The Global Market for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), PFAS Alternatives and PFAS Treatment 2025-2035

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            20

• 1.1        Introduction to PFAS 20
• 1.2        Definition and Overview of PFAS       21
  • 1.2.1    Chemical Structure and Properties 22
  • 1.2.2    Historical Development and Use      23
• 1.3        Types of PFAS 24
  • 1.3.1    Non-polymeric PFAS 24
    • 1.3.1.1 Long-Chain PFAS        24
    • 1.3.1.2 Short-Chain PFAS       25
    • 1.3.1.3 Other non-polymeric PFAS   27
  • 1.3.2    Polymeric PFAS            28
    • 1.3.2.1 Fluoropolymers (FPs)               28
    • 1.3.2.2 Side-chain fluorinated polymers:     29
    • 1.3.2.3 Perfluoropolyethers   29
• 1.4        Properties and Applications of PFAS              30
  • 1.4.1    Water and Oil Repellency       30
  • 1.4.2    Thermal and Chemical Stability        31
  • 1.4.3    Surfactant Properties               31
  • 1.4.4    Low Friction    32
  • 1.4.5    Electrical Insulation  32
  • 1.4.6    Film-Forming Abilities              32
  • 1.4.7    Atmospheric Stability               33
• 1.5        Environmental and Health Concerns             33
  • 1.5.1    Persistence in the Environment         34
  • 1.5.2    Bioaccumulation        35
  • 1.5.3    Toxicity and Health Effects    36
  • 1.5.4    Environmental Contamination           36
• 1.6        PFAS Alternatives        37
• 1.7        Analytical techniques              39
• 1.8        Manufacturing/handling/import/export       41
• 1.9        Storage/disposal/treatment/purification     42
• 1.10     Water quality management  44
• 1.11     Alternative technologies and supply chains              46

2             GLOBAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE               48

• 2.1        Impact of growing PFAS regulation  48
• 2.2        International Agreements      51
• 2.3        European Union Regulations               51
• 2.4        United States Regulations     52
  • 2.4.1    Federal regulations    52
  • 2.4.2    State-Level Regulations          54
• 2.5        Asian Regulations       55
  • 2.5.1    Japan  55
    • 2.5.1.1 Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL)               56
    • 2.5.1.2 Water Quality Standards        56
  • 2.5.2    China  57
    • 2.5.2.1 List of New Contaminants Under Priority Control  57
    • 2.5.2.2 Catalog of Toxic Chemicals Under Severe Restrictions     57
    • 2.5.2.3 New Pollutants Control Action Plan                57
  • 2.5.3    Taiwan 58
    • 2.5.3.1 Toxic and Chemical Substances of Concern Act    58
  • 2.5.4    Australia and New Zealand   58
  • 2.5.5    Canada             58
  • 2.5.6    South Korea    59
• 2.6        Global Regulatory Trends and Outlook         60

3             INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC PFAS USAGE  61

• 3.1        Semiconductors          61
  • 3.1.1    Importance of PFAS   61
  • 3.1.2    Front-end processes 63
    • 3.1.2.1 Lithography     63
    • 3.1.2.2 Wet etching solutions              64
    • 3.1.2.3 Chiller coolants for dry etchers          65
    • 3.1.2.4 Piping and valves         65
  • 3.1.3    Back-end processes 65
    • 3.1.3.1 Interconnects and Packaging Materials       65
    • 3.1.3.2 Molding materials       66
    • 3.1.3.3 Die attach materials  66
    • 3.1.3.4 Interlayer film for package substrates           66
    • 3.1.3.5 Thermal management             67
  • 3.1.4    Product life cycle and impact of PFAS           67
    • 3.1.4.1 Manufacturing Stage (Raw Materials)            67
    • 3.1.4.2 Usage Stage (Semiconductor Factory)         68
    • 3.1.4.3 Disposal Stage              68
  • 3.1.5    Environmental and Human Health Impacts              68
  • 3.1.6    Regulatory Trends Related to Semiconductors       69
  • 3.1.7    Exemptions     69
  • 3.1.8    Future Regulatory Trends       69
  • 3.1.9    Alternatives to PFAS  70
    • 3.1.9.1 Alkyl Polyglucoside and Polyoxyethylene Surfactants        71
    • 3.1.9.2 Non-PFAS Etching Solutions               71
    • 3.1.9.3 PTFE-Free Sliding Materials  71
    • 3.1.9.4 Metal oxide-based materials               71
    • 3.1.9.5 Fluoropolymer Alternatives   71
    • 3.1.9.6 Silicone-based Materials       71
    • 3.1.9.7 Hydrocarbon-based Surfactants      72
    • 3.1.9.8 Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene   72
    • 3.1.9.9 Engineered Polymers                73
    • 3.1.9.10            Supercritical CO2 Technology            73
    • 3.1.9.11            Plasma Technologies                74
    • 3.1.9.12            Sol-Gel Materials        74
    • 3.1.9.13            Biodegradable Polymers        75
• 3.2        Textiles and Clothing 76
  • 3.2.1    Overview           76
  • 3.2.2    PFAS in Water-Repellent Materials  76
  • 3.2.3    Stain-Resistant Treatments  77
  • 3.2.4    Regulatory Impact on Water-Repellent Clothing    78
  • 3.2.5    Industry Initiatives and Commitments         79
  • 3.2.6    Alternatives to PFAS  80
    • 3.2.6.1 Enhanced surface treatments            80
    • 3.2.6.2 Non-fluorinated treatments 81
    • 3.2.6.3 Biomimetic approaches         81
    • 3.2.6.4 Nano-structured surfaces    82
    • 3.2.6.5 Wax-based additives 83
    • 3.2.6.6 Plasma treatments     83
    • 3.2.6.7 Sol-gel coatings            84
    • 3.2.6.8 Superhydrophobic coatings 84
    • 3.2.6.9 Biodegradable Polymer Coatings     85
    • 3.2.6.10            Graphene-based Coatings    86
    • 3.2.6.11            Enzyme-based Treatments   86
    • 3.2.6.12            Companies     87
• 3.3        Food Packaging           88
  • 3.3.1    Sustainable packaging            88
    • 3.3.1.1 PFAS in Grease-Resistant Packaging             89
    • 3.3.1.2 Other applications     89
    • 3.3.1.3 Regulatory Trends in Food Contact Materials           90
  • 3.3.2    Alternatives to PFAS  91
    • 3.3.2.1 Biobased materials    91
      • 3.3.2.1.1           Polylactic Acid (PLA) 91
      • 3.3.2.1.2           Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)          92
      • 3.3.2.1.3           Cellulose-based materials   93
        • 3.3.2.1.3.1      Nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC)       94
        • 3.3.2.1.3.2      Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          95
      • 3.3.2.1.4           Silicon-based Alternatives     96
      • 3.3.2.1.5           Natural Waxes and Resins    97
      • 3.3.2.1.6           Engineered Paper and Board               97
      • 3.3.2.1.7           Nanocomposites        98
      • 3.3.2.1.8           Plasma Treatments    99
      • 3.3.2.1.9           Biodegradable Polymer Blends          100
      • 3.3.2.1.10        Chemically Modified Natural Polymers        101
      • 3.3.2.1.11        Molded Fiber  102
    • 3.3.2.2 PFAS-free coatings for food packaging         103
      • 3.3.2.2.1           Silicone-based Coatings:       103
      • 3.3.2.2.2           Bio-based Barrier Coatings   103
      • 3.3.2.2.3           Nanocellulose Coatings         105
      • 3.3.2.2.4           Superhydrophobic and Omniphobic Coatings         105
      • 3.3.2.2.5           Clay-based Nanocomposite Coatings          106
      • 3.3.2.2.6           Coated Papers              107
    • 3.3.2.3 Companies     107
• 3.4        Paints and Coatings  110
  • 3.4.1    Overview           110
  • 3.4.2    Applications   110
  • 3.4.3    Alternatives to PFAS  111
    • 3.4.3.1 Silicon-Based Alternatives:   111
    • 3.4.3.2 Hydrocarbon-Based Alternatives:    112
    • 3.4.3.3 Nanomaterials              113
    • 3.4.3.4 Plasma-Based Surface Treatments 113
    • 3.4.3.5 Inorganic Alternatives               114
    • 3.4.3.6 Bio-based Polymers: 114
    • 3.4.3.7 Dendritic Polymers    115
    • 3.4.3.8 Zwitterionic Polymers               115
    • 3.4.3.9 Graphene-based Coatings    116
    • 3.4.3.10            Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Coatings 116
    • 3.4.3.11            Companies     116
• 3.5        Ion Exchange membranes     120
  • 3.5.1    Overview           120
    • 3.5.1.1 PFAS in Ion Exchange Membranes   121
  • 3.5.2    Proton Exchange Membranes             121
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview           121
    • 3.5.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers (PEMELs)          124
    • 3.5.2.3 Membrane Degradation          125
    • 3.5.2.4 Nafion 126
    • 3.5.2.5 Membrane electrode assembly (MEA)          128
  • 3.5.3    Manufacturing PFSA Membranes     130
  • 3.5.4    Enhancing PFSA Membranes              131
  • 3.5.5    Commercial PFSA membranes         132
  • 3.5.6    Catalyst Coated Membranes              133
    • 3.5.6.1 Alternatives to PFAS  134
  • 3.5.7    Membranes in Redox Flow Batteries               136
    • 3.5.7.1 Alternative Materials for RFB Membranes   137
  • 3.5.8    Alternatives to PFAS  139
    • 3.5.8.1 Alternative Polymer Materials             139
    • 3.5.8.2 Anion Exchange Membrane Technology (AEM) fuel cells   140
    • 3.5.8.3 Nanocellulose               141
    • 3.5.8.4 Boron-containing membranes           142
    • 3.5.8.5 Hydrocarbon-based membranes     142
    • 3.5.8.6 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 143
      • 3.5.8.6.1           MOF Composite Membranes              144
    • 3.5.8.7 Graphene         144
    • 3.5.8.8 Companies     145
• 3.6        Energy (excluding fuel cells) 146
  • 3.6.1    Overview           146
  • 3.6.2    Solar Panels   147
  • 3.6.3    Wind Turbines               147
    • 3.6.3.1 Blade Coatings             147
    • 3.6.3.2 Lubricants and Greases         148
    • 3.6.3.3 Electrical and Electronic Components         148
    • 3.6.3.4 Seals and Gaskets      148
  • 3.6.4    Lithium-Ion Batteries                149
    • 3.6.4.1 Electrode Binders       149
    • 3.6.4.2 Electrolyte Additives 150
    • 3.6.4.3 Separator Coatings    150
    • 3.6.4.4 Current Collector Coatings   150
    • 3.6.4.5 Gaskets and Seals      150
    • 3.6.4.6 Fluorinated Solvents in Electrode Manufacturing 150
    • 3.6.4.7 Surface Treatments   151
  • 3.6.5    Alternatives to PFAS  151
    • 3.6.5.1 Solar    152
      • 3.6.5.1.1           Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Encapsulants               152
      • 3.6.5.1.2           Polyolefin Encapsulants        153
      • 3.6.5.1.3           Glass-Glass Module Design 153
      • 3.6.5.1.4           Bio-based Backsheets            154
    • 3.6.5.2 Wind Turbines               154
      • 3.6.5.2.1           Silicone-Based Coatings        154
      • 3.6.5.2.2           Nanocoatings 154
      • 3.6.5.2.3           Thermal De-icing Systems    155
      • 3.6.5.2.4           Polyurethane-Based Coatings            156
    • 3.6.5.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries                157
      • 3.6.5.3.1           Water-Soluble Binders             157
      • 3.6.5.3.2           Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) Based Binders            157
      • 3.6.5.3.3           Alginate-Based Binders          158
      • 3.6.5.3.4           Ionic Liquid Electrolytes          159
    • 3.6.5.4 Companies     160
• 3.7        Low-loss materials for 5G      161
  • 3.7.1    Overview           161
    • 3.7.1.1 Organic PCB materials for 5G             162
  • 3.7.2    PTFE in 5G        163
    • 3.7.2.1 Properties         163
    • 3.7.2.2 PTFE-Based Laminates           164
    • 3.7.2.3 Regulations     165
    • 3.7.2.4 Commercial low-loss               166
  • 3.7.3    Alternatives to PFAS  167
    • 3.7.3.1 Liquid crystal polymers (LCP)             167
    • 3.7.3.2 Poly(p-phenylene ether) (PPE)            168
    • 3.7.3.3 Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)           168
    • 3.7.3.4 Hydrocarbon-based laminates          169
    • 3.7.3.5 Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC)             170
    • 3.7.3.6 Glass Substrates         172
• 3.8        Cosmetics       174
  • 3.8.1    Overview           174
  • 3.8.2    Use in cosmetics         175
  • 3.8.3    Alternatives to PFAS  175
    • 3.8.3.1 Silicone-based Polymers       176
    • 3.8.3.2 Plant-based Waxes and Oils 176
    • 3.8.3.3 Naturally Derived Polymers  176
    • 3.8.3.4 Silica-based Materials             177
    • 3.8.3.5 Companies Developing PFAS Alternatives in Cosmetics  177
• 3.9        Firefighting Foam        179
  • 3.9.1    Overview           179
  • 3.9.2    Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)              179
  • 3.9.3    Environmental Contamination from AFFF Use        179
  • 3.9.4    Regulatory Pressures and Phase-Out Initiatives     180
  • 3.9.5    Alternatives to PFAS  181
    • 3.9.5.1 Fluorine-Free Foams (F3)      181
    • 3.9.5.2 Siloxane-Based Foams           181
    • 3.9.5.3 Protein-Based Foams              182
    • 3.9.5.4 Synthetic Detergent Foams (Syndet)              182
    • 3.9.5.5 Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)        182
• 3.10     Automotive      183
  • 3.10.1 Overview           183
  • 3.10.2 PFAS in Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids     184
  • 3.10.3 Use in Fuel Systems and Engine Components        185
  • 3.10.4 Electric Vehicle             185
    • 3.10.4.1            PFAS in Electric Vehicles        185
    • 3.10.4.2            High-Voltage Cables 187
    • 3.10.4.3            Refrigerants    188
      • 3.10.4.3.1        Coolant Fluids in EVs               188
      • 3.10.4.3.2        Refrigerants for EVs   189
      • 3.10.4.3.3        Regulations     189
      • 3.10.4.3.4        PFAS-free Refrigerants            190
    • 3.10.4.4            Immersion Cooling for Li-ion Batteries          191
      • 3.10.4.4.1        Overview           191
      • 3.10.4.4.2        Single-phase Cooling               193
      • 3.10.4.4.3        Two-phase Cooling    194
      • 3.10.4.4.4        Companies     195
      • 3.10.4.4.5        PFAS-based Coolants in Immersion Cooling for EVs           196
  • 3.10.5 Alternatives to PFAS  197
    • 3.10.5.1            Lubricants and Greases         198
    • 3.10.5.2            Fuel System Components     199
    • 3.10.5.3            Surface Treatments and Coatings    200
    • 3.10.5.4            Gaskets and Seals      201
    • 3.10.5.5            Hydraulic Fluids           201
    • 3.10.5.6            Electrical and Electronic Components         202
    • 3.10.5.7            Paint and Coatings     203
    • 3.10.5.8            Windshield and Glass Treatments   204
• 3.11     Electronics      205
  • 3.11.1 Overview           205
  • 3.11.2 PFAS in Printed Circuit Boards           205
  • 3.11.3 Cable and Wire Insulation     206
  • 3.11.4 Regulatory Challenges for Electronics Manufacturers       206
  • 3.11.5 Alternatives to PFAS  207
    • 3.11.5.1            Wires and Cables        207
    • 3.11.5.2            Coating              208
    • 3.11.5.3            Electronic Components         208
    • 3.11.5.4            Sealing and Lubricants           209
    • 3.11.5.5            Cleaning           209
    • 3.11.5.6            Companies     210
• 3.12     Medical Devices           214
  • 3.12.1 Overview           214
  • 3.12.2 PFAS in Implantable Devices               215
  • 3.12.3 Diagnostic Equipment Applications               215
  • 3.12.4 Balancing Safety and Performance in Regulations               216
  • 3.12.5 Alternatives to PFAS  218
• 3.13     Green hydrogen            218
  • 3.13.1 Electrolyzers   219
  • 3.13.2 Alternatives to PFAS  219
  • 3.13.3 Economic implications           220

4             PFAS ALTERNATIVES 221

• 4.1        PFAS-Free Release Agents    221
  • 4.1.1    Silicone-Based Alternatives  221
  • 4.1.2    Hydrocarbon-Based Solutions           222
  • 4.1.3    Performance Comparisons  223
• 4.2        Non-Fluorinated Surfactants and Dispersants       224
  • 4.2.1    Bio-Based Surfactants            225
  • 4.2.2    Silicon-Based Surfactants    226
  • 4.2.3    Hydrocarbon-Based Surfactants      226
• 4.3        PFAS-Free Water and Oil-Repellent Materials          227
  • 4.3.1    Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers                227
  • 4.3.2    PFA-Free Durable Water Repellent (DWR) Coatings             228
  • 4.3.3    Silicone-Based Repellents    229
  • 4.3.4    Nano-Structured Surfaces    230
• 4.4        Fluorine-Free Liquid-Repellent Surfaces     231
  • 4.4.1    Superhydrophobic Coatings 231
  • 4.4.2    Omniphobic Surfaces              232
  • 4.4.3    Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)   233
• 4.5        PFAS-Free Colorless Transparent Polyimide             234
  • 4.5.1    Novel Polymer Structures      235
  • 4.5.2    Applications in Flexible Electronics 236

5             PFAS DEGRADATION AND ELIMINATION     237

• 5.1        Current methods for PFAS degradation and elimination   237
• 5.2        Bio-friendly methods                238
  • 5.2.1    Phytoremediation       238
  • 5.2.2    Microbial Degradation             239
  • 5.2.3    Enzyme-Based Degradation 239
  • 5.2.4    Mycoremediation        240
  • 5.2.5    Biochar Adsorption    240
  • 5.2.6    Green Oxidation Methods     241
  • 5.2.7    Bio-based Adsorbents             243
  • 5.2.8    Algae-Based Systems              243
• 5.3        Companies     244

6             PFAS TREATMENT       247

• 6.1        Introduction    247
• 6.2        Pathways for PFAS environmental contamination 248
• 6.3        Regulations     249
  • 6.3.1    USA      250
  • 6.3.2    EU         251
  • 6.3.3    Rest of the World         252
• 6.4        PFAS water treatment               253
  • 6.4.1    Introduction    253
  • 6.4.2    Applications   254
    • 6.4.2.1 Drinking water                254
    • 6.4.2.2 Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)   254
    • 6.4.2.3 Landfill leachate          254
    • 6.4.2.4 Municipal wastewater treatment      255
    • 6.4.2.5 Industrial process and wastewater  255
    • 6.4.2.6 Sites with heavy PFAS contamination           255
    • 6.4.2.7 Point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) filters and systems                255
  • 6.4.3    PFAS treatment approaches                256
  • 6.4.4    Traditional removal technologies     258
    • 6.4.4.1 Adsorption: granular activated carbon (GAC)           259
      • 6.4.4.1.1           Sources             259
      • 6.4.4.1.2           Short-chain PFAS compounds           259
      • 6.4.4.1.3           Reactivation   259
      • 6.4.4.1.4           PAC systems  260
    • 6.4.4.2 Adsorption: ion exchange resins (IER)           261
      • 6.4.4.2.1           Pre-treatment                 261
      • 6.4.4.2.2           Resins 261
    • 6.4.4.3 Membrane filtration-reverse osmosis and nanofiltration 264
  • 6.4.5    Emerging removal technologies        265
    • 6.4.5.1 Foam fractionation and ozofractionation    266
      • 6.4.5.1.1           Polymeric sorbents    266
      • 6.4.5.1.2           Mineral-based sorbents          267
      • 6.4.5.1.3           Flocculation/coagulation       267
      • 6.4.5.1.4           Electrostatic coagulation/concentration     268
    • 6.4.5.2 Companies     268
  • 6.4.6    Destruction technologies      269
    • 6.4.6.1 PFAS waste management     270
    • 6.4.6.2 Landfilling of PFAS-containing waste             271
    • 6.4.6.3 Thermal treatment      271
    • 6.4.6.4 Liquid-phase PFAS destruction         272
    • 6.4.6.5 Electrochemical oxidation    273
    • 6.4.6.6 Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)           274
    • 6.4.6.7 Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT)     274
    • 6.4.6.8 Plasma treatment       275
    • 6.4.6.9 Photocatalysis              275
    • 6.4.6.10            Sonochemical oxidation        276
    • 6.4.6.11            Challenges      276
    • 6.4.6.12            Companies     277
• 6.5        PFAS Solids Treatment             278
  • 6.5.1    PFAS migration             278
  • 6.5.2    Soil washing (or soil scrubbing)         279
  • 6.5.3    Soil flushing    279
  • 6.5.4    Thermal desorption   280
  • 6.5.5    Phytoremediation       280
  • 6.5.6    In-situ immobilization              280
  • 6.5.7    Pyrolysis and gasification      281
  • 6.5.8    Plasma              281
  • 6.5.9    Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)           281
• 6.6        Companies     282

7             MARKET ANALYSIS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK             285

• 7.1        Current Market Size and Segmentation        285
  • 7.1.1    Global PFAS Market Overview            285
  • 7.1.2    Regional Market Analysis      286
    • 7.1.2.1 North America              286
    • 7.1.2.2 Europe                286
    • 7.1.2.3 Asia-Pacific    286
    • 7.1.2.4 Latin America 286
    • 7.1.2.5 Middle East and Africa             287
  • 7.1.3    Market Segmentation by Industry    287
    • 7.1.3.1 Textiles and Apparel  287
    • 7.1.3.2 Food Packaging           288
    • 7.1.3.3 Firefighting Foams      288
    • 7.1.3.4 Electronics & semiconductors           288
    • 7.1.3.5 Automotive      288
    • 7.1.3.6 Aerospace        289
    • 7.1.3.7 Construction  289
    • 7.1.3.8 Others 289
• 7.2        Impact of Regulations on Market Dynamics             290
  • 7.2.1    Shift from Long-Chain to Short-Chain PFAS              290
  • 7.2.2    Growth in PFAS-Free Alternatives Market    291
  • 7.2.3    Regional Market Shifts Due to Regulatory Differences       293
• 7.3        Emerging Trends and Opportunities               294
  • 7.3.1    Green Chemistry Innovations             294
  • 7.3.2    Circular Economy Approaches          295
  • 7.3.3    Digital Technologies for PFAS Management              296
• 7.4        Challenges and Barriers to PFAS Substitution         298
  • 7.4.1    Technical Performance Gaps              298
  • 7.4.2    Cost Considerations 299
  • 7.4.3    Regulatory Uncertainty            301
• 7.5        Future Market Projections     302
  • 7.5.1    Short-Term Outlook (1-3 Years)          302
  • 7.5.2    Medium-Term Projections (3-5 Years)            303
  • 7.5.3    Long-Term Scenarios (5-10 Years)    305

8             COMPANY PROFILES                309 (49 company profiles)

9             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              339

10          REFERENCES 340

List of Tables

• Table 1. Established applications of PFAS. 20
• Table 2. PFAS chemicals segmented by non-polymers vs polymers.        20
• Table 3. Non-polymeric PFAS.            21
• Table 4. Chemical structure and physiochemical properties of various perfluorinated surfactants.  22
• Table 5. Examples of long-chain PFAS-Applications, Regulatory Status and Environmental and Health Effects.              24
• Table 6. Examples of short-chain PFAS.       25
• Table 7. Other non-polymeric PFAS.               27
• Table 8. Examples of fluoropolymers.           28
• Table 9. Examples of side-chain fluorinated polymers.     29
• Table 10. Applications of PFAs.          30
• Table 11. PFAS surfactant properties.            32
• Table 12. List of PFAS alternatives.  37
• Table 13. Common PFAS and their regulation.         48
• Table 14. International PFAS regulations.    51
• Table 15. European Union Regulations.       51
• Table 16. United States Regulations.             54
• Table 17. PFAS Regulations in Asia-Pacific Countries.       59
• Table 18. Identified uses of PFAS in semiconductors.        61
• Table 19. Alternatives to PFAS in Semiconductors.               70
• Table 20. Key properties of PFAS in water-repellent materials.     77
• Table 21. Initiatives by outdoor clothing companies to phase out PFCs.                79
• Table 22. Comparative analysis of Alternatives to PFAS for textiles.          80
• Table 23. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for textiles.  87
• Table 24. Applications of PFAS in Food Packaging.              89
• Table 25. Regulation related to PFAS in food contact materials.  90
• Table 26. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).        94
• Table 27. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for food packaging.               108
• Table 28. Applications and purpose of PFAS in paints and coatings.        110
• Table 29. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for paints and coatings.      116
• Table 30. Applications of Ion Exchange Membranes.          120
• Table 31. Key aspects of PEMELs.    124
• Table 32. Membrane Degradation Processes Overview.    125
• Table 33. PFSA Membranes & Key Players. 125
• Table 34. Competing Membrane Materials.               126
• Table 35. Comparative analysis of membrane properties.               127
• Table 36. Processes for manufacturing of  perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes.               130
• Table 37. PFSA Resin Suppliers.        133
• Table 38. CCM Production Technologies.    134
• Table 39. Comparison of Coating Processes.           134
• Table 40. Alternatives to PFAS in catalyst coated membranes.    134
• Table 41. Key Properties and Considerations for RFB Membranes.           136
• Table 42. PFSA Membrane Manufacturers for RFBs.            137
• Table 43. Alternative Materials for RFB Membranes             138
• Table 44. Alternative Polymer Materials for Ion Exchange Membranes.  139
• Table 45. Hydrocarbon Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells.    143
• Table 46. Companies developing PFA alternatives for fuel cell membranes.      145
• Table 47. Identified uses of PFASs in the energy sector.    146
• Table 48. Alternatives to PFAS in Energy by Market (Excluding Fuel Cells).           151
• Table 49: Anti-icing and de-icing nanocoatings product and application developers.   155
• Table 50. Companies developing alternatives to PFAS in energy (excluding fuel cells).                160
• Table 51. Commercial low-loss organic laminates-key properties at 10 GHz.    162
• Table 52. Key Properties of PTFE to Consider for 5G Applications.             163
• Table 53. Applications of PTFE in 5G in a table         163
• Table 54. Challenges in PTFE-based laminates in 5G.        164
• Table 55. Key regulations affecting PFAS use in low-loss materials.          165
• Table 56. Commercial low-loss materials suitable for 5G applications. 166
• Table 57. Key low-loss materials suppliers.               166
• Table 58. Alternatives to PFAS for low-loss applications in 5G      167
• Table 59. Benchmarking LTCC materials suitable for 5G applications.   171
• Table 60. Benchmarking of various glass substrates suitable for 5G applications.         172
• Table 61. Applications of PFAS in cosmetics.           175
• Table 62. Alternatives to PFAS for various functions in cosmetics.            175
• Table 63. Companies developing PFAS alternatives in cosmetics.             177
• Table 64. Applications of PFAS in Automotive Industry.     183
• Table 65. Application of PFAS in Electric Vehicles.                186
• Table 66.Suppliers of PFAS-free Coolants and Refrigerants for EVs.         191
• Table 67.Immersion Fluids for EVs   192
• Table 68. Immersion Cooling Fluids Requirements.             192
• Table 69. Single-phase vs two-phase cooling.         194
• Table 70. Companies producing Immersion Fluids for EVs.            195
• Table 71. Alternatives to PFAS in the automotive sector.   197
• Table 72. Use of PFAS in the electronics sector.     205
• Table 73. Companies developing alternatives to PFAS in electronics & semiconductors.          210
• Table 74. Applications of PFAS in Medical Devices.              214
• Table 75. Alternatives to PFAS in medical devices.               218
• Table 76. Readiness level of PFAS alternatives.       221
• Table 77. Comparing PFAS-free alternatives to traditional PFAS-containing release agents.   223
• Table 78. Novel PFAS-free CTPI structures.                235
• Table 79. Applications of PFAS-free CTPIs in flexible electronics.               236
• Table 80. Current methods for PFAS elimination . 237
• Table 81. Companies developing processes for PFA degradation and elimination.         244
• Table 82. PFAS drinking water treatment market forecast 2025-2035     247
• Table 83. Pathways for PFAS environmental contamination.         248
• Table 84.  Global PFAS Drinking Water Limits           249
• Table 85. USA PFAS Regulations.      250
• Table 86. EU PFAS Regulations          251
• Table 87. Global PFAS Regulations. 252
• Table 88. Applications requiring PFAS water treatment.    254
• Table 89. Point-of-Use (POU) and Point-of-Entry (POE) Systems.               255
• Table 90. PFAS treatment approaches.        256
• Table 91. Typical Flow Rates for Different Facilities.            256
• Table 92. In-Situ vs Ex-Situ Treatment Comparison              257
• Table 93. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for PFAS Removal.  258
• Table 94. Removal technologies for PFAS in water.               258
• Table 95. Suppliers of GAC media for PFAS removal applications.             261
• Table 96. Commercially Available PFAS-Selective Resins.              262
• Table 97. Estimated Treatment Costs by Method. 264
• Table 98. Comparison of technologies for PFAS removal. 264
• Table 99. Emerging removal technologies for PFAS in water.          265
• Table 100. Companies in emerging PFAS removal technologies. 268
• Table 101. PFAS Destruction Technologies.               269
• Table 102. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for PFAS Destruction Technologies.          270
• Table 103. Thermal Treatment Types.             271
• Table 104. Liquid-Phase Technology Segmentation.            272
• Table 105. PFAS Destruction Technologies Challenges.    276
• Table 106. Companies developing PFAS Destruction Technologies.         277
• Table 107. Treatment Methods for PFAS-Contaminated Solids.   279
• Table 108. Companies developing processes for PFAS water and solid treatment.         282
• Table 109. Global PFAS Market Projection (2023-2035), Billions USD.    285
• Table 110. Regional PFAS Market Projection (2023-2035), Billions USD. 287
• Table 111. PFAS Market Segmentation by Industry (2023-2035), Billions USD. 289
• Table 112. Long-Chain PFAS andShort-Chain PFAS Market Share              291
• Table 113.PFAS-Free Alternatives Market Size from 2020 to 2035, (Billions USD).          292
• Table 114. Regional Market Data (2023) for PFAS and trends.       293
• Table 115. Market Opportunities for PFAS alternatives.     295
• Table 116. Circular Economy Initiatives and Potential Impact.     296
• Table 117. Digital Technology Applications and Market Potential.              297
• Table 118. Performance Comparison Table.              298
• Table 119. Cost Comparison Table-PFAS and PFAS alternatives.                300
• Table 120. Market Size 2023-2026 (USD Billions). 303
• Table 121. Market size 2026-2030 (USD Billions). 304
• Table 122. Long-Term Market Projections (2035).  306

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Types of PFAS.          24
• Figure 2. Structure of PFAS-based polymer finishes.          27
• Figure 3. Water and Oil Repellent Textile Coating. 31
• Figure 4. Main PFAS exposure route.              33
• Figure 5. Main sources of perfluorinated compounds (PFC) and general pathways that these compounds may take toward human exposure.    35
• Figure 6.  Photolithography process in semiconductor manufacturing. 62
• Figure 7. PFAS containing Chemicals by Technology Node.            63
• Figure 8. The photoresist application process in photolithography.          64
• Figure 9: Contact angle on superhydrophobic coated surface.    85
• Figure 10. PEMFC Working Principle.             122
• Figure 11. Schematic representation of a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA).          129
• Figure 12. Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS).          234
• Figure 13. Aclarity’s Octa system.    242
• Figure 15. Process for treatment of PFAS in water. 253
• Figure 18. Octa™ system.       310
• Figure 19. Gradiant Forever Gone.   324
• Figure 20. PFAS Annihilator® unit.    335

The Global Market for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), PFAS Alternatives and PFAS Treatment 2025-2035

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The Global Market for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), PFAS Alternatives and PFAS Treatment 2025-2035

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