantum dots in LCDs and OLEDs 2013-2019.......... 79
- Table 28: QD-TV unit sales 2016-2030, conservative and optimistic estimate for QDEF film and Non-QDEF film...... 82
- Table 29: Market snapshot for quantum dots in photovoltaics................................................................................. 84
- Table 30: Market drivers and trends in quantum dots in photovoltaics..................................................................... 84
- Table 31: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the photovoltaics market..................................................... 85
- Table 32: Advantages of quantum dots in photovoltaics......................................................................................... 87
- Table 33: Schottky QD Junction solar cells........................................................................................................... 88
- Table 34: Comparison of third generation solar cells.............................................................................................. 89
- Table 35: Market challenges rating for quantum dots in the solar market................................................................ 91
- Table 36: Commercial development and research highlights in quantum dots in photovoltaics, 2013-2019............... 92
- Table 37: Total QD photovoltaic component revenues 2013-2030 $M), conservative and optimistic estimates.......... 93
- Table 38: Quantum dots product and application developers in photovoltaics.......................................................... 94
- Table 39: Market snapshot for quantum dots in LED lighting.................................................................................. 96
- Table 40: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots in LED lighting..................................................................... 96
- Table 41: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the LED lighting market...................................................... 98
- Table 42: QD-LEDs and External quantum efficiencies (EQE).............................................................................. 100
- Table 43: Market challenges rating for quantum dots in the lighting and UVC market............................................. 101
- Table 44: Commercial development and research highlights in quantum dots in LED lighting 2013-2019................ 101
- Table 45: Total QD LED lighting component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates....... 102
- Table 46: Quantum dots product and application developers in lighting................................................................. 104
- Table 47: Market snapshot for quantum dots in biotechnology and medicine market.............................................. 105
- Table 48: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots in biotechnology and medicine............................................ 106
- Table 49: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the biotech and medicine market....................................... 109
- Table 50: Market challenges in imaging and diagnostics...................................................................................... 112
- Table 51: Market challenges rating for quantum dots in the medical imaging and diagnostics market...................... 112
- Table 52: Total QD revenues in biotechnology and medicine 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates. 113
- Table 53: Quantum dots product and application developers in biotechnology and medicine.................................. 115
- Table 54: Market snapshot for quantum dots in security and anti-counterfeiting..................................................... 116
- Table 55: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots in security and anti-counterfeiting........................................ 116
- Table 56: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the security and anti-counterfeiting market......................... 117
- Table 57: Total QD revenues in security and anti-counterfeiting 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates.................................................................................................................................................................. 118
- Table 58: Quantum dots product and application developers in security................................................................ 119
- Table 59: Overall market assessment for the quantum dots in the sensors market................................................. 121
- Table 60: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots in sensors......................................................................... 121
- Table 61: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the sensors market........................................................... 122
- Table 62: Quantum dot sensors and applications................................................................................................. 123
- Table 63: Total QD revenues in sensors 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates............................ 125
- Table 64: Market challenges rating for quantum dots in the sensors market.......................................................... 126
- Table 65: Quantum dots product and application developers in sensors................................................................ 127
- Table 66: Quantum dots product and application developers in batteries............................................................... 127
- Table 67: Quantum dots product and application developers in thermoelectrics..................................................... 128
- Table 68: Quantum dots product and application developers in lasers................................................................... 129
Figures
- Figure 1: QLED TV from Samsung....................................................................................................................... 19
- Figure 2. QD display products.............................................................................................................................. 20
- Figure 3: Samsung QDs utilized in range of QLED TVs......................................................................................... 23
- Figure 4: Perovskite quantum dots under UV light................................................................................................. 24
- Figure 5: Total QD component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates............................. 26
- Figure 6: Quantum dot schematic......................................................................................................................... 33
- Figure 7. Quantum dot size and colour................................................................................................................. 34
- Figure 8. Carbon dots development...................................................................................................................... 37
- Figure 9: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4).................................................................................... 40
- Figure 10: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots........................................................................................... 41
- Figure 11: Graphene quantum dots...................................................................................................................... 41
- Figure 12. A pQLED device structure................................................................................................................... 43
- Figure 13: Perovskite quantum dots under UV light............................................................................................... 45
- Figure 14: InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.............................. 48
- Figure 15: TRL for quantum dots.......................................................................................................................... 51
- Figure 16: Schematic of typical commercialization route for quantum dots producer................................................ 53
- Figure 17: Total QD component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates........................... 62
- Figure 18: End user markets for QDs 2018, %...................................................................................................... 63
- Figure 19: End user markets for QDs 2030, %...................................................................................................... 63
- Figure 21: QD-TVsupply chain............................................................................................................................. 67
- Figure 22: Quantum dot LED backlighting schematic............................................................................................. 69
- Figure 23. Quantum dot film schematic................................................................................................................. 71
- Figure 24: Quantum Dots on Glass schematic...................................................................................................... 72
- Figure 25: Samsung 8K 65" QD Glass.................................................................................................................. 72
- Figure 27: QD/OLED hybrid schematic................................................................................................................ 74
- Figure 28: Electroluminescent quantum dots schematic......................................................................................... 75
- Figure 29: The Wall microLED display.................................................................................................................. 76
- Figure 30: Individual red, green and blue microLED arrays based on quantum dots................................................. 76
- Figure 26: Ink-jet printed 5-inch AM-QLED display (80 dpi).................................................................................... 77
- Figure 31: Carbon nanotubes flexible, rechargeable yarn batteries incorporated into flexible, rechargeable yarn batteries...................................................................................................................................................... 78
- Figure 32: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots............................................................................. 78
- Figure 33: QD-TV unit sales 2016-2030, conservative estimates............................................................................ 82
- Figure 34: QD-TV unit sales 2016-2030, optimistic estimates................................................................................. 82
- Figure 35: QD Monitor Unit sales 2015-2030......................................................................................................... 83
- Figure 36: (a) Schematic of Schottky barrier quantum dots based solar cell............................................................ 87
- Figure 37: Schematic of QD Solar Cell................................................................................................................. 89
- Figure 38: Doped quantum dot LSC..................................................................................................................... 89
- Figure 39: QD coated solar windows.................................................................................................................... 90
- Figure 40: A layer of highly emissive manganese-doped quantum dots onto the outside surface of the outer glass pane (top layer on the left image below) and a layer of copper indium selenide quantum dots onto the inner surface of the inside (bottom) pane..................................................................................................................................... 90
- Figure 41: QDSSC Module.................................................................................................................................. 91
- Figure 42: Total QD photovoltaics component revenues 2013-2030 ($100,000s), conservative and optimistic estimates.................................................................................................................................................................... 94
- Figure 43: Fourth generation QD-LEDs................................................................................................................. 99
- Figure 44: Total QD LED lighting component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates...... 103
- Figure 45: Total QD revenues in biotechnology and medicine revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates................................................................................................................................................... 114
- Figure 46: Total QD revenues in in anti-counterfeiting and security 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates................................................................................................................................................... 119
- Figure 47: Total QD revenues in in sensors 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates....................... 126
- Figure 48: StoreDot battery charger.................................................................................................................... 127
- Figure 49: Schematic of QD laser device............................................................................................................ 129
- Figure 50: Quantum dot spectrometer................................................................................................................. 130
- Figure 51. AU 85" bezel-less quantum dot TV..................................................................................................... 134
- Figure 52: InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination............................. 145
- Figure 53: Quantum dots tag on plastic bottle...................................................................................................... 148
- Figure 54. QDSSC Module................................................................................................................................. 153
- Figure 55: Quantum dot sheet............................................................................................................................ 164
- Figure 56. SQ dots production process............................................................................................................... 179
- Figure 57. Infrared QD sensor company............................................................................................................. 182
- Figure 58. CQD™ photodiode schematic............................................................................................................ 182
- Figure 59. TCL QLED TVs................................................................................................................................. 184
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