The Global Market for Stretchable and Conformable Materials and Electronics

Published April 2018 | 335 pages | Price: £1350 | Table of contents

There is huge global interest in incorporating electronic functions into clothing and wearable devices for applications such as wearable sensing, healthcare, soft robotics and human computer interfaces. These areas will greatly benefit from developing electrical interconnects, sensors, transistors and circuits, lighting elements and power sources that are fully stretchable and conformable.

Electronics and power sources electronics which are not only flexible but also conformable and deformable offer the advantages of conventional devices while ideally maintaining excellent electrical properties under strain. They can stretched like a rubber band and twisted like a rope without any significant reduction in performance. Their development is key to the realization of wearables as they can deform along with soft interfaces such as:

textiles.
skin.
tissue.
moving components in devices and robots.

Applications include:

Stretchable conductors.
Gas sensor textiles.
Soft robotics.
Wearables in sport and healthcare.
Transparent electrodes on textile substrates.
Sensory skins.
Medical on-body skin patches.
Artificial muscles.
Battery and supercapacitor textiles.
Sensors for diabetes monitoring and therapy.
Comfort electronics in apparel and clothing.
Formable plastics.
Stretchable conductive elastomers.

Report contents include:

Future applications in Stretchable and Conformable Materials and Electronics
Trends in Stretchable and Conformable Materials and Electronics
Applications of Stretchable and Conformable Materials and Electronics
Organic and polymeric materials for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics analysis.
Components analysis.
Over 150 company profiles.
Market revenue forecasts to 2028.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………. 29

1.1 The evolution of electronics……………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
- 1.1.1 The wearables revolution……………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
- 1.1.2 Flexible, thin, and large-area form factors………………………………………………………………. 31
1.2 What are stretchable/deformable electronics?……………………………………………………………….. 33
- 1.2.1 From rigid to flexible and stretchable……………………………………………………………………… 33
- 1.2.2 Organic and printed electronics……………………………………………………………………………… 35
- 1.2.3 New conductive materials………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
1.3 Growth in stetchable/conformable electronics market………………………………………………………. 40
- 1.3.1 Recent growth in stretchable/conformable products………………………………………………… 40
- 1.3.2 Future growth…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
- 1.3.3 Nanomaterials in stretchable electronics………………………………………………………………… 42
- 1.3.4 Challenges in developing stretchable materials and electronics…………………………….. 43
1.4 Products…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
1.5 Global revenues for stretchable/conformable materials and electronics 2018-2028 by market………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45
- 1.5.1 Textiles and apparel……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
- 1.5.2 Skin sensors…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
- 1.5.3 Wearables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
- 1.5.4 Batteries and energy harvesting…………………………………………………………………………….. 52
- 1.5.5 Medical and healthcare wearables…………………………………………………………………………. 55

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………… 57

3 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………. 58

3.1 What are stretchable/conformable electronics?……………………………………………………………….. 58
3.2 Approaches for developing stretchable electronics………………………………………………………… 58
3.3 Fabricating stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………………………………. 60
3.4 Main applications of stretchable/conformable electronics?………………………………………………. 62

4 MATERIALS UTILIZED IN STRETCHABLE ELECTRONICS………. 63

4.1 CARBON NANOTUBES…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
- 4.1.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
- 4.1.2 Properties utilized in stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………… 65
  - 4.1.2.1 Single-walled carbon nanotubes……………………………………………………………………. 66
- 4.1.3 Applications in stretchable electronics……………………………………………………………………. 67
4.2 CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS (CP)…………………………………………………………………………………… 70
- 4.2.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70
  - 4.2.1.1 PDMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
  - 4.2.1.2 PEDOT: PSS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
- 4.2.2 Properties utilized in stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………… 72
- 4.2.3 Applications in stretchable electronics……………………………………………………………………. 74
4.3 GRAPHENE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75
- 4.3.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 75
- 4.3.2 Properties utilized in stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………… 76
- 4.3.3 Applications in stretchable electronics……………………………………………………………………. 77
4.4 METAL MESH………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80
- 4.4.1 Properties………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 80
- 4.4.2 Properties utilized in stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………… 81
- 4.4.3 Applications in stretchable electronics……………………………………………………………………. 82
4.5 SILVER FLAKE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 83
- 4.5.1 Silver (Ag) nanoparticle ink…………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
  - 4.5.1.1 Conductivity…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 85
- 4.5.2 Silver nanowires…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
4.6 COPPER INK…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 88
- 4.6.1 Silver-coated copper………………………………………………………………………………………………. 89
- 4.6.2 Copper (Cu) nanoparticle ink…………………………………………………………………………………. 89
4.7 NANOCELLULOSE………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 89
- 4.7.1 Properties utilized in stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………… 90
- 4.7.2 Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable electronics…………………………………. 91
  - 4.7.2.1 Nanopaper…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
  - 4.7.2.2 Paper memory……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
4.8 OTHER MATERIALS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96
- 4.8.1 Liquid metals………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 96
- 4.8.2 Other 2-D materials………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96

5 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL FOR STRETCHABLE/CONFORMABLE ELECTRONICS………………………….. 99

6 STRETCHABLE CONDUCTIVE INKS…………………………………….. 101

6.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 102
6.2 CONDUCTIVE INK TYPES………………………………………………………………………………………….. 103
6.3 PRINTING METHODS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
- 6.3.1 Nanoparticle ink……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 109
- 6.4 Sintering……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109
- 6.5 Conductive Filaments…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
- 6.6 Conductive films, foils and grids…………………………………………………………………………………… 110
- 6.7 Inkjet printing In flexible electronics……………………………………………………………………………… 111
- 6.8 Stretchable conductive inks………………………………………………………………………………………….. 111
6.9 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
- 6.9.1 Properties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 112
- 6.9.2 Current products…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 112
- 6.9.3 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 113
  - 6.9.3.1 Graphene stretchable conductive inks…………………………………………………………. 117
  - 6.9.3.2 Carbon nanotubes……………………………………………………………………………………….. 118
- 6.9.4 Stretchable conductive inks in electronic textiles…………………………………………………. 119
- 6.9.5 Stretchable conductive inks in printable sensors………………………………………………….. 119
- 6.9.6 In-mold stetchable conductive inks………………………………………………………………………. 120
  - 6.9.6.1 Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
  - 6.9.6.2 Commercially available products…………………………………………………………………. 121
6.10 COMPANY PROFILES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 124

7 STRETCHABLE TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS (TCF)…. 169

7.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 169
7.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 173
- 7.2.1 Flexible and stretchable TCFs……………………………………………………………………………… 174
- 7.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………. 176
- 7.2.3 Types of stretchable TCFs…………………………………………………………………………………… 179
- 7.2.4 Stretchable carbon nanotube TCFs……………………………………………………………………… 180
  - 7.2.4.1 Double-walled carbon nanotubes………………………………………………………………… 181
- 7.2.5 Graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 181
- 7.2.6 Stretchable wearable touchpad……………………………………………………………………………. 183
7.3 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 184

8 STRETCHABLE SENSORS…………………………………………………… 212

8.1 Current state of the art…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 212
8.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………………………. 214
- 8.2.1 Conductive nanofibers…………………………………………………………………………………………. 215
- 8.2.2 Graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 217
- 8.2.3 Electroactive polymers (EAPs)…………………………………………………………………………….. 219
8.3 Stretchable conductive elastomers………………………………………………………………………………. 220
8.4 Wearable gas sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 221
8.5 Stretchable strain sensors……………………………………………………………………………………………. 222
8.6 Wearable tactile sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………. 222
8.7 Nanomaterials-based devices………………………………………………………………………………………. 223
8.8 Stretchable medical sensors and health monitors………………………………………………………… 226
- 8.8.1 Electronic skin for medical wearables………………………………………………………………….. 233
- 8.8.2 Patch-type skin sensors……………………………………………………………………………………….. 234
- 8.8.3 Skin temperature monitoring………………………………………………………………………………… 237
- 8.8.4 Hydration sensors………………………………………………………………………………………………… 238
- 8.8.5 Wearable sweat sensors……………………………………………………………………………………… 239
- 8.8.6 UV patches…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 241
- 8.8.7 Smart footwear…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 243
- 8.8.8 Neural prosthesis…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 243
- 8.8.9 Aritificial skin………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 244
8.9 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 244

9 STRETCHABLE ELECTRONIC TEXTILES……………………………… 264

9.1 MARKET DRIVERS……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 264
9.2 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 267
- 9.2.1 Current state of the art for electronics textiles………………………………………………………. 268
- 9.2.2 Stretchable electronics in textiles…………………………………………………………………………. 270
- 9.2.3 Stretchable and washable……………………………………………………………………………………. 273
- 9.2.4 Stretchable heaters for wearable thermotherapy…………………………………………………. 273
- 9.2.5 Powering stretchable E-textiles……………………………………………………………………………. 274
- 9.2.6 Conductive stretchable fibers and yarns………………………………………………………………. 275
- 9.2.7 Solar energy harvesting textiles…………………………………………………………………………… 276
9.3 COMPANY PROFILES………………………………………………………………………………………………… 277

10 STRETCHABLE BATTERIES AND ENERGY HARVESTING…….. 291

10.1 MARKET DRIVERS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 291
10.2 APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 293
- 10.2.1 Current state of the art…………………………………………………………………………………….. 293
  - 10.2.1.1 Fiber/wire stretchable batteries……………………………………………………………………. 293
  - 10.2.1.2 Kirigami stretchable batteries………………………………………………………………………. 294
  - 10.2.1.3 Origami stretchable batteries……………………………………………………………………….. 294
  - 10.2.1.4 Bridge-island battery design………………………………………………………………………… 294
  - 10.2.1.5 Embedded in stretchable fabrics………………………………………………………………….. 294
10.2.2 Advanced materials solutions………………………………………………………………………….. 296
10.3 Flexible and stretchable batteries…………………………………………………………………………….. 296
10.4 Stretchable supercapacitors…………………………………………………………………………………….. 299
10.5 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries…………………………………………………………………………… 301
10.6 Stretchable energy harvesting………………………………………………………………………………….. 302
- 10.6.1 Stretchable capacitive energy harvesting………………………………………………………… 303
- 10.6.2 Stretchable piezoelectric energy harvesting…………………………………………………….. 304
- 10.6.3 Stretchable triboelectric energy harvesting………………………………………………………. 305
10.7 COMPANY PROFILES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 305

11 STRETCHABLE DISPLAYS………………………………………………….. 313

11.1 MARKET DRIVERS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 313
11.2 APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 314
- 11.2.1 Flexible displays………………………………………………………………………………………………. 315
- 11.2.1.1 Flexible LCDs………………………………………………………………………………………………. 316
- 11.2.1.2 Flexible OLEDs (FOLED)…………………………………………………………………………….. 318
- 11.2.1.3 Stretchable AMOLED…………………………………………………………………………………… 319
- 11.2.1.4 Stretchable electrophoretic displays…………………………………………………………….. 321
11.3 COMPANY PROFILES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 322

12 STRETCHABLE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS………………………… 323

12.1 APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 323

12.2 COMPANY PROFILES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 325

13 STRETCHABLE TRANSISTORS……………………………………………. 325

13.1 MARKET DRIVERS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 325
13.2 APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 326
- 13.2.1 Stretchable thin film transistors………………………………………………………………………… 326
- 13.2.2 Stretchable high-performance circuits……………………………………………………………… 328
- 13.2.3 Stretchable LED lighting…………………………………………………………………………………… 328
13.3 COMPANY PROFILES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 329

TABLES

Table 1: Evolution of wearable devices, 2011-2017……………………………………………………………………. 28
Table 2: Advanced materials for printable, flexible and stretchable sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
Table 3: Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE)……………………………………….. 36
Table 4: Markets for stretchable electronics……………………………………………………………………………….. 38
Table 5: Challenges in developing stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………. 40
Table 6: Stretchable electronics products…………………………………………………………………………………… 41
Table 7: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market………………………………………. 45
Table 8: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $………………. 48
Table 9: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries………………………. 49
Table 10: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials……………………………………………………………. 61
Table 11: Types of flexible and stretchable conductive polymers, properties and applications…… 70
Table 12: Properties of graphene……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
Table 13: Advantages and disadvantages of fabrication techniques to produce metal mesh structures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
Table 14: Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications……………………………. 78
Table 15: Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)……………………….. 87
Table 16: Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films………………………………………….. 90
Table 17: Other 2-D materials in stretchable electronics…………………………………………………………….. 93
Table 18: Market drivers for stretchable conductive inks……………………………………………………………. 99
Table 19: Typical conductive ink formulation…………………………………………………………………………….. 101
Table 20: Characteristics of analog printing processes for conductive inks…………………………….. 103
Table 21: Characteristics of digital printing processes for conductive inks……………………………….. 104
Table 22: Commercially available stretchable conductive inks…………………………………………………. 109
Table 23: Comparative properties of conductive inks……………………………………………………………….. 110
Table 24: Applications in conductive inks by type and benefits thereof…………………………………….. 111
Table 25: Market drivers for stretchable TCFs………………………………………………………………………….. 166
Table 26: Transparent conductive switches-PEDOT………………………………………………………………… 172
Table 27: Applications in printable, flexible and stretchable sensors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173
Table 28: Types of stretchable TCFs………………………………………………………………………………………… 176
Table 29: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors……………………………………………. 215
Table 30: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 221
Table 31: Wearable medical device products and stage of development…………………………………. 226
Table 32: Applications in patch-type skin sensors, by materials type and benefits thereof………. 233
Table 33: Market drivers for stretchable electronic textiles……………………………………………………….. 261
Table 34: Examples of smart textile products…………………………………………………………………………… 264
Table 35: Currently available technologies for smart textiles……………………………………………………. 265
Table 36: Smart clothing and apparel and stage of development…………………………………………….. 266
Table 37: Applications in textiles, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………. 267
Table 38: Market drivers for stretchable electronic energy storage…………………………………………… 288
Table 39: Wearable energy and energy harvesting devices and stage of development…………… 292
Table 40: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 295
Table 41: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 298
Table 42: Market drivers for stretchable displays……………………………………………………………………… 310
Table 43: Applications in flexible and stretchable circuit boards, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 320
Table 44: Market drivers for stretchable transistors………………………………………………………………….. 323
Table 45: Price comparison of thin-film transistor (TFT) electronics technology……………………….. 324

FIGURES

Figure 1: Evolution of electronics………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
Figure 2: Wove Band………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
Figure 3: Wearable graphene medical sensor……………………………………………………………………………. 32
Figure 4: Applications timeline for organic and printed electronics……………………………………………… 33
Figure 5: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors……………………………….. 40
Figure 6: Global revenues for stretchable/conformable materials and electronics 2017-2027……… 44
Figure 7: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market 2013-2027 revenue forecast (million $)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45
Figure 8 Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel sales by market segment, 2016… 46
Figure 9: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $…………….. 48
Figure 10: Demand for thin film, flexible and printed batteries 2015, by market…………………………. 51
Figure 11: Demand for thin film, flexible and printed batteries 2027, by market…………………………. 52
Figure 12: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53
Figure 13: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube…………………………………………………………….. 64
Figure 14: Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics……………………. 64
Figure 15: Stretchable carbon aerogel incorporating carbon nanotubes…………………………………….. 67
Figure 16: Flexible graphene touch screen…………………………………………………………………………………. 74
Figure 17: Foldable graphene E-paper……………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
Figure 18: Large-area metal mesh touch panel………………………………………………………………………….. 77
Figure 19: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 82
Figure 20: Flexible silver nanowire wearable mesh…………………………………………………………………….. 85
Figure 21: Copper based inks on flexible substrate……………………………………………………………………. 85
Figure 22: Cellulose nanofiber films…………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
Figure 23: Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper…………………………………………………………………….. 88
Figure 24: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF………………………………….. 89
Figure 25: Foldable nanopaper…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91
Figure 26: Foldable nanopaper antenna…………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
Figure 27: Paper memory (ReRAM)……………………………………………………………………………………………. 92
Figure 28: Technology readiness level for stretchable/deformable electronics applications……….. 96
Figure 29: BGT Materials graphene ink product……………………………………………………………………….. 115
Figure 30: Stretchable material for formed an in-molded electronics………………………………………… 117
Figure 31: Wearable patch with a skin-compatible, pressure-sensitive adhesive……………………… 118
Figure 32: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types………………………………………………………………………………………….. 120
Figure 33: Panasonic CNT stretchable Resin Film……………………………………………………………………. 173
Figure 34: Stretchable touchpad………………………………………………………………………………………………. 181
Figure 35: BITalino systems……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 190
Figure 36: Softceptor sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 210
Figure 37: BeBop Media Arm Controller…………………………………………………………………………………… 211
Figure 38: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor………………………………………………………………. 211
Figure 39: C2Sense flexible sensor………………………………………………………………………………………….. 212
Figure 40: <hitoe> nanofiber conductive shirt original design(top) and current design (bottom).. 213
Figure 41: Garment-based printable electrodes……………………………………………………………………….. 214
Figure 42: Wearable gas sensor………………………………………………………………………………………………. 219
Figure 43: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves………………………………………………………….. 220
Figure 44: Graphene-based E-skin patch…………………………………………………………………………………. 221
Figure 45: Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration……………………………. 224
Figure 46: Smart mouth guard………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 224
Figure 47: Connected human body…………………………………………………………………………………………… 225
Figure 48: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor…………………………………………………………………. 226
Figure 49: Prototype ECG sensor patch…………………………………………………………………………………… 230
Figure 50: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 232
Figure 51: Graphene medical patch………………………………………………………………………………………….. 233
Figure 52: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer…………………………………………………………….. 235
Figure 53: Mimo baby monitor………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 235
Figure 54: Nanowire skin hydration patch…………………………………………………………………………………. 236
Figure 55: Wearable sweat sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………… 237
Figure 56: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor………………………………………………………………………… 238
Figure 57: My UV Patch……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 239
Figure 58: Overview layers of L’Oreal skin patch……………………………………………………………………… 240
Figure 59: Conductive yarns…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 272
Figure 60: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper………………………………… 273
Figure 61: Energy harvesting textile…………………………………………………………………………………………. 290
Figure 62: LG Chem Heaxagonal battery…………………………………………………………………………………. 292
Figure 63: Printed 1.5V battery…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 294
Figure 64: Enfucell Printed Battery…………………………………………………………………………………………… 295
Figure 65: Energy densities and specific energy of rechargeable batteries………………………………. 297
Figure 66: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor………………………………………………………………………. 298
Figure 67: StretchSense Energy Harvesting Kit……………………………………………………………………….. 300
Figure 68: LG Display LG Display 77-inch flexible transparent OLED display………………………….. 311
Figure 69: Carbon nanotubes flexible, rechargeable yarn batteries incorporated into flexible, rechargeable yarn batteries………………………………………………………………………………………………… 313
Figure 70: Flexible LCD……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 314
Figure 71: “Full ActiveTM Flex”…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 314
Figure 72: FOLED schematic……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 316
Figure 73: Foldable display………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 317
Figure 74: Stretchable AMOLED………………………………………………………………………………………………. 317
Figure 75: LGD 12.3” FHD Automotive OLED………………………………………………………………………….. 318
Figure 76: LECTUM® display…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 319
Figure 77: Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs……………………………………………………………………. 324

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