The Global Market for Wearable Electronics and Sensors 2025-2035

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            74

• 1.1        The evolution of electronics 76
• 1.2        The wearables revolution       78
• 1.3        The wearable tech market in 2024   81
• 1.4        Wearable market leaders       83
• 1.5        Continuous monitoring           83
• 1.6        Market map for wearable electronics and sensors               84
• 1.7        From rigid to flexible and stretchable             85
• 1.8        Flexible and stretchable electronics in wearables 86
• 1.9        Stretchable artificial skin       88
• 1.10     Role in the metaverse               89
• 1.11     Wearable electronics in the textiles industry            89
• 1.12     New conductive materials    91
• 1.13     Entertainment               94
• 1.14     Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market       94
  • 1.14.1 Recent growth in Printed, flexible and stretchable products          94
  • 1.14.2 Future growth 95
  • 1.14.3 Advanced materials as a market driver         95
  • 1.14.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics         95
• 1.15     Innovations at CES 2021-2024          97
• 1.16     Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024          100
• 1.17     Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)      104
• 1.18     Sustainability in flexible electronics               107

2             INTRODUCTION          109

• 2.1        Introduction to wearable technology and wearable sensors          109
  • 2.1.1    What is wearable technology?           109
    • 2.1.1.1 Wearable sensing       110
      • 2.1.1.1.1           Types   111
      • 2.1.1.1.2           Market trends in wearable sensors 111
      • 2.1.1.1.3           Markets              112
• 2.2        Form factors   113
  • 2.2.1    Smart Watches             115
  • 2.2.2    Smart Bands  116
  • 2.2.3    Smart Glasses              117
  • 2.2.4    Smart Clothing             117
  • 2.2.5    Smart Patches               118
  • 2.2.6    Smart Rings    119
  • 2.2.7    Hearables        120
  • 2.2.8    Head-Mounted             120
  • 2.2.9    Smart Insoles 122
• 2.3        Wearable sensors       122
  • 2.3.1    Motion Sensors            122
    • 2.3.1.1 Overview           122
    • 2.3.1.2 Technology and Components             122
      • 2.3.1.2.1           Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) 122
        • 2.3.1.2.1.1      MEMs accelerometers             123
        • 2.3.1.2.1.2      MEMS Gyroscopes     123
        • 2.3.1.2.1.3      IMUs in smart-watches           123
      • 2.3.1.2.2           Tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR)          124
    • 2.3.1.3 Applications   125
  • 2.3.2    Optical Sensors           126
    • 2.3.2.1 Overview           126
    • 2.3.2.2 Technology and Components             126
      • 2.3.2.2.1           Photoplethysmography (PPG)             126
      • 2.3.2.2.2           Spectroscopy 127
      • 2.3.2.2.3           Photodetectors             128
    • 2.3.2.3 Applications   129
      • 2.3.2.3.1           Heart Rate Optical Sensors  129
      • 2.3.2.3.2           Pulse Oximetry Optical Sensors        131
        • 2.3.2.3.2.1      Blood oxygen measurement 131
        • 2.3.2.3.2.2      Wellness and Medical Applications                131
        • 2.3.2.3.2.3      Consumer Pulse Oximetry    131
        • 2.3.2.3.2.4      Pediatric Applications              132
        • 2.3.2.3.2.5      Skin Patches   132
      • 2.3.2.3.3           Blood Pressure Optical Sensors        132
        • 2.3.2.3.3.1      Commercialization    132
        • 2.3.2.3.3.2      Oscillometric blood pressure measurement            133
        • 2.3.2.3.3.3      Combination of PPG and ECG            133
        • 2.3.2.3.3.4      Non-invasive Blood Pressure Sensing           133
        • 2.3.2.3.3.5      Blood Pressure Hearables     134
      • 2.3.2.3.4           Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring Optical Sensors              135
        • 2.3.2.3.4.1      Overview           135
        • 2.3.2.3.4.2      Other Optical Approaches    135
      • 2.3.2.3.5           fNIRS Optical Sensors             136
        • 2.3.2.3.5.1      Overview           136
        • 2.3.2.3.5.2      Brain-Computer Interfaces   137
  • 2.3.3    Force Sensors               138
    • 2.3.3.1 Overview           138
      • 2.3.3.1.1           Piezoresistive force sensing 138
      • 2.3.3.1.2           Thin film pressure sensors    138
    • 2.3.3.2 Technology and Components             139
      • 2.3.3.2.1           Materials           140
      • 2.3.3.2.2           Piezoelectric polymers            140
      • 2.3.3.2.3           Temperature sensing and Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) integration 140
      • 2.3.3.2.4           Wearable force and pressure sensors           141
  • 2.3.4    Strain Sensors               141
    • 2.3.4.1 Overview           141
    • 2.3.4.2 Technology and Components             141
    • 2.3.4.3 Applications   141
      • 2.3.4.3.1           Healthcare       142
      • 2.3.4.3.2           Wearable Strain Sensors        142
      • 2.3.4.3.3           Temperature Sensors               142
  • 2.3.5    Chemical Sensors      144
    • 2.3.5.1 Overview           144
    • 2.3.5.2 Optical Chemical Sensors    146
    • 2.3.5.3 Technology and Components             146
      • 2.3.5.3.1           Continuous Glucose Monitoring       146
      • 2.3.5.3.2           Commercial CGM systems  147
    • 2.3.5.4 Applications   148
      • 2.3.5.4.1           Sweat-based glucose monitoring    149
      • 2.3.5.4.2           Tear glucose measurement  149
      • 2.3.5.4.3           Salivary glucose monitoring 149
      • 2.3.5.4.4           Breath analysis for glucose monitoring        150
      • 2.3.5.4.5           Urine glucose monitoring      150
  • 2.3.6    Biosensors      150
    • 2.3.6.1 Overview           150
    • 2.3.6.2 Applications   151
      • 2.3.6.2.1           Wearable Alcohol Sensors    151
      • 2.3.6.2.2           Wearable Lactate Sensors    151
      • 2.3.6.2.3           Wearable Hydration Sensors               151
      • 2.3.6.2.4           Smart diaper technology        152
      • 2.3.6.2.5           Ultrasound technology            152
      • 2.3.6.2.6           Microneedle technology for continuous fluid sampling    152
  • 2.3.7    Quantum Sensors      153
    • 2.3.7.1 Magnetometry              153
    • 2.3.7.2 Tunneling magnetoresistance sensors         155
    • 2.3.7.3 Chip-scale atomic clocks      156
  • 2.3.8    Wearable Electrodes 157
    • 2.3.8.1 Overview           157
    • 2.3.8.2 Applications   158
      • 2.3.8.2.1           Skin Patches and E-textiles   159
    • 2.3.8.3 Technology and Components             159
      • 2.3.8.3.1           Electrode Selection   160
      • 2.3.8.3.2           E-textiles           160
      • 2.3.8.3.3           Microneedle electrodes          160
      • 2.3.8.3.4           Electronic Skins           162
    • 2.3.8.4 Applications   163
      • 2.3.8.4.1           Electrocardiogram (ECG) wearable electrodes        164
      • 2.3.8.4.2           Electroencephalography (EEG) wearable electrodes represent   165
      • 2.3.8.4.3           Electromyography (EMG) wearable electrodes        165
      • 2.3.8.4.4           Bioimpedance wearable electrodes               166

3             MANUFACTURING METHODS            168

• 3.1        Comparative analysis              168
• 3.2        Printed electronics     169
  • 3.2.1    Technology description           169
  • 3.2.2    SWOT analysis              170
• 3.3        3D electronics               171
  • 3.3.1    Technology description           171
  • 3.3.2    SWOT analysis              173
• 3.4        Analogue printing        174
  • 3.4.1    Technology description           174
  • 3.4.2    SWOT analysis              176
• 3.5        Digital printing               177
  • 3.5.1    Technology description           177
  • 3.5.2    SWOT analysis              179
• 3.6        In-mold electronics (IME)      180
  • 3.6.1    Technology description           180
  • 3.6.2    SWOT analysis              182
• 3.7        Roll-to-roll (R2R)         183
  • 3.7.1    Technology description           183
  • 3.7.2    SWOT analysis              186

4             MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS       187

• 4.1        Component attachment materials  188
  • 4.1.1    Conductive adhesives             189
  • 4.1.2    Biodegradable adhesives      189
  • 4.1.3    Magnets            190
  • 4.1.4    Bio-based solders      190
  • 4.1.5    Bio-derived solders   190
  • 4.1.6    Recycled plastics       190
  • 4.1.7    Nano adhesives           191
  • 4.1.8    Shape memory polymers       191
  • 4.1.9    Photo-reversible polymers    192
  • 4.1.10 Conductive biopolymers        193
  • 4.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods     193
  • 4.1.12 Low temperature solder          194
  • 4.1.13 Reflow soldering          196
  • 4.1.14 Induction soldering    197
  • 4.1.15 UV curing          198
  • 4.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing 198
  • 4.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing       198
  • 4.1.18 Hybrid integration       199
• 4.2        Conductive inks           199
  • 4.2.1    Metal-based conductive inks              202
  • 4.2.2    Nanoparticle inks       203
  • 4.2.3    Silver inks         203
  • 4.2.4    Particle-Free conductive ink 204
  • 4.2.5    Copper inks    204
  • 4.2.6    Gold (Au) ink   206
  • 4.2.7    Conductive polymer inks       206
  • 4.2.8    Liquid metals 207
  • 4.2.9    Companies     207
• 4.3        Printable semiconductors     211
  • 4.3.1    Technology overview 211
  • 4.3.2    Advantages and disadvantages        212
  • 4.3.3    SWOT analysis              213
• 4.4        Printable sensing materials  214
  • 4.4.1    Overview           214
  • 4.4.2    Types   214
  • 4.4.3    SWOT analysis              216
• 4.5        Flexible Substrates     217
  • 4.5.1    Flexible plastic substrates    219
    • 4.5.1.1 Types of materials      220
    • 4.5.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs             220
  • 4.5.2    Paper substrates         221
    • 4.5.2.1 Overview           221
  • 4.5.3    Glass substrates         222
    • 4.5.3.1 Overview           222
  • 4.5.4    Textile substrates        223
• 4.6        Flexible ICs      223
  • 4.6.1    Description     223
  • 4.6.2    Flexible metal oxide ICs          224
  • 4.6.3    Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies      225
  • 4.6.4    SWOT analysis              225
• 4.7        Printed PCBs  226
  • 4.7.1    Description     226
  • 4.7.2    High-Speed PCBs       229
  • 4.7.3    Flexible PCBs 229
  • 4.7.4    3D Printed PCBs          230
  • 4.7.5    Sustainable PCBs       231
• 4.8        Thin film batteries       232
  • 4.8.1    Technology description           232
  • 4.8.2    SWOT analysis              233
• 4.9        Energy harvesting       233
  • 4.9.1    Approaches    233
  • 4.9.2    Perovskite photovoltaics        234
  • 4.9.3    Applications   235
  • 4.9.4    SWOT analysis              235

5             CONSUMER ELECTRONICS WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY   237

• 5.1        Market drivers and trends      237
• 5.2        Wearable sensors       240
  • 5.2.1    Types   240
  • 5.2.2    Wearable sensor technologies           240
  • 5.2.3    Opportunities 242
  • 5.2.4    Consumer acceptance            242
  • 5.2.5    Healthcare       242
  • 5.2.6    Trends 245
• 5.3        Wearable actuators   248
  • 5.3.1    Applications   248
  • 5.3.2    Types   249
  • 5.3.3    Electrical stimulation technologies 250
  • 5.3.4    Regulations     251
  • 5.3.5    Batteries            252
  • 5.3.6    Wireless communication technologies        253
• 5.4        Recent market developments             254
• 5.5        Wrist-worn wearables              255
  • 5.5.1    Overview           255
  • 5.5.2    Recent developments and future outlook  255
  • 5.5.3    Wrist-worn sensing technologies     256
  • 5.5.4    Activity tracking           257
  • 5.5.5    Advanced biometric sensing               257
    • 5.5.5.1 Blood oxygen and respiration rate    258
    • 5.5.5.2 Established sensor hardware              259
    • 5.5.5.3 Blood Pressure             259
    • 5.5.5.4 Spectroscopic technologies                260
    • 5.5.5.5 Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring    261
    • 5.5.5.6 Minimally invasive glucose monitoring         262
  • 5.5.6    Wrist-worn communication technologies  263
  • 5.5.7    Luxury and traditional watch industry           264
  • 5.5.8    Smart-strap technologies      265
  • 5.5.9    Driver monitoring technologies          266
  • 5.5.10 Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers         267
    • 5.5.10.1            Sensing              267
    • 5.5.10.2            Actuating          269
    • 5.5.10.3            SWOT analysis              273
  • 5.5.11 Health monitoring      274
  • 5.5.12 Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches        276
  • 5.5.13 Main producers and products            276
• 5.6        Sports and fitness      278
  • 5.6.1    Overview           278
  • 5.6.2    Wearable devices and apparel           278
  • 5.6.3    Skin patches   278
  • 5.6.4    Products           280
• 5.7        Hearables        282
  • 5.7.1    Hearing assistance technologies     285
    • 5.7.1.1 Products           287
  • 5.7.2    Technology advancements   288
  • 5.7.3    Assistive Hearables   289
    • 5.7.3.1 Biometric Monitoring 289
  • 5.7.4    SWOT analysis              291
  • 5.7.5    Health & Fitness Hearables  291
  • 5.7.6    Multimedia Hearables             292
  • 5.7.7    Artificial Intelligence (AI)        292
  • 5.7.8    Biometric Monitoring 292
    • 5.7.8.1 Sensors             292
    • 5.7.8.2 Heart Rate Monitoring in Sports Headphones          295
    • 5.7.8.3 Integration into hearing assistance 295
    • 5.7.8.4 Advanced Sensing Technologies       296
    • 5.7.8.5 Blood pressure hearables     296
    • 5.7.8.6 Sleep monitoring market        297
  • 5.7.9    Companies and products      299
• 5.8        Sleep trackers and wearable monitors         300
  • 5.8.1    Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers      301
  • 5.8.2    Smart rings      302
  • 5.8.3    Headbands     303
  • 5.8.4    Sleep monitoring devices       305
    • 5.8.4.1 Companies and products      307
• 5.9        Pet and animal wearables     308
• 5.10     Military wearables      312
• 5.11     Industrial and workplace monitoring             312
  • 5.11.1 Products           313
• 5.12     Global market forecasts         315
  • 5.12.1 Volume              315
  • 5.12.2 Revenues          317
• 5.13     Market challenges      319
• 5.14     Company profiles       320 (123 company profiles)

6             MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY 399

• 6.1        Market drivers                399
• 6.2        Current state of the art            401
  • 6.2.1    Wearables for Digital Health                401
  • 6.2.2    Wearable medical device products 402
  • 6.2.3    Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring           404
• 6.3        Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation             405
  • 6.3.1    Market overview           405
  • 6.3.2    Companies and products      406
• 6.4        Electronic skin patches           411
  • 6.4.1    Electrochemical biosensors                412
  • 6.4.2    Printed pH sensors    413
  • 6.4.3    Printed batteries          414
  • 6.4.4    Materials           415
    • 6.4.4.1 Summary of advanced materials      415
  • 6.4.5    Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring           416
    • 6.4.5.1 Market overview           416
    • 6.4.5.2 Companies and products      417
  • 6.4.6    Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)        419
    • 6.4.6.1 Market overview           419
  • 6.4.7    Minimally-invasive CGM sensors     419
    • 6.4.7.1 Technologies  420
  • 6.4.8    Non-invasive CGM sensors  422
    • 6.4.8.1 Commercial devices 422
    • 6.4.8.2 Companies and products      424
  • 6.4.9    Cardiovascular monitoring   426
    • 6.4.9.1 Market overview           426
    • 6.4.9.2 ECG sensors  427
      • 6.4.9.2.1           Companies and products      427
    • 6.4.9.3 PPG sensors   430
      • 6.4.9.3.1           Companies and products      430
  • 6.4.10 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring              431
    • 6.4.10.1            Market overview           431
    • 6.4.10.2            Companies and products      431
  • 6.4.11 Hydration sensors      433
    • 6.4.11.1            Market overview           433
    • 6.4.11.2            Companies and products      433
  • 6.4.12 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)        435
    • 6.4.12.1            Market overview           435
    • 6.4.12.2            Companies and products      437
• 6.5        Wearable drug delivery            438
  • 6.5.1    Companies and products      439
• 6.6        Cosmetics patches    441
  • 6.6.1    Companies and products      442
• 6.7        Femtech devices         443
  • 6.7.1    Companies and products      444
• 6.8        Smart footwear for health monitoring           446
  • 6.8.1    Companies and products      447
• 6.9        Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired     448
  • 6.9.1    Companies and products      448
• 6.10     Smart woundcare       449
  • 6.10.1 Companies and products      451
• 6.11     Smart diapers                452
  • 6.11.1 Companies and products      452
• 6.12     Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots 453
  • 6.12.1 Companies and products      454
• 6.13     Global market forecasts         472
  • 6.13.1 Volume              472
  • 6.13.2 Revenues          474
• 6.14     Market challenges      475
• 6.15     Company profiles       477 (331 company profiles)

7             GAMING AND ENTERTAINMENT WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY (VR/AR/MR)              692

• 7.1        Introduction    692
• 7.2        Classification of VR, AR, MR, and XR             693
  • 7.2.1    XR controllers and sensing systems               695
  • 7.2.2    XR positional and motion tracking systems               695
  • 7.2.3    Wearable technology for XR 697
  • 7.2.4    Wearable Gesture Sensors for XR    698
  • 7.2.5    Edge Sensing and AI  698
  • 7.2.6    VR Technology               698
    • 7.2.6.1 Overview           698
    • 7.2.6.2 VR Headset Types       699
    • 7.2.6.3 Future outlook for VR technology     699
    • 7.2.6.4 VR Lens Technology   700
    • 7.2.6.5 VR challenges                700
    • 7.2.6.6 Market growth               700
  • 7.2.7    AR Technology               701
    • 7.2.7.1 Overview           701
    • 7.2.7.2 AR and MR distinction             701
    • 7.2.7.3 AR for Assistive Technology  701
    • 7.2.7.4 Consumer AR market               702
    • 7.2.7.5 Optics Technology for AR and VR      706
      • 7.2.7.5.1           Optical Combiners    708
    • 7.2.7.6 AR display technology              708
    • 7.2.7.7 Challenges      709
  • 7.2.8    Metaverse         709
  • 7.2.9    Mixed Reality (MR) smart glasses     710
  • 7.2.10 OLED microdisplays 711
    • 7.2.10.1            MiniLED             711
      • 7.2.10.1.1        High dynamic range miniLED displays          713
      • 7.2.10.1.2        Quantum dot films for miniLED displays     714
    • 7.2.10.2            MicroLED          715
      • 7.2.10.2.1        Integration       717
      • 7.2.10.2.2        Transfer technologies               718
      • 7.2.10.2.3        MicroLED display specifications       722
      • 7.2.10.2.4        Advantages     722
      • 7.2.10.2.5        Transparency 724
      • 7.2.10.2.6        Costs  725
      • 7.2.10.2.7        MicroLED contact lenses       725
      • 7.2.10.2.8        Products           726
      • 7.2.10.2.9        VR and AR MicroLEDs              726
• 7.3        Global market forecasts         727
  • 7.3.1    Volume              727
  • 7.3.2    Revenues          728
• 7.4        Company profiles       730 (96 company profiles)

8             ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL           796

• 8.1        Macro-trends 796
• 8.2        Market drivers                797
• 8.3        SWOT analysis              799
• 8.4        Performance requirements for E-textiles     800
• 8.5        Growth prospects for electronic textiles      801
• 8.6        Textiles in the Internet of Things        804
• 8.7        Types of E-Textile products   806
  • 8.7.1    Embedded e-textiles 807
  • 8.7.2    Laminated e-textiles  808
• 8.8        Materials and components  808
  • 8.8.1    Integrating electronics for E-Textiles               808
    • 8.8.1.1 Textile-adapted             810
    • 8.8.1.2 Textile-integrated         810
    • 8.8.1.3 Textile-based  810
  • 8.8.2    Manufacturing of E-textiles   810
    • 8.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks            811
    • 8.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers   812
    • 8.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets       813
  • 8.8.3    Flexible and stretchable electronics               813
  • 8.8.4    E-textiles materials and components            816
    • 8.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns           817
      • 8.8.4.1.1           Production       820
      • 8.8.4.1.2           Metals 820
      • 8.8.4.1.3           Carbon materials and nanofibers    821
        • 8.8.4.1.3.1      Graphene         823
        • 8.8.4.1.3.2      Carbon nanotubes     824
        • 8.8.4.1.3.3      Nanofibers      826
      • 8.8.4.2 Mxenes              827
      • 8.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)     828
      • 8.8.4.4 Conductive polymers               830
        • 8.8.4.4.1           PDMS  833
        • 8.8.4.4.2           PEDOT: PSS     833
        • 8.8.4.4.3           Polypyrrole (PPy)          833
        • 8.8.4.4.4           Conductive polymer composites     834
        • 8.8.4.4.5           Ionic conductive polymers    834
      • 8.8.4.5 Conductive inks           834
        • 8.8.4.5.1           Aqueous-Based Ink   836
        • 8.8.4.5.2           Solvent-Based Ink      837
        • 8.8.4.5.3           Oil-Based Ink 837
        • 8.8.4.5.4           Hot-Melt Ink    838
        • 8.8.4.5.5           UV-Curable Ink             838
        • 8.8.4.5.6           Metal-based conductive inks              839
          • 8.8.4.5.6.1      Nanoparticle ink          840
          • 8.8.4.5.6.2      Silver inks         840
            • 8.8.4.5.6.2.1  Silver flake       841
            • 8.8.4.5.6.2.2  Silver nanoparticle ink             841
            • 8.8.4.5.6.2.3  Formulation    842
            • 8.8.4.5.6.2.4  Conductivity   843
            • 8.8.4.5.6.2.5  Particle-Free silver conductive ink   843
          • 8.8.4.5.6.3      Copper inks    844
            • 8.8.4.5.6.3.1  Properties         844
            • 8.8.4.5.6.3.2  Silver-coated copper 845
          • 8.8.4.5.6.4      Gold (Au) ink   846
            • 8.8.4.5.6.4.1  Properties         846
        • 8.8.4.5.7           Carbon-based conductive inks         846
          • 8.8.4.5.7.1      Carbon nanotubes     846
          • 8.8.4.5.7.2      Single-walled carbon nanotubes      848
          • 8.8.4.5.7.3      Graphene         849
      • 8.8.4.5.8           Liquid metals 853
        • 8.8.4.5.8.1      Properties         853
      • 8.8.4.6 Electronic filaments  854
      • 8.8.4.7 Phase change materials         854
        • 8.8.4.7.1           Temperature controlled fabrics         854
      • 8.8.4.8 Shape memory materials      855
      • 8.8.4.9 Metal halide perovskites        857
      • 8.8.4.10            Nanocoatings in smart textiles           857
      • 8.8.4.11            3D printing       860
        • 8.8.4.11.1        Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)  860
        • 8.8.4.11.2        Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)           860
        • 8.8.4.11.3        Products           861
  • 8.8.5    E-textiles components            862
    • 8.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators            862
      • 8.8.5.1.1           Physiological sensors              863
      • 8.8.5.1.2           Environmental sensors           864
      • 8.8.5.1.3           Pressure sensors         864
        • 8.8.5.1.3.1      Flexible capacitive sensors  864
        • 8.8.5.1.3.2      Flexible piezoresistive sensors           864
        • 8.8.5.1.3.3      Flexible piezoelectric sensors            865
      • 8.8.5.1.4           Activity sensors            865
      • 8.8.5.1.5           Strain sensors               866
        • 8.8.5.1.5.1      Resistive sensors        866
        • 8.8.5.1.5.2      Capacitive strain sensors      867
      • 8.8.5.1.6           Temperature sensors                867
      • 8.8.5.1.7           Inertial measurement units (IMUs)  867
    • 8.8.5.2 Electrodes        867
    • 8.8.5.3 Connectors     868
• 8.9        Applications, markets and products              868
  • 8.9.1    Current E-textiles and smart clothing products      869
  • 8.9.2    Temperature monitoring and regulation       870
    • 8.9.2.1 Heated clothing           870
    • 8.9.2.2 Heated gloves               872
    • 8.9.2.3 Heated insoles             873
    • 8.9.2.4 Heated jacket and clothing products             874
    • 8.9.2.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications             875
  • 8.9.3    Stretchable E-fabrics                876
  • 8.9.4    Therapeutic products               876
  • 8.9.5    Sport & fitness              877
    • 8.9.5.1 Products           880
  • 8.9.6    Smart footwear             882
    • 8.9.6.1 Companies and products      883
  • 8.9.7    Wearable displays      884
  • 8.9.8    Military               886
  • 8.9.9    Textile-based lighting                887
    • 8.9.9.1 OLEDs 887
  • 8.9.10 Smart gloves  887
  • 8.9.11 Powering E-textiles     888
    • 8.9.11.1            Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles          890
    • 8.9.11.2            Bio-batteries   891
    • 8.9.11.3            Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles               891
    • 8.9.11.4            Textile supercapacitors           892
    • 8.9.11.5            Energy harvesting       893
      • 8.9.11.5.1        Photovoltaic solar textiles     894
      • 8.9.11.5.2        Energy harvesting nanogenerators  896
        • 8.9.11.5.2.1   TENGs 896
        • 8.9.11.5.2.2   PENGs                897
      • 8.9.11.5.3        Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting       897
  • 8.9.12 Motion capture for AR/VR      897
• 8.10     Global market forecasts         899
  • 8.10.1 Volume              899
  • 8.10.2 Revenues          900
• 8.11     Market challenges      902
• 8.12     Company profiles       904 (152 company profiles)

9             ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING FOR WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY 1007

• 9.1        Macro-trends 1007
• 9.2        Market drivers                1008
• 9.3        SWOT analysis              1008
• 9.4        Battery Development                1009
  • 9.4.1    Enhanced Energy Density and Performance             1011
  • 9.4.2    Stretchable Batteries                1011
  • 9.4.3    Textile-Based Batteries            1012
  • 9.4.4    Printable Batteries      1012
  • 9.4.5    Sustainable and Biodegradable Batteries   1013
  • 9.4.6    Self-Healing Batteries              1013
  • 9.4.7    Solid-State Flexible Batteries              1014
  • 9.4.8    Integration with Energy Harvesting  1014
  • 9.4.9    Nanostructured Materials     1014
  • 9.4.10 Thin-Film Battery Technologies          1015
• 9.5        Applications of printed and flexible electronics      1016
• 9.6        Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics  1016
• 9.7        Approaches to flexibility         1018
• 9.8        Flexible Battery Technologies              1022
  • 9.8.1    Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries           1022
    • 9.8.1.1 Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs    1025
      • 9.8.1.1.1           Flexible planar LiBs   1025
      • 9.8.1.1.2           Flexible Fiber LiBs       1026
      • 9.8.1.1.3           Flexible micro-LiBs    1026
      • 9.8.1.1.4           Stretchable lithium-ion batteries      1028
      • 9.8.1.1.5           Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries  1029
    • 9.8.1.2 Flexible Li/S batteries                1030
    • 9.8.1.3 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 1031
  • 9.8.2    Printed Batteries          1032
    • 9.8.2.1 Technical specifications         1032
    • 9.8.2.2 Components  1033
    • 9.8.2.3 Design 1034
    • 9.8.2.4 Key features    1035
      • 9.8.2.4.1           Printable current collectors  1036
      • 9.8.2.4.2           Printable electrodes  1036
      • 9.8.2.4.3           Materials           1037
      • 9.8.2.4.4           Applications   1038
      • 9.8.2.4.5           Printing techniques    1039
      • 9.8.2.4.6           Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries    1041
      • 9.8.2.4.7           Zinc-based printed batteries                1043
      • 9.8.2.4.8           3D Printed batteries   1046
    • 9.8.2.5 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing 1048
      • 9.8.2.5.1.1      Materials for 3D printed batteries     1049
  • 9.8.3    Thin-Film Solid-state Batteries           1050
    • 9.8.3.1 Solid-state electrolytes            1051
    • 9.8.3.2 Features and advantages      1053
    • 9.8.3.3 Technical specifications         1054
    • 9.8.3.4 Microbatteries               1058
      • 9.8.3.4.1           Introduction    1058
      • 9.8.3.4.2           3D designs      1060
  • 9.8.4    Stretchable Batteries                1060
  • 9.8.5    Other Emerging Technologies             1061
    • 9.8.5.1 Metal-sulfur batteries               1061
    • 9.8.5.2 Flexible zinc-based batteries               1062
    • 9.8.5.3 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries              1063
    • 9.8.5.4 Flexible Zn–Air batteries          1063
    • 9.8.5.5 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries      1064
    • 9.8.5.6 Fiber-shaped batteries             1064
      • 9.8.5.6.1           Carbon nanotubes     1065
      • 9.8.5.6.2           Applications   1066
      • 9.8.5.6.3           Challenges      1067
    • 9.8.5.7 Transparent batteries                1067
      • 9.8.5.7.1           Components  1068
    • 9.8.5.8 Degradable batteries                1069
      • 9.8.5.8.1           Components  1070
    • 9.8.5.9 Fiber-shaped batteries             1071
      • 9.8.5.9.1           Carbon nanotubes     1071
      • 9.8.5.9.2           Types   1072
      • 9.8.5.9.3           Applications   1073
      • 9.8.5.9.4           Challenges      1073
• 9.9        Key Components of Flexible Batteries           1074
  • 9.9.1    Electrodes        1074
    • 9.9.1.1 Cable-type batteries 1075
    • 9.9.1.2 Batteries-on-wire        1076
  • 9.9.2    Electrolytes     1076
  • 9.9.3    Separators       1082
  • 9.9.4    Current Collectors      1083
    • 9.9.4.1 Carbon Materials for Current Collectors in Flexible Batteries        1084
  • 9.9.5    Packaging        1085
    • 9.9.5.1 Lithium-Polymer Pouch Cells              1085
    • 9.9.5.2 Flexible Pouch Cells  1087
    • 9.9.5.3 Encapsulation Materials         1088
  • 9.9.6    Other Manufacturing Techniques     1089
• 9.10     Performance Metrics and Characteristics  1090
  • 9.10.1 Energy Density              1090
  • 9.10.2 Power Density               1090
  • 9.10.3 Cycle Life          1091
  • 9.10.4 Flexibility and Bendability     1091
• 9.11     Printed supercapacitors         1092
  • 9.11.1 Electrode materials   1093
  • 9.11.2 Electrolytes     1094
• 9.12     Photovoltaics 1098
  • 9.12.1 Conductive pastes     1098
  • 9.12.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV)               1099
  • 9.12.3 Perovskite PV 1099
  • 9.12.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics        1099
    • 9.12.4.1            Companies     1100
  • 9.12.5 Photovoltaic solar textiles     1100
  • 9.12.6 Solar tape         1102
  • 9.12.7 Origami-like solar cells            1102
  • 9.12.8 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics    1103
  • 9.12.9 Photovoltaic solar textiles     1103
• 9.13     Transparent and flexible heaters       1104
  • 9.13.1 Technology overview 1104
  • 9.13.2 Applications   1105
    • 9.13.2.1            Automotive Industry  1105
      • 9.13.2.1.1        Defrosting and Defogging Systems  1106
      • 9.13.2.1.2        Heated Windshields and Mirrors      1107
      • 9.13.2.1.3        Touch Panels and Displays   1108
    • 9.13.2.2            Aerospace and Aviation          1109
      • 9.13.2.2.1        Aircraft Windows and Canopies        1109
      • 9.13.2.2.2        Sensor and Camera Housings            1109
    • 9.13.2.3            Consumer Electronics             1109
      • 9.13.2.3.1        Smartphones and Tablets      1109
      • 9.13.2.3.2        Wearable Devices       1109
      • 9.13.2.3.3        Smart Home Appliances        1109
    • 9.13.2.4            Building and Architecture      1110
      • 9.13.2.4.1        Smart Windows            1110
      • 9.13.2.4.2        Heated Glass Facades            1111
      • 9.13.2.4.3        Greenhouse and Skylight Applications         1111
    • 9.13.2.5            Medical and Healthcare         1112
      • 9.13.2.5.1        Incubators and Warming Beds           1112
      • 9.13.2.5.2        Surgical Microscopes and Endoscopes       1113
      • 9.13.2.5.3        Medical Imaging Equipment 1113
    • 9.13.2.6            Display Technologies                1114
      • 9.13.2.6.1        LCD Displays 1114
      • 9.13.2.6.2        OLED Displays              1114
      • 9.13.2.6.3        Flexible and Transparent Displays   1115
    • 9.13.2.7            Energy Systems            1116
      • 9.13.2.7.1        Solar Panels (De-icing and Efficiency Enhancement)         1116
      • 9.13.2.7.2        Fuel Cells         1116
      • 9.13.2.7.3        Battery Systems           1117
• 9.14     Thermoelectric energy harvesting   1118
• 9.15     Market challenges      1119
• 9.16     Global market forecasts         1119
  • 9.16.1 Volume              1119
  • 9.16.2 Revenues          1120
• 9.17     Companies     1123 (60 company profiles)

10          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              1167

11          REFERENCES 1168

List of Tables

• Table 1. Types of wearable devices and applications.        79
• Table 2. Types of wearable devices and the data collected.            81
• Table 3. Main Wearable Device Companies by Shipment Volume, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, (million units).           82
• Table 4. New wearable tech products 2022-2024. 82
• Table 5. Wearable market leaders by market segment.     83
• Table 6. Applications in printed, flexible and stretchable electronics, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           87
• Table 7. Advanced materials for Printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages.  92
• Table 8. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).          93
• Table 9. Wearable electronics at CES 2021-2024. 97
• Table 10. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024.         100
• Table 11. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics.             104
• Table 12. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE                105
• Table 13. Research and commercial activity in FHE.           106
• Table 14. Value proposition of wearable sensors versus non wearable alternatives.      110
• Table 15. Overview of Wearable Sensor Types.        111
• Table 16. Market Drivers in the Wearable Sensor Market. 112
• Table 17. Markets for Wearable Sensors.    112
• Table 18. Wearable Electronic Form Factors.           114
• Table 19. Trends in Wearable Sensor Innovations by Form-Factor:            115
• Table 20. Applications and Opportunities for TMRs in Wearables.             125
• Table 21. Wearable Motion Sensors Applications. 125
• Table 22. Applications of Photoplethysmography (PPG).  127
• Table 23. Wearable Brands in Cardiovascular Clinical Research.               132
• Table 24. Technologies for Cuff-less Blood Pressure.          134
• Table 25. Market outlook for Wearable Blood Pressure Devices. 134
• Table 26. Non-invasive glucose monitoring.             136
• Table 27. fNIRS Companies. 136
• Table 28. Comparing fNIRS to Other Non-invasive Brain Imaging Methods.        137
• Table 29. Thin Film Pressure Sensor Architectures.              139
• Table 30. Applications of Printed Force Sensors.   139
• Table 31. Companies in Printed Strain Sensors.     142
• Table 32. Types of Temperature Sensor.       143
• Table 33. Technology Readiness Level for strain sensors. 144
• Table 34. Commercial CGM Devices.            148
• Table 35. Applications of Wearable Chemical Sensors.    150
• Table 36. Market Outlook of Wearable Sensors for Novel Biometrics.     153
• Table 37. Applications of Wearable OPMs – MEG. 154
• Table 38. Applications and Market Opportunities for TMRs.           155
• Table 39. Wearable Electrode Types.              158
• Table 40. Applications of wearable electrodes.       158
• Table 41. Printed Electrodes for Skin Patches and E-textiles.         159
• Table 42. Companies in Wearable Electrodes.        160
• Table 43. Materials and Manufacturing Approaches for Electronic Skins.             162
• Table 44. Wearable electrodes Applications.           163
• Table 45. Manufacturing Methods for Wearable Electronics.         168
• Table 46. Manufacturing methods for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics.  169
• Table 47.  Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput.               169
• Table 48. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics.        171
• Table 49.  Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications.                172
• Table 50. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps          173
• Table 51. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing. 174
• Table 52. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods.           176
• Table 53. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing         177
• Table 54. Innovations in high resolution printing.   178
• Table 55. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics.            181
• Table 56. IME manufacturing techniques.  182
• Table 57. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing.              184
• Table 58. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing.      185
• Table 59. Materials for wearable electronics and sensors.              187
• Table 60. Comparison of component attachment materials.        188
• Table 61. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards              189
• Table 62. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.         191
• Table 63. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.       193
• Table 64. Low temperature solder alloys.    194
• Table 65. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.               195
• Table 66. Typical conductive ink formulation.          200
• Table 67. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       202
• Table 68. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.   207
• Table 69. Conductive ink producers.              207
• Table 70. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors.              212
• Table 71. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages.      212
• Table 72. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors.         214
• Table 73. Overview of specific printed/flexible sensor types.         214
• Table 74. Properties of typical flexible substrates. 217
• Table 75. Comparison of stretchable substrates.  218
• Table 76.  Main types of materials used as flexible plastic substrates in flexible electronics.  220
• Table 77. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs.    221
• Table 78. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages.        222
• Table 79. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies.              225
• Table 80. PCB manufacturing process.        228
• Table 81. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.           228
• Table 82. 3D PCB manufacturing.    231
• Table 83. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics.         237
• Table 84. Types of wearable sensors.            240
• Table 85. Opportunities and challenges for the wearable technology industry. 242
• Table 86. Drivers for Wearable Adoption and Innovation. 243
• Table 87. Future Trends in Wearable Technology.   245
• Table 88. Applications of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS).     251
• Table 89. Wearable batteries, displays and communication systems.    252
• Table 90. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device.      268
• Table 91. Overview of actuating at the wrist              269
• Table 92. Key players in Wrist-Worn Technology.    271
• Table 93. Wearable health monitors.             275
• Table 94. Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers producers and products.         276
• Table 95. Wearable sensors for sports performance.          279
• Table 96. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.               280
• Table 97.  Product types in the hearing assistance technology market.  282
• Table 98. Audio and Hearing Assistance for Hearables.    284
• Table 99. Hearing Assistance Technologies.             285
• Table 100. Hearing Assistance Technology Products.         287
• Table 101. Sensing options in the ear.           290
• Table 102. Sensing Options in the Ear.          293
• Table 103. Advantages and Limitations for Blood Pressure Hearables.   296
• Table 104. Companies and products in hearables.              299
• Table 105. Example wearable sleep tracker products and prices.              300
• Table 106. Smart ring products.         302
• Table 107. Sleep headband products.           303
• Table 108. Sleep Headband Wearables.      305
• Table 109. Wearable electronics sleep monitoring products.        307
• Table 110. Pet and animal wearable electronics & sensors companies and products. 309
• Table 111. Wearable electronics applications in the military.       312
• Table 112.  Industrial Wearable Electronics Product Table              313
• Table 113. Global market for wearable consumer electronics 2020-2035 by type (Millions Units).      315
• Table 114. Global market revenues for wearable consumer electronics, 2018-2035, (millions USD). 317
• Table 115. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics.              319
• Table 116. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.       399
• Table 117. Examples of wearable medical device products.          402
• Table 118. Medical wearable companies applying products to COVID-19 monitoring and analysis.  405
• Table 119. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           415
• Table 120. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis.           418
• Table 121. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.            420
• Table 122. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.              422
• Table 123. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products. 424
• Table 124. ECG Patch Monitor and Clothing Products.      429
• Table 125. PPG Wearable Electronics Companies and Products.               430
• Table 126. Pregnancy and Newborn Monitoring Wearables.          432
• Table 127. Companies developing wearable swear sensors.         437
• Table 128. Wearable electronics drug delivery companies and products.            439
• Table 129. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches.     442
• Table 130. Femtech Wearable Electronics.                443
• Table 131. Companies developing femtech wearable technology.             444
• Table 132. Companies and products in smart foowtear and insolves.    447
• Table 133. Companies and products in smart contact lenses.     448
• Table 134. Companies and products in smart wound care.            451
• Table 135. Companies developing smart diaper products.             452
• Table 136. Companies developing wearable robotics.       454
• Table 137. Global Market for Wearable Medical & Healthcare Electronics 2020-2035 (Million Units).                472
• Table 138. Global market for Wearable medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              475
• Table 139. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.          475
• Table 140. VR and AR Headset Classification.         693
• Table 141. Applications of VR and AR Technology. 694
• Table 142. XR Headset OEM Comparison. 696
• Table 143. Timeline of Modern VR.   698
• Table 144. VR Headset Types.             699
• Table 145. AR Outlook by Device Type           702
• Table 146. AR Outlook by Computing Type.               702
• Table 147. Augmented reality (AR) smart glass products. 703
• Table 148. Mixed Reality (MR) smart glass products.           710
• Table 149. Comparison between miniLED displays and other display types.      711
• Table 150. Comparison of AR Display Light Engines.          715
• Table 151. Comparison to conventional LEDs.        716
• Table 152. Types of microLED.            716
• Table 153. Summary of monolithic integration, monolithic hybrid integration (flip-chip/wafer bonding), and mass transfer technologies.      717
• Table 154. Summary of different mass transfer technologies.      719
• Table 155. Comparison to LCD and OLED. 721
• Table 156. Schematic comparison to LCD and OLED.        722
• Table 157. Commercially available microLED products and specifications.       722
• Table 158. microLED-based display advantages and disadvantages.     723
• Table 159. MicroLED based smart glass products.               726
• Table 160. VR and AR MicroLED products. 726
• Table 161. Global market for gaming and entertainment wearable technology, 2020-2035  (Million Units). 727
• Table 162. Global market for gaming and entertainment wearable technology, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              728
• Table 163. Macro-trends for electronic textiles.      796
• Table 164. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles.       797
• Table 165. Examples of smart textile products.      799
• Table 166. Performance requirements for E-textiles.           800
• Table 167. Commercially available smart clothing products.        806
• Table 168. Types of smart textiles.   809
• Table 169. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods. 810
• Table 170. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles.        811
• Table 171. Methods for integrating conductive compounds.         811
• Table 172. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber.       813
• Table 173. 1D electronic fibers including the conductive materials, fabrication strategies, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and applications.         816
• Table 174. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold.        820
• Table 175. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms.     821
• Table 176. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles.           822
• Table 177. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.            823
• Table 178. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              824
• Table 179. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).  830
• Table 180. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.               831
• Table 181. Typical conductive ink formulation.       835
• Table 182. Comparative properties of conductive inks.     835
• Table 183.  Comparison of pros and cons of various types of conductive ink compositions.   838
• Table 184: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              847
• Table 185. Properties of graphene.  850
• Table 186. Electrical conductivity of different types of graphene.               852
• Table 187. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks. 853
• Table 188. Nanocoatings applied in the smart textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.    858
• Table 189. 3D printed shoes.               861
• Table 190. Sensors used in electronic textiles.        862
• Table 191. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures. 866
• Table 192. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors.    867
• Table 193. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles.             868
• Table 194. Commercially available E-textiles and smart clothing products.        869
• Table 195. Example heated jacket products.            871
• Table 196. Heated Gloves Products 872
• Table 197. Heated Insoles Products               873
• Table 198. Heated jacket and clothing products.   874
• Table 199. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.      875
• Table 200. Wearable Electronic Therapeutics Products.   877
• Table 201.  Smart Textiles/E-Textiles for Healthcare and Fitness. 879
• Table 202. Example wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.        880
• Table 203.Companies and products in smart footwear.    883
• Table 204. Commercial Applications of Wearable Displays            884
• Table 205. Applications of Wearable Displays.        885
• Table 206. Wearable Electronics Applications in Military. 887
• Table 207. Smart Gloves Companies and Products.            888
• Table 208. Types of Power Supplies for Electronic Textiles.             889
• Table 209. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles.      890
• Table 210. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 892
• Table 211. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles.  893
• Table 212. Teslasuit. 899
• Table 213. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035  (Million Units).              899
• Table 214. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              900
• Table 215. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing.  902
• Table 216. Macro-trends in energy vstorage and harvesting for wearables.          1007
• Table 217. Market drivers for Printed and flexible electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting.                1008
• Table 218. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics.   1016
• Table 219. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries               1019
• Table 220. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components.    1019
• Table 221. Flexible Li-ion battery products 1023
• Table 222. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries.   1024
• Table 223. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.            1027
• Table 224. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.               1034
• Table 225, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used.    1036
• Table 226. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.  1038
• Table 227. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 1039
• Table 228. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.           1041
• Table 229. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.          1041
• Table 230. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.       1043
• Table 231. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.         1048
• Table 232. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.   1049
• Table 233. Main Fabrication Techniques for Thin-Film Batteries. 1050
• Table 234. Types of solid-state electrolytes.              1051
• Table 235. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.      1052
• Table 236.  Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.          1053
• Table 237. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries.              1058
• Table 238. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.                1065
• Table 239. Components of transparent batteries. 1068
• Table 240. Components of degradable batteries.  1070
• Table 241. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.                1072
• Table 242. Organic vs. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes.                1078
• Table 243. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.       1079
• Table 244. Packaging Procedures for Pouch Cells.                1086
• Table 245. Performance Metrics and Characteristics for Printed and Flexible Batteries.             1090
• Table 246. Methods for printing supercapacitors. 1093
• Table 247. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors.          1093
• Table 248. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors.           1095
• Table 249. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors.            1095
• Table 250. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics.   1098
• Table 251. Companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics.              1100
• Table 252. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.      1104
• Table 253. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.              1105
• Table 254. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.  1105
• Table 255. Smart Window Applications of Transparent Heaters. 1110
• Table 256. Applications of Printed and Flexible Fuel Cells.             1117
• Table 257. Market challenges in printed and flexible electronics for energy.        1119
• Table 258. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).              1119
• Table 259. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.  1121
• Table 260. 3DOM separator. 1124
• Table 261. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.  1146

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Examples of flexible electronics devices.               75
• Figure 2. Evolution of electronics.    76
• Figure 3. Wearable technology inventions. 78
• Figure 4. Market map for wearable electronics and sensors.         84
• Figure 5. Wove Band. 85
• Figure 6. Wearable graphene medical sensor.         86
• Figure 7. Stretchable transistor.        87
• Figure 8. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition. 89
• Figure 9. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts.             90
• Figure 10. Systemization of wearable electronic systems.              91
• Figure 11. Baby Monitor.         96
• Figure 12. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.   96
• Figure 13. LG 77” transparent 4K OLED TV. 98
• Figure 14. 137-inch N1 foldable TV. 98
• Figure 15. Flex Note Extendable™.    99
• Figure 16. Flex In & Out Flip. 99
• Figure 17. Traxcon printed lighting circuitry.              105
• Figure 18. Global Sensor Market Roadmap.              113
• Figure 19. Market Roadmap for Wrist-worn Wearables.    116
• Figure 20. Market Roadmap for Smart Bands.         117
• Figure 21. Market Roadmap for Smart Glasses.     117
• Figure 22. Market Roadmap for Smart Clothing and Accessories.              118
• Figure 23. Market Roadmap of Market Trends for Skin-Patches.  119
• Figure 24. Market Roadmap for Smart Rings.           120
• Figure 25.Market Roadmap for Hearables. 120
• Figure 26. Market Roadmap for Head Mounted Wearables.           122
• Figure 27. Roadmap for Wearable Optical Heart-rate Sensors.    131
• Figure 28. SWOT analysis for printed electronics.  171
• Figure 29. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics.            174
• Figure 30. SWOT analysis for analogue printing.    177
• Figure 31. SWOT analysis for digital printing.            179
• Figure 32. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products. 180
• Figure 33. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics. 183
• Figure 34. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing. 186
• Figure 35. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli.     192
• Figure 36. Supercooled Soldering™ Technology.     196
• Figure 37. Reflow soldering schematic.        197
• Figure 38. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow.             198
• Figure 39. Types of conductive inks and applications.       200
• Figure 40. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.             205
• Figure 41. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors. 214
• Figure 42.  SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials.               217
• Figure 43. RFID Tag with Nano Copper Antenna on Paper.               219
• Figure 44. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits.  226
• Figure 45. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films.                227
• Figure 46. Flexible PCB.          230
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries.      233
• Figure 48.  SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting. 236
• Figure 49. Roadmap of wearable sensor technology segmented by key biometrics.      241
• Figure 50. Wearable Technology Roadmap, by function.  248
• Figure 51. Actuator types.      249
• Figure 52. EmeTerm nausea relief wearable.             270
• Figure 53. Embr Wave for cooling and warming.     270
• Figure 54. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief.              271
• Figure 55. Roadmap for Wrist-Worn Wearables.    273
• Figure 56. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables.          274
• Figure 57. FitBit Sense Watch.            275
• Figure 58. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration.   279
• Figure 59. Evolution of Ear-Worn Wearables.            283
• Figure 60. Nuheara IQbuds² Max.     283
• Figure 61. HP Hearing PRO OTC Hearing Aid.           289
• Figure 62. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables).    291
• Figure 63. Commercialization Timeline for Hearable Sensing Technologies.       294
• Figure 64. Roadmap of Market Trends for Hearables.         299
• Figure 65. Beddr SleepTuner.               305
• Figure 66. Global market for wearable consumer electronics 2020-2035 by type (Volume).    316
• Figure 67. Global market revenues for wearable consumer electronics, 2018-2035, (millions USD). 318
• Figure 68. The Apollo wearable device.         323
• Figure 69. Cyclops HMD.        326
• Figure 70. C2Sense sensors.               332
• Figure 71. Coachwhisperer device. 334
• Figure 72. Cogwear headgear.            335
• Figure 73. CardioWatch 287.               336
• Figure 74. FRENZ™ Brainband.           340
• Figure 75. NightOwl Home Sleep Apnea Test Device.          341
• Figure 76. eQ02+LIfeMontor.               343
• Figure 77. Cove wearable device.     346
• Figure 78. German bionic exoskeleton.        348
• Figure 79. UnlimitedHand.    349
• Figure 80. Apex Exosuit.          350
• Figure 81. Humanox Shin Guard.      354
• Figure 82. Airvida E1. 355
• Figure 83. Footrax.      356
• Figure 84. eMacula®. 357
• Figure 85. G2 Pro.        358
• Figure 86. REFLEX.     359
• Figure 87. Ring ZERO.               361
• Figure 88. Mawi Heart Patch.               363
• Figure 89. Ayo wearable light therapy.           370
• Figure 90. Nowatch.   371
• Figure 91. ORII smart ring.     373
• Figure 92. Proxxi Voltage.       377
• Figure 93. RealWear HMT-1. 378
• Figure 94. Moonwalkers from Shift Robotics Inc.   381
• Figure 95. SnowCookie device.          382
• Figure 96. Soter device.           383
• Figure 97. Feelzing Energy Patch.     388
• Figure 98. Wiliot tags.               395
• Figure 99. Connected human body and product examples.           402
• Figure 100. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.          406
• Figure 101. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs.               411
• Figure 102. Graphene medical patch.            414
• Figure 103. Graphene-based E-skin patch.                414
• Figure 104. Enfucell wearable temperature tag.     417
• Figure 105. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.    418
• Figure 106. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection. 419
• Figure 107. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor.          423
• Figure 108. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor.            423
• Figure 109. VitalPatch.             427
• Figure 110. Wearable ECG-textile.   427
• Figure 111. Wearable ECG recorder.               428
• Figure 112. Nexkin™.  429
• Figure 113. Bloomlife.              432
• Figure 114. Nanowire skin hydration patch.               433
• Figure 115. NIX sensors.         434
• Figure 116. Wearable sweat sensor.               435
• Figure 117. Wearable  graphene sweat sensor.       436
• Figure 118. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch.      436
• Figure 119. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask.    437
• Figure 120. D-mine Pump.     438
• Figure 121. Lab-on-Skin™.     439
• Figure 122. My UV Patch.       441
• Figure 123. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch. 441
• Figure 124. Brilliantly Warm.               445
• Figure 125. Ava Fertility tracker.         445
• Figure 126. S9 Pro breast pump.       446
• Figure 127. Tempdrop.             446
• Figure 128. Digitsole Smartshoe.     447
• Figure 129. Schematic of smart wound dressing.  450
• Figure 130. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.         451
• Figure 131. ABENA Nova smart diaper.         453
• Figure 132. Honda Walking Assist.  454
• Figure 133. ABLE Exoskeleton.           454
• Figure 134. ANGEL-LEGS-M10.          454
• Figure 135. AGADEXO Shoulder.       455
• Figure 136. Enyware. 455
• Figure 137. AWN-12 occupational powered hip exoskeleton.        455
• Figure 138. CarrySuit passive upper-body exoskeleton.    455
• Figure 139. Axosuit lower body medical exoskeleton.         456
• Figure 140. FreeGait. 456
• Figure 141. InMotion Arm.     456
• Figure 142. Biomotum SPARK.            456
• Figure 143. PowerWalk energy.           457
• Figure 144. Keeogo™. 457
• Figure 145. MATE-XT. 457
• Figure 146. CDYS passive shoulder support exoskeleton.                458
• Figure 147. ALDAK.     458
• Figure 148. HAL® Lower Limb.             458
• Figure 149. DARWING PA.     458
• Figure 150. Dephy ExoBoot. 459
• Figure 151. EksoNR.  459
• Figure 152. Emovo Assist.     459
• Figure 153. HAPO.       459
• Figure 154. Atlas passive modular exoskeleton.     460
• Figure 155. ExoAtlet II.             460
• Figure 156. ExoHeaver.            460
• Figure 157. Exy ONE. 461
• Figure 158. ExoArm.  461
• Figure 159. ExoMotus.             461
• Figure 160. Gloreha Sinfonia.             462
• Figure 161. BELK Knee Exoskeleton.               462
• Figure 162. Apex exosuit.       462
• Figure 163. Honda Walking Assist.  463
• Figure 164. BionicBack.          463
• Figure 165. Muscle Suit.         463
• Figure 166.Japet.W powered exoskeleton. 464
• Figure 167.Ski~Mojo. 464
• Figure 168. AIRFRAME passive shoulder.    464
• Figure 169.FORTIS passive tool holding exoskeleton.         465
• Figure 170. Integrated Soldier Exoskeleton (UPRISE®).       465
• Figure 171.UNILEXA passive exoskeleton.  465
• Figure 172.HandTutor.             466
• Figure 173.MyoPro®. 466
• Figure 174.Myosuit.  466
• Figure 175. archelis wearable chair.               466
• Figure 176.Chairless Chair.  467
• Figure 177.Indego.     467
• Figure 178. Polyspine.              467
• Figure 179. Hercule powered lower body exoskeleton.      468
• Figure 180. ReStore Soft Exo-Suit.   468
• Figure 181. Hand of Hope.    468
• Figure 182. REX powered exoskeleton.         468
• Figure 183. Elevate Ski Exoskeleton.              469
• Figure 184. UGO210 exoskeleton.    469
• Figure 185. EsoGLOVE Pro.   469
• Figure 186. Roki.          469
• Figure 187. Powered Clothing.           470
• Figure 188. Againer shock absorbing exoskeleton.               470
• Figure 189. EasyWalk Assistive Soft Exoskeleton Walker. 470
• Figure 190. Skel-Ex.    470
• Figure 191. EXO-H3 lower limbs robotic exoskeleton.        471
• Figure 192. Ikan Tilta Max Armor-Man 2        471
• Figure 193. AMADEO hand and finger robotic rehabilitation device.          471
• Figure 194.Atalante autonomous lower-body exoskeleton.            472
• Figure 195. Global Market for Wearable Medical & Healthcare Electronics 2020-2035 (Million Units).                473
• Figure 196. Global market for Wearable medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              474
• Figure 197. Libre 3.     478
• Figure 198. Libre Sense Glucose Sport Biowearable.          478
• Figure 199. AcuPebble SA100.           479
• Figure 200. Vitalgram®.            482
• Figure 201. Alertgy NICGM wristband.          484
• Figure 202. ALLEVX.   485
• Figure 203. Gastric Alimetry.                486
• Figure 204. Alva Health stroke monitor.       487
• Figure 205. amofit S. 488
• Figure 206. MIT and Amorepacific's chip-free skin sensor.              489
• Figure 207. Sigi™ Insulin Management System.       491
• Figure 208. The Apollo wearable device.      493
• Figure 209. Apos3.     494
• Figure 210. Artemis is  smart clothing system.        496
• Figure 211. KneeStim.              497
• Figure 212. PaciBreath.           500
• Figure 213. Structure of Azalea Vision’s smart contact lens.         501
• Figure 214. Belun® Ring.         503
• Figure 215. Neuronaute wearable.   511
• Figure 216. biped.ai device.  513
• Figure 217. circul+ smart ring.            515
• Figure 218. Cala Trio. 519
• Figure 219. BioSleeve®.            526
• Figure 220. Cognito's gamma stimulation device. 528
• Figure 221. Cogwear Headband.      528
• Figure 222. First Relief.            535
• Figure 223. Jewel Patch Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator .       539
• Figure 224. enFuse.   541
• Figure 225. EOPatch. 543
• Figure 226. Epilog.      545
• Figure 227. FloPatch. 552
• Figure 228. Hinge Health wearable therapy devices.           564
• Figure 229. MYSA - 'Relax Shirt'.         565
• Figure 230. Atusa system.     574
• Figure 231. Kenzen ECHO Smart Patch.       578
• Figure 232. The Kernel Flow headset.            579
• Figure 233. KnowU™. 581
• Figure 234. LifeSpan patch.  589
• Figure 235. Mawi Heart Patch.            593
• Figure 236. WalkAid. 599
• Figure 237. Monarch™ Wireless Wearable Biosensor          600
• Figure 238. Modoo device.    604
• Figure 239. Munevo Drive.     608
• Figure 240. Electroskin integration schematic.        611
• Figure 241. Modius Sleep wearable device.               616
• Figure 242. Neuphony Headband.   617
• Figure 243. Nix Biosensors patch.    621
• Figure 244. Otolith wearable device.              625
• Figure 245. Peerbridge Cor.  629
• Figure 246. Point Fit Technology skin patch.              633
• Figure 247. Sylvee 1.0.             639
• Figure 248. RootiRx.  643
• Figure 249. Sylvee 1.0.             645
• Figure 250. Silvertree Reach.               657
• Figure 251. Smardii smart diaper.    660
• Figure 252. Subcuject.             667
• Figure 253. Nerivio.    671
• Figure 254. Feelzing Energy Patch.   672
• Figure 255. Ultrahuman wearable glucose monitor.            674
• Figure 256. Vaxxas patch.      677
• Figure 257. S-Patch Ex.            687
• Figure 258. Zeit Medical Wearable Headband.        690
• Figure 259. Evolution of Smart Eyewear.      692
• Figure 260. Engo Eyewear.     703
• Figure 261. Lenovo ThinkReality A3.               704
• Figure 262. Magic Leap 1.      704
• Figure 263. Microsoft HoloLens 2.   705
• Figure 264. OPPO Air Glass AR.         705
• Figure 265. Snap Spectacles AR (4th gen). 705
• Figure 266. Vuzix Blade Upgraded.  706
• Figure 267. NReal Light MR smart glasses. 710
• Figure 268. Schematic for configuration of full colour microLED display               712
• Figure 269. BOE glass-based backplane process. 713
• Figure 270. MSI curved quantum dot miniLED display.      714
• Figure 271. Nanolumi Chameleon® G Film in LED/LCD Monitor. 715
• Figure 272. Vuzix microLED microdisplay Smart Glasses.               716
• Figure 273. Pixels per inch roadmap of µ-LED displays from 2007 to 2019.         717
• Figure 274. Mass transfer for µLED chips.  718
• Figure 275. Schematic diagram of mass transfer technologies.   720
• Figure 276. Comparison of microLED with other display technologies.  723
• Figure 277. Lextar 10.6 inch transparent microLED display.           724
• Figure 278. Transition to borderless design.              724
• Figure 279. Mojo Vision smart contact lens with an embedded MicroLED display.         726
• Figure 280. Global market for gaming and entertainment wearable technology, 2020-2035  (Million Units). 728
• Figure 281. Global market for gaming and entertainment wearable technology, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.       729
• Figure 282. Skinetic vest.       730
• Figure 283. IntelliPix™ design for 0.26″ 1080p microLED display. 738
• Figure 284. Dapeng DPVR P1 Pro 4k VR all-in-one VR glasses.     739
• Figure 285. Vive Focus 3 VR headset Wrist Tracker.              749
• Figure 286. Huawei smart glasses. 750
• Figure 287. Jade Bird Display micro displays.           755
• Figure 288. JBD's 0.13-inch panel.   755
• Figure 289. 0.22” Monolithic full colour microLED panel and inset shows a conceptual monolithic polychrome projector with a waveguide.     756
• Figure 290. Kura Technologies' AR Glasses.              759
• Figure 291. Smart contact lenses schematic.          769
• Figure 292. OQmented technology for AR smart glasses. 772
• Figure 293. VISIRIUM® Technology smart glasses prototype.         777
• Figure 294. SenseGlove Nova.            778
• Figure 295. MeganeX.               779
• Figure 296.  A micro-display with a stacked-RGB pixel array, where each pixel is an RGB-emitting stacked microLED device (left). The micro-display showing a video of fireworks at night, demonstrating the full-colour capability (right). N.B. Areas around the display   782
• Figure 297. JioGlass mixed reality glasses type headset.  783
• Figure 298. Vuzix uLED display engine.         792
• Figure 299. Xiaomi Smart Glasses. 793
• Figure 300. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles.      800
• Figure 301. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles.  802
• Figure 302. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles.   802
• Figure 303. Conductive yarns.            806
• Figure 304. Electronics integration in textiles: (a) textile-adapted, (b) textile-integrated (c) textile-basd.                808
• Figure 305. Stretchable polymer encapsulation microelectronics on textiles.   814
• Figure 306. Wove Band.          815
• Figure 307. Wearable graphene medical sensor.   816
• Figure 308. Conductive yarns.            818
• Figure 309. Classification of conductive materials and process technology.      819
• Figure 310. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.  828
• Figure 311. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.  829
• Figure 312. BN nanosheet textiles application.       830
• Figure 313. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating.              832
• Figure 314. Schematic of inkjet-printed processes.             837
• Figure 315: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components. 842
• Figure 316. Schematic summary of the formulation of silver conductive inks.  843
• Figure 317. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.          845
• Figure 318: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.             848
• Figure 319. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.     849
• Figure 320. Graphene layer structure schematic.  851
• Figure 321. BGT Materials graphene ink product.   852
• Figure 322. PCM cooling vest.             855
• Figure 323. SMPU-treated cotton fabrics.   855
• Figure 324. Schematics of DIAPLEX membrane.    856
• Figure 325. SMP energy storage textiles.      857
• Figure 326. Nike x Acronym Blazer Sneakers.           861
• Figure 327. Adidas 3D Runner Pump.            861
• Figure 328. Under Armour Archi-TechFuturist.         861
• Figure 329. Reebok Reebok Liquid Speed.  861
• Figure 330. Radiate sports vest.        862
• Figure 331. Adidas smart insole.       865
• Figure 332. Applications of E-textiles.           869
• Figure 333. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket.    871
• Figure 334. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper.         873
• Figure 335. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles.     874
• Figure 336. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat.             876
• Figure 337. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products.             877
• Figure 338. iStimUweaR .       878
• Figure 339. Digitsole Smartshoe.     883
• Figure 340. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.            886
• Figure 341. A mechanical glove, Robo-Glove, with pressure sensors and other sensors jointly developed by General Motors and NASA.             888
• Figure 342. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables.   890
• Figure 343. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques.   893
• Figure 344. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 895
• Figure 345. 3D printed piezoelectric material.         896
• Figure 346. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR.      898
• Figure 347. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035  (Million Units).              900
• Figure 348. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              901
• Figure 349. BioMan+.               906
• Figure 350. EXO Glove.            906
• Figure 351. LED hooded jacket.         910
• Figure 352. Heated element module.            911
• Figure 353. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.            919
• Figure 354. Cionic Neural Sleeve.     921
• Figure 355. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.   924
• Figure 356. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.         925
• Figure 357. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.            926
• Figure 358. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.  935
• Figure 359. KiTT motion tracking knee sleeve.          937
• Figure 360. Healables app-controlled electrotherapy device.       943
• Figure 361. LumeoLoop device.         956
• Figure 362. Electroskin integration schematic.        962
• Figure 363. Nextiles’ compression garments.          964
• Figure 364. Nextiles e-fabric.               964
• Figure 365 .Nuada.    967
• Figure 366. Palarum PUP smart socks.         972
• Figure 367. Smardii smart diaper.    983
• Figure 368. Softmatter compression garment.        985
• Figure 369. Softmatter sports bra with a woven ECG sensor.         985
• Figure 370. MoCap Pro Glove.             987
• Figure 371. Teslasuit.                991
• Figure 372. ZOZOFIT wearable at-home 3D body scanner.              1004
• Figure 373. YouCare smart shirt.       1005
• Figure 374. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy.             1009
• Figure 375. Examples of Flexible batteries on the market.               1010
• Figure 376. Stretchable lithium-ion battery for flexible electronics            1012
• Figure 377. Loomia E-textile.               1012
• Figure 378. BrightVolt battery.             1013
• Figure 379. ProLogium solid-state technology.        1014
• Figure 380. Amprius Li-ion batteries.              1015
• Figure 381. MOLEX thin-film battery.              1016
• Figure 382. Flexible batteries on the market.            1017
• Figure 383. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.            1020
• Figure 384. Types of flexible batteries.           1022
• Figure 385. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.      1023
• Figure 386. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.    1025
• Figure 387. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.     1028
• Figure 388. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f)                1029
• Figure 389. Origami disposable battery.       1030
• Figure 390. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.    1032
• Figure 391. Various applications of printed paper batteries.          1033
• Figure 392.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.      1033
• Figure 393. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together.            1035
• Figure 394. Sakuú's Swift Print 3D-printed solid-state battery cells.         1046
• Figure 395. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III).                1047
• Figure 396. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.            1054
• Figure 397. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials.               1055
• Figure 398. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).          1057
• Figure 399. Stretchable lithium-air battery for wearable electronics.       1060
• Figure 400. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy. 1063
• Figure 401. Transparent batteries.    1068
• Figure 402. Degradable batteries.    1070
• Figure 403 . Fraunhofer IFAM printed electrodes.   1074
• Figure 404. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.          1075
• Figure 405. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.           1080
• Figure 406. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs. 1080
• Figure 407. Main printing methods for supercapacitors.  1092
• Figure 408. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 1101
• Figure 409. Origami-like silicon solar cells.                1102
• Figure 410. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 1104
• Figure 411. Concept of microwave-transparent heaters for automotive radars.               1107
• Figure 412. Defrosting and defogging transparent heater applications.  1108
• Figure 413. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035 by type (Volume).              1120
• Figure 414. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.  1122
• Figure 415. 3DOM battery.     1123
• Figure 416. AC biode prototype.        1125
• Figure 417. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).         1127
• Figure 418. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.             1128
• Figure 419. 3D printed lithium-ion battery. 1131
• Figure 420. TempTraq wearable patch.          1132
• Figure 421. SoftBattery®.        1134
• Figure 422. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.            1135
• Figure 423. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.               1136
• Figure 424. Exeger Powerfoyle.           1137
• Figure 425. 2D paper batteries.          1140
• Figure 426. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.     1140
• Figure 427. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery.          1141
• Figure 428. Ilika solid-state batteries.            1143
• Figure 429. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.               1144
• Figure 430. LiBEST flexible battery.  1147
• Figure 431. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology.    1149
• Figure 432. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 1151
• Figure 433. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.       1152
• Figure 434. Printed Energy flexible battery. 1155
• Figure 435. Printed battery.   1156
• Figure 436. ProLogium solid-state battery. 1157
• Figure 437. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery.   1159
• Figure 438. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries.                1160
• Figure 439. Grepow flexible battery.                1163

The Global Market for Wearable Electronics and Sensors 2025-2035

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The Global Market for Wearable Electronics and Sensors 2025-2035

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