The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2022-2032

Published September 2022 | 730 pages, 189 tables, 201 figures | Download Table of contents

The market for graphene has grown hugely in the past decade, with numerous products now on the market and more to come as graphene producers record steadily increasing revenues and OEMs witnessing significant returns in clothing, sportswear, footwear, tires, batteries etc. The market for graphene in batteries is witnessing large-scale investments.

Graphene is attracting increasing attention from investors, researchers and industrial players due to exceptional mechanical, electronic, and thermal properties. Graphene is available in multi-ton quantities from many producers and has been identified by many industry sectors as a key materials that will drive future product development in flexible electronics, smart textiles, biosensors, drug delivery, water filtration, supercapacitors and more.

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2023-2033 is the most comprehensive and up-to date report on graphene and 2D materials currently available, from the world's leading market authority on graphene and publisher of Graphene Magazine. Profiling over 350 companies, the report provides key information for investors and executives to enable them to understand and take advantage of the opportunities provided by graphene and 2D materials.

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2023-2033 contains:

Assessment of graphene by market including applications, key benefits, market megatrends, market drivers for graphene, technology drawbacks, competing materials, potential consumption of graphene to 2033 and main players.
Assessment of graphene materials (CVD graphene, graphene nano platelets, graphene oxide, etc), intermediate products (graphene masterbatches, dispersions, etc) and final products with graphene embedded (e.g. headphones, tennis racquets, etc). Tabular data on current graphene products.
Graphical depictions of graphene applications by market.
In depth-assessment of graphene producer and distributor pricing in 2021.
Global market for graphene in tons, by sector, historical and forecast to 2033. Global graphene market size split by market in 2021 and for each application to 2033.
Full list of technology collaborations, strategic partnerships, and M&As in the global graphene market including collaboration dates.
In-depth profiles of more than 362 graphene producers and application/product developers including products, production capacities, manufacturing methods, collaborations, licensing, customers and target markets. Companies profiled include Directa Plus, Global Graphene Group, Anaphite Limited, Saint Jean Carbon, Huvis, SafeLi LLC, Grapheal, Graphex Group Ltd, Versarien, Talga Resources, Archer Materials, Haydale Graphene, Paragraf, Graphenea and many more.
List of ex-graphene producers.
Detailed forecasts for key growth areas, opportunities and demand.
Market overview of industry developments in 2020-22.
Unique market assessment tools to assess the viability of graphene, by market, and application.
Market assessment of other 2D materials.
Analysis of 2D materials market including Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), hexagonal boron-nitride (BNNS), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC), Mxenes, Borophene, Phosphorene, Graphitic carbon nitride, Germanene, Graphyne, graphane, Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2), silicene, Stanene/tinene, Tungsten diselenide, Antimonene, diamene and indium selenide.

Purchasers will also receive a subscription to Graphene Magazine for 12 issues (plus 30 back issues) and report updates for 12 months.

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 34

1.1 Graphene properties 34
1.2 Commercialization 35
1.3 The graphene market to date 36
1.4 The graphene market in 2021 37
1.5 The graphene market in 2022 39
1.6 Graphene commercial market developments 2020-2022 40
1.7 Graphene funding and investments 2020-2022 45
1.8 Publicly listed graphene companies 47
1.9 Graphene global production capacities, in tons and by type 48
1.10 Global demand for graphene 50
- 1.10.1 Global graphene demand, to 2033, tons 50
- 1.10.2 Global graphene demand, by end user market to 2033 53
- 1.10.3 Graphene market, by region 56
  - 1.10.3.1 Asia-Pacific 56
  - 1.10.3.2 North America 59
  - 1.10.3.3 Europe 61
1.11 Graphene products 62
1.12 Industrial collaborations and licence agreements 65
1.13 Graphene market challenges 73

2 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE 75

2.1 History 75
2.2 Properties 76
2.3 Types of graphene 77
- 2.3.1 Graphene materials 78
  - 2.3.1.1 CVD Graphene 78
  - 2.3.1.2 Graphene nanoplatelets 80
  - 2.3.1.3 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide 81
  - 2.3.1.4 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) 82
- 2.3.2 Intermediate products 97
  - 2.3.2.1 Graphene masterbatches 97
  - 2.3.2.2 Graphene dispersions 97

3 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION 99

3.1 Quality 100
3.2 Assessment of graphene production methods 101

4 REGULATIONS 106

4.1 Environmental, health and safety regulation 106
- 4.1.1 Europe 106
- 4.1.2 United States 107
- 4.1.3 Asia-Pacific 108
4.2 Workplace exposure 109

5 GRAPHENE PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS 111

6 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION 113

6.1 Commercial production capacities 114
6.2 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide production capacities 115
- 6.2.1 By producer 115
6.3 Graphene nanoplatelets production capacities 116
- 6.3.1 By producer 117
6.4 CVD graphene film 118
- 6.4.1 By producer 118
6.5 Graphene production issues and challenges 119
- 6.5.1 Oversupply 119
- 6.5.2 Quality 119
- 6.5.3 Large-volume markets 120
- 6.5.4 Commoditisation 120
- 6.5.5 Industrial end-user perspective 121

7 GRAPHENE PRICING 122

7.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 124
7.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 125
7.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 126
7.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 127
7.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing 129
7.6 Multilayer graphene (MLG) pricing 130
7.7 Graphene ink 131

8 MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE 132

8.1 3D PRINTING 132
- 8.1.1 Graphene in 3D printing 132
- 8.1.2 Market outlook 132
- 8.1.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 133
- 8.1.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 136
- 8.1.5 Product developers 138
8.2 ADHESIVES 140
- 8.2.1 Graphene in adhesives 140
- 8.2.2 Market outlook 141
- 8.2.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 141
- 8.2.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 144
- 8.2.5 Product developers 145
8.3 AEROSPACE 147
- 8.3.1 Market overview 147
- 8.3.2 Market prospects 147
- 8.3.3 Market assessment 148
- 8.3.4 Applications Map 150
- 8.3.5 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 151
- 8.3.6 Product developers 152
8.4 AUTOMOTIVE 155
- 8.4.1 Graphene in the automotive sector 155
- 8.4.2 Market outlook 156
- 8.4.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 157
- 8.4.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 160
- 8.4.5 Product developers 161
8.5 BATTERIES 165
- 8.5.1 Graphene in batteries 165
  - 8.5.1.1 Battery market megatrends 166
- 8.5.2 Market outlook 171
  - 8.5.2.1 Flexible and stretchable batteries 173
- 8.5.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 174
- 8.5.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 179
- 8.5.5 Product developers 180
8.6 COMPOSITES 186
- 8.6.1 Graphene in composites 186
- 8.6.2 Fiber-based polymer composite parts 186
  - 8.6.2.1 Market outlook 186
  - 8.6.2.2 Market drivers, trends and applications 187
- 8.6.3 Metal-matrix composites 191
  - 8.6.3.1 Market drivers, trends and applications 191
- 8.6.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 192
- 8.6.5 Product developers 193
8.7 CONDUCTIVE INKS 199
- 8.7.1 Graphene in conductive inks 199
- 8.7.2 Market outlook 199
- 8.7.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 200
- 8.7.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 204
- 8.7.5 Product developers 206
8.8 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS 209
- 8.8.1 Graphene in construction and buildings 209
- 8.8.2 Market outlook 209
- 8.8.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 210
  - 8.8.3.1 Cement 210
  - 8.8.3.2 Asphalt bitumen 212
  - 8.8.3.3 Aerogels 213
- 8.8.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 214
- 8.8.5 Product developers 215
8.9 ELECTRONICS 218
- 8.9.1 WEARABLE ELECTRONICS AND DISPLAYS 218
  - 8.9.1.1 Graphene in wearable electronics and displays 218
  - 8.9.1.2 Market outlook 219
  - 8.9.1.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 219
  - 8.9.1.4 Global market, historical and forecast to 2033 222
  - 8.9.1.5 Product developers 223
- 8.9.2 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 225
  - 8.9.2.1 Graphene in transistors and integrated circuits 225
  - 8.9.2.2 Market outlook 226
  - 8.9.2.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 226
  - 8.9.2.4 Global market, historical and forecast to 2033 229
  - 8.9.2.5 Product developers 230
- 8.9.3 MEMORY DEVICES 232
  - 8.9.3.1 Graphene in memory devices 232
  - 8.9.3.2 Market outlook 232
  - 8.9.3.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 233
  - 8.9.3.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 234
  - 8.9.3.5 Product developers 236
8.10 FILTER MEDIA 237
- 8.10.1 Graphene in filter media 237
- 8.10.2 Market prospects 237
- 8.10.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 238
- 8.10.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 242
- 8.10.5 Product developers 244
8.11 FUEL CELLS 247
- 8.11.1 Graphene in fuel cells 247
- 8.11.2 Market outlook 247
- 8.11.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 248
- 8.11.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 252
- 8.11.5 Product developers 253
8.12 LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 254
- 8.12.1 Graphene in life sciences and medicine 254
- 8.12.2 Market outlook 255
  - 8.12.2.1 Drug delivery 255
  - 8.12.2.2 Imaging and diagnostics 256
  - 8.12.2.3 Implants 256
  - 8.12.2.4 Medical biosensors 257
  - 8.12.2.5 Woundcare 258
  - 8.12.2.6 Medical wearables 258
  - 8.12.2.7 Gene delivery 259
- 8.12.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 260
- 8.12.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 264
- 8.12.5 Product developers 266
8.13 LIGHTING 270
- 8.13.1 Graphene in lighting 270
- 8.13.2 Market outlook 270
- 8.13.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 271
- 8.13.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 273
- 8.13.5 Product developers 274
8.14 LUBRICANTS 276
- 8.14.1 Graphene in lubricants. 276
- 8.14.2 Market outlook 277
- 8.14.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 278
- 8.14.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 280
- 8.14.5 Product developers 281
8.15 OIL AND GAS 284
- 8.15.1 Graphene in oil and gas 284
- 8.15.2 Market outlook 284
- 8.15.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 285
- 8.15.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2033 287
- 8.15.5 Product developers 288
8.16 PAINTS AND COATINGS 290
- 8.16.1 Graphene in paints and coatings 290
- 8.16.2 Market outlook 290
- 8.16.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 291
- 8.16.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 294
- 8.16.5 Product developers 296
8.17 PHOTONICS 301
- 8.17.1 Graphene in paints and coatings. 301
- 8.17.2 Market outlook 301
- 8.17.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 302
- 8.17.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 305
- 8.17.5 Product developers 307
8.18 PHOTOVOLTAICS 308
- 8.18.1 Graphene in photovoltaics 308
- 8.18.2 Market outlook 309
- 8.18.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 309
- 8.18.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 312
- 8.18.5 Product developers 313
8.19 RUBBER AND TIRES 315
- 8.19.1 Graphene in rubber and tires. 315
- 8.19.2 Market outlook 315
- 8.19.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 316
- 8.19.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 319
- 8.19.5 Product developers 321
8.20 SENSORS 324
- 8.20.1 Graphene in sensors. 324
- 8.20.2 Market outlook 325
- 8.20.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 325
- 8.20.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 329
- 8.20.5 Product developers 331
8.21 TEXTILES AND APPAREL 335
- 8.21.1 Graphene in textiles and apparel. 335
- 8.21.2 Market outlook 335
- 8.21.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 336
- 8.21.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 341
- 8.21.5 Product developers 342
8.22 SUPERCAPACITORS 347
- 8.22.1 Graphene in supercapacitors. 347
- 8.22.2 Market outlook 347
- 8.22.3 Market drivers, trends and applications 348
  - 8.22.3.1 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors 350
- 8.22.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2031 351
- 8.22.5 Product developers 352
8.23 OTHER MARKETS 355
- 8.23.1 Audio equipment 355
- 8.23.2 Sporting goods and apparel 355

9 GRAPHENE PRODUCER ASSESSMENT 357

9.1 Types of graphene produced, by producer 357
9.2 Markets targeted, by producer 361
9.3 Graphene product developers target markets 364

10 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES 368

11 GRAPHENE EX-PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS 624

12 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS 639

12.1 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials 642
12.2 2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS 644
- 12.2.1 Top-down exfoliation 644
  - 12.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method 645
  - 12.2.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method 645
- 12.2.2 Bottom-up synthesis 646
  - 12.2.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution 646
  - 12.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition 646
12.3 TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS 648
- 12.3.1 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 648
  - 12.3.1.1 Properties 648
  - 12.3.1.2 Applications and markets 649
- 12.3.2 MXenes 652
  - 12.3.2.1 Properties 652
  - 12.3.2.2 Applications 653
- 12.3.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 654
  - 12.3.3.1 Properties 655
  - 12.3.3.2 Applications 657
- 12.3.4 Borophene 659
  - 12.3.4.1 Properties 659
  - 12.3.4.2 Applications 660
- 12.3.5 Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus 661
  - 12.3.5.1 Properties 662
  - 12.3.5.2 Applications 663
- 12.3.6 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) 666
  - 12.3.6.1 Properties 666
  - 12.3.6.2 C2N 666
  - 12.3.6.3 Applications 667
- 12.3.7 Germanene 668
  - 12.3.7.1 Properties 668
  - 12.3.7.2 Applications 669
- 12.3.8 Graphdiyne 670
  - 12.3.8.1 Properties 671
  - 12.3.8.2 Applications 671
- 12.3.9 Graphane 673
  - 12.3.9.1 Properties 674
  - 12.3.9.2 Applications 674
- 12.3.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) 675
  - 12.3.10.1 Properties 675
  - 12.3.10.2 Applications 675
- 12.3.11 Silicene 676
  - 12.3.11.1 Properties 676
  - 12.3.11.2 Applications 677
- 12.3.12 Stanene/tinene 679
  - 12.3.12.1 Properties 679
  - 12.3.12.2 Applications 680
- 12.3.13 Antimonene 681
  - 12.3.13.1 Properties 681
  - 12.3.13.2 Applications 681
- 12.3.14 Indium selenide 682
  - 12.3.14.1 Properties 682
  - 12.3.14.2 Applications 682
- 12.3.15 Layered double hydroxides (LDH) 683
  - 12.3.15.1 Properties 683
  - 12.3.15.2 Applications 683
12.4 2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES 686 (19 company profiles)

13 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 703

13.1 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 703

14 REFERENCES 706

List of Tables

Table 1. Graphene commercial market developments 2020-2022. 40
Table 2. Graphene funding and investments 2020-2022. 45
Table 3. Publicly listed graphene companies. 47
Table 4. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell to. 48
Table 5. Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2033. 51
Table 6. Main graphene producers in North America. 59
Table 7. Main graphene producers in Europe. 61
Table 8. Commercial products incorporating graphene. 63
Table 9. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets. 66
Table 10. Graphene market challenges. 73
Table 11. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 76
Table 12. Applications of GO and rGO. 82
Table 13. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 84
Table 14. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 87
Table 15. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 88
Table 16. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics. 89
Table 17. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion. 90
Table 18. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors. 91
Table 19. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences. 92
Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics. 93
Table 21. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots. 94
Table 22. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 96
Table 23. Assessment of graphene production methods. 103
Table 24. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe. 106
Table 25. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America. 107
Table 26. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific. 108
Table 27. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2021. 111
Table 28. Demand for graphene (tons), 2018-2033. 113
Table 29. Graphene oxide production capacity by producer, 2014-2022. 115
Table 30. Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by producer, 2010-2022. 117
Table 31. CVD graphene film capacity by producer, 2014-2022 in 000s m2. 118
Table 32. Types of graphene and typical prices. 122
Table 33. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 125
Table 34. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 126
Table 35. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 126
Table 36. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. 127
Table 37. Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer. 129
Table 38. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 130
Table 39. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 131
Table 40. Market overview for graphene in 3D printing. 132
Table 41. Market outlook for graphene in 3D printing. 132
Table 42. Market and applications for graphene in 3D printing. 133
Table 43. Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2033. 136
Table 44. Product developers in graphene 3D printing. 138
Table 45. Market overview for graphene in adhesives. 140
Table 46. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives. 141
Table 47. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives. 141
Table 48. Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2033. 144
Table 49. Product developers in graphene adhesives. 145
Table 50. Market overview for graphene in aerospace. 147
Table 51. Scorecard for graphene in aerospace. 147
Table 52. Market and applications for graphene in aerospace. 148
Table 53: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030. 151
Table 54: Product developers in graphene for aerospace. 152
Table 55. Market overview for graphene in the automotive market. 156
Table 56. Market outlook for graphene in automotive. 156
Table 57. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 157
Table 58. Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2033. 160
Table 59. Product developers in the graphene automotive market. 161
Table 60. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries. 165
Table 61. Market overview for graphene in batteries. 170
Table 62. Market outlook for graphene in batteries. 171
Table 63. Market drivers for use of nanomaterials in batteries. 171
Table 64. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof. 174
Table 65. Market and applications for graphene in batteries. 174
Table 66. Estimated demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2033. 179
Table 67. Product developers in graphene batteries. 180
Table 68. Market overview for graphene in composites. 186
Table 69. Market outlook for graphene in fiber-based polymer composite parts. 186
Table 70. Market and applications for graphene in fiber-based composite parts. 187
Table 71. Market and applications for graphene in metal matrix composites. 191
Table 72. Global market for graphene in composites 2018-2033, tons. 192
Table 73. Product developers in graphene composites. 193
Table 74. Market overview for graphene in conductive inks. 199
Table 75. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks. 199
Table 76. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks. 200
Table 77. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 203
Table 78. Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2033. 204
Table 79. Product developers in graphene conductive inks. 206
Table 80. Market overview for graphene in construction and buildings. 209
Table 81. Market outlook for graphene in construction. 209
Table 82. Graphene for concrete and cement. 210
Table 83. Graphene for asphalt bitumen. 212
Table 84. Demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2033. 214
Table 85: Graphene product developers in construction. 215
Table 86. Market overview for graphene in wearable electronics and displays. 218
Table 87. Market outlook for graphene in wearable electronics and displays. 219
Table 88. Market and applications for graphene in electronics. 219
Table 89. Comparison of ITO replacements. 221
Table 90. Demand for graphene in wearable, flexible and stretchable electronics, 2018-2033. 222
Table 91. Product developers in graphene-based electronics. 223
Table 92. Market overview for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 225
Table 93. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors. 225
Table 94. Market outlook for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 226
Table 95. Market and applications for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 226
Table 96. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2033. 229
Table 97. Product developers in graphene transistors and integrated circuits. 230
Table 98. Market overview for graphene in memory devices. 232
Table 99. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices. 233
Table 100. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices. 233
Table 101. Demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2033. 235
Table 102. Product developers in graphene memory devices. 236
Table 103. Market overview for graphene in filtration. 237
Table 104. Market outlook for graphene in filtration. 237
Table 105. Market and applications for graphene in filtration. 238
Table 106. Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2033. 242
Table 107. Graphene companies in filtration. 244
Table 108. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells. 247
Table 109. Market outlook for graphene in fuel cells. 247
Table 110. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells. 248
Table 111. Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2033. 252
Table 112. Product developers in graphene fuel cells. 253
Table 113. Market overview for graphene in life sciences and medicine. 255
Table 114. Market outlook for graphene in drug delivery. 255
Table 115. Scorecard for graphene in imaging and diagnostics. 256
Table 116. Scorecard for graphene in medical implants. 256
Table 117. Scorecard for graphene in medical biosensors. 257
Table 118. Scorecard for graphene in woundcare. 258
Table 119. Market and applications for graphene in life sciences and medicine. 260
Table 120. Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2033. 264
Table 121. Product developers in graphene life sciences and biomedicine. 266
Table 122. Market overview for graphene in lighting. 270
Table 123. Market outlook for graphene in lighting. 270
Table 124. Market and applications for graphene in lighting. 271
Table 125. Demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2033. 273
Table 126. Product developers in graphene lighting. 274
Table 127. Market overview for graphene in lubricants. 276
Table 128. Nanomaterial lubricant products. 276
Table 129. Market outlook for graphene in lubricants. 277
Table 130. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants. 278
Table 131. Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2033. 280
Table 132. Product developers in graphene lubricants. 281
Table 133. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas. 284
Table 134. Market outlook for graphene in oil and gas. 284
Table 135. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas. 285
Table 136. Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2033. 287
Table 137. Product developers in graphene oil and gas. 288
Table 138. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 290
Table 139. Market outlook for graphene in paints and coatings. 290
Table 140. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings. 291
Table 141. Demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2033. 294
Table 142. Product developers in graphene paints and coatings. 296
Table 143. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 301
Table 144. Market outlook for graphene in photonics. 301
Table 145. Market and applications for graphene in photonics. 302
Table 146. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2033. 305
Table 147. Product developers in graphene photonics. 307
Table 148. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics. 308
Table 149. Market outlook for graphene in photovoltaics. 309
Table 150. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics. 309
Table 151. Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2033. 312
Table 152. Product developers in graphene solar. 313
Table 153. Market overview for graphene in rubber and tires. 315
Table 154. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tires. 315
Table 155. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tires. 316
Table 156. Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2033. 319
Table 157. Product developers in rubber and tires. 321
Table 158. Market overview for graphene in sensors. 324
Table 159. Market outlook for graphene in sensors. 325
Table 160. Market and applications for graphene in sensors. 325
Table 161. Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2033. 329
Table 162. Product developers in graphene sensors. 331
Table 163. Market overview for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 335
Table 164. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 335
Table 165. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 336
Table 166. Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2033. 341
Table 167. Graphene product developers in smart textiles and apparel. 342
Table 168. Market overview for graphene in supercapacitors. 347
Table 169. Market outlook for graphene in supercapacitors. 347
Table 170: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 348
Table 171. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors. 348
Table 172. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2033. 351
Table 173. Product developers in graphene supercapacitors. 352
Table 174. Graphene audio equipment producers and products. 355
Table 175. Graphene sporting goods producers and products. 356
Table 176. Graphene producers and types produced. 357
Table 177. Graphene producers target market matrix. 361
Table 178. Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix. 364
Table 179. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 619
Table 180. 2D materials types. 641
Table 181. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 642
Table 182. Comparison of top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials. 644
Table 183. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials. 647
Table 184. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 649
Table 185. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 662
Table 186. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene. 669
Table 187. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs 671
Table 188. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene. 680
Table 189. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 704

List of Figures

Figure 1. Demand for graphene, by market, 2021. 38
Figure 2. Demand for graphene, 2018-2033, tons. 52
Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2033 (tons), conservative estimate. 53
Figure 4. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2033 (tons). Medium estimate. 54
Figure 5. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2033 (tons). High estimate. 55
Figure 6. Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2021. 56
Figure 7. Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2021. 57
Figure 8. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific. 58
Figure 9. Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2021. 60
Figure 10. Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2021. 62
Figure 11. Graphene layer structure schematic. 75
Figure 12. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG. 75
Figure 13. Graphite and graphene. 76
Figure 14. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 78
Figure 15. Types of CVD methods. 79
Figure 16. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite. 81
Figure 17. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 83
Figure 18. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). 83
Figure 19. Graphene quantum dots. 86
Figure 20. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods. 87
Figure 21. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2033, millions USD 95
Figure 22. Fabrication methods of graphene. 99
Figure 23. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. 100
Figure 24. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 101
Figure 25. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods. 102
Figure 26. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2021. 112
Figure 27. Demand for graphene, 2018-2033, tons. 114
Figure 28. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil. 124
Figure 29. Applications of graphene in 3D printing. 136
Figure 30. Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2033. 137
Figure 31. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling. 138
Figure 32. Applications of graphene in adhesives. 144
Figure 33. Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2033. 145
Figure 34. Graphene Adhesives. 146
Figure 35. Applications of graphene in aerospace. 151
Figure 36: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2033. 152
Figure 37. Orbex Prime rocket. 153
Figure 38: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container. 153
Figure 39: Graphene aircraft. 154
Figure 40. Summary of graphene in automobiles. 156
Figure 41. Applications of graphene in automotive. 159
Figure 42. Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2033. 161
Figure 43. Supercar incorporating graphene. 161
Figure 44. Graphene anti-corrosion primer. 163
Figure 45. Graphene-R Brake pads. 163
Figure 46. Antistatic graphene tire. 163
Figure 47. Graphene engine oil additives. 164
Figure 48. Annual cobalt demand for electric vehicle batteries to 2031. 167
Figure 49. Annual lithium demand for electric vehicle batteries to 2031. 168
Figure 50. Costs of batteries to 2031. 170
Figure 51. Applications of graphene in batteries. 178
Figure 52. Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2033. 179
Figure 53. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank. 181
Figure 54. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery. 181
Figure 55. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries. 182
Figure 56. Real Graphene Powerbank. 184
Figure 57. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH. 185
Figure 58. Applications of graphene in composites. 190
Figure 59. Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2033. 193
Figure 60. Graphene bike. 194
Figure 61. Graphene lacrosse equipment. 195
Figure 62. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic. 195
Figure 63. Aros Create. 196
Figure 64. Grays graphene hockey sticks. 198
Figure 65. Applications of graphene in conductive inks. 204
Figure 66. Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2033. 205
Figure 67. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 206
Figure 68. Printed graphene conductive ink. 207
Figure 69. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink. 207
Figure 70. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 210
Figure 71. Demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2033. 215
Figure 72. Graphene asphalt additives. 216
Figure 73. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus. 216
Figure 74. Demand for graphene in wearable, flexible and stretchable electronics, 2018-2033. 223
Figure 75. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application. 224
Figure 76. Applications of graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. 229
Figure 77. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2033. 230
Figure 78. Graphene IC in wafer tester. 231
Figure 79. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right). 231
Figure 80. Demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2033. 235
Figure 81. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM). 236
Figure 82. Applications of graphene in filtration. 242
Figure 83. Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2033. 243
Figure 84. Graphene anti-smog mask. 244
Figure 85. Graphene filtration membrane. 245
Figure 86. Graphene water filer cartridge. 245
Figure 87. Applications of graphene in fuel cells. 251
Figure 88. Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2033. 252
Figure 89. Graphene-based E-skin patch. 254
Figure 90. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc. 259
Figure 91. Applications of graphene in life sciences and medicine 264
Figure 92. Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2033. 265
Figure 93. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing. 267
Figure 94. Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel. 267
Figure 95. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor. 268
Figure 96. BioStamp nPoint. 269
Figure 97. Applications of graphene in lighting. 273
Figure 98. Demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2033. 274
Figure 99. Graphene LED bulbs. 275
Figure 100. Applications of graphene in lubricants. 280
Figure 101. Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2033. 281
Figure 102. Tricolit spray coating. 282
Figure 103. Graphenoil products. 282
Figure 104. Applications of graphene in oil and gas. 287
Figure 105. Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2033. 288
Figure 106. Directa Plus Grafysorber. 289
Figure 107. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings. 294
Figure 108. Demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2033. 295
Figure 109. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating. 296
Figure 110. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate. 297
Figure 111. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint. 298
Figure 112. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand. 298
Figure 113. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings. 299
Figure 114. Schematic of graphene heat film. 300
Figure 115. Applications of graphene in photonics. 305
Figure 116. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2033. 306
Figure 117. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel. 307
Figure 118. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics. 312
Figure 119. Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2033. 313
Figure 120. Graphene coated glass. 314
Figure 121. Applications of graphene in rubber and tires. 319
Figure 122. Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2033. 320
Figure 123. Eagle F1 graphene tire. 321
Figure 124. Graphene floor mats. 322
Figure 125. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire. 322
Figure 126. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring. 324
Figure 127. Applications of graphene in sensors. 329
Figure 128. Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2033. 330
Figure 129. AGILE R100 system. 331
Figure 130. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector. 332
Figure 131. GFET sensors. 332
Figure 132. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light. 334
Figure 133. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 340
Figure 134. Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2033. 341
Figure 135. 878 Project One jacket display. 342
Figure 136. Colmar graphene ski jacket. 343
Figure 137. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing. 343
Figure 138. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey. 344
Figure 139. Inov-8 graphene shoes. 344
Figure 140. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM. 345
Figure 141. Graphene jacket. 346
Figure 142. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors. 351
Figure 143. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2033. 352
Figure 144. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors. 353
Figure 145. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor. 354
Figure 146. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger. 354
Figure 147. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls. 356
Figure 148. Graphene heating films. 368
Figure 149. Graphene flake products. 374
Figure 150. AIKA Black-T. 378
Figure 151. Printed graphene biosensors. 387
Figure 152. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 408
Figure 153. Graphene battery schematic. 433
Figure 154. Dotz Nano GQD products. 435
Figure 155. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 441
Figure 156. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 452
Figure 157. Wearable sweat sensor. 485
Figure 158. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 492
Figure 159. Sensor surface. 507
Figure 160. BioStamp nPoint. 524
Figure 161. Nanotech Energy battery. 543
Figure 162. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 545
Figure 163. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 546
Figure 164. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 547
Figure 165. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 548
Figure 166. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445. 563
Figure 167. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 565
Figure 168. The Sixth Element graphene products. 579
Figure 169. Thermal conductive graphene film. 580
Figure 170. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 592
Figure 171. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO. 595
Figure 172. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions. 639
Figure 173. Schematic of 2-D materials. 641
Figure 174. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method. 645
Figure 175. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method 646
Figure 176. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 648
Figure 177. BN nanosheet textiles application. 651
Figure 178. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx. 652
Figure 179. Types and applications of 2D TMDCs. 655
Figure 180. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 656
Figure 181. SEM image of MoS2. 656
Figure 182. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 658
Figure 183. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge. 659
Figure 184. Borophene schematic. 660
Figure 185. Black phosphorus structure. 662
Figure 186. Black Phosphorus crystal. 662
Figure 187. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. 663
Figure 188: Graphitic carbon nitride. 666
Figure 189. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 667
Figure 190. Schematic of germanene. 668
Figure 191. Graphdiyne structure. 671
Figure 192. Schematic of Graphane crystal. 673
Figure 193. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide. 675
Figure 194. Silicene structure. 676
Figure 195. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate. 677
Figure 196. Silicene transistor. 677
Figure 197. Crystal structure for stanene. 679
Figure 198. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111). 680
Figure 199. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 682
Figure 200. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor. 684
Figure 201. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 693

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