The Global Market for Sustainable Packaging 2025-2035

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            26

• 1.1        Global Packaging Market       26
• 1.2        What is sustainable packaging?       27
• 1.3        The Global Market for Sustainable Packaging          29
  • 1.3.1    By packaging materials           29
    • 1.3.1.1 Tonnes                29
    • 1.3.1.2 Revenues          30
  • 1.3.2    By packaging product type    32
    • 1.3.2.1 Tonnes                32
    • 1.3.2.2 Revenues          32
  • 1.3.3    By end-use market     33
    • 1.3.3.1 Tonnes                34
    • 1.3.3.2 Revenues          35
  • 1.3.4    By region           36
    • 1.3.4.1 Tonnes                36
    • 1.3.4.2 Revenues          37
• 1.4        Main types       38
• 1.5        Prices  41
• 1.6        Commercial products              42
• 1.7        Market Trends                45
• 1.8        Market Drivers for recent growth in Sustainable Packaging            46
• 1.9        Challenges for Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging         47

2             INTRODUCTION          50

• 2.1        Market overview           50
• 2.2        Types of sustainable packaging materials  51
  • 2.2.1    Biodegradable and Compostable Materials              51
    • 2.2.1.1 PLA (Polylactic Acid) 51
    • 2.2.1.2 Bagasse            52
    • 2.2.1.3 Mushroom Packaging              53
    • 2.2.1.4 Seaweed-Based Materials    55
  • 2.2.2    Paper and Fiber-Based Materials      56
    • 2.2.2.1 Recycled Paper/Cardboard  56
    • 2.2.2.2 Molded Pulp   57
    • 2.2.2.3 Bamboo Packaging   58
  • 2.2.3    Bio-Based Plastics     59
    • 2.2.3.1 Bio-PE and Bio-PET    59
    • 2.2.3.2 PHAs (Polyhydroxyalkanoates)          61
  • 2.2.4    Reusable and Upcycled Materials   62
    • 2.2.4.1 Glass   62
    • 2.2.4.2 Aluminum        64
    • 2.2.4.3 Upcycled Agricultural Waste               66
  • 2.2.5    Other Materials            67
    • 2.2.5.1 Edible Packaging         67
    • 2.2.5.2 Cellulose-Based Films            68
    • 2.2.5.3 Algae-Based Materials             70
• 2.3        Packaging lifecycle     71
  • 2.3.1    Raw materials               71
  • 2.3.2    Manufacturing              72
  • 2.3.3    Transport          73
  • 2.3.4    Packaging in-use         74
  • 2.3.5    End of life         75

3              MATERIALS IN SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING        75

• 3.1        Materials innovation 75
• 3.2        Active packaging         76
• 3.3        Monomaterial packaging       76
• 3.4        Conventional polymer materials used in packaging            77
  • 3.4.1    Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene            77
    • 3.4.1.1 Overview           77
    • 3.4.1.2 Grades               78
    • 3.4.1.3 Producers         78
  • 3.4.2    PET and other polyester polymers   79
    • 3.4.2.1 Overview           79
  • 3.4.3    Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging             80
  • 3.4.4    Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers  82
  • 3.4.5    Processes for bioplastics in packaging        82
  • 3.4.6    End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging   83
• 3.5        Synthetic bio-based packaging materials   84
  • 3.5.1    Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        84
    • 3.5.1.1 Overview           84
    • 3.5.1.2 Properties         85
    • 3.5.1.3 Applications   85
    • 3.5.1.4 Advantages     86
    • 3.5.1.5 Challenges      86
    • 3.5.1.6 Commercial examples            87
  • 3.5.2    Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)            87
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview           87
    • 3.5.2.2 Properties         88
    • 3.5.2.3 Applications   88
    • 3.5.2.4 Advantages of Bio-PET in Packaging              89
    • 3.5.2.5 Challenges and Limitations 89
    • 3.5.2.6 Commercial examples            90
  • 3.5.3    Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)   91
    • 3.5.3.1 Overview           91
    • 3.5.3.2 Production Process   91
    • 3.5.3.3 Properties         91
    • 3.5.3.4 Applications   91
    • 3.5.3.5 Advantages of Bio-PTT in Packaging               92
    • 3.5.3.6 Challenges and Limitations 92
    • 3.5.3.7 Commercial examples            92
  • 3.5.4    Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)     93
    • 3.5.4.1 Overview           93
    • 3.5.4.2 Properties         93
    • 3.5.4.3 Applications   93
    • 3.5.4.4 Advantages of Bio-PEF in Packaging              94
    • 3.5.4.5 Challenges and Limitations 94
    • 3.5.4.6 Commercial examples            94
  • 3.5.5    Bio-PA 95
    • 3.5.5.1 Overview           95
    • 3.5.5.2 Properties         95
    • 3.5.5.3 Applications in Packaging     95
    • 3.5.5.4 Advantages of Bio-PA in Packaging 96
    • 3.5.5.5 Challenges and Limitations 96
    • 3.5.5.6 Commercial examples            96
  • 3.5.6    Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters                97
    • 3.5.6.1 Overview           97
    • 3.5.6.2 Properties         97
    • 3.5.6.3 Applications in Packaging     97
    • 3.5.6.4 Advantages of Bio-PBAT in Packaging           98
    • 3.5.6.5 Challenges and Limitations 98
    • 3.5.6.6 Commercial examples            98
  • 3.5.7    Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers       98
    • 3.5.7.1 Overview           98
    • 3.5.7.2 Properties         99
    • 3.5.7.3 Applications in Packaging     99
    • 3.5.7.4 Advantages of Bio-PBS and Co-polymers in Packaging     100
    • 3.5.7.5 Challenges and Limitations 100
    • 3.5.7.6 Commercial examples            100
  • 3.5.8    Polypropylene (Bio-PP)            101
    • 3.5.8.1 Overview           101
    • 3.5.8.2 Properties         101
    • 3.5.8.3 Applications in Packaging     101
    • 3.5.8.4 Advantages of Bio-PP in Packaging 101
    • 3.5.8.5 Challenges and Limitations 102
    • 3.5.8.6 Commercial examples            102
• 3.6        Natural bio-based packaging materials       102
  • 3.6.1    Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             102
    • 3.6.1.1 Properties         103
    • 3.6.1.2 Applications in Packaging     103
    • 3.6.1.3 Advantages of PHA in Packaging      104
    • 3.6.1.4 Challenges and Limitations 105
    • 3.6.1.5 Commercial examples            105
  • 3.6.2    Starch-based blends 105
    • 3.6.2.1 Overview           105
    • 3.6.2.2 Properties         106
    • 3.6.2.3 Applications in Packaging     106
    • 3.6.2.4 Advantages of Starch-Based Blends in Packaging 106
    • 3.6.2.5 Challenges and Limitations 106
    • 3.6.2.6 Commercial examples            107
  • 3.6.3    Cellulose          107
    • 3.6.3.1 Feedstocks      107
      • 3.6.3.1.1           Wood  108
      • 3.6.3.1.2           Plant    108
      • 3.6.3.1.3           Tunicate             108
      • 3.6.3.1.4           Algae   109
      • 3.6.3.1.5           Bacteria             109
    • 3.6.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        110
      • 3.6.3.2.1           Properties         110
    • 3.6.3.3 Nanocellulose               111
      • 3.6.3.3.1           Cellulose nanocrystals           111
        • 3.6.3.3.1.1      Applications in packaging     111
      • 3.6.3.3.2           Cellulose nanofibers 112
        • 3.6.3.3.2.1      Applications in packaging     113
      • 3.6.3.3.3           Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          119
        • 3.6.3.3.3.1      Applications in packaging     121
    • 3.6.3.4 Commercial examples            122
  • 3.6.4    Protein-based bioplastics in packaging       122
    • 3.6.4.1 Feedstocks      122
    • 3.6.4.2 Commercial examples            124
  • 3.6.5    Lipids and waxes for packaging         124
    • 3.6.5.1 Overview           124
    • 3.6.5.2 Commercial examples            125
  • 3.6.6    Seaweed-based packaging  125
    • 3.6.6.1 Overview           125
    • 3.6.6.2 Production       126
    • 3.6.6.3 Applications in packaging     127
    • 3.6.6.4 Producers         127
  • 3.6.7    Mycelium          127
    • 3.6.7.1 Overview           127
    • 3.6.7.2 Applications in packaging     128
    • 3.6.7.3 Commercial examples            129
  • 3.6.8    Chitosan           129
    • 3.6.8.1 Overview           129
    • 3.6.8.2 Applications in packaging     130
    • 3.6.8.3 Commercial examples            130
  • 3.6.9    Bio-naphtha   132
    • 3.6.9.1 Overview           132
    • 3.6.9.2 Markets and applications      132
    • 3.6.9.3 Commercial examples            134

4             PACKAGING RECYCLING       135

• 4.1        Mechanical recycling                136
  • 4.1.1    Closed-loop mechanical recycling  137
  • 4.1.2    Open-loop mechanical recycling      137
  • 4.1.3    Polymer types, use, and recovery     137
• 4.2        Advanced chemical recycling             138
  • 4.2.1    Main streams of plastic waste            138
  • 4.2.2    Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling    139
• 4.3        Capacities       139
• 4.4        Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology            141
• 4.5        Global market by recycling process 2020-2024, metric tons         142
• 4.6        Chemically recycled plastic products           143
• 4.7        Market map    144
• 4.8        Value chain     146
• 4.9        Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of advanced plastics recycling processes             147
• 4.10     Pyrolysis            148
  • 4.10.1 Non-catalytic 148
  • 4.10.2 Catalytic            150
    • 4.10.2.1            Polystyrene pyrolysis 151
    • 4.10.2.2            Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel  152
    • 4.10.2.3            Used tires pyrolysis   155
      • 4.10.2.3.1        Conversion to biofuel               156
    • 4.10.2.4            Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes             157
  • 4.10.3 SWOT analysis              157
  • 4.10.4 Companies and capacities  158
• 4.11     Gasification    159
  • 4.11.1 Technology overview 159
    • 4.11.1.1            Syngas conversion to methanol        160
    • 4.11.1.2            Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation       164
    • 4.11.1.3            Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion    164
  • 4.11.2 SWOT analysis              165
  • 4.11.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)                165
• 4.12     Dissolution     166
  • 4.12.1 Technology overview 166
  • 4.12.2 SWOT analysis              167
  • 4.12.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)                168
• 4.13     Depolymerisation       169
  • 4.13.1 Hydrolysis        170
    • 4.13.1.1            Technology overview 171
    • 4.13.1.2            SWOT analysis              172
  • 4.13.2 Enzymolysis   172
    • 4.13.2.1            Technology overview 172
    • 4.13.2.2            SWOT analysis              173
  • 4.13.3 Methanolysis 174
    • 4.13.3.1            Technology overview 174
    • 4.13.3.2            SWOT analysis              175
  • 4.13.4 Glycolysis         176
    • 4.13.4.1            Technology overview 176
    • 4.13.4.2            SWOT analysis              177
  • 4.13.5 Aminolysis      178
    • 4.13.5.1            Technology overview 178
    • 4.13.5.2            SWOT analysis              179
  • 4.13.6 Companies and capacities (current and planned)                179
• 4.14     Other advanced chemical recycling technologies 180
  • 4.14.1 Hydrothermal cracking           180
  • 4.14.2 Pyrolysis with in-line reforming          181
  • 4.14.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis             181
  • 4.14.4 Plasma pyrolysis         182
  • 4.14.5 Plasma gasification   183
  • 4.14.6 Supercritical fluids     183

5             MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS           184

• 5.1        PAPER AND BOARD PACKAGING      184
  • 5.1.1    Market overview           185
  • 5.1.2    Recycled Paper and Cardboard         186
    • 5.1.2.1 Post-consumer recycled (PCR) content paperboard           186
    • 5.1.2.2 Kraft paper made from recycled fibers          187
    • 5.1.2.3 Corrugated cardboard with high recycled content                188
  • 5.1.3    FSC/PEFC Certified Virgin Fibers      188
    • 5.1.3.1 Sustainably managed forest sources             188
    • 5.1.3.2 Chain-of-custody certified materials             189
  • 5.1.4    Alternative Fiber Sources       190
    • 5.1.4.1 Bamboo-based paper and board     190
    • 5.1.4.2 Agricultural waste fibers (wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse)         191
    • 5.1.4.3 Hemp and flax fiber papers  192
  • 5.1.5    Plastic-Free Barrier Papers   193
    • 5.1.5.1 Clay-coated papers   193
    • 5.1.5.2 Silicone-coated papers           194
    • 5.1.5.3 Mineral oil barrier papers       195
  • 5.1.6    Water-Based Coatings and Adhesives           196
    • 5.1.6.1 Replacing plastic laminations with aqueous coatings        196
    • 5.1.6.2 Plant-based adhesives for box construction             197
  • 5.1.7    Global market size and forecast to 2035     199
    • 5.1.7.1 Tonnes                199
    • 5.1.7.2 Revenues          200
• 5.2        FOOD PACKAGING     202
  • 5.2.1    Films and trays              202
  • 5.2.2    Pouches and bags      203
  • 5.2.3    Textiles and nets          204
  • 5.2.4    Compostable Food Containers         204
    • 5.2.4.1 PLA (polylactic acid) trays and containers 204
    • 5.2.4.2 Bagasse food service items  205
    • 5.2.4.3 Molded fiber clamshells and trays   206
  • 5.2.5    Biodegradable Films and Wraps       207
    • 5.2.5.1 Cellulose-based films             207
    • 5.2.5.2 PLA films for food wrapping 208
    • 5.2.5.3 Starch-based wraps  209
  • 5.2.6    Bio-Based Barrier Materials 210
    • 5.2.6.1 Paper with biopolymer coatings        211
    • 5.2.6.2 Plant-based waxes for moisture resistance               212
    • 5.2.6.3 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) coatings    213
  • 5.2.7    Reusable Food Packaging Systems 214
  • 5.2.8    Bioadhesives 215
    • 5.2.8.1 Starch 215
    • 5.2.8.2 Cellulose          216
    • 5.2.8.3 Protein-Based               216
  • 5.2.9    Barrier coatings and films     216
    • 5.2.9.1 Polysaccharides          217
      • 5.2.9.1.1           Chitin  217
      • 5.2.9.1.2           Chitosan           217
      • 5.2.9.1.3           Starch 218
    • 5.2.9.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)              218
    • 5.2.9.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)       218
    • 5.2.9.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings        218
  • 5.2.10 Active and Smart Food Packaging   218
    • 5.2.10.1            Active Materials and Packaging Systems    218
    • 5.2.10.2            Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging           219
    • 5.2.10.3            Oxygen scavengers from natural materials 221
    • 5.2.10.4            Antimicrobial packaging from plant extracts            221
    • 5.2.10.5            Bio-based sensors for food freshness           222
  • 5.2.11 Antimicrobial films and agents          224
    • 5.2.11.1            Natural               224
    • 5.2.11.2            Inorganic nanoparticles          225
    • 5.2.11.3            Biopolymers   225
  • 5.2.12 Bio-based Inks and Dyes        225
  • 5.2.13 Edible films and coatings       226
    • 5.2.13.1            Overview           226
    • 5.2.13.2            Commercial examples            227
  • 5.2.14 Types of sustainable coatings and films in packaging        229
    • 5.2.14.1            Polyurethane coatings             229
      • 5.2.14.1.1        Properties         229
      • 5.2.14.1.2        Bio-based polyurethane coatings     230
      • 5.2.14.1.3        Products           231
    • 5.2.14.2            Acrylate resins              231
      • 5.2.14.2.1        Properties         231
      • 5.2.14.2.2        Bio-based acrylates  232
      • 5.2.14.2.3        Products           232
    • 5.2.14.3            Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        232
      • 5.2.14.3.1        Properties         234
      • 5.2.14.3.2        Bio-PLA coatings and films  234
    • 5.2.14.4            Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings         235
    • 5.2.14.5            Cellulose coatings and films               236
      • 5.2.14.5.1        Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        236
      • 5.2.14.5.2        Cellulose nanofibers 236
        • 5.2.14.5.2.1   Properties         237
        • 5.2.14.5.2.2   Product developers    238
    • 5.2.14.6            Lignin coatings              240
    • 5.2.14.7            Protein-based biomaterials for coatings      240
      • 5.2.14.7.1        Plant derived proteins              240
      • 5.2.14.7.2        Animal origin proteins              241
  • 5.2.15 Global market size and forecast to 2035     242
    • 5.2.15.1            Tonnes                242
    • 5.2.15.2            Revenues          243
• 5.3        FLEXIBLE PACKAGING              245
  • 5.3.1    Market overview           246
  • 5.3.2    Compostable Flexible Films 246
    • 5.3.2.1 PLA film laminates     246
    • 5.3.2.2 PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) films              247
    • 5.3.2.3 PBAT (polybutylene adipate terephthalate) films   248
    • 5.3.2.4 TPS (thermoplastic starch) films      249
  • 5.3.3    Recyclable Mono-Materials 251
    • 5.3.3.1 All-PE (polyethylene) structures        251
    • 5.3.3.2 All-PP (polypropylene) structures     253
    • 5.3.3.3 Designed for mechanical recycling 254
  • 5.3.4    Paper-Based Flexible Packaging       255
    • 5.3.4.1 High-strength paper with functional coatings          255
    • 5.3.4.2 Paper-plastic hybrid structures with separable layers        256
    • 5.3.4.3 Glassine and greaseproof papers    257
  • 5.3.5    Bio-Based Films          258
    • 5.3.5.1 Bio-PE films (from sugarcane)            258
    • 5.3.5.2 Bio-PET films 259
    • 5.3.5.3 Cellulose-based transparent films  260
  • 5.3.6    Reduced Material Structures               261
    • 5.3.6.1 Ultra-thin films with enhanced performance            262
    • 5.3.6.2 Downgauged materials with reinforcing technologies        263
    • 5.3.6.3 Resource-efficient multi-layer structures   264
  • 5.3.7    Global market size and forecast to 2035     265
    • 5.3.7.1 Tonnes                265
    • 5.3.7.2 Revenues          266
• 5.4        RIGID PACKAGING      268
  • 5.4.1    Market overview           268
  • 5.4.2    Recycled Plastic Containers                268
    • 5.4.2.1 rPET (recycled polyethylene terephthalate) bottles and containers          268
    • 5.4.2.2 rHDPE (recycled high-density polyethylene) bottles            269
    • 5.4.2.3 PCR polypropylene tubs and containers     270
  • 5.4.3    Bio-Based Rigid Plastics        271
    • 5.4.3.1 Bio-PET bottles (partially plant-based)         271
    • 5.4.3.2 Bio-PE containers       272
    • 5.4.3.3 PLA bottles and jars  273
  • 5.4.4    Refillable/Reusable Systems              274
    • 5.4.4.1 Durable containers designed for multiple uses      274
    • 5.4.4.2 Standardized shapes for refill systems         274
    • 5.4.4.3 Concentrated product formats reducing packaging            276
  • 5.4.5    Alternative Materials 277
    • 5.4.5.1 Mushroom packaging for protective applications 277
    • 5.4.5.2 Molded pulp containers and inserts               278
    • 5.4.5.3 Wood and cork containers for premium products 279
  • 5.4.6    Glass and Metal Alternatives               280
    • 5.4.6.1 Lightweight glass technologies          280
    • 5.4.6.2 Thin-walled aluminum containers   282
    • 5.4.6.3 Tin-free steel packaging         283
  • 5.4.7    Global market and forecasts to 2025            284
    • 5.4.7.1 Tonnes                284
    • 5.4.7.2 Revenues          285
• 5.5        CARBON CAPTURE DERIVED MATERIALS FOR PACKAGING           287
  • 5.5.1    Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks         288
  • 5.5.2    CO₂-derived polymers and plastics 290
  • 5.5.3    CO2 utilization products        291

6             COMPANY PROFILES                292 (290 company profiles)

7             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              521

8             REFERENCES 522

List of Tables

• Table 1. Global sustainable packaging market by packaging materials, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes).   29
• Table 2. Global sustainable packaging market by packaging materials, 2023-2035 (Millions USD).    31
• Table 3. Global sustainable packaging market by packaging product type, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes).                32
• Table 4. Global sustainable packaging market by packaging product type, 2023-2035 (Millions USD).                33
• Table 5. Global sustainable packaging market by end-use market, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes).             34
• Table 6. Global sustainable packaging market by end-use market, 2023-2035 (Millions USD).             35
• Table 7. Global sustainable packaging market by region, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes).   36
• Table 8. Global sustainable packaging market by region, 2023-2035 (Millions USD).   37
• Table 9. Main Types of Sustainable Packaging Materials   38
• Table 10. Average prices by packaging type, 2024 (US$ per kg).   41
• Table 11. Average annual prices by bioplastic type, 2020-2023 (US$ per kg).     41
• Table 12. Recent sustainable packaging products.              42
• Table 13. Market trends in Sustainable Packaging 45
• Table 14. Market drivers for recent growth in the Sustainable Packaging market.            46
• Table 15. Challenges for Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging.  47
• Table 16. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics       77
• Table 17. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers.           82
• Table 18. Processes for bioplastics in packaging. 83
• Table 19. LDPE film versus PLA, 2019–24 (USD/tonne).    84
• Table 20. PLA properties for packaging applications.         85
• Table 21. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging. 103
• Table 22. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae.               109
• Table 23. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.            110
• Table 24. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC).            112
• Table 25. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging.              114
• Table 26. Applications of Bacterial Nanocellulose in Packaging. 121
• Table 27. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.      123
• Table 28. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.   126
• Table 29. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.             127
• Table 30. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               127
• Table 31. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.                130
• Table 32. Commercial Examples of Chitosan-based Films and Coatings and Companies.      130
• Table 33. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications. 132
• Table 34. Bio-naphtha market value chain.               133
• Table 35. Commercial Examples of Bio-Naphtha Packaging and Companies.  134
• Table 36. Overview of the recycling technologies. 136
• Table 37. Polymer types, use, and recovery.              137
• Table 38. Composition of plastic waste streams.  138
• Table 39. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling.             139
• Table 40. Advanced plastics recycling capacities, by technology.              139
• Table 41. Example chemically recycled plastic products.                144
• Table 42. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of Advanced Chemical Recycling Processes. 147
• Table 43. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies.         149
• Table 44. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies.    150
• Table 45. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.            153
• Table 46. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.             154
• Table 47. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 154
• Table 48. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned.         158
• Table 49. Summary of gasification technologies.  159
• Table 50. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies. 165
• Table 51. Summary of dissolution technologies.   166
• Table 52. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies    168
• Table 53. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields.    170
• Table 54. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.           171
• Table 55. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers. 172
• Table 56. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers. 174
• Table 57. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.           176
• Table 58. Summary of aminolysis technologies.    178
• Table 59. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned).                179
• Table 60. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.              180
• Table 61. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling.            181
• Table 62. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.              181
• Table 63. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.           182
• Table 64. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling.     183
• Table 65. The global market for sustainable paper & board packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes).             199
• Table 66. The global market for sustainable paper & board packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (Millions USD).              200
• Table 67. Pros and cons of different type of food packaging materials.   202
• Table 68. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications.               219
• Table 69. Intelligent Biodegradable Films.  220
• Table 70. Edible films and coatings market summary.       226
• Table 71. Types of polyols.    229
• Table 72. Polyol producers.  230
• Table 73. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.          231
• Table 74. Bio-based acrylate resin products.           232
• Table 75. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.    233
• Table 76. Commercially available PHAs.     235
• Table 77. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.         237
• Table 78. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings.           238
• Table 79. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies.   241
• Table 80. The global market for sustainable food packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes).                242
• Table 81. The global market for sustainable food packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (Millions USD).                243
• Table 82. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.   250
• Table 83. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.         250
• Table 84. The global market for sustainable flexible packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes).             265
• Table 85. The global market for sustainable flexible packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (Millions USD).  266
• Table 86. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging. 273
• Table 87. The global market for sustainable rigid packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes).                284
• Table 88. The global market for sustainable rigid packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (Millions USD).                285
• Table 89. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.  288
• Table 90. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.        291
• Table 91. Lactips plastic pellets.       419
• Table 92. Oji Holdings CNF products.            452

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Global packaging market by material type.           27
• Figure 2. Unilever’s Magnum ice cream tub using 100% chemically recycled PP .           27
• Figure 3. Global sustainable packaging market by packaging materials, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 30
• Figure 4. Global sustainable packaging market by packaging materials, 2023-2035 (Millions USD).  31
• Figure 5. Global sustainable packaging market by packaging product type, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes).                32
• Figure 6. Global sustainable packaging market by packaging product type, 2023-2035 (Millions USD).                33
• Figure 7. Global sustainable packaging market by end-use market, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes).           34
• Figure 8. Global sustainable packaging market by end-use market, 2023-2035 (Millions USD).            35
• Figure 9. Global sustainable packaging market by region, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 36
• Figure 10. Global sustainable packaging market by region, 2023-2035 (Millions USD).               37
• Figure 11. Packaging lifecycle .          71
• Figure 12. Routes for synthesizing polymers from fossil-based and bio-based resources.        81
• Figure 13. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms.      107
• Figure 14. Biosynthesis of (a) wood cellulose (b) tunicate cellulose and (c) BC.               108
• Figure 15. Cellulose microfibrils and nanofibrils.  110
• Figure 16. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.   111
• Figure 17. CNC slurry.              111
• Figure 18. CNF gel.     113
• Figure 19. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 120
• Figure 20. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.               126
• Figure 21. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.      129
• Figure 22. Current management systems for waste plastics.        135
• Figure 23. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by technology, million metric tons.           142
• Figure 24. Global demand by recycling process, 2020-2040, million metric tons.           143
• Figure 25. Market map for advanced recycling.       145
• Figure 26. Value chain for advanced plastics recycling market.   146
• Figure 27. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.   148
• Figure 28. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline      152
• Figure 29. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires. 156
• Figure 30. Used tires conversion process.  157
• Figure 31. SWOT analysis-pyrolysis for advanced recycling.          157
• Figure 32. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.           161
• Figure 33. Overview of biogas utilization.    162
• Figure 34. Biogas and biomethane pathways.          163
• Figure 35. SWOT analysis-gasification for advanced recycling.    165
• Figure 36. SWOT analysis-dissoluton for advanced recycling.      168
• Figure 37. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.    169
• Figure 38. SWOT analysis-Hydrolysis for advanced chemical recycling. 172
• Figure 39. SWOT analysis-Enzymolysis for advanced chemical recycling.            173
• Figure 40. SWOT analysis-Methanolysis for advanced chemical recycling.          175
• Figure 41. SWOT analysis-Glycolysis for advanced chemical recycling. 177
• Figure 42. Mondelez confectionery packaging using chemically recycled PCR .               178
• Figure 43. SWOT analysis-Aminolysis for advanced chemical recycling.               179
• Figure 44. Kit Kat packaged in paper flow wrap .     190
• Figure 45. Quality Street paper-based chocolate packaging .       193
• Figure 46. Smarties paper-based chocolate packaging .  193
• Figure 47. The global market for sustainable paper & board packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes).             200
• Figure 48. The global market for sustainable paper & board packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (Millions USD).              202
• Figure 49. Chemically recycled PCR (up to 30%) for Hetbahn plastic tubs .         207
• Figure 50. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application.  224
• Figure 51. Water soluble packaging by Notpla.        228
• Figure 52. Examples of edible films in food packaging.     229
• Figure 53. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.               240
• Figure 54. The global market for sustainable food packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes).                243
• Figure 55. The global market for sustainable food packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (Millions USD).                245
• Figure 56. Twinings mono-material standup pouches        251
• Figure 57. Rezorce mono-material PP carton lifecycle.      252
• Figure 58. Haleon mono-material blister packaging development.           252
• Figure 59. DRS system for Hetbahn bowls .               255
• Figure 60. The global market for sustainable flexible packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes).             266
• Figure 61. The global market for sustainable flexible packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (Millions USD).  268
• Figure 62. The global market for sustainable rigid packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes).                285
• Figure 63. The global market for sustainable rigid packaging by material type, 2019–2035 (Millions USD).                286
• Figure 64. Applications for CO2.       288
• Figure 65. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.          290
• Figure 66.  Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials  291
• Figure 67. Pluumo.     296
• Figure 68. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.     306
• Figure 69. MEDICELLU™.         307
• Figure 70. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.     313
• Figure 71. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.          314
• Figure 72. CNF nonwoven fabric.      315
• Figure 73. Passionfruit wrapped in Xgo Circular packaging.           320
• Figure 74. Be Green Packaging molded fiber products.     321
• Figure 75. Beyond Meat Molded Fiber Sausage Tray.            322
• Figure 76. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.           327
• Figure 77. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.          328
• Figure 78. Fiber-based screw cap.   336
• Figure 79. Molded fiber trays for contact lenses.   339
• Figure 80. SEELCAP ONEGO.              342
• Figure 81. CJ CheilJedang's biodegradable PHA-based wrapper for shipping products.              351
• Figure 82. CuanSave film.     355
• Figure 83. Cullen Eco-Friendly Packaging beerGUARD molded fiber trays.          356
• Figure 84. ELLEX products.   358
• Figure 85. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.               359
• Figure 86. Kirekira! toilet wipes.         359
• Figure 87. Edible packaging from Dissolves.             363
• Figure 88. Rheocrysta spray.                364
• Figure 89. DKS CNF products.            364
• Figure 90. Molded fiber plastic rings.             368
• Figure 91. Mushroom leather.              374
• Figure 92. Evoware edible seaweed-based packaging       380
• Figure 93. Photograph (a) and micrograph (b) of mineral/ MFC composite showing the high viscosity and fibrillar structure.        382
• Figure 94. Forest and Whale container.        390
• Figure 95. PHA production process.               392
• Figure 96. Soy Silvestre’s wheatgrass shots.             393
• Figure 97. Genera molded fiber meat trays.               396
• Figure 98. AVAPTM process. 399
• Figure 99. GreenPower+™ process.  400
• Figure 100. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.               402
• Figure 101. CNF gel.  404
• Figure 102. Block nanocellulose material. 405
• Figure 103. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.             405
• Figure 104. Unilever Carte D’Or ice cream packaging.       408
• Figure 105. Kami Shoji CNF products.           413
• Figure 106. Matrix Pack molded-fiber beverage cup lid.    426
• Figure 107. Molded fiber Labeling applied to products.     427
• Figure 108. IPA synthesis method.   434
• Figure 109. Compostable water pod.             447
• Figure 110. Coca-cola paper bottle prototype.        457
• Figure 111. Papierfabrik Meldorf’s grass-based packaging materials .    458
• Figure 112. PulPac dry molded fiber packaging for cosmetics.     467
• Figure 113. XCNF.       470
• Figure 114: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant.     471
• Figure 115. Molded fiber tray.              473
• Figure 116. Shellworks packaging containers.         478
• Figure 117. Thales packaging incorporating Fibrease.        484
• Figure 118. Molded pulp bottles.      485
• Figure 119. Sulapac cosmetics containers.              486
• Figure 120.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.            487
• Figure 121. Molded fiber laundry detergent bottle.               492
• Figure 122. Tanbark’s clamshell product.   493
• Figure 123. Silver / CNF composite dispersions.   500
• Figure 124. CNF/nanosilver powder.               500
• Figure 125. Corbion FDCA production process.     502
• Figure 126. UFP Technologies, Inc. product examples.      504
• Figure 127. UPM biorefinery process.            506
• Figure 128. Varden coffee pod.          509
• Figure 129. Vegea production process.        510
• Figure 130. Worn Again products.    513
• Figure 131. npulp packaging.              514
• Figure 132. Western Pulp Products corner protectors.       515
• Figure 133. S-CNF in powder form. 518

The Global Market for Sustainable Packaging 2025-2035

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The Global Market for Sustainable Packaging 2025-2035

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